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Five Year Program for National Biodiversity Monitoring

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Five Year Program for National Biodiversity Monitoring Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, Finland Five Year Program for National Biodiversity Monitoring Twinning Project MK 13 IPA EN 02 17 Report D3.3. - 1. 07.11.2019 Funded by the European Union The Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Department of Nature, Republic of North Macedonia Metsähallitus (Parks and Wildlife Finland), Finland The State Service for Protected Areas (SSPA), Lithuania This project is funded by the European Union This document has been produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the Twinning Project MK 13 IPA EN 02 17 and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union Five year program for national Biodiversity monitoring . Five year program for national Biodiversity monitoring Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Inventories and monitoring - what is the difference? ......................................................................... 6 3. Why do we need data on species and habitats? ............................................................................... 6 3.1. Establishment of the Natura 2000 network ................................................................................. 6 3.2. Data requirements for species of national interest ..................................................................... 7 3.3. Management and restoration plans for the protected areas ....................................................... 8 3.4. Increasing awareness of public .................................................................................................. 8 3.5. Reporting of the status of the sites, species and habitats ........................................................... 8 4. Area based inventory and monitoring approach ................................................................................ 9 5. Species based inventory and monitoring approach ......................................................................... 10 6. Inventory and monitoring methods for the species .......................................................................... 12 6.1. Vascular plants and bryophytes ............................................................................................... 13 6.2. Mammals ................................................................................................................................. 17 6.3. Birds ............................................................................................................................................ 22 6.3.1. Point counts of breeding land birds ....................................................................................... 23 6.3.2. Round counts of waterfowl .................................................................................................... 24 6.3. Other vertebrate species (reptiles and amphibians) ................................................................. 28 6.3.1. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 28 6.3.2. Amphibian specific monitoring recommendations ............................................................. 30 6.3.3. Reptile specific monitoring recommendations ................................................................... 33 6.4. Fish and crayfish species ......................................................................................................... 37 6.5. Invertebrate species ................................................................................................................ 40 6.5.1. Active searching ................................................................................................................... 40 6.5.2. Sieving ................................................................................................................................. 41 6.5.3. Window traps ....................................................................................................................... 42 6.5.4. Pitfall traps ........................................................................................................................... 44 6.5.5. Tape traps ............................................................................................................................ 44 6.5.6. Folio traps ............................................................................................................................ 45 6.5.7. Light traps ............................................................................................................................ 45 6.5.8. Odor traps ............................................................................................................................ 47 6.6. Fungi and lichen species ......................................................................................................... 49 6.7. Inventory and monitoring methods for the habitat types ........................................................... 53 6.7.1. Forests ............................................................................................................................. 53 6.7.2. Open meadows and other open areas .............................................................................. 58 6.7.3. Water courses and wetlands ............................................................................................. 62 7. Human resources............................................................................................................................ 66 7.1. Organizing and coordinating .................................................................................................... 66 7.2. Use of experts from universities, research institutes and NGOs ............................................... 66 7.3. Project roles ............................................................................................................................. 66 7.4. Other resources ....................................................................................................................... 66 Five year program for national Biodiversity monitoring 8. Data management .......................................................................................................................... 67 8.1. Identification ............................................................................................................................ 67 8.2. Saving the data ........................................................................................................................ 67 8.3. Databases ............................................................................................................................... 67 8.4. Access to data ......................................................................................................................... 68 8.5. Sensitive species ..................................................................................................................... 68 8.6. Data flow .................................................................................................................................. 68 9. Proposals for next steps.................................................................................................................. 68 9.1. Organization(s) responsible for the management, inventories, monitoring, and other conservation activities should be established. .................................................................................... 68 9.2. Strengthening knowledge on species: identification material (books and web-pages in local language. ........................................................................................................................................... 69 9.3. Strengthening knowledge on habitats ...................................................................................... 69 9.4. Strengthening knowledge on inventory methods and equipment ............................................. 69 9.5. Opening national biodiversity database for public .................................................................... 69 10. References .................................................................................................................................. 69 Photo in the front page: One year old Herman’s Tortoise (Testudo hermanni). Photo: Petri Ahlroth Five year program for national Biodiversity monitoring 1. Introduction Monitoring provides a way to document environmental changes. Some of these changes are natural and some are of human origin (Anthropogenic), but the causality behind these changes is not always clear. However, monitoring helps to connect the effects of different management activities to their subsequent results and may provide valuable data for the further development of managing activities. A monitoring plan must be based on national needs. The first round of data gathering in nature is called an “inventory”. It provides a baseline for the status of an area and valuable experience which can be taken into account when planning further steps in monitoring. Only after the data from the first inventory has been collected, assessed and repeated, it is possible to start gathering real evidence of the changes in the environment. An inventory can be a starting point for monitoring, but often inventory is done only once to get the basic data
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