Biominerals and Waxes of Calamagrostis Epigejos and Phragmites Australis Leaves from Post-Industrial Habitats
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Title: Biominerals and waxes of Calamagrostis epigejos and Phragmites australis leaves from post-industrial habitats Author: Ewa Talik, Adam Guzik, Eugeniusz Małkowski, Gabriela Woźniak, Edyta Sierka Citation style: Talik Ewa, Guzik Adam, Małkowski Eugeniusz, Woźniak Gabriela, Sierka Edyta. (2018). Biominerals and waxes of Calamagrostis epigejos and Phragmites australis leaves from post-industrial habitats. "Protoplasma" (Vol. 255, iss. 3 (2018), s. 773-784), doi 10.1007/s00709-017-1179-8 Protoplasma (2018) 255:773–784 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1179-8 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Biominerals and waxes of Calamagrostis epigejos and Phragmites australis leaves from post-industrial habitats Ewa Talik1 & Adam Guzik1 & Eugeniusz Małkowski2 & Gabriela Woźniak 3 & Edyta Sierka3 Received: 2 June 2017 /Accepted: 26 October 2017 /Published online: 16 November 2017 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Vascular plants are able to conduct biomineraliza- P.australis from the post-industrial areas showed an increased tion processes and collect synthesized compounds in their amount of mineral forms with the presence of sulfur. internal tissues or to deposit them on their epidermal surfaces. This mechanism protects the plant from fluctuations of nutri- Keywords Calamagrostis epigejos . Phragmites australis . ent levels caused by different levels of supply and demand for Biomineralization . Calcium carbonate . Calcium oxalate . them. The biominerals reflect both the metabolic characteris- Phytoliths . Mineralized plant waxes tics of a vascular plant species and the environmental condi- tions of the plant habitat. The SEM/EDX method was used to examine the surface and cross-sections of the Calamagrostis Introduction epigejos and Phragmites australis leaves from post-industrial habitats (coal and zinc spoil heaps). The results from this study Many plant species are able to form minerals in their tissues have showed the presence of mineral objects on the surfaces through a complicated process called biomineralization of leaves of both grass species. The calcium oxalate crystals, (Skinner and Jahren 2003; Franceschi and Nakata 2005). amorphous calcium carbonate spheres, and different silica Minerals usually are stored inside tissues; however, biominer- forms were also found in the inner tissues. The high variety al particles can also be observed on the surface of plant organs. of mineral forms in the individual plants of both species was The biominerals reflect both the metabolic characteristics of a shown. The waxes observed on the leaves of the studied plants vascular plant species and the environmental conditions of the might be the initializing factor for the crystalline forms and plant habitat. There are three basic types of compounds, which structures that are present. For the first time, wide range of mineralize in higher plants: calcium oxalate, calcium carbon- crystal forms is presented for C. epigejos. The leaf samples of ate, and silica (Franceschi and Nakata 2005; Gal et al. 2012; He et al. 2014, 2015). Calcium is an essential mineral element classified as mac- Handling Editor: Néstor Carrillo ronutrient since its concentration in plant tissues ranges from 5 to 50 g/kg dry weight (DW) depending on the growing con- * Ewa Talik ditions, plant species, and plant organ (Mengel et al. 2001; [email protected] Hawkesford et al. 2012;BloomandSmith2015). In the soil, it occurs in various primary minerals such as phosphates, car- bonates, or calcium-bearing Al silicates (Mengel et al. 2001). 1 Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland Calcium movement from the soil to the root surface proceeds in soil solution mainly by mass flow and root interception 2 Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, (Jungk 2002). Then calcium is absorbed and subsequently Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland moved across the root to xylem by both apoplastic and 3 Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and symplastic pathways. The apoplastic pathway is relatively Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, non-selective, the result being that accumulation of calcium Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland in shoots can frequently exceed the demand of plants 774 E. Talik et al. particularly if concentration of calcium in soil is high (White accumulate higher concentration of silicon (10–15%) than di- and Broadley 2003). To avoid the toxic effect of calcium, it is cotyledons (< 0.5%) (Pilon-Smits et al. 2009). precipitated in the form of calcium salts such as oxalate, phos- Besides two mentioned elements, Ca and Si, in phate, sulfate, carbonate, tartrate, citrate, and silicate (He et al. biomineralization process other elements can take part, 2012 and literature therein). The predominant salt that was particularly if plants grow in disturbed habitats. Sarret et al. found in a large number of plant species is calcium oxalate (2007) found that tobacco plants which grew in hydroponic (CaOx) (Bouropoulos et al. 2001; Franceschi and Nakata culture supplemented with toxic concentrations of Cd or Zn 2005;Nakata2012). This calcium salt may occur in plants contained calcium carbonate crystals with admixture of both in a wide range of morphologies which can be classified into heavy metals. Moreover, it was documented that different one of five categories: crystal sand, raphides, druses, styloids, plant species growing on highly Zn-contaminated substrates and prismatic crystals (McConn and Nakata 2002; Franceschi of tailings formed Zn silicates. It was proposed that formation and Nakata 2005). Whereas calcium oxalate crystals are well of such mineral phases could be used by plants to detoxify examined in dicotyledons (Franceschi and Nakata 2005;Guo surplus of Zn (Neumann and de Figueiredo 2002;DeGiudici Xin Xu et al. 2011), there is still a paucity of data on the et al. 2015; Medas et al. 2015). Other elements are also present presence, structure, and formation of this mineral in monocot- in mineral structures associated with plant tissues, e.g., K, Fe, yledons (Lersten 1983; Prychid and Rudall 1999). Particularly Mn, Al, Ti, Sr, and Ba, indicating the divers chemical compo- Poaceae family seems to be poorly investigated and only a sition of biominerals in plants (Franceschi and Nakata 2005; few species were examined so far (Prychid and Rudall 1999; Rodríguez et al., 2005;Heetal.2012, 2014; De Giudici et al. Liu et al. 2012). Also, the presence of other minerals is poorly 2017). investigated in this family. For the time being, there are few Waxes, covering leaf surface, consist predominantly of reports on biomineralization in common reed (Phragmites long-chain hydrocarbons, including alkanes, primary alco- australis)(Liuetal.2012), whereas, to the best of our knowl- hols, aldehydes, secondary alcohols, ketones, esters, and other edge, there no reports on Ca crystal formation in derived compounds. Currently, the classification of wax forms Calamagrostis epigejos. uses the Barthlott system (Dommisse et al., 2009;Kochetal. Silicon is not essential element for plants but it is treated as 2009). Three wax groups are identified: (1) biofilms (an amor- beneficial element (Broadley et al. 2012), and it is generally phous thin layer) formed at the drying of epidermal structures accepted that silicon has a number of beneficial effects on that are not subject to cracking; (2) crusty layers which are plant growth (Ma and Yamaji, 2006;Adreesetal.2015). In thicker than biofilms and are characterized by an irregular the soil, it is the most abundant element present in a large surface and at the drying of the epidermis are fractured and number of minerals (Kabata-Pendias 2011). In soil solution, break up into smaller pieces, they can be divided into three the prevailing soluble form of silicon is orthosilicic acid subgroups: smooth layer, shell layer, and cracked; and (3) Si(OH)4 (Kabata-Pendias 2011;Broadleyetal.2012) which crystalline forms as slabs, plates, tubes, pellets and filaments. concentration remains at a constant level at pH range from 3 to Waxes leak onto the surface of the cuticle in the form of 7 (Mengel et al. 2001; Broadley et al. 2012). Plants take up monomers and crystallize there. silicon from soil as orthosilicic acid Si(OH)4.Onceitis Coal spoil heaps and heavy metal spoil heaps are very absorbed by roots, it is translocated to the shoot in the xylem. specific post-industrial habitats. Coal spoil heaps consist of Above 90% of silicon taken up by the roots is translocated to carboniferous waste rock composed mainly of claystone, silt- above ground parts of plant, the result being that the concen- stone, sandstone, conglomerate, coal shale, and small quanti- tration of this element in shoots is invariably higher than in ties of coal (Rozkowski et al. 1993;Woźniak 2010). This roots (Broadley et al. 2012). In most plants, Si is deposited as substratum has unfavorable for plant growth properties, since amorphous silica (SiO2-nH2O), mainly in the cell walls it is characterized by low fertility, low water holding capacity (Pilon-Smits et al. 2009; Broadley et al. 2012). However, (Li-ping et al. 2009), variable pH, high salinity, high temper- Ma and Yamai (2006) proposed that in roots and culms, Si atures, and low activity of microorganisms (Markowicz et al. exists as silicic acid Si(OH)4, whereas in leaf blades and leaf 2015;Woźniak et al. 2015). Heavy metal spoil heaps