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A HISTORY of WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS a History of Women Philosophers A HISTORY OF WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS A History of Women Philosophers 1. Ancient Women Philosophers, 600 B.C.-SOO A.D. 2. Medieval, Renaissance and Enlightenment Women Philosophers, 500-1600 3. Modern Women Philosophers, 1600-1900 4. Contemporary Women Philosophers, 1900-today A History of Women Philosophers Volume II Medieval, Renaissance and Enlightenment Women Philosophers A.D. 500-1600 Edited by MARY ELLEN WAITHE University of Minnesota Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht / Boston / London Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Medieval, Renaissance, and Englightenment women philosophers, A.D. 500-1600. (A History of women philosophers; v. 2) Bibliography: p. Includes index. I. Women philosophers. 2. Philosophy, Ancient. I. Waithe, Mary Ellen. II. Series. B105.w6M39 1989 189'.088042 87-15209 ISBN-l3: 978-90-247-3572-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-2551-9 DOl 10.1007/978-94-009-2551-9 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nifhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. printed on acid-Jree paper All Rights Reserved © 1989 by Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Contents Chronological Table xii Acknowledgements xv Introduction to Volume II, by Joan Gibson and xix Mary Ellen Waithe 1. Murasaki Shikibu, by Mary Ellen Waithe 1. Introduction II. Background 3 I. Shinto 3 2. Buddhism 4 3. Philosophical Evolution 5 4. Women 6 III. Biography 7 IV. Writings 10 1. Ukifune 12 2. Existentialism 13 V. Summary 24 2. Hildegard of Bingen, by Elisabeth Gassmann - translated 27 from the German by Katherine Best with additional transla- tions from the Latin by Laura Dolby 1. Biography 27 II. Works 31 I. Liber Scivias 33 2. Liber Vitae Meritorum 40 3. Liber Divinorum Operum 43 4. Writings on Nature 46 5. Other Works 50 III. The Special Nuances of Hildegard's Image of God and of 51 the Human Being vi Contents 1. The Image of God 51 2. The Human Being as God's Image 53 3. Gender Symbolism 54 4. The Strength of Female Weakness 56 5. Woman and Wisdom 57 6. The Weakness of Male Strength 58 IV. Conclusion 59 3. Heloise, by Mary Ellen Waithe 67 I. Biography 67 II. Heloise the Scholar 68 1. Intellectual Background 68 2. Authenticity of Epistolae and Problemata 70 III. Philosophy 73 1. Philosophy of Love 73 2. Material and Moral Responsibility 77 3. Views on Marriage 78 IV. Summary 81 4. Herrad of Hohenbourg, by Joan Gibson 85 I. Introduction 85 II. Hortus Deliciarum 86 III. Philosophical Contributions 90 l. Cosmology 90 2. The Nature of Philosophy 91 IV. Summary 95 5. Beatrice of Nazareth, by Cornelia Wolfskeel 99 I. Biography 99 1. Early Mystical Experiences 100 2. Trinitarian Visions 101 3. Love of God and Love of Self in the Visions 101 II. Works 103 1. The Seven Modes of Sacred Love 103 2. Lost Works 107 III. Conclusion III 6. Mechtild of Magdeburg, by Joan Gibson 115 I. Background 115 II. Biography 116 Contents VB III. Works 117 IV. Influences 119 V. Metaphysics and Cosmology 122 1. Creation 122 2. Relation of Creation to God 123 3. The Image of God 124 4. Union 126 VI. Anthropology and Epistemology 127 1. Senses and Knowledge 127 2. The Progression of Knowledge 129 3. Discernment and Recognition 130 4. The Interdependence of the Forms of Knowledge 130 VII. Ethics 131 VIII. Summary 132 7. Hadewych of Antwerp, by Cornelia Wolfskeel 141 I. Background 141 II. Biography 143 III. Hadewych's Doctrine 145 1. Hadewych's Concept of God 145 2. Hadewych's Concept of Man 146 IV. Works 147 I. Visions 147 2. Letters 154 3. Poems 160 V. Conclusion 160 8. Birgitta of Sweden, by Cornelia Wolfskeel 167 I. Biography 167 1. Asceticism 168 2. Political Activity 169 3. Education 171 II. Birgitta's Writings 172 1. Relevationes 172 2. Sermo Angelicus 173 3. The Orationes 175 III. Birgitta's Doctrine 176 1. Historical Background of Birgitta's Mariology 176 2. Birgitta's Doctrine on Mary 179 3. Concept of God 184 viii Contents 4. Birgitta's Doctrine on the Trinity 185 5. Concept of Human Nature 186 6. Political Thought 187 IV. Summary 189 9. Julian of Norwich, by Elizabeth N. Evasdaughter 191 I. Biography 191 II. The Nature of Knowledge 194 1. The Possibility of Knowing God 194 2. What Can be Known of God 195 3. Knowing Through Christ 199 III. The Sources of Religious Knowledge 203 1. Visions and Certainty 203 2. The Church as a Source of Truth 208 3. Reason as a Source of Knowledge 209 IV. The Limits of Knowledge 213 1. Incompleteness 213 2. Discouragement 214 3. Other Human Imperfections 215 4. "Not Showns" 215 V. Concluding Remarks 217 1. On the Value of Knowledge 217 2. On Julian's Influence 217 3. On a Further Research Agenda 218 4. Summary 219 10. Catherine of Siena, by Cornelia Wolfskeel 223 I. Biography 223 II. Doctrine of Catherine of Siena 228 1. Love and Free Will 228 2. Freedom and Grace 230 3. Virtue and Salvation 231 4. The Importance of Intelligence and Reason 232 5. The Role of Divine Providence 233 6. The Perfection of the Soul 234 7. The Doctrine of Tears 235 8. The Christian Virtues 236 9. Poverty as a Spiritual Virtue 237 10. Suffering 238 III. The Writings of Catherine of Siena 238 1. Letters 238 Contents ix 2. II Dialogo 239 3. The Grazioni 252 IV. Summary 254 11. Oliva Sabuco de Nantes Barrera, by Mary Ellen Waithe 261 I. Background 261 1. Galen 261 2. 16th Century Spanish Medicine 262 3. Juan Huarte de San Juan 262 4. Gomez Pereyra 263 II. Biography 263 III. Influence 264 IV. Writings 265 1. Self-Knowledge 267 2. Cosmology, Metaphysics and Medicine 268 3. Imagination 272 4. Moral Psychology and Medicine 273 5. Philosophy of Medicine 274 V. A Question of Authorship 278 12. Marie Ie Jars de Gournay, by Beatrice H. Zedler 285 I. Biography 285 II. Literary Works 290 III. Philosophical Works 293 1. Editions of Montaigne's Essays 293 2. Essays on Morality 296 3. Feminist Essays 299 IV. Conclusion 303 13. Roswitha of Gandersheim, Christine Pisan, Margaret 309 More Roper and Teresa of Avila, by Mary Ellen Waithe I. Introduction 309 II. Roswitha of Gandersheim 310 III. Christine Pisan 312 IV. Margaret More Roper 314 V. Teresa of Avila 314 VI. Conclusions 316 Bibliography 319 Index 341 MURASAKI SHIKIBU 970-1031 by unknown artist xii CHRONOLOGY OF WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS AND THEIR MALE CONTEMPORARm 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 ROSWITHA HILDEGARD OF OF GANDERSHEIM BINGEN HERRAD OF HOHENBOURG MURASAKI SHIKIBU HELOISE John of Johannes Ibn Anselm Pierre Damascius Scotus Sina of Abelard Eriugena Canterbury xiii R.OM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE COUNTER REFORMATION 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 BEATRICE BIRGITTA MARGUERITE OLIVA OF OF OF SABUCO NAZARETH SWEDEN NAVARRE DE NANTES BARRERA MECHTILD JULIAN OF MARGARET OF NORWICH MORE MAGDEBURG ROPER HADEWYCH OF TERESA ANTWERP OF AVILA CATHERINE OF SIENA MARIE LE JARS DE GOURNAY CHRISTINE PISAN Thomas Duns Nicolas Desiderus Michel Aquinas Scotus of Erasmus de Cusa Montaigne Acknowledgements A work that introduces new material into a literature which had been thought to be complete owes its development to more indi­ viduals than those who are named among its authors. This work is no exception. Jasper Hopkins, Douglas Lewis, Philip Kitcher and Burnham Terrell each urged me to seriously consider separating the ancient women philosophers from those who are included in this volume, thus making two distinct volumes about two very different historical periods. Professor Jasper Hopkins supported early efforts to fund my research on Oliva Sabuco de Nantes Barrera. In addi­ tion, he gave generously of his time and of his scholarly expertise. I cannot count our many chance meetings in the library when, although he was engaged in his own research, he would direct me to unfamiliar source materials. Frequently, he would describe aspects of historical events in a way that would make clear the significance of the women whose contributions I otherwise would have overlooked. I recall a casual discussion with Professor Kitcher in which I named some philosophers who would be included in this volume. I had examined the primary and secondary literature on Julian of Norwich, but was still uncertain whether she ought to be considered a philosopher in addition to a theologian. Kitcher's enthusiastic comments regarding the epistemological content of Julian's writings convinced me that she deserved inclusion here. Professor Douglas Lewis offered encouragement and moral sup­ port from the earliest organization of the Project on the History of Women in Philosophy. He suggested that women correspondents of Leibniz and Locke must have had earlier counterparts in the mon­ astic and scholastic traditions, and suggested that correspondence, diaries and what might otherwise be dismissed as purely personal xvi Acknowledgements documents could prove a rich source of information about women engaged in philosophy during this period. Professor Burham Terrell imparted useful information about the sources, transmission and illumination of texts, and made several valuable suggestions regard­ ing the inclusion of some of the German mystics.
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