Q3/Q4 Sectionalism Vocab North: Industrial Revolution Sectionalism: loyalty to one region (section) of the country rather than the whole country Industrial Revolution: period of rapid growth in the use of machines that started in England Interchangeable Parts: process that makes each part of a machine exactly the same Textile Mill: factory that produces cloth Cotton Gin: machine that pulled seeds from cotton; greatly increased need for slaves Spinning Jenny: machine that spins thread Water Frame: spinning machine that used water as power; led to large textile mills North: Industrial Revolution Locomotive: a train engine; uses steam to move Peter Cooper/Tom Thumb: invented the first locomotive, “Tom Thumb” Steamboat: boat that uses steam to move rather than wind Robert Fulton/Clermont: invented the first steamboat, “Clermont” Telegraph: can send information over wires across long distances Morse Code: the “language” used for the telegraph; pulses of electric currents that represent different letters Mechanical Reaper: machine used to cut wheat Steel Plow: uses steel blades to plow soil North: Industrial Revolution Sewing Machine: machine that stitches thread faster Mass Production: efficient production of large numbers of identical goods Manufacturing: to produce goods using machines Trade Unions: workers’ organizations that try to improve pay and working conditions Tenements: poorly built, overcrowded housing in cities Lowell System: employment of young, unmarried women in textile mills Rhode Island System: employment of entire families in textile mills Transportation Revolution: rapid growth in the speed of travel that led to Westward expansion (trains and steamboats) North: Reform Movements Reform: to make changes for the better; to improve Temperance: a reform that encouraged people to drink less alcohol Abolition: a reform to end slavery Women’s Rights: a reform to equalize rights for men and women Education: a reform to improve education in order to create better citizens and workers Prison Reform: a reform to improve conditions in prison, particularly for children and the mentally ill Labor Reform: movement, usually by trade unions, to improve workers’ rights North: Reform Movements Immigration: moving to another country after leaving their homeland Nativists: US citizens who opposed immigration Sarah Bagley: leader of labor reform Horace Mann: leader in education reform; “Father” of the Common School, which aimed to provide education to all children Eli Whitney: invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts Samuel Slater: brought textile mills from Great Britain to the US; started the Rhode Island system South: Slavery King Cotton: the influence of cotton on the economic, social, and political aspects of life in the South Cotton Boom: time period when cotton replaced tobacco as cash crop Cotton Belt: region from South Carolina to Texas that produced cotton Cash Crop: growing one crop to sell for money rather than use by self Middle Passage: slave journey across the Atlantic Ocean Triangle Trade: exchange between US (natural resources), Britain (trade goods), and Africa (slaves) Tight Pack: way of transporting slaves on Middle Passage; more slaves but less survived (side) Loose Pack: way of transporting slaves on Middle Passage; less slaves but more survived (back) South: Slavery Peculiar Institution: euphemism used for slavery in the South Fugitive Slave Act: required all Americans to return runaway slaves and made assistance illegal Harriet Tubman: famous conductor on the Underground Railroad Frederick Douglass: runaway slave who spoke out against slavery; famous speaker and author William Lloyd Garrison: radical, white abolitionist who worked with Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth to end slavery Sojourner Truth: spoke out for women’s rights and abolition of slavery West: Expansion Westward Expansion: westward migration of Americans that took place after the IR Manifest Destiny: belief shared by many Americans that they were meant to expand across the country to the Pacific Ocean Push/Pull Theory: reasons to leave home (push); reasons to go somewhere new (pull) 49ers/Gold Rush: people who travelled to California in search of gold Old Three Hundred: the first settlers who settled parts of Texas in exchange for land Mormons: religious group who migrated to Utah for religious freedom Oregon County/Willamette Valley: territory in the northwest part of the country known for its fertile soil and mild climate West: Texas Revolution Alamo: battle at an old Spanish Mission that causes Texas Revolution to begin; all Texans were killed Texas Revolution: War between Mexico and Texans (American settlers); leads to the creation of the Republic of Texas Stephen Austin: led the settlement of the Old Three Hundred; called for rebellion against Mexico Sam Houston: Commander in Chief of the Texan army; elected as president of the Republic of Texas San Jacinto: final battle in the Texas Revolution that resulted in a Mexican surrender Santa Anna: president of Mexico during the Texas Revolution West: Mexican-American War Republic of Texas: the independent nation of Texas Zachary Taylor: general that led the US into the Mexican-American War James Polk: “Expansionist President”; led into Mexican-American War Annex: to add land to the country Rio Grande River: the southern border of Texas, according to the US Nueces River: the southern border of Texas, according to Mexico Mexican-American War: fought over boundary lines of Texas West: Mexican-American War Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: treaty signed at the end of the Mexican-American War Mexican Cession: granted new territory to the US after the War, including land in California, Nevada, and Utah 49° Latitude: the northern boundary of the Oregon territory given to the US by Britain 54°40’ or Fight!: Polk’s slogan that called for the extension of the Oregon territory Gadsden Purchase: US purchase of land from Mexico for the transcontinental railroad Transcontinental Railroad: railroad that crossed the US; built from 1863-1869.