Q3/Q4 Sectionalism Vocab North: Industrial Revolution
Sectionalism: loyalty to one region (section) of the country rather than the whole country
Industrial Revolution: period of rapid growth in the use of machines that started in England
Interchangeable Parts: process that makes each part of a machine exactly the same
Textile Mill: factory that produces cloth
Cotton Gin: machine that pulled seeds from cotton; greatly increased need for slaves
Spinning Jenny: machine that spins thread
Water Frame: spinning machine that used water as power; led to large textile mills North: Industrial Revolution Locomotive: a train engine; uses steam to move
Peter Cooper/Tom Thumb: invented the first locomotive, “Tom Thumb”
Steamboat: boat that uses steam to move rather than wind
Robert Fulton/Clermont: invented the first steamboat, “Clermont”
Telegraph: can send information over wires across long distances
Morse Code: the “language” used for the telegraph; pulses of electric currents that represent different letters
Mechanical Reaper: machine used to cut wheat
Steel Plow: uses steel blades to plow soil North: Industrial Revolution Sewing Machine: machine that stitches thread faster
Mass Production: efficient production of large numbers of identical goods
Manufacturing: to produce goods using machines
Trade Unions: workers’ organizations that try to improve pay and working conditions
Tenements: poorly built, overcrowded housing in cities
Lowell System: employment of young, unmarried women in textile mills
Rhode Island System: employment of entire families in textile mills
Transportation Revolution: rapid growth in the speed of travel that led to Westward expansion (trains and steamboats) North: Reform Movements
Reform: to make changes for the better; to improve
Temperance: a reform that encouraged people to drink less alcohol
Abolition: a reform to end slavery
Women’s Rights: a reform to equalize rights for men and women
Education: a reform to improve education in order to create better citizens and workers
Prison Reform: a reform to improve conditions in prison, particularly for children and the mentally ill
Labor Reform: movement, usually by trade unions, to improve workers’ rights North: Reform Movements
Immigration: moving to another country after leaving their homeland
Nativists: US citizens who opposed immigration
Sarah Bagley: leader of labor reform
Horace Mann: leader in education reform; “Father” of the Common School, which aimed to provide education to all children
Eli Whitney: invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts
Samuel Slater: brought textile mills from Great Britain to the US; started the Rhode Island system South: Slavery King Cotton: the influence of cotton on the economic, social, and political aspects of life in the South
Cotton Boom: time period when cotton replaced tobacco as cash crop
Cotton Belt: region from South Carolina to Texas that produced cotton
Cash Crop: growing one crop to sell for money rather than use by self
Middle Passage: slave journey across the Atlantic Ocean
Triangle Trade: exchange between US (natural resources), Britain (trade goods), and Africa (slaves)
Tight Pack: way of transporting slaves on Middle Passage; more slaves but less survived (side)
Loose Pack: way of transporting slaves on Middle Passage; less slaves but more survived (back) South: Slavery
Peculiar Institution: euphemism used for slavery in the South
Fugitive Slave Act: required all Americans to return runaway slaves and made assistance illegal
Harriet Tubman: famous conductor on the Underground Railroad
Frederick Douglass: runaway slave who spoke out against slavery; famous speaker and author
William Lloyd Garrison: radical, white abolitionist who worked with Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth to end slavery
Sojourner Truth: spoke out for women’s rights and abolition of slavery West: Expansion
Westward Expansion: westward migration of Americans that took place after the IR
Manifest Destiny: belief shared by many Americans that they were meant to expand across the country to the Pacific Ocean
Push/Pull Theory: reasons to leave home (push); reasons to go somewhere new (pull)
49ers/Gold Rush: people who travelled to California in search of gold
Old Three Hundred: the first settlers who settled parts of Texas in exchange for land
Mormons: religious group who migrated to Utah for religious freedom
Oregon County/Willamette Valley: territory in the northwest part of the country known for its fertile soil and mild climate West: Texas Revolution Alamo: battle at an old Spanish Mission that causes Texas Revolution to begin; all Texans were killed
Texas Revolution: War between Mexico and Texans (American settlers); leads to the creation of the Republic of Texas
Stephen Austin: led the settlement of the Old Three Hundred; called for rebellion against Mexico
Sam Houston: Commander in Chief of the Texan army; elected as president of the Republic of Texas
San Jacinto: final battle in the Texas Revolution that resulted in a Mexican surrender
Santa Anna: president of Mexico during the Texas Revolution West: Mexican-American War
Republic of Texas: the independent nation of Texas
Zachary Taylor: general that led the US into the Mexican-American War
James Polk: “Expansionist President”; led into Mexican-American War
Annex: to add land to the country
Rio Grande River: the southern border of Texas, according to the US
Nueces River: the southern border of Texas, according to Mexico
Mexican-American War: fought over boundary lines of Texas West: Mexican-American War
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: treaty signed at the end of the Mexican-American War
Mexican Cession: granted new territory to the US after the War, including land in California, Nevada, and Utah
49° Latitude: the northern boundary of the Oregon territory given to the US by Britain
54°40’ or Fight!: Polk’s slogan that called for the extension of the Oregon territory
Gadsden Purchase: US purchase of land from Mexico for the transcontinental railroad
Transcontinental Railroad: railroad that crossed the US; built from 1863-1869