Contents What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One?...... 755 Skills Handbook...... 756 Flag Etiquette...... 767 Historical Documents...... 768 Data Bank ...... 784 Supreme Court Case Summaries...... 792 United States Facts ...... 798 United States Presidents...... 800 National Geographic Reference Atlas ...... 806 Glossary/Glosario ...... 814 Index...... 850 Acknowledgments ...... 869

754 APPENDIX

What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One?

An appendix is the additional material you often find at the end of books. The following information will help you learn how to use the appendix in Civics Today: Citizenship, Economics, & You.

Skills Handbook Glossary/Glosario The Skills Handbook offers you information and A glossary is a list of important or difficult terms practice using critical thinking and social study found in a textbook. The glossary gives a defini- skills. Mastering these skills will help you in all tion of each term as it is used in the book. The your courses. glossary also includes page numbers telling you where in the textbook each term is used. This glos- Historical Documents sary combines the English term with the Spanish This is a collection of some of the most important translation and definition to aid Spanish-speaking writings in American history. Each document students. begins with an introduction describing the author and placing the selection within its historical con- Index text. An index is an alphabetical listing that includes the subjects of the book and the page numbers where Data Bank those subjects can be found. The index in this A data bank is a collection of data organized for book also lets you know that certain pages contain rapid search and retrieval. This data bank supplies maps, graphs, or photos about the subjects. information about the government and economy of the United States. It also includes information Acknowledgments about state governments and economies. This section lists photo credits and/or literary credits for the book. You can look at this section to Supreme Court Case Summaries find out where the publisher obtained the permis- Supreme Court case summaries provide readable sion to use a photograph or to use excerpts from discussions of important Supreme Court cases. The other books. summaries are listed in alphabetical order and in- clude a summary of the facts of each case and its impact. United States Facts This quick resource lists all the states and terri- tories of the Union along with the year each was admitted and its population, land area, and num- Test Yourself ber of representatives in Congress. United States Presidents Find the answers to these questions by The presidents have served as our nation’s lead- using the Appendix on the following pages. ers. In this resource you will find information of 1. What are “intergovernmental revenues”? interest on the nation’s presidents, including their terms in office, political affiliations, and occupa- 2. Who was the sixth president of the United States and what term did he serve? tions before they became president. 3. On what page can I find out about John Peter National Geographic Reference Atlas Zenger? Helpful maps of the United States and world are 4. What year was Michigan admitted to the Union? available for your easy reference. 5. What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison?

Appendix 755 Contents

Interpreting Political Cartoons ...... 757 Predicting ...... 758 Analyzing Library and Research Resources ...... 759 Interpreting a Chart ...... 760 Making Comparisons ...... 761 Analyzing Primary Sources...... 762 Recognizing Bias ...... 763 Interpreting a Circle Graph...... 764 Sequencing Events ...... 765 Categorizing and Analyzing Information. . . . 766

756 SKILLS HANDBOOK

Interpreting Political Cartoons

Why Learn This Skill? Practice It! Political cartoons express the cartoonist’s opin- On a separate piece of paper, answer these ques- ions through art. The cartoons appear in newspa- tions about the political cartoon below. pers, magazines and books, and on the Internet. 1. What is the subject of the cartoon? Political cartoons usually focus on public fi gures, 2. What words give clues to the meaning of the political events, or economic or social conditions. cartoon? This type of art can give you a summary of an event 3. Why is the picture on a milk carton? or circumstance, along with the artist’s opinion, 4. What message do you think the cartoonist is sometimes with exaggeration. trying to send? Learn It! Apply It! Follow these steps to interpret political cartoons: Bring a newsmagazine to class. With a partner, · Read the title, caption, or conversation bal- analyze the message in each political cartoon you loons. They help you identify the subject of the fi nd in the magazine. cartoon. · Identify the characters or people in the cartoon. They may be caricatures, or unrealistic drawings that exaggerate the characters’ physical features. · Identify any symbols. Symbols are objects that stand for other things. An example is the American fl ag, which is a symbol of our country. Commonly recognized symbols may not be labeled. Unusual symbols might be labeled. · Examine the actions in the cartoon––what is happen- ing and why? · Identify the cartoonist’s purpose. What statement or idea is he or she try- ing to express? Decide if the cartoonist wants to persuade, criticize, or just Gary Markstein/Copley News Service make people think.

Skills Handbook 757 SKILLS HANDBOOK

Predicting

Why Learn This Skill? Practice It! You have probably read about people making To practice the skill, read the following para- diffi cult decisions based on something they think graph about a possible case of discrimination. Then might happen. You will have a better understand- answer the questions. ing of why people make certain choices when you consider the factors that infl uenced their decisions, A high school student who uses a wheelchair or predictions. needs a ramp installed to reach the stage during a graduation ceremony held at an auditorium. The Learn It! principal says no, the diploma can be awarded down in front of the stage. As you read a paragraph or section in your book, 1. What action do you predict the student will think about what might happen next. What you take? Why? think will happen is your prediction. A prediction 2. What action do you think the principal will does not have a correct or incorrect answer. A pre- take as a result of your predicted student diction is an educated guess of what might happen action? next based on facts. 3. If you were the principal in this situation, To make a prediction, ask yourself: what do you predict you would do? · What happened in this paragraph or section that I just read? Apply It!

· What prior knowledge do I have about the Watch a television show or a movie. Halfway information in the text? through the show, write down your prediction of how it will end. At the end of the show, check your What similar circumstances do I know of? · prediction. Were you correct? What clues did you · What do I think might happen next? use to make your prediction? What clues did you miss? · Test your prediction: read further to see if you were correct.

758 Skills Handbook SKILLS HANDBOOK

Analyzing Library and Research Resources

Why Learn This Skill? Practice It! Imagine that your teacher has sent you to the Look at the following list of sources. Which would library or to the Internet to research and to write be most helpful in writing a report on the United a report about the current makeup of the United States Congress? Explain your choices. States Congress. Knowing how to choose sources that contain accurate and current information will help you save time in the library or on the Internet. (1) The Declaration of Independence You will also be able to write a better and more ac- (2) The current Information Please Almanac curate report. (3) A children’s storybook about the U.S. Congress (4) A student’s notes on the Internet about Learn It! a family trip to Washington, D.C. (5) A book about U.S. history Not all sources will be useful for your report on (6) A Web site, www.thomas.loc.gov the members of the Senate and House of Repre- (7) A journal article written by the current sentatives. Even some sources that involve topics president of the United States about government will not always provide the in- (8) a biographical dictionary formation you want. In analyzing sources for your research project, choose items that are nonfi ction and that contain the most information about your Apply It! topic. Also choose sources based on their depth and how timely they are. Go to your local library or use the Internet to cre- When choosing research resources, ask these ate a bibliography of sources you might use to write questions: a report on the current membership of the U.S. Con- gress. Explain why you would choose each source. · Is the information up-to-date? Make sure you include information about both the House of Representatives and the Senate, including · Does a book’s or journal’s index have several a breakdown of the membership of each. page references listed for the topic? · Is the research written in a way that is easy to understand? · Are there helpful statistical graphs, charts, and photos?

Skills Handbook 759 SKILLS HANDBOOK

Interpreting a Chart Why Learn This Skill? Practice It! To make learning easier, you can organize infor- On a separate sheet of paper, answer the follow- mation into groups of related facts and ideas. One ing questions using the chart on this page. way to organize information is with a chart. A chart presents written or numerical information in lists, Time Management Tips for columns, and rows. It helps you remember and High School Students compare information more easily. Cross-referencing 1. Make a “To Do” list every day. data is an important comparison that can be made 2. Use spare minutes wisely. on a chart. 3. It’s okay to say “No!” when keeping your study priorities in mind. Learn It! 4. Find the right time of the day to work. 5. Review your notes every day. To organize information in a chart, follow these 6. Get a good night’s sleep. steps: 7. Communicate your schedule to others so they do not interrupt your study time. · Decide what information you must organize. 8. Become a taskmaster and budget your · Identify several major categories of ideas or time. facts about the topic, and use these categories 9. Don’t waste time agonizing over setbacks as column headings. or procrastinating. 10. Keep things in perspective by setting · Find information that fi ts into each category, realistic goals. and write those facts or ideas under the appro- Source: collegeboard.com. priate column heading. 1. What type of information does the chart contain? 2. Whom would this chart help? 3. What features of the chart help you read ideas easily? Apply It!

Create a chart to track your school assignments. Work with fi ve areas of information: Subject, Assign- ment, Description, Due Date, and Completed As- signments. Be sure to keep your chart up-to-date.

760 Skills Handbook SKILLS HANDBOOK

Making Comparisons Why Learn This Skill? Practice It! Suppose you want to buy a portable CD player, To practice the skill, analyze the information in and you must choose among three models. To make the chart at the bottom of this page. Then answer this decision, you would probably compare various these questions: features of the three models, such as price, sound 1. What types of government are being quality, size, and so on. After you compare the mod- compared? els, you will choose the one that is best for you. 2. What categories for each government are be- In your studies of civics and economics, you ing compared? must often compare forms of government and dif- 3. In what ways, if any, are the United States and ferent economic plans, identify patterns, make pre- Cuba similar? dictions, and make generalizations about them. 4. Suppose you wanted to compare the two gov- ernments in more detail. What other catego- Learn It! ries might you use?

When making comparisons, you identify and ex- amine two or more places and their economies, or Democratic vs. Totalitarian their forms of government. Then you identify any similarities between two types, or ways the two Democratic Totalitarian types are alike. Finally, you also note their differ- Country United States Cuba ences—the things about them that are not alike. Control of Individual Government When making comparisons, apply the following Economy Development steps: Control of Citizens Vote, Government Laws Government Dictates · Decide what types of government or econo- Enforces mies to compare. Clue words such as also, as Choice of Citizens Vote Government well as, like, same as, and similar to can help you Leaders Selects or identify when topics are being compared. Appoints · Read the information about each type carefully. Apply It! · Identify what information is similar for both topics. Think about two sports that are played at your · Make note of aspects of both that are different school. Make a chart comparing categories such as or dissimilar. where the games are played, who plays them, what equipment is used, and so on.

Skills Handbook 761 SKILLS HANDBOOK

Analyzing Primary Sources Why Learn This Skill? Practice It! People who study civics and government examine The following primary source is the fi rst verse pieces of evidence to understand their government, of the song “The Star-Spangled Banner” written by laws, and economy. These types of evidence—both Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812. Read the written and illustrated—are called primary sources. verse, and then answer the questions that follow. Examining primary sources can help you under- stand your government. They are called primary sources because a specifi c source or origin of the in- Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn’s early formation can be identifi ed. light What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s Learn It! last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars Primary sources of civics are fi rsthand ac- through the perilous fi ght, counts that describe an event, law, or constitutional O’er the ramparts we watched were so development. They can include letters, diaries, pho- gallantly streaming? tographs, pictures, news articles, legal documents, And the rocket’s red glare, the bombs stories, literature, and artwork. bursting in air, Ask yourself the following questions when Gave proof through the night that our fl ag analyzing primary sources: was still there. · What is the primary source? Oh, say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave · Who created it? O’er the land of the free, and the home of the brave? · What is its original format or source? —Excerpt from “The Star-Spangled Banner” by · When was it created? Francis Scott Key, 1812 · What does it reveal about the topic I am studying? 1. What is the main topic? 2. What details let you know he is talking about · Why was it created and for what audience? the American fl ag? 3. How do we know there is a war going on? 4. What emotion is the songwriter trying to convey? Apply It!

Find a primary source from your past, such as a photo, newspaper clipping, or diary entry. Explain to the class what it shows about that time in your life.

762 Skills Handbook SKILLS HANDBOOK

Recognizing Bias Why Learn This Skill? Practice It! If you say, “Summer is a prettier season of the year Read the following statement by an author who than winter,” you are stating a bias. A bias is an atti- writes about what goes on in American politics and tude that favors one way of thinking over another. A government. bias can also be thought of as a form of an opinion. That is someone’s personal attitude, but not neces- sarily a true fact. It can prevent you from looking at Misusing words is, in politics, an art form. a situation in a reasonable or truthful way. The politician who uses plain English is not like- ly to be a politician for long. Often it is better to Learn It! be obscure.

Most people have feelings and ideas that affect 1. What problem is the speaker addressing? their points of view. Their viewpoints, or biases, in- 2. What reason does the speaker give for the fl uence the way they interpret events. For this rea- problem? son, an idea that is stated as a fact may really be only 3. What is the speaker’s point of view, or bias? an opinion. Recognizing bias will help you judge 4. What words give clues as to the speaker’s the accuracy of what you read and sort opinions bias? from true facts. To recognize bias, follow these steps: Apply It! · Identify the speaker or writer and examine the views presented. Why did the person speak or Choose a “Letter to the Editor” from a newspa- write about a particular issue? per. Summarize the issue being discussed and the writer’s bias about the issue. Describe a possible op- · Look for language that shows emotion or posing opinion and who might have that opinion opinion. Look for words such as all, never, best, and why. worst, might, or should. · Examine the information for imbalances. Is it written from one point of view? Does it take into consideration other points of view? · Identify statements of fact. Factual statements usually answer the who, what, where, and when questions. · Does the writer use facts to support his or her point of view? Statements such as I think, or I believe often indicate a point of view —not a fact.

Skills Handbook 763 SKILLS HANDBOOK

Interpreting a Circle Graph Why Learn This Skill? Practice It! Have you ever watched someone serve pieces of The circle graph below represents that same in- pie? When the pie is cut evenly, everyone’s slice is formation shown on this chart, but in a different the same size. If one slice is cut a little larger, how- format. Study the circle graph, and answer the fol- ever, someone else gets a smaller piece. lowing questions. A circle graph is like a sliced pie. It is often called 1. What is the subject of the circle graph? a pie chart. In a circle graph, the complete circle rep- 2. Which region of the U.S. has produced the resents a whole group—or 100 percent. The circle is most presidents? divided into “slices,” or wedge-shaped sections rep- 3. Which region of the nation has produced no resenting parts of the whole. presidents? 4. What conclusion could you draw from this Learn It! circle graph? To read a circle graph, follow these steps: Apply It! · Read the title of the circle graph to fi nd the subject. Quiz some friends about the fi rst names of 10 presidents of which you supply them the last names. · Study the labels or the key to see what each Create a circle graph showing percentages of correct “slice” represents. and noncorrect results of those who answered your questions. · Compare the sizes of the circle slices. · Draw conclusions from your comparison.

Birthplace of U.S. Presidents Massachusetts 10%

New York 10%

Other 30% North Carolina 5%

Ohio 16% Virginia 19%

Texas 5% Vermont 5%

764 Skills Handbook SKILLS HANDBOOK

Sequencing Events

Why Learn This Skill? Practice It! Have you ever had to remember events and their Examine the time line below and answer the dates in the order in which they happened? Sequenc- questions. ing means listing facts in the correct order that they occurred. A time line helps you do this. A time line 1. When does the time line begin? When does it is a diagram that shows how dates and events relate end? to one another. The years are evenly spaced on most 2. What major event for a UN agency happened time lines. Time lines may be horizontal or vertical. in 1965? Events on time lines are described beside the date 3. In what country did the UN monitor a cease- on which they occurred. fi re in 1991? 4. During what decade did South Africa hold its Learn It! fi rst free elections?

To understand how to sequence events, follow these steps: Apply It! · As you read, look for dates or clue words that List key events from one of the chapters in hint at chronological order, such as in 2006, the Unit 1 of your textbook that covers the history of the late 1900s, fi rst, then, fi nally, and after. United States. Decide what time period to cover and what time intervals you will put on your time line. · To read a time line, fi nd the dates on the oppo- Create a time line that lists these events in the order site ends of the time line. These dates show the they occurred. range of time that is covered. · Note the equal spacing between dates on the time line. These are the time intervals. · Study the order of events. · Look to see how the events relate to one another.

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Skills Handbook 765 SKILLS HANDBOOK

Categorizing and Analyzing Information

Why Learn This Skill? Practice It! If you looked at the season statistics for your fa- Read the following excerpt describing laws in the vorite football game to decide if they have a chance United States, and then answer the questions. at the championship, you would be categorizing Laws fall into two major groups: criminal and and analyzing information about the team. civil. Criminal laws regulate public conduct and set Categorizing information means you sort infor- duties owed to society. Criminal laws have penalties mation into related groups or topics. Then in ana- and offenders can be imprisoned, fi ned, or punished lyzing that information, you determine its accuracy in some other way. Civil laws regulate relations be- and reliability. In the case of football statistics, this tween individuals or groups of individuals. A civil process would involve looking at scores, player in- action is a lawsuit. As a result, the courts may award juries, yards gained rushing, and other data from the injured person money for his or her loss or require the past season. the offender to make amends in some other way.

Learn It! 1. What major categories are discussed in the paragraph? To learn to categorize and analyze information, 2. Under what subtopics would you list informa- follow these steps: tion in each category? 3. Which would be the more reliable source for · As you read, sort information into categories or this information—a textbook or the newspa- groups according to related topics. per? Why? · Choose headings for your categories to help you identify relationships. Apply It! Look at the source of information to deter- · Choose an article from your newspaper describ- mine its accuracy. Is it a primary or secondary ing the details of a crime. Categorize and analyze to source? explain it to a classmate. Does the information seem · Compare the same information from differ- complete and accurate? What is the source? Share ent sources to check reliability and look for your fi ndings. contradictions.

766 Skills Handbook For Americans, the flag has always had a special meaning. It is a symbol of our nation’s freedom and democracy. Over the years, Americans have developed rules and customs concerning the use and display of the flag. One of the most important things every American should remember is to treat the flag with respect.

★ The flag should be raised and lowered by hand and displayed only from sunrise to sunset. On special occasions, the flag may be displayed at night, but it should be illuminated.

★ The flag may be displayed on all days, weather permitting, particularly on national and state holidays and on historic and special occasions.

★ No flag may be flown above the American flag or to the right of it at the same height.

★ The flag should never touch the ground or floor beneath it.

★ The flag may be flown at half-staff by order of the president, usually to mourn the death of a public official.

★ The flag may be flown upside down only to signal distress.

★ Th e flag should never be carried flat or horizontally, but always carried aloft and free.

★ When the flag becomes old and tattered, it should be destroyed by burning. According to an approved custom, the Union (stars on blue field) is first cut from the flag; then the two pieces, which no longer form a flag, are burned.

767 The Magna Carta, signed by King John in 60. All these customs and liberties that 1215, marked a decisive step forward in the we have granted shall be observed in our development of constitutional government kingdom in so far as concerns in England. Later, it became a model for our own relations with our subjects. colonists who carried the Magna Carta’s Let all men of our kingdom, whether guarantees of legal and political rights to clergy or laymen, observe them similarly America. in their relations with their own men. . . . 63. . . . Both we and the barons have 1. . . . [T]hat the English Church shall be sworn that all this shall be observed in free, and shall have its rights entire, and good faith and without deceit. Witness its liberties unimpaired. . . . we have also the abovementioned people and many granted for us and our heirs forever, all the others. Given by our hand in the meadow liberties written out below, to have and to that is called Runnymede, between keep for them and their heirs, of us and Windsor and Staines, on the fi fteenth our heirs: day of June in the seventeenth year of 39. No free man shall be seized or our reign. imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgment of his equals, or by the law of the land. 40. To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice. 41. All merchants may enter or leave England unharmed and without fear, and may stay or travel within it, by land or water, for purposes of trade, free from all illegal exactions, in accordance with ancient and lawful customs. This, however, does not apply in time of war to merchants from a country that is at war with us. . . . 42. In future it shall be lawful for any man to leave and return to our kingdom unharmed and without fear, by land or water, preserving his allegiance to us, except in time of war, for some short period, for the common benefi t of the realm. . . . Illuminated manuscript, Middle Ages

768 Historical Documents HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

On November 21, 1620, 41 colonists God and one another, covenant and combine aboard the Mayfl ower drafted this ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, agreement. The Mayfl ower Compact was for our better Ordering and Preservation, the fi rst plan of self-government ever put in and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And force in the English colonies. by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, In the Name of God, Amen. We, whose Acts, Constitutions, and Offi cers, from time names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects to time, as shall be thought most meet and of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by convenient for the general Good of the the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, Colony; unto which we promise all due and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc. Submission and Obedience. In Witness Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and whereof we have hereunto subscribed Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the our names at Cape-Cod the eleventh of Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage November, in the Reign of our Sovereign to plant the fi rst Colony in the northern Lord King James, of England, France, and Parts of Virginia; Do by these Presents, Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland, the solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of fi fty-fourth, Anno Domini, 1620.

James Madison wrote several articles a democracy and a supporting ratifi cation of the Constitution for republic are: fi rst, a New York newspaper. In the excerpt below, the delegation of Madison argues for the idea of a federal the government, in republic. the latter, to a small number of citizens By a faction, I understand a number of elected by the rest; citizens . . . who are united and actuated by secondly, the greater some common impulse . . . adverse to the number of citizens, and James Madison rights of other citizens. . . . greater sphere of country, The inference to which we are brought is over which the latter may be extended. that the causes of faction cannot be removed The effect of the fi rst difference is . . . and that relief is only to be sought in the to refi ne and enlarge the public views, by means of controlling its effects. . . . passing them through the medium of a A republic, by which I mean a government chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may in which the scheme of representation takes best discern the true interest of their country, place . . . promises the cure for which we are and whose patriotism and love of justice will seeking. . . . be least likely to sacrifi ce it to temporary or The two great points of difference between partial considerations. . . .

Historical Documents 769 HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

At the end of his second term as parties by geographical president, George Washington spoke of the discriminations. . . . dangers facing the young nation. He warned No alliances, against the dangers of political parties and however strict, sectionalism, and he advised the nation between the parts against permanent alliances with other can be an adequate nations. substitute. They must inevitably experience . . . Citizens by birth or choice of a the infractions and common country, that country has a interruptions which all George Washington right to concentrate your affections. The alliances in all times name of American, which belongs to you have experienced. . . . in your national capacity, must always The great rule of conduct for us in regard exalt the just pride of patriotism more to foreign nations is, in extending our than any appellation derived from local commercial relations to have with them as discriminations. With slight shades of little political connection as possible. . . . difference, you have the same religion, . . . I anticipate with pleasing expectation manners, habits, and political principles. that retreat in which I promise myself to You have in a common cause fought and realize . . . the sweet enjoyment of partak- triumphed together. . . . ing in the midst of my fellow citizens the In contemplating the causes which may benign infl uence of good laws under a free disturb our union it occurs as matter of government—the ever-favorite object of my serious concern that any ground should heart, and the happy reward, as I trust, of have been furnished for characterizing our mutual cares, labors, and dangers.

During the British bombardment of Fort Whose broad stripes and bright stars McHenry during the War of 1812, a young through the perilous fi ght, Baltimore lawyer named Francis Scott Key O’er the ramparts we watch’d, were so was inspired to write the words to “The gallantly streaming? Star-Spangled Banner.” Although it became And the Rockets’ red glare, the Bombs popular immediately, it was not until 1931 bursting in air, that Congress offi cially declared “The Star- Spangled Banner” as our national anthem. Gave proof through the night that our Flag was still there; O! say can you see by the dawn’s O! say does that star-spangled Banner early light, yet wave, What so proudly we hailed at the O’er the Land of the free, and the home twilight’s last gleaming, of the brave!

770 Historical Documents HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

In 1823 President James Monroe Our policy in regard proclaimed the Monroe Doctrine. Designed to Europe, which to end European infl uence in the Western was adopted at an Hemisphere, it became a cornerstone of early stage of the United States foreign policy. wars which have so long agitated . . . With the existing colonies or that quarter of the dependencies of any European power globe, nevertheless we have not interfered and shall not remains the same, interfere. But with the Governments who which is, not to have declared their independence and interfere in the James Monroe maintained it, and whose independence internal concerns of we have, on great consideration and on just any of its powers; to principles, acknowledged, we could not consider the government de facto as the view any interposition for the purpose of legitimate government for us; to cultivate oppressing them, or controlling in any other friendly relations with it, and to preserve manner their destiny, by any European those relations by a frank, fi rm, and manly power in any other light than as the policy, meeting in all instances the just manifestation of any unfriendly disposition claims of every power, submitting to toward the United States. . . . injuries from none. . . .

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 called privileges, and secure us against intruders. for the relocation of Native Americans to Our only request is, that these treaties may territory west of the Mississ ippi River. be fulfi lled, and these laws executed. . . . Cherokee leaders protested the policy. . . . We have been called a poor, ignorant, and degraded people. We certainly are We are aware that some persons not rich; nor have we ever boasted of our suppose it will be for our advantage to knowledge, or our moral or intellectual remove beyond the Mississippi. We think elevation. But there is not a man within otherwise. Our people universally think our limits so ignorant as not to know that otherwise. . . . he has a right to live on the land of his We wish to remain on the land of our fathers, in the possession of his immemorial fathers. We have a perfect and original privileges, and that this right has been right to remain without interruption or acknowledged by the United States; nor molestation. The treaties with us, and laws is there a man so degraded as not to feel a of the United States made in pursuance of keen sense of injury, on being deprived of treaties, guaranty our residence and our his right and driven into exile. . . .

Historical Documents 771 HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

One of the fi rst documents to express transient causes; . . . But when a long train of the desire for equal rights for women abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably is the Declaration of Sentiments and the same object, evinces a design to reduce Resolutions, issued in 1848 at the Seneca them under absolute despotism, it is Falls Convention in Seneca Falls, New their duty to throw off such government, York. Led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth and to provide new guards for their future Cady Stanton, the delegates adopted a security. . . . set of resolutions that called for woman The history of mankind is a history of suffrage and opportunities for women in repeated injuries and usurpations on the employment and education. Excerpts from part of man toward woman, having in direct the Declaration follow. object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be When, in the course of human events, it submitted to a candid world. . . . becomes necessary for one portion of the Now, in view of the entire family of man to assume among the people disfranchisement of one-half the people of the earth a position different from that of this country, their social and religious which they have hitherto occupied, but one degradation—in view of the unjust laws to which the laws of nature and above mentioned, and because women do of nature’s God entitle them, a decent feel themselves aggrieved, oppressed, and respect to the opinions of mankind requires fraudulently deprived of their most sacred that they should declare the causes that rights, we insist that they have immediate impel them to such a course. admission to all the rights and privileges We hold these truths to be self-evident: which belong to them as citizens of these that all men and women are created equal; United States. . . . that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

772 Historical Documents HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

On January 1, 1863, President Abraham designated states and parts of states are, and Lincoln issued the Emancipation henceforward shall be, free; and that the Proclamation, which freed all enslaved Executive Government of the United States, people in states under Confederate control. including the military and naval authorities The Proclamation was a step toward the thereof, will recognize and maintain the Thirteenth Amendment (1865), which ended freedom of said persons. slavery in all of the United States. And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all . . . That on the 1st day of January, in the violence, unless in necessary self-defense; year of our Lord 1863, all persons held as and I recommend to them that, all cases slaves within any state or designated part when allowed, they labor faithfully for of a state, the people whereof shall then reasonable wages. be in rebellion against the United States, And I further declare and make known shall be then, thenceforward, and forever that such persons, of suitable condition, will free; and the Executive Government of the be received into the armed service of the United States, including the military and United States. . . . naval authority thereof, will recognize and And upon this act, sincerely believed maintain the freedom of such persons, to be an act of justice, warranted by the and will do no act or acts to repress such Constitution upon military necessity, I persons, or any of them, in any efforts they invoke the considerate judgement of man- may make for their actual freedom. kind and the gracious favor of Almighty That the Executive will, on the 1st day God. . . . of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the states and parts of states, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any state, or the people thereof, shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United States, by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualifi ed voters of such states shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such state, and the people thereof, are not then in rebellion against the United States. . . . And, by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said Abraham Lincoln

Historical Documents 773 HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

On November 19, 1863, President But, in a larger sense, we can not Abraham Lincoln gave a short speech at the dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can dedication of a national cemetery on the not hallow—this ground. The brave men, battlefi eld of Gettysburg. His simple yet living and dead, who struggled here, have eloquent words expressed his hopes for a consecrated it far above our poor power to nation divided by civil war. add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, Four score and seven years ago our the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the fathers brought forth on this continent unfi nished work which they who fought a new nation, conceived in liberty, and here have thus far so nobly advanced. It dedicated to the proposition that all men are is rather for us to be here dedicated to the created equal. great task remaining before us—that from Now we are engaged in a great civil war, these honored dead we take increased testing whether that nation, or any nation devotion to that cause for which they gave so conceived and so dedicated, can long the last full measure of devotion; that we endure. We are met on a great battlefi eld here highly resolve that these dead shall not of that war. We have come to dedicate a have died in vain; that this nation, under portion of that fi eld as a fi nal resting place God, shall have a new birth of freedom; for those who here gave their lives that that and that government of the people, by the nation might live. It is altogether fi tting and people, for the people, shall not perish from proper that we should do this. the earth.

Current day photo of Gettysburg battlefield

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In 1877 the Nez Perce fought the to death. I want to have time to look for my government’s attempt to move them to a children and see how many of them I can smaller reservation. After a remarkable fi nd. Maybe I shall fi nd them among the attempt to escape to Canada, Chief Joseph dead. Hear me, my chiefs. realized that resistance was hopeless and I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From advised his people to surrender. where the sun now stands I will fi ght no more forever. Tell General Howard I know his heart. What he told me before I have in my heart. I am tired of fi ghting. . . . The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say yes or no. He who led the young men is dead. It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food; no one knows where they are—perhaps freezing Cheyenne shield

In 1892 the nation celebrated the 400th anniversary of Columbus’s landing in America. In connection with this celebration, Francis Bellamy, a magazine editor, wrote and published the Pledge of Allegiance. The words “under God” were added by Congress in 1954 at the urging of President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Students in a New York City school recite the Pledge of Allegiance

Historical Documents 775 HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

William Tyler Page of Friendship the governed; a democracy in a republic; Heights, Maryland, wrote The American’s a sovereign Nation of many sovereign Creed. This statement of political faith States; a perfect union, one and inseparable; summarizes the true meaning of freedom established upon those principles of available to all Americans. The U.S. House freedom, equality, justice, and humanity of Representatives adopted the creed on for which American patriots sacrifi ced their behalf of the American people on April 3, lives and fortunes. 1918. I therefore believe it is my duty to my Country to love it, to support its I believe in the United States of Constitution, to obey its laws, to respect its America as a Government of the people, fl ag, and to defend it against all enemies. by the people, for the people; whose just powers are derived from the consent of

On January 8, 1918, President Woodrow of the world are in effect partners in this Wilson went before Congress to offer a interest, and for our own part we see very statement of aims called the Fourteen clearly that unless justice be done to others Points. Wilson’s plan called for freedom of it will not be done to us. The program of the the seas in peace and war, an end to secret world’s peace, therefore, is our program; alliances, and equal trading rights for all and that program, the only possible countries. The excerpt that follows is taken program, as we see it, is this: from the president’s message. I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no . . . We entered this war because private international understandings of any violations of right had occurred which kind but diplomacy shall proceed always touched us to the quick and made the life frankly and in the public view. of our own people impossible unless they II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon were corrected and the world secured once the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in for all against their recurrence. What we peace and in war, except as the seas may be demand in this war, therefore, is nothing closed in whole or in part by international peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be action for the enforcement of international made fi t and safe to live in; and particularly covenants. that it be made safe for every peace-loving XIV. A general association of nations nation which, like our own, wishes to live must be formed under specifi c covenants its own life, determine its own institutions, for the purpose of affording mutual be assured of justice and fair dealing by guarantees of political independence and the other peoples of the world as against territorial integrity to great and small states force and selfi sh aggression. All the peoples alike. . . .

776 Historical Documents HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled be expected to succeed in life if he is denied in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the opportunity of an education. Such an Kansas, that racial segregation in public opportunity, where the state has undertaken schools was unconstitutional. This decision to provide it, is a right which must be made provided the legal basis for court challenges available to all on equal terms. to segregation in every aspect of American We come then to the question presented: life. Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even . . . The plaintiffs contend that segregated though the physical facilities and other public schools are not “equal” and cannot “tangible” factors may be equal, deprive be made “equal” and that hence they are the children of the minority group of equal deprived of the equal protection of the educational opportunities? We believe that laws. Because of the obvious importance it does. of the question presented, the Court took . . . We conclude that in the fi eld of public jurisdiction. . . . education the doctrine of “separate but Our decision, therefore, cannot turn equal” has no place. Separate educational on merely a comparison of these tangible facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, factors in the Negro and white schools we hold that the plaintiffs and others involved in each of the cases. We must look similarly situated for whom the actions instead to the effect of segregation itself on have been brought are, by reason of the public education. segregation complained of, deprived of the In approaching this problem, we cannot equal protection of the laws guaranteed by turn the clock back to 1868 when the the Fourteenth Amendment. . . . Amendment was adopted, or even to 1896 when Plessy v. Ferguson was written. We must consider public education in Armed guards escort African American students the light of its full development and its present place in American life throughout the Nation. Only in this way can it be determined if segregation in public schools deprives these plaintiffs of the equal protection of the laws. Today, education is perhaps the most important function of state and local governments. Compulsory school attendance laws and the great expenditures for education both demonstrate our recognition of the importance of education to our democratic society. . . . In these days, it is doubtful that any child may reasonably

Historical Documents 777 HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

President Kennedy’s Inaugural Address the survival and the success of liberty. on January 20, 1961, set the tone for his This much we pledge—and more. administration. In his address Kennedy To those old allies whose cultural and stirred the nation by calling for “a grand spiritual origins we share, we pledge the and global alliance” to fi ght tyranny, loyalty of faithful friends. United, there is poverty, disease, and war. little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little we can We observe today not a victory of party do. . . . but a celebration of freedom—symbolizing Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let an end as well as a beginning—signifying us never fear to negotiate. renewal as well as change. For I have sworn Let both sides explore what problems before you and Almighty God the same unite us instead of belaboring those solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly problems which divide us. . . . a century and three-quarters ago. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders The world is very different now. For of science instead of its terrors. Together let man holds in his mortal hands the power us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, to abolish all forms of human poverty and eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and all forms of human life. And yet the same encourage the arts and commerce. . . . revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears And so, my fellow Americans: ask not fought are still at issue around the globe— what your country can do for you—ask the belief that the rights of man come not what you can do for your country. from the generosity of the state but from the My fellow citizens of the world: ask not hand of God. what America will do for you, but what We dare not forget today that we are the together we can do for the freedom of heirs of that fi rst revolution. Let the word man. . . . go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans—born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage—and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world. Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure President Kennedy speaking

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On August 28, 1963, while Congress transformed into an oasis of freedom and debated wide-ranging civil rights justice. legislation, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., I have a dream that my four little children led more than 200,000 people in a march will one day live in a nation where they will on Washington, D.C. On the steps of the not be judged by the color of their skin but Lincoln Memorial he gave a stirring speech by the content of their character. . . . in which he eloquently spoke of his dreams . . . When we let freedom ring, when for African Americans and for the United we let it ring from every village and every States. Excerpts of the speech follow. hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when . . . There are those who are asking the all of God’s children, black men and white devotees of civil rights, “When will you men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and be satisfi ed?” Catholics, will be able to join hands and We can never be satisfi ed as long as the sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Negro is the victim of the unspeakable “Free at last! Free at last! Thank God horrors of police brutality. . . . Almighty, we are free at last!” We cannot be satisfi ed as long as the Negro’s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. We can never be satisfi ed as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. . . . I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the diffi culties and frustrations of the moment I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.” I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be

Historical Documents 779 HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

In its history as a state, North Carolina inalienable rights; that among these are life, has had three constitutions: the Constitu- liberty, the enjoyment of the fruits of their tion of 1776, the Constitution of 1868, and own labor, and the pursuit of happiness. the Constitution of 1971. Drafted in Decem- Sec. 2. Sovereignty of the people. All ber 1776, the fi rst constitution included a political power is vested in and derived Declaration of Rights to guarantee that the from the people; all government of right state government would serve the people originates from the people, is founded upon and protect individual rights and liberties. their will only, and is instituted solely for The Preamble and parts of Article I of the the good of the whole. constitution, the Declaration of Rights, are presented here. Sec. 3. Internal government of the State. The people of this State have the inherent, Preamble sole, and exclusive right of regulating the We, the people of the State of North internal government and police thereof, and Carolina, grateful to Almighty God, of altering or abolishing their Constitution the Sovereign Ruler of Nations, for the and form of government whenever it may preservation of the American Union and be necessary to their safety and happiness; the existence of our civil, political and but every such right shall be exercised in religious liberties, and acknowledging our pursuance of law and consistently with the dependence upon Him for the continuance Constitution of the United States. . . . of those blessings to us and our posterity, Sec. 5. Allegiance to the United States. do, for the more certain security thereof Every citizen of this State owes paramount and for the better government of this State, allegiance to the Constitution and ordain and establish this Constitution. government of the United States, and no law ARTICLE I or ordinance of the State in contravention DECLARATION OF RIGHTS or subversion thereof can have any binding That the great, general, and essential force. principles of liberty and free government Sec. 6. Separation of powers. The may be recognized and established, and legislative, executive, and supreme judicial that the relations of this State to the Union powers of the State government shall be and government of the United States and forever separate and distinct from each those of the people of this State to the rest other. . . . of the American people may be defi ned and affi rmed, we do declare that: Sec. 8. Representation and taxation. The people of this State shall not be taxed or Section 1. The equality and rights of made subject to the payment of any impost persons. We hold it to be self-evident that or duty without the consent of themselves all persons are created equal; that they or their representatives in the General are endowed by their Creator with certain Assembly, freely given. * See the entire Constitution of North Carolina at glencoe.com North Carolina Social Studies landing page, under CLASSROOM TOOLS.

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Sec. 9. Frequent elections. For redress Sec. 19. Law of the land; equal protection or grievances and for amending and of the laws. No person shall be taken, strengthening the laws, elections shall be imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, often held. liberties, or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner deprived of his life, Sec. 10. Free elections. All elections shall be liberty, or property, but by the law of the free. . . . land. No person shall be denied the equal Sec. 12. Right of assembly and petition. protection of the laws; nor shall any person The people have a right to assemble be subjected to discrimination by the State together to consult for their common good, because of race, color, religion, or national to instruct their representatives, and to origin. . . . apply to the General Assembly for redress of Sec. 21. Inquiry into restraints on liberty. grievances; but secret political societies are Every person restrained of his liberty is dangerous to the liberties of a free people entitled to a remedy to inquire into the and shall not be tolerated. lawfulness thereof, and to remove the Sec. 13. Religious liberty. All persons have restraint if unlawful, and that remedy shall a natural and inalienable right to worship not be denied or delayed. The privilege Almighty God according to the dictates of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be of their own consciences, and no human suspended. . . . authority shall, in any case whatever, control Sec. 30. Militia and the right to bear arms. or interfere with the rights of conscience. A well regulated militia being necessary to Sec. 14. Freedom of speech and press. the security of a free State, the right of the Freedom of speech and of the press are people to keep and bear arms shall not be two of the great bulwarks of liberty and infringed; and, as standing armies in time of therefore shall never be restrained, but every peace are dangerous to liberty, they shall not person shall be held responsible for their be maintained, and the military shall be kept abuse. under strict subordination to, and governed Sec. 15. Education. The people have a right by, the civil power. Nothing herein shall to the privilege of education, and it is the justify the practice of carrying concealed duty of the State to guard and maintain that weapons, or prevent the General Assembly right. from enacting penal statutes against that practice. . . . Sec. 16. Ex post facto laws. Retrospective laws, punishing acts committed before the Sec. 35. Recurrence to fundamental existence of such laws and by them only principals. A frequent recurrence to declared criminal, are oppressive, unjust, fundamental principles is absolutely and incompatible with liberty, and therefore necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty. no ex post facto law shall be enacted. No Sec. 36. Other rights of the people. The law taxing retrospectively sales, purchases, enumeration of rights in this Article shall or other acts previously done shall be not be construed to impair or deny others enacted. . . . retained by the people. . . .

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On May 20, 1775, the citizens of Mecklen- Resolved: That all the offi cers, both civil burg drew up the Mecklenburg Declaration and military in this county, be entitled to of Independence. This document renounced exercise the same powers and authorities the county’s ties with Great Britain— as heretofore; that every member of this more than a year before the Continental delegation shall henceforth be a civil offi cer, Congress declared independence for the and exercise the powers of a justice of the thirteen colonies. peace, issue process, hear and determine Resolved: That whosoever directly or controversies according the law, preserve indirectly abets or in any way, form or peace, union and harmony in the county, manner, countenances [approves] the and use every exertion to spread the love of invasion of our rights, as attempted by the liberty and of country, until a more general Parliament of Great Britain, is an enemy to and better organized system of government his country, to America, and the rights of be established. man. Resolved: That a copy of these resolutions Resolved: That we, the citizens of be transmitted by express to the President Mecklenburg county, do hereby dissolve of the Continental Congress assembled in the political bonds which have connected Philadelphia, to be laid before that body. us with the mother country, and absolve ourselves from all allegiance to the British crown, abjuring [rejecting] all political connection with a nation that has wantonly trampled on our rights and liberties and Abraham Alexander, Chairman inhumanly shed the innocent blood of John McKnitt Alexander, Secretary Americans at Lexington. Ephraim Brevard Matthew McClure Resolved: That we do hereby declare Hezekiah J. Balch Neil Morrison ourselves a free and independent people, that we are and of right to be, a sovereign John Phifer Robert Irwin and self-governing people under the power James Harris John Flennegin of God and the general Congress; to the William Kennon David Reese maintenance of which independence we John Foard William Graham solemnly pledge to each other our mutual cooperation, our lives, our fortunes, and our Richard Barry John Queary most sacred honor. Henry Downs Hezekiah Alexander Resolved: That we do hereby ordain and Ezra Alexander Adam Alexander adopt as rules of conduct, all and each of Charles Alexander John Davidson our former laws, and the crown of Great Zaccheus Wilson Richard Harris Britain cannot be considered hereafter as holding any rights, privileges, or immunities Waightstill Avery Thomas Polk amongst us. Benjamin Patton

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On April 12, 1776, the 83 members of imbrue [stain] their Hands in the Blood North Carolina’s Fourth Provincial Con- of their Masters. That the Ships belonging gress met in Halifax and unanimously to America are declared prizes of War adopted a document later called the Halifax and many of them have been violently Resolves. This marked the fi rst offi cial ac- seized and confi scated in consequence of tion by any of the colonies recommending which multitudes of the people have been independence from Great Britain. destroyed or from easy Circumstances reduced to the most Lamentable distress. The Select Committee taking into And whereas the moderation hitherto Consideration the usurpations [taking manifested by the United Colonies and their without right] and violences attempted and sincere desire to be reconciled to the mother committed by the King and Parliament of Country on Constitutional Principles, have Britain against America, and the further procured no mitigation [easing] of the Measures to be taken for frustrating the aforesaid Wrongs and usurpations and no same, and for the better defence of this hopes remain of obtaining redress by those province reported as follows, to wit, Means alone which have been hitherto tried, Your Committee are of Opinion that It appears to your Committee that pursuant the house should enter into the following to the Plan concerted by the British Ministry Resolve, to wit for subjugating [defeating] America, the King and Parliament of Great Britain have Resolved that the delegates for this Colony usurped a Power over the Persons and in the Continental Congress be impowered Properties of the People unlimited and to concur with the other delegates of the uncontrouled and disregarding their humble other Colonies in declaring Independency, Petitions for Peace, Liberty and safety, and forming foreign Alliances, resolving to have made divers [various] Legislative this Colony the Sole, and Exclusive right Acts, denouncing War Famine and every of forming a Constitution and Laws for Species of Calamity daily employed in this Colony, and of appointing delegates destroying the People and committing the from time to time (under the direction of most horrid devastations on the Country. a general Representation thereof) to meet That Governors in different Colonies have the delegates of the other Colonies for such declared Protection to Slaves who should purposes as shall be hereafter pointed out.

Historical Documents 783 Contents United States Population Growth, 1980–2004 ...... 780 Crime and the Justice System ...... 781 Supreme Court Cases ...... 781 Supreme Court Decisions ...... 781 Types of Cases in Federal District Courts, 2003 ...... 781 Bills Introduced, Passed, and Enacted by Congress, 1961–2004...... 782 Federal Revenue by Source, 2005 ...... 782 Expenditures by Type, 2005...... 782 Federal Revenues, Expenditures, and Debts 1960–2006 ...... 783 Gross Federal Debt, 1965–2005...... 783 National Debt per Capita, 1960–2006 ...... 783 Executive Department Civilian Employees ...... 784 Major United States Treaties ...... 784 State Facts ...... 785 State Revenues and Expenditures, 2002 ...... 786 State Expenditures for Public Education...... 786 Size of State Legislatures ...... 787 State Legislators’ Compensation ...... 787

UNITED STATES POPULATION GROWTH, 1980–2004

NH ME WA VT MT ND MA MN NY OR RI ID SD WI MI CT WY PA IA NJ NE IN OH NV IL DE UT WV CO VA MD CA KS MO KY NC TN D.C. OK SC AZ NM AR MS AL GA TX LA

FL

AK

Amount of Population Growth Population Decreased 500,001–1,000,000 HI 250,000 or Less 1,000,001–4,000,000 250,001–500,000 Over 4,000,000

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2004.

784 Data Bank DATA BANK

CRIME AND THE JUSTICE SYSTEM

Supreme Court Cases Supreme Court Decisions 10,000 200

9,000

8,000

7,000 100

6,000 ases Decided by Opinions ases Decided by Number of Pending Cases Number of Pending C 5,000

4,000 0 19701980 1990 2003 19701980 1990 2003 Year Year

Types of Cases in Federal District Courts, 2003 y Contract Actions* Product Liability Other Civil Cases** 10.59% 7.8% 20.84% Immigration 3.7% Forgery/Counterfeiting/ Embezzlement 0.40% Personal Injury 11.39% Weapons and Firearms 1.5% Drunk Driving and Traffic 1.6% Fraud 2.39% Civil Rights Other Criminal 12.7% Cases+ 4.3% Prisoner Petitions 17.6% Drugs 5.54 %

Civil Cases Criminal Cases * Includes recovery of overpayments, enforcement of judgements, and real property actions ** Includes bankruptcy, tax suits, labor laws, social Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract security issues, protected property rights, RICO, of the United States, 2006 (Washington, D.C.: 2006); other statutory actions, and forfeiture and penalty Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Statistical + Includes federal statute violations, sex offenses, Tables for the Federal Judiciary, 2003. larceny/theft, homicide, robbery, assault, and burglary

Data Bank 785 DATA BANK

BILLS INTRODUCED, PASSED, AND ENACTED BY CONGRESS, 1961–2004

CONGRESS BILLS INTRODUCED* BILLS PASSED* BILLS ENACTED (Years) House Senate House Senate

87th (1961–62) 15,751 4,565 2,424 2,345 1,569 88th (1963–64) 15,299 3,937 1,734 1,691 1,026 89th (1965–66) 21,999 4,567 2,148 1,968 1,283 90th (1967–68) 24,227 4,906 1,659 1,731 1,002 91st (1969–70) 23,575 5,466 1,712 1,676 941 92nd (1971–72) 20,458 4,896 1,469 1,371 768 93rd (1973–74) 21,095 5,127 1,524 1,564 774 94th (1975–76) 19,371 4,913 1,624 1,552 729 95th (1977–78) 17,800 4,513 1,615 1,596 803 96th (1979–80) 10,400 4,194 1,478 1,482 736 97th (1981–82) 9,175 3,172 1,058 1,209 528 98th (1983–84) 8,104 4,097 1,348 1,322 677 99th (1985–86) 7,522 4,080 1,368 1,330 690 100th (1987–88) 7,269 4,013 1,502 1,430 758 101st (1989–90) 7,611 4,184 1,370 1,321 666 102nd (1991–92) 7,771 4,245 1,338 1,277 609 103rd (1993–94) 6,647 3,177 1,126 938 473 104th (1995–96) 5,329 2,661 1,012 822 337 105th (1997–98) 5,982 3,161 1,186 891 404 106th (1999–2000) 6,942 3,898 1,534 1,245 604 107th (2001–2002) 7,029 3,770 1,215 948 383 108th (2003–2004) 6,954 3,716 1,421 1,253 281 109th (2004–2005) 7,568 4,543 1,113 972 281

Source: thomas.loc.gov *Includes House and Senate resolutions, joint resolutions, and concurrent resolutions.

FEDERAL REVENUE BY SOURCE, 2005 EXPENDITURES BY TYPE, 2005

3% 31.5% 43% 7.1% 13% 22% 9.7% 37% 14.7% 15.1% 1% 1% 1%

Corporate Income Taxes Individual Income Taxes Income Support Medicare Customs Duties Other Receipts Medicaid Other Retirement and Disability Estate and Gift Taxes Social Insurance Taxes Social Security Other Programs Excise Taxes and Contributions * Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding.

Source: U.S. Congressional Budget Office, U.S. Congress, www.cbo.gov 786 Data Bank DATA BANK

FEDERAL REVENUES, EXPENDITURES, AND DEBTS, 1960–2006 Federal Revenues and Expenditures, 1965–2005 2400 2200 Revenues in dollars Surplus 2000 Expenditures in dollars 1800 1600 1400 1200 Deficit 1000 800

(in billions of dollars) 600

Revenues and Expenditures Revenues 400 200 0

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Years Gross Federal Debt, 1965–2005 10 100 9 90 8 80 7 70 6 60 5 50 tage of GDP 4 40 3 30 Percen 2 Debt 20 Debt (in trillions of dollars) Percentage 1 10 EXPENDITURES BY TYPE, 2005 0 0

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 National Debt per Capita, 1960–2006*

2006 $28,323

2001 $20,248

1990 $14,437 Year 1980 $4,541

1970 $2,086 $1,652 1960

0 24 681012 14 16 1820 22 24 26 28 National Debt Per Person (in thousands of dollars)

* Includes federal debt held by public and by the federal government. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census; U.S. Bureau of Public Debt; Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2006. Data Bank 787 DATA BANK

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES*

Department of Defense 669,096669,096669,096 Department of Veterans Affairs 226,171226,171226,171 Department of the Treasury 134,302 Department of Justice 115,259 Department of Agriculture 107,204 Department of Transportation 89,262 Department of the Interior 74,818 Department of Health and Human Services 67,240 Department of Commerce 37,330 Department of State 31,042 16,296 Department of Labor Department of Energy 15,823 Department of Housing and Urban 10,660 Development Department of Education 4,593

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 * as of May 2003 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract Number of Employees of the United States, 2006 (Washington, D.C.: 2006). (in thousands)

MAJOR UNITED STATES TREATIES

Year TreatyEM Majo 09A 860053r Provisions A

1783 Treaty of Paris Great Britain recognized U.S. independence 1795 Pinckney’s Treaty Spain granted U.S. navigation rights on Mississippi River 1803 Louisiana Purchase U.S. gained Louisiana Territory from France 1818 Convention of 1818 Set border with Canada west from Great Lakes as the 49th parallel 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty Spain ceded Florida; U.S. border set with Spanish territory in West 1846 Oregon Treaty Signed with Great Britain to settle claims to Oregon Country 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Ended Mexican War; U.S. gained Southwest and California Hidalgo 1867 Alaska Purchase U.S. gained Alaska from Russia 1898 Treaty of Paris Ended Spanish-American War; U.S. gained Puerto Rico and Philippines 1903 Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty Signed with Panama to give U.S. right to build Panama Canal 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Multinational agreement for defense of Western Europe; created NATO 1968 Nonproliferation Treaty International agreement to prevent spread of nuclear weapons 1972 SALT I Agreements between U.S. and Soviet Union to limit nuclear weapons 1973 Paris Peace Agreement Signed with North Vietnam to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam War 1977 Panama Canal Treaties Transferred Panama Canal to Panama effective in 1999 1985 Vienna Convention International agreement to protect Earth’s ozone layer 1993 North American Free Trade Established duty-free trade with Canada and Mexico Agreement 1996 Counterterrorism Accord Israel and U.S. agreed to cooperate in investigation of terrorist acts 1997 Mutual Recognition Reduced trade barriers between the U.S. and European Community Agreement

Sources: U.S. State Department, Treaties in Force; Findling, Dictionary of American Diplomatic History, 2nd ed. (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989).

788 Data Bank DATA BANK

STATE FACTS

House Year Population Land Area Largest Rep. State*Admitted 2004 (sq. miles) Capital City 2000** 1. Delaware 1787 830,000 1,955 Dover Wilmington 1 2. Pennsylvania 1787 12,406,000 44,820 Harrisburg Philadelphia 19 3. New Jersey 1787 8,699,000 7,419 Trenton Newark 13 4. Georgia 1788 8,829,000 57,919 Atlanta Atlanta 13 5. Connecticut 1788 3,504,000 4,845 Hartford Bridgeport 5 6. Massachusetts 1788 6,417,000 7,838 Boston Boston 10 7. Maryland 1788 5,558,000 9,775 Annapolis Baltimore 8 8. South Carolina 1788 4,198,000 30,111 Columbia Columbia 6 9. New Hampshire 1788 1,300,000 8,969 Concord Manchester 2 10. Virginia 1788 7,460,000 39,598 Richmond Virginia Beach 11 11. New York 1788 19,227,000 47,224 Albany New York City 29 12. North Carolina 1789 8,541,000 48,718 Raleigh Charlotte 13 13. Rhode Island 1790 1,081,000 1,045 Providence Providence 2 14. Vermont 1791 621,000 9,249 Montpelier Burlington 1 15. Kentucky 1792 4,146,000 39,732 Frankfort Louisville 6 16. Tennessee 1796 5,901,000 41,220 Nashville Memphis 9 17. Ohio 1803 11,459,000 40,953 Columbus Columbus 18 18. Louisiana 1812 4,516,000 43,566 Baton Rouge New Orleans 7 19. Indiana 1816 6,238,000 35,870 Indianapolis Indianapolis 9 20. Mississippi 1817 2,903,000 46,914 Jackson Jackson 4 21. Illinois 1818 12,714,000 55,593 Springfield Chicago 19 22. Alabama 1819 4,530,000 50,750 Montgomery Birmingham 7 23. Maine 1820 1,317,000 30,865 Augusta Portland 2 24. Missouri 1821 5,755,000 68,898 Jefferson City Kansas City 9 25. Arkansas 1836 2,753,000 52,075 Little Rock Little Rock 4 26. Michigan 1837 10,113,000 56,809 Lansing Detroit 15 27. Florida 1845 17,397,000 53,997 Tallahassee Jacksonville 25 28. Texas 1845 22,490,000 261,914 Austin Houston 32 29. Iowa 1846 2,954,000 55,875 Des Moines Des Moines 5 30. Wisconsin 1848 5,509,000 54,314 Madison Milwaukee 8 31. California 1850 35,894,000 155,973 Sacramento Los Angeles 53 32. Minnesota 1858 5,101,000 79,617 St. Paul Minneapolis 8 33. Oregon 1859 3,595,000 96,003 Salem Portland 5 34. Kansas 1861 2,736,000 81,823 Topeka Wichita 4 35. West Virginia 1863 1,815,000 24,087 Charleston Charleston 3 36. Nevada 1864 2,335,000 109,806 Carson City Las Vegas 3 37. Nebraska 1867 1,747,000 76,878 Lincoln Omaha 3 38. Colorado 1876 4,601,000 103,730 Denver Denver 7 39. North Dakota 1889 634,000 68,994 Bismarck Fargo 1 40. South Dakota 1889 771,000 75,898 Pierre Sioux Falls 1 41. Montana 1889 927,000 145,556 Helena Billings 1 42. Washington 1889 6,204,000 66,582 Olympia Seattle 9 43. Idaho 1890 1,393,000 82,751 Boise Boise 2 44. Wyoming 1890 507,000 97,105 Cheyenne Cheyenne 1 45. Utah 1896 2,389,000 82,168 Salt Lake City Salt Lake City 3 46. Oklahoma 1907 3,524,000 68,679 Oklahoma City Oklahoma City 5 47. New Mexico 1912 1,903,000 121,365 Sante Fe Albuquerque 3 48. Arizona 1912 5,744,000 113,642 Phoenix Phoenix 8 49. Alaska 1959 655,000 570,374 Juneau Anchorage 1 50. Hawaii 1959 1,263,000 6,423 Honolulu Honolulu 2 District of Columbia — 554,000 61 — — — Puerto Rico — 3,897,960 3,425 San Juan San Juan — United States*** — 297,552,960 3,539,703 Washington, D.C. New York City —

* Numbers denote the order in which states were admitted ** Number of members in U.S. House of Representatives based on the 2000 U.S. Census Source: World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005; *** Including Puerto Rico TIME Almanac, 2005.

Data Bank 789 DATA BANK

STATE REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES, 2002 Revenue Expenditures by Category by Category 2.4% 3.2% 2.5% 2.3% 1.9% 20.7% 22.3% 3.9% 16.9% 6.6% 3.2% 30.5% 30.4% 6.8% 23.9% 22.4%

Intergovernmental Corporate Income Education Natural Resources, Sales Taxes Taxes Public Welfare Parks and Recreation Licenses Other Taxes Hospitals and Health Government Administration Individual Income Miscellaneous Highways Interest on Debt Revenue Taxes Police and Corrections All Other Expenditures

* Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.

STATE EXPENDITURES FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION

NH ME WA VT MT ND MA MN NY OR RI ID SD WI MI CT WY PA IA NJ NE IN OH NV IL DE UT WV CO VA MD CA KS MO KY NC TN D.C. OK SC AZ NM AR MS AL GA TX LA

FL

AK

Average Expenditure per Student (in dollars) $4,000–$5,999 $8,000–$9,999 HI $6,000–$7,999 $10,000 and higher

Source: U.S Bureau of the Census.

790 Data Bank DATA BANK

ON SIZE OF STATE LEGISLATURES STATE LEGISLATORS’ COMPENSATI

House Senate Salary Expense allowance State Members Members State (2003) during session Alabama 105 35 Alabama $10/day* $2,280/month Alaska 40 20 Alaska $24,012 $200/day Arizona 60 30 Arizona $24,000 $35–60/day Arkansas 100 35 Arkansas $14,067 $110/day California 80 40 California $110,880 $138/day Colorado 65 35 Colorado $30,000 $45–99/day Connecticut 151 36 Connecticut $28,000 $0 Delaware 41 21 Delaware $39,785 $0 Florida 120 40 Florida $29,916 $117/day Georgia 180 56 Georgia $16,524 $128/day Hawaii 51 25 Hawaii $35,000 $10–80/day Idaho 70 35 Idaho $15,646 $38–99/day Illinois 118 59 Illinois $57,619 $102/day Indiana 100 50 Indiana $11,600 $134/day Iowa 100 50 Iowa $21,381 $65–86/day Kansas 125 40 Kansas $83.14/day* $91/day Kentucky 100 38 Kentucky $170.17/day* $110.10/day Louisiana 105 39 Louisiana $16,800 $113/day Maine 151 35 Maine $11,384 $70/day Maryland 141 47 Maryland $40,500 $128/day Massachusetts 160 40 Massachusetts $55,569.39 $10–100/day Michigan 110 38 Michigan $79,650 $12,000/year Minnesota 134 67 Minnesota $31,140.90 $66/day Mississippi 122 52 Mississippi $10,000 $91/day Missouri 163 34 Missouri $31,351 $76.80/day Montana 100 50 Montana $76.80/day+ $90.31/day Nebraska N/A 49 Nebraska $12,000 $31–91/day Nevada 42 21 Nevada $7,800 federal rate New Hampshire 400 24 New Hampshire $100 $0 New Jersey 80 40 New Jersey $49,000 $0 New Mexico 70 42 New Mexico $0 $146/day New York 150 62 New York $79,500 varies North Carolina 120 50 North Carolina $13,951 $104/day North Dakota 94 47 North Dakota $125/day* up to $900/month Ohio 99 33 Ohio $56,260.62 $0 Oklahoma 101 48 Oklahoma $38,400 $116/day Oregon 60 30 Oregon $16,284 $91/day Pennsylvania 203 50 Pennsylvania $69,647 $128/day Rhode Island 75 38 Rhode Island $10,236 $0 South Carolina 124 46 South Carolina $10,400 $95/day South Dakota 70 35 South Dakota $6,000 $110/day Tennessee 99 33 Tennessee $16,500 $141/day Texas 150 31 Texas $7,200 $128/day Utah 75 29 Utah $120/day* $118/day Vermont 150 30 Vermont $9,112 $35–69/day Virginia 100 40 Virginia $18,000 $130/day Washington 98 49 Washington $34,227 $90/day West Virginia 100 34 West Virginia $15,000 $115/day Wisconsin 99 33 Wisconsin $45,569 $88/day Wyoming 60 30 Wyoming $150/day+ $85/day

Source: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005. * calendar day + legislative day Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, www.ncsl.org

Data Bank 791 CONTENTS Alphabetical Chronological Brown v. Board of Education Marbury v. Madison (1803) Bush v. Gore McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Dred Scott v. Sandford Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Furman v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Gibbons v. Ogden Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Gideon v. Wainwright Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Korematsu v. United States Korematsu v. United States (1944) Marbury v. Madison Brown v. Board of Education (1954) McCulloch v. Maryland Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Chippewa Indians Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969) Miranda v. Arizona New York Times Company v. United New York Times Company v. United States (1971) States Furman v. Georgia (1972) Plessy v. Ferguson Roe v. Wade (1973) Roe v. Wade United States v. Nixon (1974) Tinker v. Des Moines School District Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of United States v. Nixon Chippewa Indians (1999) Worcester v. Georgia Bush v. Gore (2000)

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) [see p. 259] making the separate-but- equal doctrine in public schools unconstitu- tional. The Supreme Court rejected the idea that truly equal but separate schools for African American and white students would be constitu- tional. The Court explained that the Fourteenth Amendment’s requirement that all persons be guaranteed equal protection of the law is not met simply by ensuring that African American and white schools “have been equalized . . . with respect to buildings, curricula, qualifications and salaries, and other tangible factors.” The Court then ruled that racial segregation in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution because it is inher- ently unequal. In other words, nothing can make racially segregated public schools equal under the Constitution because the very fact of separation marks the separated race as inferior. In practical terms, the Court’s decision in this case has been George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James Nabrit, Jr., were attorneys who argued the case extended beyond public education to virtually all against segregation in Brown v. Board of Education. public accommodations and activities.

792 Supreme Court Cases SUPREME COURT CASES

The 2000 presidential election was hanging This decision put a halt to the application in the balance as the state of Florida recounted of the death penalty under state laws then in its disputed ballots. Candidates George W. effect. For the first time, the Supreme Court Bush, Republican, and Al Gore, Democrat, were ruled that the death penalty amounted to cruel so close in the polls that there was a manual and unusual punishment, which is outlawed recount of the votes. in the Constitution. The Court explained that Bush went to the Court to stop the recount, stat- existing death penalty laws did not give juries ing that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment. enough guidance in deciding whether or not The Court ruled that since the manual recount to impose the death penalty. As a result, the had no uniform way to judge each disputed vote death penalty in many cases was imposed equally, it did violate the Constitution and had to arbitrarily, that is, without a reasonable basis be stopped. As a result, Bush won Florida’s elec- in the facts and circumstances of the offender toral votes and became President. or the crime. The Furman decision halted all executions in the 39 states that had death penalty laws at that time. Since the decision, 38 states have rewritten death penalty laws to meet the Dred Scott was taken by slaveholder John requirements established in the Furman case. Sanford to the free state of Illinois and to the Wisconsin Territory, which had also banned slav- ery. Later they returned to Missouri, a slave state. Several years later, Scott sued for his freedom under the Missouri legal principle of “once free, Thomas Gibbons had a federal license to always free.” In other words, under Missouri law, operate a steamboat along the coast, but he did enslaved people were entitled to freedom if they not have a license from the state of New York had lived in a free state at any time. Missouri to travel on New York waters. He wanted to courts ruled against Scott, but he appealed the case run a steamboat line between Manhattan and all the way to the United States Supreme Court. New Jersey that would compete with Aaron The Supreme Court decided this case before Ogden’s company. Ogden had a New York the Fourteenth Amendment was added to the license. Gibbons sued for the freedom to use Con stitution. (The Fourteenth Amendment pro- his federal license to compete against Ogden on vides that anyone born or naturalized in the New York waters. United States is a citizen of the nation and of his Gibbons won the case. The Supreme Court or her state of residence.) The Court held that made it clear that the authority of Congress to enslaved African Americans were property, not regulate interstate commerce (among states) citizens, and thus had no rights includes the authority to regulate intrastate under the Constitution. The deci- commerce (within a single state) that bears on, sion also overturned the Missouri or relates to, interstate commerce. Compromise of 1820, which had Before this decision, it was thought that the outlawed slavery in territories Constitution would permit a state to close its north of 36º 30’ latitude. borders to interstate commercial activity— Many people in the North which, in effect, would stop such activity in its were outraged by the tracks. This case says that a state can regulate decision, which moved purely internal commercial activity, but only the nation closer to civil Congress can regulate commercial activity that Dred Scott war. has both intrastate and interstate dimensions.

Supreme Court Cases 793 SUPREME COURT CASES

After being accused of robbery, Clarence Gideon defended himself in a Florida court because the judge in the case refused to appoint a free lawyer. The jury found Gideon guilty. Eventually, Gideon appealed his conviction to the United States Supreme Court, claiming that by failing to appoint a lawyer, the lower court had violated his rights under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Supreme Court agreed with Gideon. In Gideon v. Wainwright the Supreme Court held for the first time that poor defendants in criminal cases have the right to a state-paid In 1983 Fred Korematsu (center) won a reversal of his attorney under the Sixth Amendment. The conviction. rule announced in this case has been refined to apply whenever the defendant, if convicted, can be sentenced to more than six months in jail or prison.

During his last days in office, President John Adams commissioned William Marbury and several other men as judges. This action After the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor by Federalist president Adams angered the in 1941, thousands of Japanese Americans on incoming Democratic-Republican president the West Coast were forced to abandon their Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson then ordered James homes and businesses, and they were moved Madison, his secretary of state, not to deliver to internment camps in California, Idaho, Utah, the commissions, thus blocking the appoint- Arizona, Wyoming, Colo rado, and Arkansas. ments. William Marbury sued, asking the The prison-like camps offered poor food and Supreme Court to order Madison to deliver the cramped quarters. commission that would make him a judge. The Supreme Court’s decision in Korematsu The Court ruled against Marbury, but more v. United States upheld the authority of the fed- importantly, the decision in this case estab- eral government to move Japanese Americans, lished one of the most significant principles many of whom were citizens, from designated of American constitutional law. The Supreme military areas that included almost the entire Court held that it is the Court itself that has West Coast. The government defended the so- the final say on what the Constitution means. called exclusion orders as a necessary response This is known as judicial review. It is also to Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor. Only after the Supreme Court that has the final say in his reelection in 1944 did President Franklin whether or not an act of government—legisla- Roosevelt rescind the evacuation orders, and tive or executive at the federal, state, or local by the end of 1945 the camps were closed. level—violates the Constitution.

794 Supreme Court Cases SUPREME COURT CASES

that the Chippewa retained their claim under the 1837 treaty and resolved several resource allocation and regulation issues. The State’s argu- Following the War of 1812, the United States ment under the “equal footing doctrine,” that experienced years of high inflation and general Minnesota’s entrance into the Union in 1855 extin- economic turmoil. In an attempt to stabilize the guished any Indian treaty rights, was considered economy, the United States Congress chartered void. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the a Second Bank of the United States in 1816. Chippewa and the existing 1837 treaty. Maryland and several other states, however, opposed the competition that the new national bank created and passed laws taxing its branches. In 1818, James McCulloch, head of the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the United States, In 1963, police in Arizona arrested Ernesto refused to pay the tax to the state of Maryland. Miranda for kidnapping. The court found The case worked its way through the Maryland Miranda guilty on the basis of a signed confes- state courts all the way to the United States sion. The police admitted that neither before Supreme Court. nor during the questioning had Miranda been The Supreme Court declared the Maryland tax advised of his right to consult with an attorney unconstitutional and void. More importantly, the before answering any questions or of his right to decision established the foundation for expanded have an attorney present during the interrogation. congressional authority. The Court held that the Miranda appealed his conviction, claiming that necessary and proper clause of the Constitution police had violated his right against self-incrimi- allows Congress to do more than the Constitution nation under the Fifth Amendment by not inform- expressly authorizes it to do. The decision allows ing him of his legal rights during questioning. Congress to enact nearly any law that will help Miranda won the case. The Supreme Court it achieve any of its duties as set forth in the held that a person in police custody cannot be Constitution. For example, Congress has the questioned unless told that: 1) he or she has the express authority to regulate interstate com- right to remain silent, 2) he or she has the right to merce. The necessary and proper clause permits an attorney (at government expense if the accused Congress to do so in ways not actually specified is unable to pay), and 3) anything the person says in the Constitution. after stating that he or she understands these rights can be used as evidence of guilt at trial. These rights have come to be called the Miranda warning. They are intended to ensure that an accused person in custody will not unknowingly give up the Fifth Amendment’s protection against An 1855 treaty with the United States set aside self-incrimination. lands in present-day Minnesota and Wisconsin to several Chippewa bands as reservations at Mille Lacs, but made no mention of, among other things, whether it abolished rights guaranteed by previous treaties. Minnesota was admitted to the Union in 1858. In 1990, the Mille Lacs Band and several members sued Minnesota, its Department of Natural Resources, and state officials (col- lectively State), seeking, among other things, a declaratory judgment that they retained their In 1963, the arrest of Ernesto Miranda (left) led to a ownership rights to the land without state inter- landmark decision. ference. The District Court ultimately concluded

Supreme Court Cases 795 SUPREME COURT CASES

Roe v. Wade challenged restrictive abortion In June 1971, the New York Times published laws in both Texas and Georgia. The suit was the “Pentagon Papers,” a classified document brought in the name of Jane Roe, an alias. about government actions in the Vietnam War In this decision, the Supreme Court ruled era. The secret document had been leaked to that females have a constitutional right under the Times by antiwar activist Daniel Ellsberg. various provisions of the Constitution—most President Richard Nixon went to court to block notably, the due process clause—to decide further publication of the Pentagon Papers. The whether or not to terminate a pregnancy. The New York Times appealed to the Supreme Court Court’s decision was the most significant in to allow it to continue publishing without gov- decisions over a period of 50 years that recog- ernment interference. nized a constitutional right of privacy, even The Supreme Court’s ruling in this case though the word privacy is not found in the upheld earlier decisions establishing the doc- Constitution. trine of prior restraint. This doctrine protects the press (broadly defined to include newspapers, television and radio, filmmakers and distribu- tors, etc.) from government attempts to block publication. Except in extraordinary circum- stances, the press must be allowed to publish. During the Vietnam War, some students in Des Moines, Iowa, wore black armbands to school to protest American involvement in the conflict and were suspended. Two days ear- lier, school officials had adopted a policy ban- ning the wearing of armbands. The students argued that school officials violated their First Amendment right to free speech. In the late 1800s, railroad companies in The Supreme Court sided with the students. Louisiana were required by state law to provide The Court said that “it can hardly be argued “separate-but-equal” cars for white and African that either students or teachers shed their American passengers. In 1890 a group of citizens constitutional rights of freedom of speech or in New Orleans selected Homer Plessy to chal- expression at the schoolhouse gate.” It ruled lenge that law. In 1892, Plessy boarded a whites- that a public school could not suspend stu- only car and refused to move. He was arrested. dents who wore black armbands to school to Plessy appealed to the Supreme Court, argu- symbolize their opposition to the Vietnam War. ing that the Louisiana separate-but-equal law In so holding, the Court likened the students’ violated his right to equal protection under the conduct to pure speech. Fourteenth Amendment. Homer Plessy lost the case. The Plessy deci- sion upheld the separate-but-equal doctrine used by Southern states to perpetuate seg- regation following the Civil War. The court In the early 1970s, President Nixon was named ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment’s clause an unindicted co-conspirator in the criminal inves- required only equal public facilities for the two tigation that arose in the aftermath of a break-in at races, not equal access to the same facilities. the offices of the Democratic Party in Washington, This decision was overruled in 1954 by Brown v. D.C. A federal judge had ordered President Nixon Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. to turn over tapes of conversations he had with

796 Supreme Court Cases SUPREME COURT CASES

President Nixon encounters angry protesters in 1974 during the Watergate scandal.

his advisers about the break-in. Nixon resisted to live in Cherokee country and for refusing to the order, claiming that the conversations were obey an order from the Georgia militia to leave entitled to absolute confidentiality by Article II of Cherokee lands. Worcester then sued the state of the Constitution. Georgia. He claimed that Georgia had no legal The decision in this case made it clear that authority on Cherokee land because the United the president is not above the law. The Supreme States government recognized the Cherokee in Court held that only those presidential conver- Georgia as a separate nation. sations and communications that relate to per- The Supreme Court agreed with Worcester forming the duties of the office of president are by a vote of 5 to 1. Chief Justice John Marshall confidential and protected from a judicial order wrote the majority opinion, which said that of disclosure. The Court ordered Nixon to give Native American nations were a distinct up the tapes, which revealed evidence linking the people with the right to have independent president to the conspiracy to obstruct justice. He political communities and that only the federal resigned from office shortly thereafter. government had authority over matters that involved the Cherokee. President Andrew Jackson supported Georgia’s efforts to remove the Cherokee to Indian Territory and refused to enforce State officials in Georgia wanted to remove the Court’s ruling. After the ruling Jackson the Cherokees from land that had been guaran- remarked, “John Marshall has made his decision. teed to them in earlier treaties. Samuel Worcester Now let him enforce it.” As a result of Jackson’s was a congregational missionary who worked refusal to enforce the Court’s order, thousands of with the Cherokee people. He was arrested for Cherokees died on the long, forced trek to Indian failure to have a license that the state required Territory, known as the “Trail of Tears.”

Supreme Court Cases 797 1 Delaware 2 Pennsylvania 3 New Jersey Year Admitted: 1787 Year Admitted: 1787 Year Admitted: 1787 Population: 836,687 Population: 12,426,603 Population: 8,745,279 Land area: 1,955 sq. mi. Land area: 44,820 sq. mi. Land area: 7,419 sq. mi. Washington, D.C. Representatives: 1 Representatives: 19 Representatives: 13 Population: 551,136 Land area: 61 sq. mi. Trenton Dover Harrisburg U.S. Territories 9 New Hampshire 10 Virginia 11 New York Puerto Rico Guam Year Admitted: 1788 Year Admitted: 1788 Year Admitted: 1788 Population: 3,912,000 Population: 168,564 (est.) Population: 1,314,821 Population: 7,552,581 Population: 19,258,082 Land area: 3,425 sq. mi. Land area: 209 sq. mi. Land area: 8,969 sq. mi. Land area: 39,598 sq. mi. Land area: 47,224 sq. mi. Representatives: 2 Representatives: 11 Representatives: 29 U.S. Virgin Islands American Samoa Population: 108,708 (est.) Population: 57,881 (est.) Albany Land area: 134 sq. mi. Land area: 77 sq. mi. Concord Richmond

The states are listed in the order 17 Ohio 18 Louisiana 19 Indiana they were admitted to the Union. Year Admitted: 1803 Year Admitted: 1812 Year Admitted: 1816 Population: 11,477,557 Population: 4,534,310 Population: 6,249,617 Land area: 40,953 sq. mi. Land area: 43,566 sq. mi. Land area: 35,870 sq. mi. Representatives: 18 Representatives: 7 Representatives: 9 Population figures are based on the U.S. Bureau of the Census projection for July 2005. House of Representatives figures Columbus Indianapolis from the 2000 census are from the Clerk of the House of Baton Rouge Representatives. States are not drawn to scale. 24 Missouri 25 Arkansas 26 Michigan 27 Florida 28 Texas Year Admitted: 1821 Year Admitted: 1836 Year Admitted: 1837 Year Admitted: 1845 Year Admitted: 1845 Population: 5,765,166 Population: 2,777,007 Population: 10,207,421 Population: 17,509,827 Population: 22,775,004 Land area: 68,898 sq. mi. Land area: 52,075 sq. mi. Land area: 56,809 sq. mi. Land area: 53,997 sq. mi. Land area: 261,914 sq. mi. Representatives: 9 Representatives: 4 Representatives: 15 Representatives: 25 Representatives: 32 Tallahassee Jefferson City Little Rock Austin Lansing

33 Oregon 34 Kansas 35 West Virginia 36 Nevada 37 Nebraska Year Admitted: 1859 Year Admitted: 1861 Year Admitted: 1863 Year Admitted: 1864 Year Admitted: 1867 Population: 3,596,083 Population: 2,751,509 Population: 1,818,887 Population: 2,352,086 Population: 1,744,370 Land area: 96,003 sq. mi. Land area: 81,823 sq. mi. Land area: 24,087 sq. mi. Land area: 109,806 sq. mi. Land area: 76,878 sq. mi. Representatives: 5 Representatives: 4 Representatives: 3 Representatives: 3 Representatives: 3

Salem Topeka Carson City Charleston Lincoln

42 Washington 43 Idaho 44 Wyoming 45 Utah 46 Oklahoma Year Admitted: 1889 Year Admitted: 1890 Year Admitted: 1890 Year Admitted: 1896 Year Admitted: 1907 Population: 6,204,632 Population: 1,407,060 Population: 507,268 Population: 2,417,998 Population: 3,521,379 Land area: 66,582 sq. mi. Land area: 82,751 sq. mi. Land area: 97,105 sq. mi. Land area: 82,168 sq. mi. Land area: 68,679 sq. mi. Representatives: 9 Representatives: 2 Representatives: 1 Representatives: 3 Representatives: 5 Oklahoma City Olympia Salt Lake City Boise Cheyenne

798 United States Facts UnitedUNITED States STATES FactsFACTS

4 Georgia 5 Connecticut 6 Massachusetts 7 Maryland 8 South Carolina Year Admitted: 1788 Year Admitted: 1788 Year Admitted: 1788 Year Admitted: 1788 Year Admitted: 1788 Population: 8,925,796 Population: 3,503,185 Population: 6,518,868 Population: 5,600,563 Population: 4,239,310 Land area: 57,919 sq. mi. Land area: 4,845 sq. mi. Land area: 7,838 sq. mi. Land area: 9,775 sq. mi. Land area: 30,111 sq. mi. Representatives: 13 Representatives: 5 Representatives: 10 Representatives: 8 Representatives: 6 Atlanta Hartford Boston Columbia Annapolis

12 North Carolina 13 Rhode Island 14 Vermont 15 Kentucky 16 Tennessee Year Admitted: 1789 Year Admitted: 1790 Year Admitted: 1791 Year Admitted: 1792 Year Admitted: 1796 Population: 8,702,410 Population: 1,086,575 Population: 630,979 Population: 4,163,360 Population: 5,965,317 Land area: 48,718 sq. mi. Land area: 1,045 sq. mi. Land area: 9,249 sq. mi. Land area: 39,732 sq. mi. Land area: 41,220 sq. mi. Representatives: 13- Representatives: 2 Representatives: 1 Representatives: 6 Representatives: 9 Providence Nashville Montpelier Frankfort Raleigh

20 Mississippi 21 Illinois 22 Alabama 23 Maine Year Admitted: 1817 Year Admitted: 1818 Year Admitted: 1819 Year Admitted: 1820 Population: 2,915,696 Population: 12,699,336 Population: 4,527,1660 Population: 1,318,557 Land area: 46,914 sq. mi. Land area: 55,593 sq. mi. Land area: 50,750 sq. mi. Land area: 30,865 sq. mi. Representatives: 4 Representatives: 19 Representatives: 7 Representatives: 2

Jackson Springfield Montgomery Augusta

29 Iowa 30 Wisconsin 31 California 32 Minnesota Year Admitted: 1846 Year Admitted: 1848 Year Admitted: 1850 Year Admitted: 1858 Population: 2,973,700 Population: 5,554,343 Population: 36,038,859 Population: 5,174,743 Land area: 55,875 sq. mi. Land area: 54,314 sq. mi. Land area: 155,973 sq. mi. Land area: 79,617 sq. mi. Representatives: 5 Representatives: 8 Representatives: 53 Representatives: 8

Des Moines Saint Paul Madison Sacramento

38 Colorado 39 North Dakota 40 South Dakota 41 Montana Year Admitted: 1876 Year Admitted: 1889 Year Admitted: 1889 Year Admitted: 1889 Population: 4,617,962 Population: 635,468 Population: 771,803 Population: 933,005 Land area: 103,730 sq. mi. Land area: 68,994 sq. mi. Land area: 75,898 sq. mi. Land area: 145,556 sq. mi. Representatives: 7 Representatives: 1 Representatives: 1 Representatives: 1

Denver Pierre Bismarck Helena

47 New Mexico 48 Arizona 49 Alaska 50 Hawaii Year Admitted: 1912 Year Admitted: 1912 Year Admitted: 1959 Year Admitted: 1959 Population: 1,902,057 Population: 5,868,004 Population: 661,110 Population: 1,276,552 Land area: 121,365 sq. mi. Land area: 113,642 sq. mi. Land area: 570,374 sq. mi. Land area: 6,432 sq. mi. Representatives: 3 Representatives: 8 Representatives: 1 Representatives: 2 Honolulu Santa Fe Phoenix Juneau

United States Facts 799 In this resource you will find portraits of the individuals who served as presidents of the United States, along with their occupations, political party affiliations, and other interesting facts.

800 U.S. PRESIDENTS

Washing n Adams s Jeffers George ton Joh Thoma on Presidential term: 1789–1797 Presidential term: 1797–1801 Presidential term: 1801–1809 Lived: 1732–1799 Lived: 1735–1826 Lived: 1743–1826 Born in: Virginia Born in: Massachusetts Born in: Virginia Elected from: Virginia Elected from: Massachusetts Elected from: Virginia Occupations: Soldier, Planter Occupations: Teacher, Lawyer Occupations: Planter, Lawyer Party: None Party: Federalist Party: Republican** Vice President: John Adams Vice President: Thomas Jefferson Vice Presidents: Aaron Burr, George Clinton

Madi Monr ncy A James son James oe John Qui dams Presidential term: 1809–1817 Presidential term: 1817–1825 Presidential term: 1825–1829 Lived: 1751–1836 Lived: 1758–1831 Lived: 1767–1848 Born in: Virginia Born in: Virginia Born in: Massachusetts Elected from: Virginia Elected from: Virginia Elected from: Massachusetts Occupation: Planter Occupation: Lawyer Occupation: Lawyer Party: Republican** Party: Republican** Party: Republican** Vice Presidents: George Clinton, Vice President: Daniel D. Vice President: John C. Calhoun Elbridge Gerry Tompkins

Jack an Bu H. Har Andrew son Martin V ren William rison Presidential term: 1829–1837 Presidential term: 1837–1841 Presidential term: 1841 Lived: 1767–1845 Lived: 1782–1862 Lived: 1773–1841 Born in: South Carolina Born in: New York Born in: Virginia Elected from: Tennessee Elected from: New York Elected from: Ohio Occupations: Lawyer, Soldier Occupation: Lawyer Occupations: Soldier, Planter Party: Democratic Party: Democratic Party: Whig Vice Presidents: John C. Calhoun, Vice President: Richard M. Vice President: John Tyler Martin Van Buren Johnson

** The Republican Party during this period developed into today’s Democratic Party. Today’s Republican Party originated in 1854.

U.S. Presidents 801 U.S. PRESIDENTS

John Tyler James K. Polk Zachary Taylor

Presidential term: 1841–1845 Presidential term: 1845–1849 Presidential term: 1849–1850 Lived: 1790–1862 Lived: 1795–1849 Lived: 1784–1850 Born in: Virginia Born in: North Carolina Born in: Virginia Elected as V.P. from: Virginia Elected from: Tennessee Elected from: Louisiana Succeeded Harrison Occupation: Lawyer Occupation: Soldier Occupation: Lawyer Party: Democratic Party: Whig Party: Whig Vice President: George M. Dallas Vice President: Millard Vice President: None Fillmore

Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan

Presidential term: 1850–1853 Presidential term: 1853–1857 Presidential term: 1857–1861 Lived: 1800–1874 Lived: 1804–1869 Lived: 1791–1868 Born in: New York Born in: New Hampshire Born in: Pennsylvania Elected as V.P. from: New York Elected from: New Hampshire Elected from: Pennsylvania Succeeded Taylor Occupation: Lawyer Occupation: Lawyer Occupation: Lawyer Party: Democratic Party: Democratic Party: Whig Vice President: William R. King Vice President: John C. Vice President: None Breckinridge

Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant

Presidential term: 1861–1865 Presidential term: 1865–1869 Presidential term: 1869–1877 Lived: 1809–1865 Lived: 1808–1875 Lived: 1822–1885 Born in: Kentucky Born in: North Carolina Born in: Ohio Elected from: Illinois Elected as V.P. from: Tennessee Elected from: Illinois Occupation: Lawyer Succeeded Lincoln Occupations: Farmer, Soldier Party: Republican Occupation: Tailor Party: Republican Vice Presidents: Hannibal Hamlin, Party: Republican Vice Presidents: Schuyler Colfax, Andrew Johnson Vice President: None Henry Wilson

802 U.S. Presidents U.S. PRESIDENTS

ord B. Ha A. Garfie r A. Arth Rutherf yes James ld Cheste ur Presidential term: 1877–1881 Presidential term: 1881 Presidential term: 1881–1885 Lived: 1822–1893 Lived: 1831–1881 Lived: 1830–1886 Born in: Ohio Born in: Ohio Born in: Vermont Elected from: Ohio Elected from: Ohio Elected as V.P. from: New York Occupation: Lawyer Occupations: Laborer, Professor Succeeded Garfield Party: Republican Party: Republican Occupations: Teacher, Lawyer Vice President: William A. Vice President: Chester A. Party: Republican Wheeler Arthur Vice President: None

ev H ev Grover Cl eland Benjamin arrison Grover Cl eland Presidential term: 1885–1889 Presidential term: 1889–1893 Presidential term: 1893–1897 Lived: 1837–1908 Lived: 1833–1901 Lived: 1837–1908 Born in: New Jersey Born in: Ohio Born in: New Jersey Elected from: New York Elected from: Indiana Elected from: New York Occupation: Lawyer Occupation: Lawyer Occupation: Lawyer Party: Democratic Party: Republican Party: Democratic Vice President: Thomas A. Vice President: Levi P. Morton Vice President: Adlai E. Hendricks Stevenson

lliam McKinley re Roose m H. Ta Wi Theodo velt Willia ft Presidential term: 1897–1901 Presidential term: 1901–1909 Presidential term: 1909–1913 Lived: 1843–1901 Lived: 1858–1919 Lived: 1857–1930 Born in: Ohio Born in: New York Born in: Ohio Elected from: Ohio Elected as V.P. from: New York Elected from: Ohio Occupations: Teacher, Lawyer Succeeded McKinley Occupation: Lawyer Party: Republican Occupations: Historian, Rancher Party: Republican Vice Presidents: Garret Hobart, Party: Republican Vice President: James S. Theodore Roosevelt Vice President: Charles W. Fairbanks Sherman

U.S. Presidents 803 U.S. PRESIDENTS

Woodrow Wilson Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Presidential term: 1913–1921 Presidential term: 1921–1923 Presidential term: 1923–1929 Lived: 1856–1924 Lived: 1865–1923 Lived: 1872–1933 Born in: Virginia Born in: Ohio Born in: Vermont Elected from: New Jersey Elected from: Ohio Elected as V.P. from: Occupation: College Professor Occupations: Newspaper Editor, Massachusetts –Succeeded Harding Party: Democratic Publisher Occupation: Lawyer Vice President: Thomas R. Party: Republican Party: Republican Marshall Vice President: Calvin Coolidge Vice President: Charles G. Dawes

t C. Hoo D. Roos S. Truma Herber ver Franklin evelt Harry n Presidential term: 1929–1933 Presidential term: 1933–1945 Presidential term: 1945–1953 Lived: 1874–1964 Lived: 1882–1945 Lived: 1884–1972 Born in: Iowa Born in: New York Born in: Missouri Elected from: California Elected from: New York Elected as V.P. from: Missouri Occupation: Engineer Occupation: Lawyer Succeeded Roosevelt Party: Republican Party: Democratic Occupations: Clerk, Farmer Vice President: Charles Curtis Vice Presidents: John N. Garner, Party: Democratic Henry A. Wallace, Harry S. Truman Vice President: Alben W. Barkley

. Eisenh Kenne B. John Dwight D ower John F. dy Lyndon son Presidential term: 1953–1961 Presidential term: 1961–1963 Presidential term: 1963–1969 Lived: 1890–1969 Lived: 1917–1963 Lived: 1908–1973 Born in: Texas Born in: Massachusetts Born in: Texas Elected from: New York Elected from: Massachusetts Elected as V.P. from: Texas Occupation: Soldier Occupations: Author, Reporter Succeeded Kennedy Party: Republican Party: Democratic Occupation: Teacher Vice President: Richard M. Vice President: Lyndon B. Party: Democratic Nixon Johnson Vice President: Hubert H. Humphrey

804 U.S. Presidents U.S. PRESIDENTS

Richard M. Nixon Gerald R. Ford James E. Carter, Jr. Presidential term: 1969–1974 Presidential term: 1974–1977 Presidential term: 1977–1981 Lived: 1913–1994 Lived: 1913–2006 Lived: 1924– Born in: California Born in: Nebraska Born in: Georgia Elected from: New York Appointed as V.P. upon Agnew’s Elected from: Georgia Occupation: Lawyer resignation; succeeded Nixon Occupations: Business, Farmer Party: Republican Occupation: Lawyer Party: Democratic Vice Presidents: Spiro T. Agnew, Party: Republican Vice President: Walter F. Gerald R. Ford Vice President: Nelson A. Rockefeller Mondale

Ronald W. Reagan George H. W. Bush William J. Clinton Presidential term: 1981–1989 Presidential term: 1989–1993 Presidential term: 1993–2001 Lived: 1911–2004 Lived: 1924– Lived: 1946– Born in: Illinois Born in: Massachusetts Born in: Arkansas Elected from: California Elected from: Texas Elected from: Arkansas Occupations: Actor, Lecturer Occupation: Business Occupation: Lawyer Party: Republican Party: Republican Party: Democratic Vice President: George H.W. Vice President: J. Danforth Vice President: Albert Gore, Jr. Bush Quayle

George W. Bush

Presidential term: 2001–2008 Lived: 1946– Born in: Connecticut Elected from: Texas Occupation: Business Party: Republican Vice President: Richard B. Cheney

U.S. Presidents 805 8806_813_CIVmps_879244.indd06_813_CIVmps_879244.indd 880606 33/15/07/15/07 11:17:06:17:06 PMPM REFERENCE ATLAS

United States: Political 808

World: Political 810

United States: 2000 Congressional Reapportionment 812

ATLAS KEY

T Ice cap u E n v d r e a r g r M e e i x n M e f d o o r

u f e o s t n r

t e G s a t i r Oceans n a s s s l Seas a n d

Desert SYMBOL KEY

Canal Depression Below sea level Lava Claimed boundary Elevation Dry salt lake Sand International boundary National capital Lake Swamp Towns Rivers

Reference Atlas 807

8806_813_CIVmps_879244.indd06_813_CIVmps_879244.indd 880707 33/15/07/15/07 11:17:13:17:13 PMPM 12345678 70 50 180° RUSSIA 170° 160° 150° 140° 130° 60 W °N W W W °N ° t N rai A St Point Barrow Arctic ct ing St. Lawrence er 170°E Island B Ocean ea Seward B r Peninsula o Norton o k Sound s R Beaufort ort on an A Yuk ge Sea l Nunivak e 40 u Island °N t B i a ALASKA n Fairbanks I s l a l a s k a R a n A n g d s Bristol e Bay Ala Anchorage ska Peninsula

Kodiak I. C Gulf of Alaska

180° P

A Juneau

A

r

c l

e h a x i

p a

n e

l d a e g r D o

c

i C E

170°W f 30 °N

Tacoma Seattle i Olympia e Spokane pok g WASH. n Portland a R MON F R Helena Salem e O e k Butte B c a d n Eugene S a OREGON C c IDAHO DAH s a Boise K Bois C Y C Great Gre A WYO Salt Lake CLak L Reno G Salt Lake alt L O Sacramento Carson City City I S San Francisco F ie NEVADA UTAH U r r O a C

N e R c v Las as a d N Vegas egas 20 a °N Honolulu I ARIZONA SantAaRIZ Los Angeles A H HAWAII e 160°W T San Diego Phoenix Nnix RO Hilo PI C O Tucson MTucs F C AN CE R a

M J n E

10°N K 150°W 140°W 130°W 120°W 110°W 12345678

808 Reference Atlas

8806_813_CIVmps_879244.indd06_813_CIVmps_879244.indd 880808 33/15/07/15/07 11:17:14:17:14 PMPM 9 10111213141516

130° 140°W 130°W 120°W 110°W 100°W 90°W 80°W 70°W 60°W 50°W 40°W °N 30°W 70 N GREENLAND ° ctic (KALAALLIT NUNAAT) 60 20°W A ean Den.

N ort

B

UNITED 30°W

LE °N ARCTIC CIRC STATES 50 POLITICAL C 0 mi 600

0 km 600 OBLIQUE AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION

40°W D

C CANADA E

40°N

pokane MAINE NORTH e Superior Augusta M O N R MONTANA DAKOTA ak . M MINNESOTA L Montpelier S 50°W na Helena is M Portland F O s Bismarck I La n Butte o C ke NEW T Concord, N.H. u H H VT. Billings r I u Lake YORK i n G MASS. C C r M Boston, DAHO Minneapolis St. Paul a A o OntarioAlbany g n a i N Providence, R.I. SOUTH WISCONSIN K K Pierre h t Boise c oi Buffalo Hartford, CONN. Milwaukee i Lansing tr e e ri N DAKOTA M D d e

E lan PA. New York City Madison . e

Y Y Casper . lev L L C Sioux City Toledo Harrisburg A Trenton, N.J. WYOGreat WYOMING IOWA Chicago Pittsburgh c Lake Des Moines IND. I Philadelphia C Cheyenne NEBRASKA OHIO Baltimore Dover, DEL. alt Lake M ILLINOIS Omaha Columbus H City Lincoln Indianapolis Annapolis, MD. O G Dayton W. VA. D.C. C Washington, O Denver Springfield UTAH Kansas City Cincinnati Charleston Richmond MISSOURI Frankfort A N C COLORADO Topeka St. Louis VIRGINIA Virginia Beach 30° U ty M Louisville L c KANSAS Ci i erson s as Jeff s KENTUCKY A A Raleigh i Bermuda Is. i N r s egas k s NORTH CAROLINA U.K. a i Nashville P

n p p Charlotte s TENNESSEE P t T Tulsa antAaRIZONA Santa Fe as SOUTH Oklahoma City ARKANSAS Memphis A Columbia Albuquerque CAROLINA A OKLAHOMA Little Rock Atlanta n H Nnix NEW Birmingham GEORGIA Charleston I MISS. ALABAMA Savannah a MTucson MEXICO Fort L Montgomery N O Worth Dallas U Jackson l I El Paso SI Jacksonville S TEXAS A Tallahassee t NA F L Baton Rouge O A

Austin New Orleans R M M San Antonio Houston I R Tampa D B io A A G J r H a E E n Miami A N d 20° e M Gulf of ANTIGUA a A id & BARBUDA X or S Mexico Fl ST. KITTS s of Strait & NEVIS I CUBA 60°W C San Juan DOMINICAN HAITI REPUBLIC PUERTO O Caribbean RICO K U.S. DOMINICA 110°W 100 °W 90°W Sea 80°W JAMAICA 70°W 9 10111213141516

Reference Atlas 809

8806_813_CIVmps_879244.indd06_813_CIVmps_879244.indd 880909 33/15/07/15/07 11:18:08:18:08 PMPM 123456788

150°W 120°W 90°W 60°W 30°W 0° W A A R C T I C O ds eth Islan Elizab Queen

Chukchi GREENLAND a e Sea Beaufort (KALAALLIT NUNAAT) S Sva Sea Baffin Den. d RUSSIA n N n M a Bay l la Yukon a n n n c e ia e k Baffin e g e ALASKA e Great r e n Bear Lake Island w a 60° U.S. z G r e N i S B e o W

Bering Anchorage ARCTIC CIRCLE N C CI Great Nuuk R Sea Gulf of Slave Lake Reykjavík eO ykj Alaska ICELAND N ND ds Hudson Aleutian Islan Oslo Bay Labrador CANADA UNITED UN Sea KINGDOM DENMARK IN Vancouver Calgary Dublin NETH. ublin G Seattle re IRELAND GERMAND at BELG. issouri L Island of n M a do k n Paris C e Newfoundland Lo Lo s A Ottawa NORTH Toronto SWITZ. SL Chicago FRANCE C New York City Ma MITa San Francisco UNITED STATES drid Rom d io Oh Washington, D.C. PORTUGAL UGA NORTH Azores M PaCIFIC i SPAIN edi Los Angeles p Port. t 30°N ip s is Atlanta H s Algier ou s R st i Madeira Is. Rabat abat i o TUNISIA o n M ATLaNTIC Port. OCEaN G MOROCCO A ROC L ra B TR n A Canary Is. G D OPIC O d Gulf of H . F CANC e P E ER A E Sp. Mexico M R go R A N n WESTERN I MEXICO A i OCEaN S A Hawaiian IC m .S. Havana o U SAHARA A A N D CO I I Islands I RI Morocco Guadalajara CUBA M to O N N U.S. BELIZE O n T A A D a R T Mexico City HAITI S UE ST. KITTS & NEVIS I IT P CAPE R R JAMAICA ANTIGUA & BARBUDA U GUATEMALA Caribbean Sea VERDE A DOMINICA M I NIG HONDURAS L Guatemala ST. LUCIA BARBADOS SENEGAL A Niam EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA GRENADA ST. VINCENT & GAMBIA M THE GRENADINES GUINEA- GUINEA T

TRINIDAD & TOBAGO N NEA

COSTA RICA BISSAU OG I NIGE

E A Caracas N

BURKINA FASO E E N PANAMA O E VENEZUELA T FRENCH R E A ˆ B G N I Lago O O S E H U GUIANA Medellin L O A A C A Bogota U R I I R G E V Y Fr. SI R R I R E ' A IB C I COLOMBIA N L D EQ. Christmas Island N A GUINEA Kiribati EQUATOR A

Ne M 0° Quito gr o E GA Galapagos ECUADOR Manaus SAO TO Islands on & PRINC Amaz Ecua. a CABIN PERU ir Ang U e d Recife c a Marquesas a BRAZILco F y M is Luan a c Islands l n i Lima a Salvador Fr. r F (Bahia) o SAMOA Brasilia a La Paz S AMERICAN BOLIVIA SAMOA Sucre SOUTH H U.S. FRENCH POLYNESIA Rio de Fr. PARAGUAY Janeiro Wind TONGA PRICORN Sao Paulo TROPIC OF CA Asuncion ATLaNTIC TshwTI

G a n

a r Porto Alegre Cordoba a P OCEaN Santiago URUGUAY CapeN Buenos Montevideo 30°S Aires SOUTH CHILE ARGENTINA

H PaCIFIC Falkland Islands Chatham Is. U.K. N.Z. OCEaN Tierra del Fuego South n gella Georgia of Ma Strait ge U.K. a PRIME MERIDIAN (MERIDIAN OF GREENWICH) WORLD ss a P POLITICAL ke ra D 0 mi 2000 Antarctic J E 60°S TIC CIRCL Peninsula ANTARC 0 km 2000 Weddell WINKEL TRIPEL PROJECTION Sea

Berkner Ross Island Sea A N K

123456788

810 Reference Atlas

8806_813_CIVmps_879244.indd06_813_CIVmps_879244.indd 881010 33/15/07/15/07 11:18:16:18:16 PMPM 8 9 10111213141516

W 0° 30°E 60°E 90°E 120°E 150°E O C O C E a N A Franz Josef Severnaya Land New Siberian Zemlya Islands East

a Barents Kara Laptev Sea Siberian Sea e Sea Sva S d Svalbard Sea N n Nor. Novaya la Zemlya n n n ia e a g i e g L e Y F e a w a Y na e r e A I e °N S o S N n 60 B W W is C CIRCLE L O e Yakutsk Bering R N y R N A b Sea eO ykjavík O E N Sea of Kamchatka D D N ND N RUSSIA Peninsula o Oslo E Okhotsk

W O a b S EST. St. Petersburg UNITED e Volga Yekaterinburg A S LATVIA c Novosibirsk Lake m Sakhalin ARK INGDOM DENMARK ti LITH. Omsk ur H. al Moscow Baikal NETH. B Samara Ir ublin BELARUS Ural ty POLAND sh ERMAND GERMANY Astana BELG. Kyiv (Kiev) Ulaanbaatar on CZECH KAZAKHSTAN Harbin ris nd REP. SLO UKRAINE MONGOLIA NORTH Hokkaido Lo Paris VAK C A AUST.HUNG. IA MOLD. Aral Sea KOREA Sapporo Z. SL SWITZ. C SLOV. ROMANIA AZERBAIJAN a Ta Shenyang C s s Almaty

CROAT. h e Honshu CE p U k FRANCE . Z SERB. Black Sea i B e

H

IT a E n ) ITALY H M n K t Beijing P′y˘ongyang I g a & BULGARIA GEORGIA T S Bishkek w dr . U T n om id S RK A o JAPAN Rome B ARMENIA KYRGYZSTAN l e M a A N l UGAL I MA a E Tianjin Seoul C N u e MONT.N ED. IS Tokyo NORTH A Ankara T TAJIKISTAN Y SOUTH H ed Me B A ( it SPAIN dit AL GREECE N KOREA er TURKEY Ashgabat Dusha Osaka ra nbe CHINA 30°N n N gier Algiers ea SYRIA Tehran A ng Jian n CYPRUS T Islamabad ha gtz g Kyushu abat Sea IS C an e) ISIA TUNISIA LEBANON IRAQ IRAN N Y Ba HA N Lahore Chengdu ( Shanghai A ISRAEL g G A Brahmaputra PaCIFIC ROCCO Tripoli JORDAN hda AF L d T G Wuhan The People's Republic S a N BHUTAN G Cairo KUWAIT I Delhi n EP

ge A of China claims Taiwan D

E K s L Gua s ngz

u New h R R LIBYA EGYPT BAHRAIN QATAR A ou Taipei as its 23rd province. N P d BANGLADESH I R I n i Delhi TAIWAN A A I Dhaka l Karachi

e e Riyadh A U.A.E. MYANMAR Philippine OCEaN I d Masqat Kolkata (BURMA) Hong Kong N SAUDI Hanoi A (Calcutta) V Sea S N Yangon LAOS I Hainan NORTHERN T ARABIA A M E I e Luzon R M Mumbai INDIA (Rangoon) e T South a k N MARIANA O Bay o CHAD ERITREA n A NIG NIGER (Bombay) China ISLANDS I Sanaa of g M Manila THAILAND L Khartoum Arabian Hyderabad Sea U.S. am A YEMEN Bengal Bangkok PHILIPPINES M Niamey SUDAN Sea CAMBODIA DJIBOUTI Bengaluru Chennai MARSHALL N'Djamena Phnom NEA T Socotra (Bangalore)

N ISLANDS

O (Madras) I Ho Chi Minh IGE NIGERIA Penh N Yemen A E

G Addis Ababa N PALAU O A E E N SRI City O E CENTRAL I O T R

A ˆ B L Mindanao ago I Lagos R AFRICAN ETHIOPIA Colombo FEDERATED STATES O LANKA BRUNEI H O E A A REPUBLIC S I C OF MICRONESIA G R V M M E KualaM I A A ' V L C C Bangui O I AYSIA Q. Lumpur D EQ. S D Sumatra KIRIBATI EA L GUINEA O DEM. REP. UGANDA Mogadishu EQUATOR A Borneo G OF THE KENYA M SINGAPORE GA GABON N CONGO NAURU O TO SAO TOME O Nairobi Celebes RINC & PRINCIPE C Brazzaville RWANDA SEYCHELLES BIN CABINDA Kinshasa BURUNDI INDONESIANew Guinea TUVALU Ang Ang. Dodoma Dar es Salaam Jakarta Java PAPUA TANZANIA NEW GUINEA SOLOMON uan M Surabaya Luanda ISLANDS F A COMOROS Arafura Sea L Port ANGOLA A E ZAMBIA W Moresby U EAST TIMOR Darwin I Q (TIMOR-LESTE) Lusaka mbe I a zi B Z M Antananarivo H Harare A MAURITIUS Coral FIJI NAMIBIA Z VANUATU ZIMBABWE MADAGASCAR ISLANDS O INDIaN Sea Wind Windhoek BOTSWANA Reunion Gaborone M Fr. shwT IC Tshwane (Pretoria) Maputo Orange SWAZILAND OCEaN New Caledonia Bloemfontein AUSTRALIA Fr. G SOUTH N AFRICA LESOTHO Brisbane South ape Cape Town Perth g Pacific lin ar D Ocean M Sydney u North rr Island ay Canberra Melbourne Tasman Sea Auckland Tasmania ABBREVIATIONS NEW ZEALAND H Kerguelen Islands AUST...... AUSTRIA Fr. Wellington South B.&H...... BOSNIA & Island HERZEGOVINA BELG...... BELGIUM CROAT...... CROATIA PRIME MERIDIAN (MERIDIAN OF GREENWICH) CZECH REP...... CZECH REPUBLIC DEM. REP...... DEMOCRATIC OF THE REPUBLIC OF 60 CONGO THE CONGO J °S EQ. GUINEA ...... EQUATORIAL GUINEA EST...... ESTONIA HUNG...... HUNGARY LITH...... LITHUANIA MACED...... MACEDONIA ea MOLD...... MOLDOVA s S AN ANTARCTICA Ros NETH...... NETHERLANDS SERB...... SERBIA MONT...... MONTENEGRO K SLOV...... SLOVENIA SWITZ...... SWITZERLAND U.A.E...... UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 8 9 10111213141516

Reference Atlas 811

8806_813_CIVmps_879244.indd06_813_CIVmps_879244.indd 881111 33/15/07/15/07 11:18:34:18:34 PMPM 12345678 130°W 50°N 120°W 110°W 100°W A C A N A Seattle lumb o ia Olympia C WASHINGTON B Missouri 9 Portland

NORTH Salem MONTANA MIN I Helena 1 DAKOTA Eugene D Bismarck

OREGON A 1 5 H Min C Boise O SOUTH S na 2 Pierre ke 40 DAKOTA °N WYOMING 1 Sioux Falls Fal 1 N . P la I D t te C Salt Lake Cheyenne NEBRASKA A A Carson City City Sacramento 3 Omaha O L NEVADA Lincoln nco San Francisco I 3 UTAH San Jose F 3 Denver O COLORADO E 4 R 7 Colorado Springs Topek 53 N KANSAS A rk Las A ans I Vegas as Pacific A Wichita ta

Ocean F Los Angeles Santa Fe Oklahoma a Tulsa o ARIZONA City y d Amarillo a Albuquerque r OKLAHOMA HO o l 8 o NEW MEXICO 5 San Diego C Phoenix Red 120°W 3 Arctic Ocean 68 Tucson Da Da G °N llas ll 180° Fort ort Worth rth 68°N El Paso RUSSIA AR R CTI i 32 C CI o RCLE G r 110°W a n n TEXAS S ko 30°N d Yu e Austin n H ALASKA San Ho CANADA MEXICO Antonio 172°W 1 60 °N 60°N Anchorage State gaining 2 seats Corpus us Christi ti State gaining 1 seat J Bering Juneau No change Sea State losing 1 seat State losing 2 seats Pacific *Numerals in each state indicate ALASKA number of representatives the 52°N 0 mi. 300 52°N K 0 km 300 Ocean state sends to the House of Representatives 164°W 156°W 148°W 140°W 132°W 12345678

812 Reference Atlas

8806_813_CIVmps_879244.indd06_813_CIVmps_879244.indd 881212 33/15/07/15/07 11:18:39:18:39 PMPM 9 10111213141516 90°W 80°W 50°N 70°W A A A A D

MAINE B perio ke Su r 2 MIN MINNESOTA La Augusta 8 Montpelier M I L N.H. C ak VT. H e 2 I Concord H 1 Min Minneapolis G u 29 C WISCONSIN n io r ar Boston a A nt St. Paul o O g ke i n a Albany MASS. M N L 10 i h ss 8 is c NEW YORK Providence

s i B i u 5 p ffa Hartford RHODE ISLAND 40°N p 15 lo M CONN. i

Falls Milwaukee e i 2 Lansing

e r Madison E k Detroit ke N.J. New York City a La PENNSYLVANIA

I IOWA L Chicago Cleveland 13 D 19 Trenton 5 Harrisburg A Des Moines Fort Wayne OHIO Philadelphia Omaha ILLINOIS Pittsburgh 18 M A R Y Dover INDIANA L A N ncoln 19 Columbus D DELAWARE Washington, An 1 WEST napo Atlantic Indianapolis D.C. 8 lis Springfield Cincinnati VIRGINIA Kansas 11 Ocean 9 Oh Charleston City io Richmond E pek Topeka St. Louisville Frankfort 3 AS Jefferson Louis VIRGINIA Virginia Beach City 6 ta MISSOURI KENTUCKY 9 13 Raleigh 9 Nashville NORTH CAROLINA Charlotte a TENNESSEE N F lsay Tulsa SOUTH ARKANSAS Memphis HOMA Columbia i

p Tenne Little p ssee 5 i I CAROLINA s Rock s Atlanta i P S s a s v 6 4 i P Birmingham a n I n M

a S ALABAMA GEORGIA h N 4 30° Dal S 7 G la I s Jackson Montgomery 13 Savannah ort S S rth L I O 7 M U Jacksonville 70°W I S Mobile Tallahassee S I A N UNITED A F 25 n Baton Rouge L New Orleans O H Ho Houston STATES R 2000 CONGRESSIONAL Tampa I Gulf of Mexico D REAPPORTIONMENT us ° A 0 mi. 300 ti 90 W 0 km 300 159°W 156°W ALBERS CONIC EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION Kauai Miami Niihau J Oahu Honolulu Molokai Maui 21°N Lanai Kahoolawe Pacific Hawaii ER F CANC Ocean 2 TROPIC O PRINCIPAL HAWAIIAN CUBA ISLANDS K 0 mi. 100 156° 20°N 0 km 100 W 80°W 9 10111213141516

Reference Atlas 813

8806_813_CIVmps_879244.indd06_813_CIVmps_879244.indd 881313 33/15/07/15/07 11:18:44:18:44 PMPM absentee ballot alien

• Content vocabulary are words that relate to civics and government content. They are highlighted yellow in your text. • Words below that have an asterisk (*) are academic vocabulary. They help you understand your school subjects and are boldfaced in your text.

ENGLISH ESPAÑOL absentee ballot one that allows a person to vote absentee ballot/boleta electoral por correspon- without going to the polls on Election Day (p. 297) dencia aquélla que permite que una persona vote sin ir al lugar de votación el día de la elección (pág. 297) absolute monarch a monarch that has complete and absolute monarch/monarca absoluto un monarca unlimited power to rule his or her people (p. 25) que tiene poder completo e ilimitado para gobernar a su pueblo (pág. 25) access* as way or means of approach (p. 736) access/acceso* forma o medio de acercamiento (pág. 736) accumulate* to increase in quantity or size (p. 528) accumulate/acumular* aumentar en cantidad o tamaño (pág. 528) achieve* to accomplish or successfully gain (p. 632) achieve/lograr* alcanzar u obtener algo con éxito (pág. 632) acid rain rain containing high amounts of chemical acid rain/lluvia ácida lluvia que contiene grandes pollutants (p. 737) cantidades de sustancias químicas contaminantes (pág. 737) acknowledge* to recognize the existence of or to acknowledge/reconocer* aceptar la existencia de o make something known (pp. 239, 328) dar a conocer algo (págs. 239, 328) acquire* to gain or get possession of (p. 39) acquire/adquirir* obtener o conseguir la posesión de (pág. 39) acquittal a vote of not guilty (p. 458) acquittal/absolución un voto de inocente (pág. 458) adapt* to adjust or become adjusted to a situation or adapt/adaptarse* ajustarse a una situación o condition (p. 45) condición (pág. 45) adequate* acceptable (p. 744) adequate/adecuado* aceptable (pág. 744) adjacent* neighboring or near (p. 281) adjacent/adyacente* próximo o contigo (pág. 281) adjust* to change or alter in order to fit or conform adjust/ajustar cambiar o alterar a fin de corre- (p. 179) sponder o cumplir con algo (pág. 179) affect* to produce an effect on (p. 244) affect/afectar* producir un efecto en (pág. 244) affirmative action programs intended to make up affirmative action/acción afirmativa programas for past discrimination by helping minority groups con el fin de compensar la discriminación pasada and women gain access to jobs and opportunities al ayudar a los grupos minoritarios y las mujeres a (p. 143) obtener acceso a empleos y oportunidades (pág. 143) alien a noncitizen (p. 16) alien/extranjero una persona que no es ciudadana (pág. 16)

814 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

alternative assign alternative* a choice or possibility (p. 541) alternative/alternativa* una opción o posibilidad (pág. 541) ambassador an official representative of a country’s ambassador/embajador un representante oficial del government (p. 222) gobierno de un país (pág. 222) amendment any change in the Constitution (p. 82) amendment/enmienda cualquier cambio en la Constitución (pág. 82) amnesty a pardon to a group of people (p. 217) amnesty/amnistía un perdón a un grupo de perso- nas (pág. 217) annual* covering the periods of a year or occurring annual/anual* que cubre el período de un año u once a year (p. 162) ocurre una vez por año (pág. 162) annual percentage rate (APR) annual cost of credit annual percentage rate (APR)/ tasa de interés expressed as a percentage of the amount borrowed anual (TPA) costo de crédito anual expresado (p. 547) como un porcentaje de la cantidad tomada en préstamo (pág. 547) Anti-Federalists those who opposed ratification of Anti-Federalists/antifederalistas aquéllos que se the Constitution (p. 78) oponían a la ratificación de la Constitución (pág. 78) antitrust law legislation to prevent new monopolies antitrust law/ley antimonopolista ley para evitar from forming and police those that already exist la formación de nuevos monopolios y supervisar a (p. 633) aquéllos que ya existen (pág. 633) apartheid system of laws that separated racial and apartheid/apartheid sistema de leyes que separaba ethnic groups and limited the rights of blacks in a los grupos raciales y étnicos y limitaba los dere- South Africa (p. 746) chos de los negros en Sudáfrica (pág. 746) apathy a lack of interest (p. 299) apathy/apatía falta de interés (pág. 299) appeals court a court that reviews decisions made appeals court/tribunal de apelación un tribunal in lower district courts (p. 244) que revisa las decisiones tomadas en tribunales de distrito inferiores (pág. 244) appellate jurisdiction the authority of a court to appellate jurisdiction/jurisdicción de apelación hear a case appealed from a lower court (p. 244) la autoridad de un tribunal de ver un caso apelado de un tribunal inferior (pág. 244) appropriations bill legislation earmarking funds for appropriations bill/proyecto de ley de apropi- certain purposes (p. 677) ación presupuestaria ley que destina fondos para ciertos propósitos (pág. 677) arbitration situation in which union and company arbitration/arbitraje situación en la que jefes de sin- officials submit the issues they cannot agree on to a dicatos y compañías presentan las cuestiones sobre third party for a final decision (p. 611) las que no pueden llegar a un acuerdo a un tercero para que tome una decisión final (pág. 611) area* a region or section (p. 69) area/área* una región o sección (pág. 69) archive files of older stories (p. 471) archive/archivo registros de historias antiguas (pág. 471) arraignment a hearing in which a suspect is charged arraignment/comparecencia una audiencia en la and pleads guilty or not guilty (p. 456) que un sospechoso es acusado y se declara culpable o inocente (pág. 456) articles of partnership formal legal papers specify- articles of partnership/artículos de asociación ing the arrangement between partners (p. 602) documentos legales formales que especifican el acu- erdo entre socios (pág. 602) assign* to dole out or give as a task (p. 88) assign/asignar* repartir o dar como una tarea (pág. 88)

Glossary/Glosario 815 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

assist board of directors

assist* to help or aid (p. 48) assist/ayudar* brindar ayuda o asistencia (pág. 48) assume* to take over a job or responsibility (p. 84) assume/asumir* hacerse cargo de un empleo o una responsabilidad (pág. 84) at-large election an election for an area as a whole; at-large election/elección general una elección for example, statewide (p. 405) para un área en general; por ejemplo, en todo el estado (pág. 405) authoritarian a government in which one leader or authoritarian/autoritario un gobierno en el que group of people holds absolute power (p. 475) un líder o grupo de personas tiene poder absoluto (pág. 475) authority* power or influence over other people or authority/autoridad* poder o influencia sobre otras groups; person or persons having the power of gov- personas o grupos; persona o personas que tienen el ernment (pp. 33, 356) poder del gobierno (págs. 33, 356) automatic stabilizer program that when needed automatic stabilizer/estabilizador automático provides benefits to offset a change in people’s programa que brinda beneficios encaso de necesidad incomes (p. 692) para compensar un cambio en los ingresos de la gente (pág. 692)

bail a sum of money used as a security deposit to bail/fianza una suma de dinero usada como ensure that an accused person returns for his or her depósito de garantía para asegurar que una persona trial (pp. 440) acusada regrese para su juicio (págs. 440) bankruptcy inability to pay debts (p. 549) bankruptcy/quiebra, bancarrota imposibilidad para pagar las deudas (pág. 549) balance of trade the difference between the value of balance of trade/balanza comercial la diferencia a nation’s exports and its imports (p. 712) entre el valor de las exportaciones y las importacio- nes de una nación (pág. 712) balanced budget annual budget in which expendi- balanced budget/presupuesto equilibrado pre- tures equal revenues (p. 688) supuesto anual en el que los gastos equivalen a los ingresos (pág. 688) ballot the list of candidates on which you cast your ballot/boleta electoral la lista de candidatos sobre vote (p. 296) la que emites tu voto (pág. 296) behalf* in the interest of (p. 668) behalf/defensa, favor* en beneficio de (pág. 668) benefit* to be useful or profitable to (p. 328) benefit/beneficio* ser útil o rentable para (pág. 328) bicameral a legislature consisting of two parts, or bicameral/bicameral un cuerpo legislativo que con- houses (pp. 67, 177, 351) siste en dos partes o cámaras (págs. 67, 177, 351) bill of attainder a law that punishes a person bill of attainder/ley de proscripción un ley accused of a crime without a trial or a fair hearing que castiga a una persona acusada de un delito in court (p. 436) sin un juicio o una audiencia justa en un tribunal (pág. 436) Bill of Rights the first 10 amendments to the Bill of Rights/Declaración de Derechos las 10 Constitution (p. 121) primeras enmiendas a la Constitución (pág. 121) board of directors people elected by the sharehold- board of directors/junta directiva personas elegi- ers of a corporation to act on their behalf (p. 604) das por los accionistas de una corporación para que actúen en su nombre (pág. 604)

816 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

bond census bond contract to repay borrowed money with inter- bond/bono contrato para devolver el dinero tomado est at a specific time in the future (pp. 557, 688) en préstamo con interés en un tiempo específico en el futuro (págs. 557, 688) boycott the refusal to purchase certain goods boycott/boicot la negativa de comprar ciertos bienes (pp. 367, 612) (págs. 367, 612) brief a written document explaining the position of brief/expediente un documento escrito que explica one side or the other in a case (p. 256) la posición de una parte o la otra en un caso (pág. 256) budget a plan for making and spending money budget/presupuesto un plan para generar y gastar (pp. 22, 545, 677) dinero (págs. 22, 545, 677) bureaucracy complex systems with many depart- bureaucracy/burocracia sistemas complejos con ments, many rules, and many people in the chain of muchos departamentos, muchas reglas y muchas command (p. 157) personas en la cadena de mando (pág. 157) burglary unlawful entry into any dwelling or burglary/robo ingreso ilegal a una vivienda o estruc- structure (p. 432) tura (pág. 432) business cycle alternating periods of growth and business cycle/ciclo de negocios períodos alter- decline that the economy goes through (p. 638) nos de crecimiento y descenso por los que pasa la economía (pág. 638)

cabinet a group of advisers to the president that cabinet/gabinete un grupo de asesores del presi- includes the heads of 15 top-level executive depart- dente que incluye a los jefes de 15 departamentos ments (p. 226) ejecutivos de alto nivel (pág. 226) capable* having ability or competence (p. 501) capable/capaz* que posee habilidad o competencia (pág. 501) capital previously manufactured goods used to capital/capital bienes previamente fabricados que se make other goods and services (p. 517) utilizan para hacer otros bienes y servicios (pág. 517) capitalism a system in which private citizens own capitalism/capitalismo un sistema en el que los most, if not all, of the means of production and ciudadanos privados son propietarios de la mayoría decide how to use them within legislated limits de, si no todos, los medios de producción y deciden (pp. 500, 528) cómo usarlos dentro de límites legales (págs. 500, 528) casework the work that a lawmaker does to help casework/proyecto particular el trabajo que realiza constituents with a problem (p. 195) un legislador para ayudar a los electores con un problema (pág. 195) category* a division or grouping used to classify category/categoría* una división o agrupación something (p. 198) usada para clasificar algo (pág. 198) caucus a meeting of political party members to con- caucus/caucus una reunión de miembros de un duct party business (p. 279) partido político para tratar los asuntos del partido (pág. 279) censorship the banning of printed materials or films censorship/censura la prohibición de materiales due to alarming or offensive ideas (p. 122) impresos o películas debido a ideas ofensivas o inquietantes (pág. 122) census a population count taken by the Census census/censo un recuento de la población que real- Bureau (pp. 179, 351, 380) iza la Oficina de Censos (págs. 179, 351, 380)

Glossary/Glosario 817 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

central bank civil service worker

central bank an institution that lends money to central bank/banco central una institución que other banks; also, the place where the government presta dinero a otros bancos; también, el lugar does its banking business (p. 661) donde el gobierno realiza sus operaciones bancarias (pág. 661) certificate of deposit timed deposit that states the certificate of deposit/certificado de depósito amount of the deposit, maturity, and rate of interest depósito a plazo que especifica la cantidad del being paid (p. 667) depósito, el vencimiento y la tasa de interés que debe pagarse (pág. 667) challenge* a demand for justification or a dispute challenge/desafío* demanda de justificación o un (p. 54) conflicto (pág. 54) charter a written document granting land and the charter/carta de privilegio un documento escrito authority to set up colonial governments (p. 36); que otorga territorio y la autoridad de establecer or a government document granting permission to gobiernos coloniales (pág. 36); o un documento organize a corporation (pp. 404, 604, 740) gubernamental que otorga permiso para organizar una corporación (págs. 404, 604, 740) checking account an account in which deposited checking account/cuenta de cheques una cuenta money can be withdrawn at any time by writing a en la que el dinero depositado puede retirarse en check (p. 667) cualquier momento al emitir un cheque (pág. 667) checks and balances a system in which each branch checks and balances/controles y balances un of government is able to check, or restrain, the sistema en el que cada poder del gobierno puede con- power of the others (pp. 88, 356) trolar, o limitar, el poder de los demás (págs. 88, 356) circuit the area of jurisdiction of a federal court of circuit/circuito* el área de jurisdicción de un tribu- appeals (p. 240) nal federal de apelación (pág. 240) circumstance* an incident or occurrence (p. 242) circumstance/circunstancia* un incidente o acon- tecimiento (pág. 242) citizen community member who owe loyalty to the citizen/ciudadano miembros de una comunidad que government and is entitled to protection from it le deben lealtad al gobierno y tienen derecho a reci- (p. 7) bir protección de éste (pág. 7) citizenship rights and duties of members of a state citizenship/ciudadanía derechos y deberes de los (p. 7) miembros de un estado (pág. 7) civics the study of the rights and duties of citizens civics/civismo o cívica el estudio de los derechos y (p. 7) las obligaciones de los ciudadanos (pág. 7) civil case person or group taking legal action against civil case/caso civil persona o grupo que realiza another person or group (p. 389) acciones legales contra otra persona o grupo (pág. 389) civil liberties freedoms to think and act without civil liberties/libertades civiles libertades para government interference or fear of unfair legal treat- pensar y actuar sin la interferencia del gobierno o ment (p. 121) miedo a un trato legal injusto (pág. 121) civil rights the rights of full citizenship and equality civil rights/derechos civiles los derechos de ciu- under the law (pp. 140, 363) dadanía e igualdad total según la ley (págs. 140, 363) civil service system the practice of hiring govern- civil service system/sistema de servicio civil la ment workers on the basis of open, competitive práctica de contratar empleados gubernamentales examinations and merit (p. 229) basándose en su mérito y en exámenes abiertos y competitivos (pág. 229) civil service worker person hired into a govern- civil service worker/trabajador de servicio civil ment position (p. 229) persona contratada para un puesto gobierno (pág. 229)

818 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

civilian labor force communism civilian labor force all civilians 16 years old or civilian labor force/fuerza laboral civil todos los older who are either working or are looking for civiles mayores de 16 años que están trabajando o work (p. 640) buscando un empleo (pág. 640) clarify* to make something more understandable clarify/aclarar* hacer que algo sea más compren- (p. 602) sible (pág. 602) closed primary an election in which only the closed primary/elección primaria cerrada una declared members of a party are allowed to vote for elección en la que sólo los miembros declarados de that party’s nominees (p. 283) un partido pueden votar por los candidatos de ese partido (pág. 283) cloture a procedure used in the Senate to limit cloture/clausura un procedimiento usado en el debate on a bill (p. 200) Senado para limitar el debate sobre un proyecto de ley (pág. 200) coin metallic form of money such as pennies, nick- coin/moneda forma metálica de dinero como “pen- els, and dimes (p. 657) nies” (monedas de un centavo), “nickels” (monedas de cinco centavos) y “dimes” (monedas de diez cen- tavos) (pág. 657) Cold War conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union dating from the later 1940s to the late Cold War/Guerra Fría conflicto entre los Estados 1980s, when the two countries competed for world Unidos y la Unión Soviética desde fines de los años influence without declared military action (p. 748) 40 hasta fines de los años 80, cuando los dos países compitieron por la influencia mundial sin acción militar declarada (pág. 748) collapse* to fall apart (p. 722) collapse/colapsar* desplomarse (pág. 722) collateral property or valuable item serving as secu- collateral/garantía, aval propiedad u objeto de rity for a loan (p. 547) valor que sirve como caución para un préstamo (pág. 547) collective bargaining process by which unions and collective bargaining/negociación colectiva employers negotiate the conditions of employment proceso mediante el cual sindicatos y empleadores (p. 611) negocian las condiciones de empleo (pág. 611) colony a group of people in one place who are ruled colony/colonia un grupo de personas en un lugar by a parent country elsewhere (p. 36) que están gobernados por un país matriz en otro lugar (pág. 36) command economy an economic system in which command economy/economía de mando the major economic decisions are made by the cen- un sistema económico en el que las principales tral government (p. 717) decisiones económicas las toma el gobierno central (pág. 717) commercial bank a financial institution that offers commercial bank/banco comercial una institución full banking services to individuals and businesses financiera que ofrece servicios bancarios completos a (p. 658) personas y empresas (pág. 658) commission* a special committee (p. 744) commission/comisión* comité especial (pág. 744) commit* to pledge or assign oneself to a particular commit/comprometer*commit/cometer prometer action (p. 562) o hacerse cargo de una acción particular (pág. 562) common law a system of law based on precedent common law/derecho consuetudinario un sistema and customs (p. 429) legal basado en precedentes y costumbres (pág. 429) communicate* to exchange information, thoughts, communicate/comunicar* intercambiar infor- or feelings (p. 256) mación, pensamientos o sentimientos (pág. 256) communism economic system in which the central communism/comunismo sistema económico en el government directs all major economic decisions cual el gobierno central toma todas las decisiones (pp. 718, 744) económicas principales (págs. 718, 744)

Glossary/Glosario 819 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

community consist

community a group of people who share the same community/comunidad un grupo de personas interests and concerns (p. 21) que comparten los mismos intereses e inquietudes (pág. 21) commute to reduce a criminal’s sentence (p. 384) commute/conmutar reducir la sentencia de un delincuente (pág. 384) compact an agreement, or contract, among a group compact/convenio un acuerdo, o contrato, entre un of people (p. 36) grupo de personas (pág. 36) comparative advantage the ability of a country to comparative advantage/ventaja comparativa produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than la habilidad de un país de producir un bien a un another country can (p. 708) costo de oportunidad menor (pág. 708) comparison shopping buying strategy to get best comparison shopping/comparar antes de buy for the money (p. 541) comprar estrategia de compras para obtener la mejor compra por el dinero empleado (pág. 541) competition the struggle that goes on between buy- competition/competencia la lucha que tiene lugar ers and sellers to get the best products at the lowest entre compradores y vendedores para obtener los prices (p. 530) mejores productos a los precios más bajos (pág. 530) complaint a formal notice that a lawsuit is being complaint/queja un aviso formal de que se entabló. brought (p. 450) Una demanda (pág. 450) complement product often used with another complement/complemento producto a menudo product (p. 576) usado con otro producto (pág. 576) complex* complicated or intricate (pp. 193, 385) complex/complejo* complicado o intrincado (págs. 193, 385) comprise* to consist or be made up of (p. 609) comprise/constar* estar compuesto o conformado por (pág. 609) compute* to determine or calculate (p. 506) compute/computar* determinar o calcular (pág. 506) concurrent jurisdiction authority for both state and concurrent jurisdiction/jurisdicción concurrente federal courts to hear and decide cases (p. 242) autoridad de tribunales estatales y federales para ver y decidir casos (pág. 242) concurrent powers powers shared by the state and concurrent powers/poderes concurrentes poderes federal governments (p. 89) compartidos por los gobiernos estatales y federales (pág. 89) concurring opinion a statement written by a justice concurring opinion/opinión concurrente una who votes with the majority, but for different rea- declaración escrita por un juez que vota con la may- sons (p. 256) oría, pero por diferentes razones (pág. 256) confederation a group of individuals or state gov- confederation/confederación un grupo de personas ernments (p. 68) o gobiernos estatales (pág. 68) confine* to restrict or imprison (p. 453) confine/confinar* restringir o encerrar (pág. 453) conflict* a struggle or disagreement (p. 252) conflict/discrepar* conflict/conflicto una lucha o un desacuerdo (pág. 252) consent* to express willingness or to agree (p. 352) consent/consentir* estar dispuesto o aceptar (pág. 352) consequently* as a result (p. 708) consequently/consiguientemente* como resultado (pág. 708) conservation the careful preservation and protection conservation/conservación la cuidadosa preserva- of natural resources (p. 735) ción y protección de los recursos naturales (pág. 735) consist* to be made up of (p. 80) consist/consistir* estar compuesto por (pág. 80)

820 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

constituent copyright constituent a person from a legislator’s district constituent/elector una persona del distrito de un (p. 179) legislador (pág. 179) constitution a detailed, written plan for government constitution/constitución un plan de gobierno (p. 67) escrito y detallado (pág. 67) constitutional in accordance with the Constitution constitutional/constitucional de acuerdo con la (p. 252) Constitución (pág. 252) Constitutional Convention meeting of state Constitutional Convention/Convención delegates in 1787 leading to adoption of new Constitucional reunión de delegados estatales Constitution (p. 73) en 1787 que llevó a la adopción de una nueva Constitución (pág. 73) constitutional law branch of law dealing with for- constitutional law/ley constitucional rama del mation, construction, and interpretation of constitu- derecho que trata de la información, construcción e tions (p. 434) interpretación de las constituciones. (pág. 434) constrain* to force, limit, or hold back (p. 25) constrain/constreñir* forzar, limitar o retener (pág. 25) consult* to seek information or advice from a consult/consultar* buscar información o consejos de person or resource (p. 601) una persona o un recurso (pág. 601) consume* to use up (p. 522) consume/consumir* agotar (pág. 522) consumer someone who buys a good or service consumer/consumidor alguien que compra un bien (p. 539) o un servicio (pág. 539) consumer price index measure of change in price consumer price index/índice de precios de con- over time of specific group of goods and services sumo medida de cambio en los precios de un grupo (p. 642) específico de bienes y servicios durante un período (pág. 642) consumer sovereignty the role of consumer as the consumer sovereignty/soberanía del consumidor ruler of the market, determining what products will la función del consumidor como el gobernante del be produced (p. 529) mercado, donde determina qué productos se pro- ducirán (pág. 529) consumerism a movement to educate buyers about consumerism/protección al consumidor un mov- the purchases they make and to demand better and imiento para educar a los compradores sobre las safer products from manufacturers (p. 540) compras que hacen y para demandar productos mejores y más seguros a los fabricantes (pág. 540) contract* to become smaller (p. 664) contract/contraer* reducir a menor tamaño (pág. 664) contrary* opposite or different (p. 476) contrary/contrario* opuesto o diferente (pág. 476) convert* to change from one belief, form, or use to convert/convertir* cambiar de una creencia, forma o another (p. 67) uso a otra (pág. 67) convince* to persuade through argument or evi- convince/convencer* persuadir mediante argumen- dence (p. 411) tos o evidencia (pág. 411) cooperate* to help (p. 735) cooperate/ayudar* prestar auxilio (pág. 735) cooperative a voluntary association of people cooperative/cooperativa una asociación voluntaria formed to carry on some kind of economic activity de personas formada para realizar algún tipo de that will benefit its members (p. 606) actividad económica que beneficie a sus miembros (pág. 606) copyright the owner’s exclusive right to control, copyright/derecho de autor el derecho exclusivo publish, and sell an original work (p. 483) del propietario de controlar, publicar y vender una obra original (pág. 483)

Glossary/Glosario 821 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

corporation demand elasticity

corporation type of business organization owned by corporation/sociedad anónima tipo de orga- many people but treated by law as though it were a nización comercial propiedad de varias personas person (p. 603) pero tratada por la ley como si fuera una persona (pág. 603) cost-benefit analysis economic model that cost-benefit analysis/análisis costo-beneficio compares the marginal costs and marginal benefits modelo económico que compara los costos margi- of a decision (p. 508) nales y los beneficios marginales de una decisión (pág. 508) county normally the largest territorial and political county/condado normalmente, la subdivisión terri- subdivision of a state (p. 403) torial y política más grande de un estado (pág. 403) county seat a town where the county courthouse is county seat/capital del condado una ciudad en la located (p. 403) que está ubicado el palacio de justicia del condado (pág. 403) credit money borrowed to pay for a good or service credit/crédito dinero tomado en préstamo para (p. 547) pagar un bien o un servicio (pág. 547) credit union nonprofit service cooperative that credit union/asociación de crédito cooperativa accepts deposits, makes loans, and provides other de servicio sin fines de lucro que acepta depósitos, financial services (p. 658) otorga préstamos y presta otros servicios financieros (pág. 658) crime an act that breaks a law and causes harm to crime/delito un acto que viola una ley y provoca un people or society in general (p. 453) daño la gente o a la sociedad en general (pág. 453) cross-examine to question a witness at a trial or a cross-examine/interrogar hacer preguntas a un hearing to check or discredit the testimony (p. 457) testigo en un juicio o una audiencia para confirmar o desacreditar el testimonio (pág. 457) crucial* of vital importance (p. 617) crucial/crucial* de importancia vital (pág. 617) currency both coins and paper money (p. 657) currency/moneda dinero en monedas y en papel (pág. 657)

decade* a period of 10 years (p. 39) decade/década* período de 10 años (pág. 39) defendant an individual or group being sued or defendant/acusado una persona o un grupo deman- charged with a crime (pp. 390, 431) dado o acusado de un delito (págs. 390, 431) deficit situation in which government spends more deficit/déficit situación en la que el gobierno gasta than it collects in revenues (p. 688) más de lo que recauda en ingresos (pág. 668) delegate a representative to a meeting (p. 54) delegate/delegado un representante en una reunión (pág. 54) demand the desire, willingness, and ability to buy a demand/demanda el deseo, la disposición y la habi- good or service (p. 569) lidad de comprar un bien o servicio (pág. 569) demand curve downward-sloping line that graphi- demand curve/curva de demanda línea en declive cally shows the quantities demanded at each pos- que muestra gráficamente las cantidades demanda- sible price (p. 569) das a cada precio posible (pág. 569) demand elasticity measure of responsiveness relat- demand elasticity/elasticidad de demanda me- ing change in quantity demanded to a change in dida de respuesta que relaciona un cambio en la price (p. 577) cantidad demandada con un cambio en el precio (pág. 577)

822 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

demand schedule dissident demand schedule table showing quantities demand schedule/tabla de demanda tabla que demanded at different possible prices (p. 569) muestra las cantidades demandadas a los diferentes precios posibles (pág. 569) democracy a government in which citizens hold the democracy/democracia un gobierno en el que los power to rule (p. 23) ciudadanos tienen el poder para gobernar (pág. 23) deny* refusal to grant, agree, or believe (p. 17) deny/negar* negativa de otorgar, aceptar o creer (pág. 17) deport to send an alien or immigrant back to his or deport/deportar enviar a un extranjero o inmigrante her own country (p. 19) a su propio país (pág. 19) despite* in spite of (p. 73) despite/no obstante* a pesar de (pág. 73) developing country a country whose average per developing country/país en desarrollo un país capita income is only a fraction of that in more cuyo ingreso per cápita promedio es sólo una industrialized countries (p. 724) fracción del valor en países más industrializados (pág. 724) devote* to dedicate oneself to (p. 297) devote/dedicar* destinar la atención de uno a (pág. 297) dictatorship a government controlled by one person dictatorship/dictadura un gobierno controlado or a small group of people (p. 10) por una persona o un pequeño grupo de personas (pág. 10) diminish* to lessen or reduce (p. 509) diminish/disminuir* reducir o menguar (pág. 509) direct primary an election in which voters choose direct primary/elección primaria directa una elec- candidates to represent each party in a general elec- ción en la que los votantes eligen a los candidatos tion (p. 283) para representar a cada partido en una elección gen- eral (pág. 283) discount rate the interest rate the Fed charges on its discount rate/tipo reducido la tasa de interés que el loans (p. 664) Fed cobra en sus préstamos (pág. 664) discovery process by which attorneys have opportu- discovery/descubrimiento proceso mediante el que nity to check facts and gather evidence (p. 450) los abogados pueden verificar los hechos y obtener evidencia (pág. 450) discretionary income money income left after discretionary income/ingresos discrecionales in- necessities have been bought and paid for (p. 539) greso de dinero restante luego de haber comprado y pagado las necesidades básicas (pág. 539) discretionary spending spending for federal pro- discretionary spending/gasto discrecional gastos grams that must receive annual approval (p. 677) para programas federales que deben recibir aprobac- ión anual (pág. 677) discrimination unfair treatment based on prejudice discrimination/discriminación trato injusto basado against a certain group (pp. 140, 618) en el prejuicio contra cierto grupo (págs. 140, 618) display* to put in plain view (p. 210) display/exhibir* colocar a la vista de todos (pág. 210) disposable income money income left after all taxes disposable income/ingreso disponible ingreso on it have been paid (p. 539) de dinero restante luego de haber pagado todos los impuestos sobre éste (pág. 539) dispose* to throw away or discard (p. 529) dispose/desechar* tirar o descartar (pág. 529) dissident person or group that disagrees with estab- dissident/disidente persona o grupo que está en lished systems (p. 475) desacuerdo con los sistemas establecidos (pág. 475)

Glossary/Glosario 823 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

district court economics

district court federal court where trials are held and district court/tribunale de distrito tribunales fede- lawsuits are begun (p. 244) rales en los que se llevan a cabo juicios y se inician demandas (pág. 244) diverse* differing from one another (p. 8) diverse/diverso* que difieren entre sí (pág. 8) dividend payment of a portion of a company’s earn- dividend/dividendo pago de una parte de las ganan- ings (p. 557) cias de una empresa (pág. 557) division of labor the breaking down of a job into division of labor/división de trabajo la separación separate, smaller tasks to be performed individually de un trabajo en tareas separadas y más pequeñas (p. 524) que deben realizarse de manera individual (pág. 524) docket a court’s calendar, showing the schedule of docket/registro el calendario de un tribunal, que cases it is to hear (p. 255) detalla el programa de casos que debe ver (pág. 255) document* a written paper that provides informa- document/documento* documento escrito que tion or proof of something (p. 33) brinda información o prueba de algo (pág. 33) domestic* relating to or occurring in one’s own domestic/doméstico* que se relaciona con u ocurre country (p. 160) en el país propio (pág. 160) double jeopardy putting someone on trial for a double jeopardy/riesgo doble llevar a una persona crime of which he or she was previously acquitted a juicio por un delito por el que había sido absuelta (p. 128) anteriormente (pág. 128) draft* to call up (p. 152); to create an outline (p. 193) draft/llamamiento a filas* reclutar (pág. 152); draft/bosquejar* crear o redacter (pág. 193) due process following established legal procedures due process/proceso correspondiente seguir los (p. 128) procedimientos legales establecidos (pág. 128) due process of law procedures established by law due process of law/proceso legal correspondiente and guaranteed by the Constitution (p. 437) procedimientos establecidos por la ley y garantiza- dos por la Constitución (pág. 437) duty things we are required to do (p. 151) duty/deberes cosas que debemos hacer (pág. 151)

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) a program that Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)/crédito fiscal gives tax credits and even cash payments to quali- sobre ingresos un programa que otorga créditos fied workers (p. 649) fiscales e incluso pagos en efectivo a trabajadores calificados (pág. 649) economic interdependence a reliance on others, as economic interdependence/interdependencia they rely on you, to provide goods and services to económica dependencia en otros, mientras que be consumed (p. 525) ellos dependen de ti, a fin de suministrar bienes y servicios para el consumo (pág. 525) economic model simplified representation of the economic model/modelo económico represent- real world that economists develop to describe how ación simplificada del mundo real que los economis- the economy behaves and is expected to perform in tas crean para describir la forma en que la economía the future (p. 500) se comporta y se espera que actúe en el futuro (pág. 500) economic system nation’s way of producing things economic system/sistema económico manera its people want and need (p. 500) de una nación de producir cosas que su población necesita y desea (pág. 500) economics the study of how individuals and nations economics/economía el estudio de la forma en make choices about ways to use scarce resources to que personas y naciones toman decisiones sobre las fulfill their needs and wants (p. 499) maneras de usar los recursos escasos, para satisfacer sus necesidades y deseos (pág. 499)

824 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

egalitarianism entrepreneur egalitarianism the philosophy or spirit of equality egalitarianism/igualitarismo la filosofía o el (p. 48) espíritu de igualdad (pág. 48) elastic clause clause in Article I, Section 8 of the elastic clause/cláusula elástica cláusula en el Con stitu tion that gives Congress the right to make artículo I, sección 8 de la Constitución que otorga all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out its al Congreso el derecho de crear todas las leyes expressed powers (p. 185) “necesarias y adecuadas” para ejercer sus poderes explícitos (pág. 185) elector person appointed to vote in presidential elec- elector/elector persona designada para votar en tions for the major candidates (pp. 210, 303) elecciones presidenciales por los principales candi- datos (págs. 210, 303) Electoral College a group of people named by each Electoral College/Colegio Electoral un grupo de state legislature to select the president and vice personas designadas por cada cuerpo legislativo president (pp. 76, 210, 301) estatal para elegir al presidente y al vicepresidente (págs. 76, 210, 301) electorate all the people who are eligible to vote electorate/electorado todas las personas que tienen (p. 299) derecho a votar (pág. 299) electronic media radio, television, and the Internet electronic media/medios electrónicos de comuni- (p. 327) cación radio, televisión e Internet (pág. 327) element* a component of a whole (p. 198) element/elemento* un componente de un todo (pág. 198) eliminate* to get rid of (p. 562) eliminate/eliminar* deshacerse de (pág. 562) embargo an agreement among a group of nations embargo/embargo un acuerdo entre un grupo de that prohibits them all from trading with a target naciones que les prohíbe a todas comerciar con una nation (p. 223) nación en particular (pág. 223) eminent domain the right of government to take eminent domain/dominio eminente el derecho private property for public use (p. 128) del gobierno de tomar propiedad privada para uso público (pág. 128) emphasis* placing stress or special importance on emphasis/énfasis* hacer hincapié o dar especial something (p. 463) importancia a algo (pág. 463) enable* to make able or possible (p. 476) enable/permitir* hacer posible (pág. 476) enforce* to carry out by force or ensure compliance enforce/hacer cumplir* llevar a cabo por fuerza o (p. 21) asegurar la conformidad (pág. 21) Enlightenment movement that spread the idea that Enlightenment/Iluminismo movimiento que sos- reason and science could improve society (p. 33) tenía la idea de que la razón y la ciencia podían mejorar a la sociedad (pág. 33) enormous* very large (p. 387) enormous/enorme* muy grande (pág. 387) ensure* to secure or make sure (p. 87) ensure/asegurar* garantizar (pág. 87) entitlement program a program using eligibil- entitlement program/programa de derechos un ity requirements to provide health, nutritional, or programa que utiliza requisitos de elegibilidad para income supplements to individuals (p. 684) dar suplementos de ingresos, salud o nutricionales a personas (pág. 684) entrepreneur individual who starts a new business, entrepreneur/empresario persona que inician nue- introduces a new product, and improves a manage- vos negocios, presentan nuevos productos y mejoran ment technique (p. 517) las técnicas de administración (pág. 517)

Glossary/Glosario 825 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

equilibrium price exploit

equilibrium price the price at which the amount equilibrium price/precio de equilibrio el precio producers are willing to supply is equal to the al que los productores están dispuestos a ofertar es amount consumers are willing to buy (p. 589) igual al monto que los consumidores están dispues- tos a comprar (pág. 589) equivalent* alike or equal to in number or meaning equivalent/equivalente* similar o igual en número (p. 463) o significado (pág. 463) erode* to wear away or destroy gradually (p. 483) erode/desgastar* gastar o destruir gradualmente (pág. 483) establish* to bring into existence or create (p. 553) establish/establecer* dar vida o crear (pág. 553) estimate* to judge the approximate nature, value, estimate/estimar* juzgar la naturaleza, el valor, la quality, or amount of a thing (pp. 193, 404) calidad o la cantidad aproximada de algo (págs. 193, 404) ethnic* relating to races or groups of people who ethnic/étnico* relativo a razas o grupos de perso- share common traits and customs (p. 9) nas que comparten los mismos rasgos y costumbres (pág. 9) evaluate* to assess or find the value of (p. 560) evaluate/evaluar* encontrar el valor de (pág. 560) eventually* in the end (p. 710) eventually/finalmente* por último (pág. 710) ex post facto law a law that would allow a person ex post facto law/ley con efecto retroactivo una to be punished for an action that was not against the ley que permitiría que una persona sea castigada por law when it was committed (p. 188) una acción que no era contra la ley cuando la realizó (pág. 188) exceed* to be or go beyond a limit (p. 545) exceed/exceder* estar o ir más allá de un límite (pág. 545) exchange rate the price of one nation’s currency in exchange rate/tipo de cambio el precio de la terms of another nation’s currency (p. 712) moneda de una nación en términos de la moneda de otra nación (pág. 712) exclude* to shut out (p. 631) exclude/excluir* dejar afuera (pág. 631) exclusive jurisdiction authority of only federal exclusive jurisdiction/jurisdicción exclusiva auto- courts to hear and decide cases (p. 242) ridad de los tribunales federales únicamente de ver y decidir casos (pág. 242) executive agreement an agreement between the executive agreement/acuerdo ejecutivo un president and the leader of another country (p. 222) acuerdo entre el presidente y el líder de otro país (pág. 222) executive branch the branch of government that executive branch/poder ejecutivo el poder del carries out laws (p. 80) gobierno que crea las leyes (pág. 80) executive order a rule or command that has the executive order/orden ejecutiva una regla que force of law (p. 216) tiene la fuerza de una ley (pág. 216) exit poll a survey taken at polling places of how exit poll/encuesta de votación una encuesta que se people voted (p. 297) realiza en los lugares de votación sobre cómo votó la gente (pág. 297) expand* to increase in size or amount (p. 404) expand/expandir* incrementar en tamaño o canti- dad (pág. 404) expense money spent on goods and services (p. 546) expense/gasto dinero gastado en bienes y servicios (pág. 546) exploit* to take advantage of (p. 717) exploit/explotar* aprovecharse de (pág. 717)

826 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

export fi libuster export to sell goods to other countries; or a good export/exportar, exportación vender bienes a otros produced in one country, then sold to another países; o un bien producido en un país y luego ven- (p. 707) dido a otro (pág. 707) expressed powers powers that Congress has that expressed powers/poderes explícitos poderes que are specifically listed in the Constitution (pp. 89, tiene el Congreso y que están detallados específica- 185) mente en la Constitución (págs. 89, 185) externality the unintended side effect of an action externality/exterioridad el efecto secundario no that affects someone not involved in the action planificado de una acción que afecta a alguien que (p. 631) no forma parte en la acción (pág. 631) extremist group organization that promotes ideas extremist group/grupo extremista organización that are farthest from the political center (p. 476) que promueve ideas totalmente alejadas del centro político (pág. 476)

factor* an element contributing to a result (p. 437) factor/factor* un elemento que contribuye a un resultado (pág. 437) factor market a market where productive resources factor market/mercado de factores un mercado are bought and sold (p. 521) en el que se compran y venden recursos productivos (pág. 521) factors of production resources necessary to pro- factors of production/factores de producción duce goods and services (p. 517) recursos necesarios para producir bienes y servicios (pág. 517) federal bureaucracy the collective agencies and federal bureaucracy/burocracia federal las agen- employees of the executive branch (p. 228) cias colectivas y los empleados del poder ejecutivo (pág. 228) Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)/ most powerful committee of the Fed, because it Comité Federal del Mercado Abierto el comité makes the decisions that affect the economy as a más poderoso del Fed, ya que toma las decisiones whole by manipulating the money supply (p. 661) que afectan la economía en general al manipular la oferta monetaria (pág. 661) federal system the sharing of power between the federal system/sistema federal la posesión con- central and state governments (p. 353) junta del poder entre los gobiernos centrales y estat- ales (pág. 353) federalism a form of government in which power federalism/federalismo una forma de gobierno en is divided between the federal, or national, govern- la que el poder está dividido entre el gobierno fed- ment and the states (p. 77) eral, o nacional, y los estados (pág. 77) Federalists supporters of the Constitution (p. 77) Federalists/federalistas defensores de la Constitución (pág. 77) fee* a charge (p. 307) fee/costo* un cargo (pág. 307) felony a serious crime such as murder, rape, kidnap- felony/felonía un delito grave como asesinato, vio- ping, or robbery (p. 432) lación, secuestro o robo (pág. 432) file* to submit or register (p. 449) file/presentar* enviar o registrar (pág. 449) filibuster a tactic for defeating a bill in the Senate by filibuster/maniobra obstruccionista una táctica talking until the bill’s sponsor withdraws it (p. 200) para rechazar un proyecto de ley en el Senado al hablar hasta que el patrocinador del proyecto de ley la retire (pág. 200)

Glossary/Glosario 827 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

fi nancial capital goods

financial capital money used to buy the tools and financial capital/capital financiero dinero usado equipment used in production (p. 601) para comprar las herramientas y los equipos usados en la producción (pág. 601) fiscal policy the federal government’s use of spend- fiscal policy/política fiscal el uso de políticas sobre ing and taxation policies to affect overall business gastos e impuestos por parte del gobierno fed- activity (p. 641) eral para afectar la actividad comercial en general (pág. 641) flexible* to adapt easily (p. 712) flexible/flexible* que se adapta con facilidad (pág. 712) focus* a central point of attention or activity (p. 590) focus/centro* un punto central de atención o activi- dad (pág. 590) food stamps government coupons that can be used food stamps/estampillas para alimentos cupones to purchase food (p. 648) del gobierno que pueden usarse para comprar ali- mentos (pág. 648) foreign policy a nation’s overall plan for dealing foreign policy/política extranjera el plan global de with other nations (p. 220) una nación para el trato con otras naciones (pág. 220) foundation* an organization (p. 616) foundation/fundamento* foundation/fundación una organización (pág. 616) franking privilege the right of senators and repre- franking privilege/privilegio de franqueo el sentatives to send job-related mail without paying derecho de los senadores y representantes de enviar postage (p. 192) correo relacionado con el trabajo sin pagar franqueo (pág. 192) free enterprise economic system in which indi- free enterprise/empresa libre sistema económico viduals and businesses are allowed to compete for en el que personas y negocios pueden competir por profit with a minimum of government interference las ganancias con mínima interferencia del gobierno (p. 528) (pág. 528) function* to serve a purpose (p. 453) function/función* servir para un propósito (pág. 453) fund* a sum of money (p. 553) fund/fondo* una suma de dinero (pág. 553)

generate* to bring into existence (p. 502) generate/generar* dar vida (pág. 502) gender* a notation of the sex of a person (pp. 141, gender/género una notación del sexo de una per- 319) sona (págs. 141, 319) genocide mass murder of a people because of their genocide/genocidio asesinato en masa de un pueblo race, religion, ethnicity, politics, or culture (p. 745) debido a su raza, religión, origen étnico, política o cultura (pág. 745) gerrymander an oddly shaped election district gerrymander/gerrymander un distrito elección for- designed to increase the voting strength of a par- mado de manera extraña para incrementar la fuerza ticular group (p. 179) de votación de un grupo particular (pág. 179) global* relating to the entire world (p. 151) global/global* relativo a todo el mundo (pág. 151) globalization individuals and nations working globalization/globalización personas y naciones across barriers of distance, culture, and technology que trabajan a través de las barreras de distancia, (p. 742) cultura y tecnología (pág. 742) goods tangible products that we use to satisfy our goods/bienes productos tangibles que usamos para wants and needs (p. 517) satisfacer nuestros deseos y necesidades (pág. 517)

828 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

government immigrate government the ruling authority for a community government/gobierno la autoridad que gobierna a (p. 21) una comunidad (pág. 21) government corporation a business owned and government corporation/corporación guberna- operated by the federal government (p. 229) mental una empresa que es propiedad del gobierno federal y es operada por éste (pág. 229) grand jury a group of citizens that decides whether grand jury/jurado un grupo de ciudadanos que there is sufficient evidence to accuse someone of a decide si hay suficiente evidencia para acusar a una crime (pp. 128, 439) persona de un delito (págs. 128, 439) grant* to allow or permit (p. 33) grant/otorgar* admitir o permitir (pág. 33) Great Compromise agreement providing a dual Great Compromise/Gran Compromiso acuerdo system of congressional representation (p. 75) que estipula un sistema dual de representación del Congreso (pág. 75) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) total dollar value Gross Domestic Product (GDP)/Producto of all final goods and services produced in a coun- Interno Bruto (PIB) valor total en dólares de try during a single year (p. 518) todos los bienes y servicios finales producidos en un país durante un único año (pág. 518) guarantee* to promise or give security (p. 337) guarantee/garantizar* prometer o dar seguridad (pág. 337) guideline* an outline or guide for a future course of guideline/directriz* esquema o guía para un curso action (p. 407) futuro de acción (pág. 407)

home rule allows cities to write their own charters, home rule/autonomía política permite que las ciu- choose their own type of government, and manage dades redacten sus propias cartas, elijan a su propio their own affairs (p. 404) tipo de gobierno y administren sus propios asuntos (pág. 404) human rights fundamental freedoms of individuals human rights/derechos humanos libertades funda- (p. 744) mentales de las personas (pág. 744) hung jury a jury that cannot agree on a verdict hung jury/jurado en desacuerdo un jurado que no (p. 458) puede llegar a un veredicto (pág. 458)

identify* to find or show the identity of (p. 570) identify/identificar* encontrar o mostrar la identi- dad de (pág. 570) ideological* a body of opinions (p. 691) ideological/ideológico* relativo a un conjunto de ideas u opiniones (pág. 691) illustrate* to show or make clear by example illustrate/ilustrar* mostrar o aclarar mediante un (p. 572) ejemplo (pág. 572) image* a representation or public perception (p. 307) image/imagen* una representación o percepción pública (pág. 307) immigrant a person who moves permanently to a immigrant/inmigrante una persona que se muda de new country (p. 16) manera permanente a un nuevo país (pág. 16) immigrate* to move into a foreign country (p. 574) immigrate/inmigrar* mudarse a un país extranjero (pág. 574)

Glossary/Glosario 829 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

impact infl ation

impact* to influence or effect (pp. 69, 216) impact/impactar* influir o afectar (págs. 69, 216) impeach to accuse government officials of miscon- impeach/impugnar acusar a funcionarios del gobi- duct in office (p. 187) erno de mala conducta en el desempeño de su cargo (pág. 187) implement* to put into practice (p. 641) implement/implementar* poner en práctica (pág. 641) implied powers powers that Congress has that are implied powers/poderes implícitos poderes que not stated explicitly in the Constitution (p. 185) tiene el Congreso y que no están detallados explícita- mente en la Constitución (pág. 185) imply* something suggested rather than directly imply/insinuar* algo sugerido en vez de dicho stated (p. 122) directamente (pág. 122) import a good purchased from one country by import/importación un bien que compra un país a another (p. 707) otro (pág. 707) impose* to establish as a charge or penalty (p. 361) impose/imponer* establecer como un cargo o una pena (pág. 361) impulse buying purchasing an item on the spot impulse buying/comprar por impulso comprar un because of an emotional rather than planned deci- artículo en el momento debido a una decisión emo- sion (p. 559) cional en lugar de una planificada (pág. 561) incentive* reward offered to try to persuade people incentive/incentivo* recompensa ofrecida para to take certain economic actions (p. 529) tratar de persuadir a que la gente tome ciertas decisiones económicas (pág. 529) income* money received from labor, business, or income/ingresos* dinero recibido del trabajo, property (pp. 152, 545) negocio o propiedad (págs. 152, 545) income tax a tax on people’s earnings (p. 85) income tax/impuesto sobre los ingresos un impuesto sobre las ganancias de la gente (pág. 85) incorporate to receive a state charter, officially rec- incorporate/incorporar recibir una carta del estado, ognizing the government of a locality (p. 404) mediante la que se reconoce oficialmente el gobierno de una localidad (pág. 404) incumbent a politician who has already been elected incumbent/titular un político que ya ha sido elegido to office (p. 309) para un cargo (pág. 309) indentured servant workers who contracted with indentured servant/sirvientes por contrato traba- American colonists for food and shelter in return for jadores que se empleaban con los colonos estadoun- their labor (p. 42) idenses por alimento y casa a cambio de su trabajo (pág. 42) independence self-reliance and freedom from out- independence/independencia dependencia en sí side control (p. 54) mismo y libertad del control externo (pág. 54) independent agency federal board or commission independent agency/agencia independiente that is not part of any cabinet department (p. 229) comisión o junta federal que no forma parte de ningún departamento del gabinete (pág. 229) indictment a formal charge by a grand jury (p. 128) indictment/acusación un cargo formal de un jurado (pág. 128) inflation sustained increase in the general level of inflation/inflación incremento sostenido en el nivel prices (p. 641) general de los precios (pág. 641)

830 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

initial issue initial* the very first (p. 667) initial/inicial* el primero de todos (pág. 667) initiative a procedure by which citizens can pro- initiative/iniciativa un procedimiento mediante el pose new laws or state constitutional amendments que los ciudadanos pueden proponer nuevas leyes o (p. 301) exponer enmiendas constitucionales (pág. 301) injunction a court order commanding a person or injunction/mandato una orden judicial que obliga group to stop a certain action (p. 365) a una persona o grupo a parar una acción determi- nada (pág. 365) innovate* to introduce or create something new innovate/innovar* introducir o crear algo nuevo (p. 517) (pág. 517) input* resources factored into the economy (p. 523) input/insumos recursos ingresados a la economía (pág. 523) institution sets of ideas that people have about rela- institution/institución conjuntos de ideas que las tionships, obligations, roles and functions of society personas tienen sobre las relaciones, las obligaciones, (p. 13) los papeles y las funciones de la sociedad (pág. 13) intellectual property things that people create, such intellectual property/propiedad intelectual cosas as songs, movies, books, poetry, art, and software que la gente crea, como canciones, películas, libros, (p. 482) poesía, arte y software (pág. 482) interact* to act upon one another (p. 471) interact/interactuar* actuar recíprocamente (pág. 471) interest the payment people receive when they lend interest/interés el pago que recibe la gente cuando money or allow someone else to use their money presta dinero o permite que otra persona use su (p. 554) dinero (pág. 554) interest group a group of people who share a point interest group/grupo de interés un grupo de per- of view about an issue and unite to promote their sonas que comparten un punto de vista sobre una beliefs (p. 321) cuestión y se unen para promover sus creencias (pág. 321) intergovernmental revenues funds one level of intergovernmental revenues/ingresos interguber- government receives from another level of govern- namentales fondos que recibe un nivel del gobi- ment (p. 682) erno de otro nivel del gobierno (pág. 682) internationalism involvement in world affairs internationalism/internacionalismo participación (p. 740) en los asuntos mundiales (pág. 740) Internet a mass communication system of millions Internet/Internet un sistema de comunicación of networked computers and databases all over the masiva de millones de computadoras y bases de world (p. 471) datos conectados en red en todo el mundo (pág. 471) interpret* to explain or translate (p. 436) interpret/interpretar* explicar o traducir (pág. 436) interval* a break or period of time between two interval/intervalo* un descanso o período de events (p. 557) tiempo entre dos eventos (pág. 557) intervene* to come between (p. 716) intervene/ intervenir* interponerse entre (pág. 716) involve* to take part in or include as a necessary involve/involucrar* formar parte de o incluir como component (p. 131) un componente necesario (pág. 131) isolate* to separate or keep apart (p. 476) isolate/aislar* separar o mantener alejado (pág. 476) issue* a matter of debate or dispute (p. 301); issue/cuestión* un asunto de debate o conflicto to distribute or send out (p. 389) (pág. 301); issue/expedir distribuir o enviar (pág. 389)

Glossary/Glosario 831 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

joint resolution lawsuit

joint resolution a resolution that is passed by both joint resolution/resolución colectiva una houses of Congress (p. 198) resolución que es aprobada por ambas cámaras del Congreso (pág. 198) joint-stock company investors provide partial own- joint-stock company/sociedad anónima inversores ership in a company organized for profit (p. 36) con propiedad parcial de una empresa organizada para obtener ganancias (pág. 36) judicial branch the branch of government that inter- judicial branch/poder judicial el poder del gobi- prets laws (p. 81) erno que interpreta las leyes (pág. 81) judicial review the power of the Supreme Court judicial review/revisión judicial el poder de la to say whether any federal, state, or local law or Suprema Corte de decir si alguna acción guberna- government action goes against the Constitution mental o ley federal, estatal o local va en contra de la (p. 252) Constitución (pág. 252) jurisdiction a court’s authority to hear and decide jurisdiction/jurisdicción la autoridad de un tribu- cases (p. 240) nal de ver y decidir casos (pág. 240) jurisprudence the study of law (p. 346) jurisprudence/jurisprudencia el estudio de la ley (pág. 346) juvenile a person not yet legally an adult (p. 461) juvenile/menor una persona que aún no es legal- mente un adulto (pág. 461) juvenile delinquent a child or teenager who com- juvenile delinquent/delincuente juvenil un niño o mits a serious crime or repeatedly breaks the law adolescente que comete un delito grave o viola la ley (p. 461) repetidamente (pág. 461)

labor human effort directed toward producing labor/trabajo esfuerzo humano con el objetivo de goods and services (p. 517) producir bienes y servicios (pág. 517) labor union association of workers organized to labor union/sindicato asociación de trabajadores improve wages and working conditions (p. 609) organizada para mejorar los salarios y las condicio- nes de trabajo (pág. 609) laissez-faire economics economic system where laissez-faire economics/economía laissez- government should not interfere in the marketplace faire sistema económico en el que el gobierno no (p. 531) intervendría en el mercado (pág. 531) larceny the unlawful taking away of another larceny/robo tomar ilegalmente la propiedad de person’s property with the intent never to return it otra persona sin intención alguna de devolverla (p. 432) (pág. 432) law of demand the concept that people are normally law of demand/ley de demanda el concepto de willing to buy less of a product if the price is high que la gente normalmente está dispuesta a comprar and more of it if the price is low (p. 569) menos de un producto si el precio es alto y más si el precio es bajo (pág. 569) law of supply the principle that suppliers will nor- law of supply/ley de oferta los proveedores nor- mally offer more for sale at higher prices and less at malmente ofrecen más para la venta a precios más lower prices (p. 581) altos y menos a precios más bajos (pág. 581) lawsuit a legal action in which a person or group lawsuit/pleito una acción legal en la que una per- sues to collect damages for some harm that is done sona o un grupo realiza una demanda para cobrar (p. 432) una compensación por algún daño que se le ha hecho (pág. 432)

832 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

leak mandatory spending leak the release of secret government information by leak/filtración de información la revelación de anonymous government officials to the media información gubernamental confidencial por parte (p. 328) de funcionarios gubernamentales anónimos a los medios de comunicación (pág. 328) legislative branch the lawmaking branch of govern- legislative branch/poder legislativo el poder del ment (p. 80) gobierno que crea las leyes (pág. 80) legislature a group of people that makes laws legislature/asamblea legislativa un grupo de per- (p. 33) sonas que crea leyes (pág. 33) levy to require taxes to be paid (p. 351) levy/recaudar exigir que se paguen los impuestos (pág. 351) libel written untruths that are harmful to someone’s libel/difamación falsedades escritas que son perjudi- reputation (pp. 124, 330, 433) ciales para la reputación de alguien (págs. 124, 330, 433) likewise* similarly or in addition (p. 572) likewise/igualmente* asimismo o también (pág. 572) lobbyist representative of an interest group who lobbyist/lobista representante de un grupo de contacts lawmakers or other government officials interés que contacta a legisladores u otros funciona- directly to influence their policy making (pp. 192, rios gubernamentales directamente para influir en su 335) creación de políticas (págs. 192, 335)

macroeconomics economic behavior and decision- macroeconomics/macroeconomía conducta making by government or whole industries or soci- económica y toma de decisiones por parte de un eties (p. 500) gobierno, las industrias en conjunto o las sociedades (pág. 500) maintain* to keep up (p. 740) maintain/mantener* continuar con (pág. 740) majority a number that is more than 50 percent of majority/mayoría cantidad que es más del 50 por the total (p. 284) ciento del total (pág. 284) majority opinion a statement that presents the majority opinion/opinión mayoritaria una views of the majority of Supreme Court justices declaración que presenta las opiniones de la may- regarding a case (p. 256) oría de los jueces de la Suprema Corte sobre un caso (pág. 256) majority party in both the House of Representatives majority party/partido mayoritario tanto en la and the Senate, the political party to which more Cámara de Representantes como en el Senado, el than half the members belong (p. 180) partido político al que pertenece más de la mitad de los miembros (pág. 180) majority rule political principle providing that a majority rule/principio mayoritario principio majority of the members of a community has the político que estipula que una mayoría de los miem- power to make laws binding upon all the people bros de una comunidad tiene el poder de crear leyes (p. 25) vinculantes para toda la gente (pág. 25) malice evil intent (p. 330) malice/malicia propósito maligno (pág. 330) mandatory sentencing punishment that judges mandatory sentencing/sentencias obligatorias must impose according to what the law directs castigos que los jueces deben imponer de acuerdo a (p. 454) lo que dicta la ley (pág. 454) mandatory spending federal spending required mandatory spending/gastos obligatorios gastos by law that continues without the need for annual federales requeridos por ley que tienen lugar sin la approvals by Congress (p. 677) necesidad de aprobaciones anuales del Congreso (pág. 677)

Glossary/Glosario 833 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

manipulate merger

manipulate* to handle with skill (p. 661) manipulate/manipular* manejar hábilmente (pág. 661) manumission the freeing of some enslaved persons manumission/manumisión la liberación de algu- following the Revolutionary War (p. 107) nos esclavos luego de la Guerra Revolucionaria (pág. 107) marginal benefit the additional or extra benefit marginal benefit/beneficio marginal el beneficio associated with an action (p. 508) extra o adicional asociado con una acción (pág. 508) marginal cost the additional or extra opportunity marginal cost/costo marginal el costo de opor- cost associated with an action (p. 507) tunidad extra o adicional asociado con una acción (pág. 507) marginal utility additional use that is derived from marginal utility/utilidad marginal uso adicional each unit acquired (p. 572) que se obtiene de cada unidad adquirida (pág. 572) market/mercado intercambio de bienes y servicios market free and willing exchange of goods and ser- libre y voluntario entre compradores y vendedores vices between buyers and sellers (p. 521) (pág. 521) market demand the total demand of all consumers market demand/demanda de mercado la demanda for a product or service (p. 570) total de todos los consumidores para un producto o servicio (pág. 570) market economy system in which individuals own market economy/economía de mercado sistema the factors of production and make economic deci- en el que las personas son propietarias de los facto- sions through free interaction (p. 716) res de producción y toman decisiones económicas a través de una interacción libre (pág. 716) market supply the total of all the supply schedules market supply/oferta de mercado el total de los of all the businesses that provide the same good or programas de oferta de los negocios que proporcio- service (p. 584) nan el mismo bien o servicio (pág. 584) mass media mechanisms of mass communication, mass media/medios masivos de información un including television, radio, newspapers, magazines, mecanismo de comunicación masiva, que incluye recordings, movies, and books (p. 320) televisión, radio, periódicos, revistas, grabaciones, películas y libros (pág. 320) mechanism* the steps that compose a process or mechanism/mecanismo* los pasos que componen activity (p. 588) un proceso o una actividad (pág. 588) media* a means of communication with large influ- media/medios de comunicación* un medio de ence (p. 122) comunicación con gran influencia (pág. 122) mediation situation in which union and company mediation/mediación situación en la que los jefes de officials bring in a third party to try to help them compañías y sindicatos requieren a un tercero para reach an agreement (p. 611) que los ayude a llegar a un acuerdo (pág. 611) Medicare government program that provides health Medicare/Medicare programa gubernamental que care for the aged (p. 678) brinda atención médica a las personas mayores (pág. 678) medium* a means of doing (p. 657) medium/medio* cosa que puede servir para un determinado fin (pág. 657) mercantilism the theory that a country should sell mercantilism/mercantilismo la teoría de que un more goods to other countries than it buys (p. 51) país debería vender más bienes a otros países de los que compra (pág. 51) merger a combination of two or more companies to merger/fusión empresarial una combinación de form a single business (p. 633) dos o más compañías para formar un único negocio (pág. 633)

834 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

merit system mutual funds merit system hiring people into government jobs on merit system/sistema de méritos la contratación the basis of their qualifications (p. 230) de personas en empleos gubernamentales sobre la base de sus calificaciones (pág. 230) method* a procedure or process of doing something method/método* un procedimiento o proceso para (p. 222) hacer algo (pág. 222) microeconomics the economic behavior and deci- microeconomics/microeconomía conducta sion-making by individuals and small businesses económica y toma de decisiones realizada por indi- (p. 500) viduos y pequeñas empresas (pág. 500) migration a mass movement of people from one migration/migración un movimiento masivo de area to another (p. 22) personas de un área a otra (pág. 22) minimize* to make as small as possible (p. 634) minimize/minimizar* hacer lo más pequeño posible (pág. 634) minimum wage lowest legal wage that can be paid minimum wage/salario mínimo el más bajo sueldo to most U.S. workers (p. 589) legal que se le puede pagar a la mayoría de traba- jadores en Estados Unidos (pág. 589) minority party in both the House of Representatives minority party/partido minoritario tanto en la and the Senate, the political party to which fewer Cámara de Representantes como en el Senado, el than half the members belong (p. 180) partido político al que pertenece menos de la mitad de los miembros (pág. 180) misdemeanor a relatively minor offense such as misdemeanor/delito menor una falta relativamente vandalism or stealing inexpensive items (pp. 389, menor como vandalismo o el robo de artículos sin 432) valor (págs. 389, 432) mixed economy system combining characteristics of mixed economy/economía mixta sistema que com- more than one type of economy (p. 719) bina características de más de un tipo de economía (pág. 719) monarch king or queen (p. 33) monarch/monarca rey o reina (pág. 33) monarchy a government with a hereditary, single monarchy/monarquía gobierno con un único líder leader (p. 24) hereditario (pág. 24) monetary policy policy that involves changing the monetary policy/política monetaria política que rate of growth of the money supply in circulation implica el cambio de la tasa de crecimiento de la in order to affect the cost and availability of credit oferta monetaria en circulación a fin de afectar el (p. 664) costo y la disponibilidad del crédito (pág. 664) monitor* to watch or observe (p. 225) monitor/monitorear* mirar u observar (pág. 225) monopoly when the market creates a sole provider monopoly/monopolio situación en la que el mer- for a good or service (p. 633) cado crea un solo proveedor para un bien o servicio (pág. 633) motive* something that causes a person to act motive/motivo* algo que hace que una persona (p. 583) actúe (pág. 583) multinational firm that does business or has offices multinational/multinacional empresa que hace in many countries (p. 742) negocios o posee oficinas en varios países (pág. 742) mutual* shared feelings (p. 741) mutual/mutuo* sentimientos compartidos (pág. 741) mutual funds pools of money from many people mutual funds/fondos mutuos montos de dinero who are invested in a selection of individual stocks proveniente de muchos individuos que se invierten and bonds chosen by financial experts. (p. 558) en una variedad de acciones y bonos individuales seleccionados por expertos financieros. (pág. 558)

Glossary/Glosario 835 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

national committee open primary

national committee representatives from the 50 national committee/comité nacional represent- state party organizations who run a political party antes de las organizaciones de partidos de los 50 (p. 279) estados que dirigen un partido político (pág. 279) national security the ability to keep the country national security/seguridad nacional la habilidad safe from attack or harm (p. 220) de mantener al país seguro frente a ataques o daños (pág. 220) natural monopoly a market situation in which natural monopoly/monopolio natural una situ- the costs of production are minimized by having a ación de mercado en la que los costos de producción single firm produce the product (p. 634) se ven minimizados al haber una única empresa que produce el bien (pág. 634) natural resources gifts of nature that make produc- natural resources/recursos naturales regalos de tion possible (p. 517) la naturaleza que posibilitan la producción (pág. 517) natural rights freedoms people possess relating to natural rights/derechos naturales libertades que life, liberty, and property (p. 34) las personas poseen relativas a la vida, a la libertad y a la propiedad (pág. 34) naturalization a legal process to obtain citizenship naturalization/naturalización proceso legal para (p. 15) obtener la ciudadanía (pág. 15) need requirements for survival, such as food, cloth- need/necesidad requisitos para la supervivencia, ing, and shelter (p. 499) como alimentos, vestimenta y alojamiento (pág. 499) network* a system of connected or related parts network/red* un sistema de partes conectadas o (p. 471) relacionadas (pág. 471) nevertheless* even so (p. 723) nevertheless/sin embargo* no obstante, a pesar de ello (pág. 723) newsgroups Internet discussion forums (p. 472) newsgroups/grupos de noticias foros de conver- sación en Internet (pág. 472) nonetheless* nevertheless, however (p. 482) nonetheless/sin embargo* no obstante, a pesar de ello (pág. 482) nonpartisan free from party ties or bias (p. 471) nonpartisan/no partidario libre de vínculos parti- darios o parcialidad (pág. 471)

obtain* to gain or acquire (p. 17) obtain/obtener* ganar o adquirir (pág. 17) obvious* easily found, seen, or understood (p. 657) obvious/obvio* fácil de encontrar, ver o entender (pág. 657) occur* to happen or take place (p. 178) occur/ocurrir* suceder o tener lugar (pág. 178) odd* not divisible by two (p. 301) odd/impar* que no es divisible por dos (pág. 301) open market operations purchase or sale of U.S. open market operations/operaciones de mercado government bonds and Treasury bills (p. 665) libre compra o venta de letras del Tesoro y bonos del gobierno de los EE. UU. (pág. 665) open primary an election in which voters need not open primary/elección primaria abierta una elec- declare their party preference to vote for the party’s ción en la que los votantes no deben declarar su par- nominees (p. 283) tido de preferencia (pág. 283)

836 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

opinion plaintiff opinion a detailed explanation of the legal thinking opinion/opinión una explicación detallada del pens- behind a court’s decision in a case (p. 245) amiento legal detrás de la decisión de un tribunal en un caso (pág. 245) opportunity cost the cost of the next best alternative opportunity cost/costo de oportunidad el costo use of time and money when choosing to do one del próximo mejor uso de tiempo y dinero cuando se thing rather than another (p. 505) elige hacer una cosa u otra (pág. 505) option* an alternative or choice (p. 611) option/opción* alternativa o elección (pág. 611) ordinance a law, usually of a city or county (p. 403) ordinance/ordenanza una ley, normalmente de una ciudad o un condado (pág. 403) original jurisdiction the authority to hear cases for original jurisdiction/jurisdicción original la auto- the first time (p. 244) ridad para ver casos por primera vez (pág. 244) outcome* the result of an action or event (p. 210) outcome/resultado* las consecuencias de una acción o un evento (pág. 210) output* something produced (p. 517) output/producto* algo producido (pág. 517)

pardon a declaration of forgiveness and freedom pardon/indulto una declaración de perdón y liber- from punishment (p. 217) ación de una pena (pág. 217) parole to grant a prisoner an early release from parole/libertad condicional otorgar a un prisionero prison, with certain restrictions (pp. 385, 454) una liberación anticipada de la prisión, con ciertas restricciones (págs. 385, 454) partnership a business owned by two or more partnership/asociación un negocio que es propie- people (p. 602) dad de una o más personas (pág. 602) penal code a state’s written criminal laws (p. 453) penal code/código penal leyes penales escritas de un estado (pág. 453) per capita GDP Gross Domestic Product per person per capita GDP/PIB per cápita producto interno (p. 716) bruto por persona (pág. 716) percent* a portion of 100 (p. 158) percent/porcentaje* una porción de 100 (pág. 158) period* a length of time (p. 638) period/período* un tiempo determinado (pág. 638) petition a formal request for government action petition/petición una solicitud formal de acción (p. 123); a process by which candidates who are not gubernamental (pág. 123); un proceso mediante el affiliated with one of the two major parties can get cual candidatos no que están afiliados a uno de los on the ballot for the general election in most states dos partidos principales pueden ingresar a la boleta (p. 284) electoral para la elección general en la mayoría de los estados (pág. 284) phenomenon* a rare or important fact or event phenomenon/fenómeno* un hecho o evento raro o (p. 577) importante (pág. 577) philosophy* a system of beliefs or principles about philosophy/filosofía* un sistema de creencias o practical affairs (p. 250) principios sobre cuestiones prácticas (pág. 250) Pilgrim colonial Puritans who considered them- Pilgrim/Peregrino puritanos coloniales que se con- selves people on a religious journey (p. 41) sideraban individuos en un viaje religioso (pág. 41) plaintiff a person or party filing a lawsuit (p. 431) plaintiff/demandante una persona o un partido que presenta una demanda (pág. 431)

Glossary/Glosario 837 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

plank portion

plank each individual part of a political party’s plat- plank/punto cada parte individual de la plataforma form (p. 277) de un partido político (pág. 227) plantation a large estate (p. 43) plantation/plantación propiedad extensa (pág. 43) platform a series of statements expressing the platform/plataforma una serie de declaraciones que party’s principles, beliefs, and positions on election expresan los principios, las creencias y las posiciones issues (p. 222) del partido político sobre los temas de la elección (pág. 222) plea bargain negotiation between the defense attor- plea bargain/acuerdo de reducción de sentencia ney and the prosecutor (p. 440) negociación entre el abogado defensor y el fiscal (pág. 440) plurality the most votes among all those running for plurality/pluralidad la mayor cantidad de votos a political office (p. 284) entre aquellas personas que se postulan a un cargo político (pág. 284) pocket veto president’s power to kill a bill, if pocket veto/veto indirecto el poder del presidente Congress is not in session, by not signing it for 10 de acabar con un proyecto de ley, si el Congreso days (p. 202) no está en sesión, al no firmarlo durante 10 días (pág. 202) policy* a guiding course of action (pp. 217, 745) policy/política* un curso de acción guía (págs. 217, 745) political action committee (PAC) political orga- political action committee (PAC)/comité de nization established by a corporation, labor union, acción política organización política establecida or other special-interest group designed to support por una corporación, un sindicato u otro grupo de candidates by contributing money (pp. 308, 334) interés especial diseñada para apoyar a los candida- tos al contribuir con dinero (págs. 308, 334) political appointee a person appointed to a federal political appointee/político asignado una persona position by the president (p. 229) asignada a un cargo federal por parte del presidente (pág. 229) political machine a strong party organization that political machine/maquinaria política una fuerte can control political appointments and deliver votes organización partidaria que puede controlar los (p. 282) nombramientos políticos y dar votos (pág. 282) political party an association of voters with broad political party/partido político una asociación common interests who want to influence or control de votantes con numerosos intereses comunes que decision making in government by electing the desean influir en o controlar la toma de decisiones party’s candidates to public office (p. 273) en el gobierno al elegir a los candidatos del partido para un cargo público (pág. 273) poll tax a sum of money required of voters before poll tax/impuesto de contribución una suma de they are permitted to cast a ballot (p. 137) dinero que deben pagar los votantes antes de que se les permita emitir un voto (pág. 137) polling place the location where voting is carried polling place/lugar de votación la ubicación en la out (p. 295) que se lleva a cabo la votación (pág. 295) pollster a specialist whose job is to conduct polls pollster/encuestador un especialista cuyo trabajo es regularly (p. 323) realizar encuestas con regularidad (pág. 323) popular sovereignty the notion that power lies with popular sovereignty/soberanía popular la noción the people (pp. 12, 86, 356) de que el poder lo tiene el pueblo (págs. 12, 86, 356) pork-barrel project government project grant that pork-barrel project/proyecto pork-barrel primarily benefits the home district or state (p. 196) proyecto o subsidio del gobierno que beneficians principalmente al estado o distrito local (pág. 196) portion* a share or part of a whole (p. 417) portion/porción* una parte de un todo (pág. 417)

838 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

potential process potential* capable of being or becoming (p. 427) potential/potencial* capaz de ser o convertirse en (pág. 427) Preamble the opening section of the Constitution Preamble/Preámbulo la sección de apertura de la (pp. 80, 355) Constitución (págs. 80, 355) precedent a ruling that is used as the basis for a precedent/precedente un fallo que se utiliza como judicial decision in a later, similar case (pp. 34, 245, base para una decisión judicial de un caso similar 429) posterior (págs. 34, 245, 429) precinct a geographic area that contains a specific precinct/precinto un área geográfica que contiene number of voters (pp. 281, 295) un número específico de votantes (págs. 281, 295) precise* to be exact (p. 688) precise* que es exacto (pág. 688) preliminary* coming before the main part or item preliminary/preliminar* que viene antes de la parte (p. 463) o el artículo principal (pág. 463) presume* to assume or suppose to be true (p. 438) presume/presumir* asumir o suponer que es ver- dadero (pág. 438) previous* coming before or prior (p. 504) previous/previo* que viene antes (pág. 504) price ceiling maximum price that can be charged for price ceiling/precio máximo precio máximo que se goods and services, set by the government (p. 589) puede cobrar por bienes y servicios, establecido por el gobierno (pág. 589) price floor minimum price that can be charged for price floor/precio mínimo precio mínimo que se goods and services, set by the government (p. 589) puede cobrar por bienes y servicios, establecido por el gobierno (pág. 589) primary* first in time or importance (p. 334) primary/primario, primero* primero en tiempo o en importancia (pág. 334) prime minister the leader of the executive branch of prime minister/primer ministro el líder del poder a parliamentary government (p. 592) ejecutivo de un gobierno parlamentario (pág. 592) principal* the most important (pp. 555, 667) principal/principal* el más importante (págs. 555, 667) principle* a rule of conduct or belief (p. 11) principle/principio* una regla de conducta o creen- cia (pág. 11) print media newspapers, magazines, newsletters, print media/medios de comunicación impresos and books (p. 327) periódicos, revistas, boletines informativos y libros (pág. 327) prior restraint government censorship of material prior restraint/restricción anterior censura guber- before it is published (p. 329) namental de material antes de que se publique (pág. 329) private goods goods that, when consumed by one private goods/bienes privados bienes que, cuando individual, cannot be consumed by another (p. 631) los consume una persona, no pueden ser consumi- dos por otra (pág. 631) private property rights the freedom to own and private property rights/derechos de propiedad use our own property as we choose as long as we privada la libertad de ser propietario y usar nuestra do not interfere with the rights of others (p. 529) propiedad como queramos siempre que no interfira- mos con los derechos de otros (pág. 529) process* an action or a series of actions directed process/proceso* una acción o una serie de acciones toward a result (p. 72) con el fin de obtener un resultado (pág. 72)

Glossary/Glosario 839 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

product market public goods

product market a market where producers offer product market/mercado de productos un mer- goods and servics for sale (p. 522) cado en el que los productores ofrecen bienes y ser- vicios para la venta (pág. 522) productivity the degree to which resources are being productivity/productividad el grado al que se uti- used efficiently to produce goods and services lizan los recursos de manera eficaz para producir (pp. 524, 585) bienes y servicios (págs. 524, 585) professional* engaging or working in a profession professional/profesional* que participa o trabaja en (p. 405) una profesión (pág. 405) profit the money a business receives for its products profit/ganancia el dinero que recibe un negocio por or services over and above its costs (pp. 530, 583) sus productos o servicios y que supera sus costos (págs. 530, 583) profit motive the driving force that encourages indi- profit motive/motivo lucrativo el impulso que viduals and organizations to improve their material incentiva a las personas y las organizaciones a mejo- well-being (p. 530) rar su bienestar material (pág. 530) progressive income tax a tax that takes a larger progressive income tax/impuesto progresivo percentage of higher incomes than lower incomes sobre la renta un impuesto que toma un porcen- (p. 649) taje mayor de ingresos superiores que de ingresos inferiores (pág. 649) prohibition* an order forbidding something (p. 431) prohibition/prohibición* una orden que no permite algo (pág. 431) promote* to encourage the acceptance or recogni- promote/promover* incentivar la aceptación o el tion of (pp. 274, 740) reconocimiento de (págs. 274, 740) propaganda certain ideas that may involve mis- propaganda/propaganda ciertas ideas que pueden leading messages designed to manipulate people incluir mensajes falsos o erróneos diseñados para (pp. 307, 474) manipular a la gente (págs. 307, 474) property tax tax on land and property (p. 682) property tax/impuesto a la propiedad impuesto sobre la tierra y la propiedad (pág. 682) proportion* the size or amount of something in rela- proportion/proporción* el tamaño o la cantidad tion to something else or to a whole (p. 129) de algo en relación con otra cosa o con un todo (pág. 129) proposition a petition asking for a new law (p. 301) proposition/proposición una petición que solicita una nueva ley (pág. 301) proprietary colony area with owner-controlled land proprietary colony/colonia propietaria zona con and government (p. 39) la tierra y el gobierno controlados por un propietario (pág. 39) prosecution party who starts the legal proceed- prosecution/fiscalía parte que inicia los proced- ings against another party for a violation of the law imientos legales contra otra parte por una violación (p. 453) a las leyes (pág. 453) protectionism policy of trade restrictions to protect protectionism/proteccionismo política de restric- domestic industries (p. 735) ciones comerciales para proteger a las industrias nacionales (pág. 735) public agenda issues considered most significant by public agenda/agenda pública cuestiones con- government officials (p. 327) sideradas más importantes por los funcionarios de gobierno (pág. 327) public goods economic goods that are consumed public goods/bienes públicos bienes económicos collectively, such as highways and national defense que se consumen colectivamente, como las carreteras (p. 631) y la defensa nacional (pág. 631)

840 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

public interest group register public interest group an organization that supports public interest group/grupo de interés público causes that affect the lives of Americans in general una organización que apoya causas que afectan las (p. 334) vidas de los estadounidenses en general (pág. 334) public opinion the ideas and attitudes that most public opinion/opinión pública las ideas y acti- people hold about elected officials, candidates, gov- tudes que tiene la mayoría de la gente sobre los ernment, and political issues (p. 319) funcionarios electos, los candidatos, el gobierno y los asuntos políticos (pág. 319) public opinion poll a survey in which individuals public opinion poll/encuesta de opinión pública are asked to answer questions about a particular una encuesta en la que se pide a las personas que issue or person (p. 323) respondan preguntas sobre un asunto o una persona en particular (pág. 323) public policy the course of action the government public policy/política pública el curso de acción takes in response to an issue or problem (pp. 22, que toma el gobierno en respuesta a un asunto o 407) problema (págs. 22, 407) purchase* to buy or pay for (p. 588) purchase/comprar* adquirir o pagar por (pág. 588) Puritan religious dissenter who came to the colonies Puritan/puritano disidente religioso que llegó hasta to purify, or reform, the Anglican Church (p. 41) las colonias para purificar, o reformar, la Iglesia Anglicana (pág. 41)

quota a limit on the amount of foreign goods quota/cupo un límite en la cantidad de bienes imported into a country (p. 708) extranjeros importados a un país (pág. 708)

racial profiling singling out an individual as a sus- racial profiling/prácticas discriminatorias raciales pect due to appearance of ethnicity (p. 143) señalar a una persona como sospechosa debido al origen étnico (pág. 143) range* a variation between limits (p. 279) range/rango* una variación entre límites (pág. 279) ratify to vote approval of (p. 68) ratify/ratificar votar la aprobación de algo (pág. 68) rational* reasonable (p. 499) rational/racional* que muestra razón (pág. 499) real GDP GDP after adjustments for inflation real GDP/PIB real PIB luego de ajustes por (p. 638) inflación (pág. 638) recall a special election in which citizens can vote recall/revocación una elección especial en la que to remove a public official from office (p. 301); situ- los ciudadanos pueden votar para quitar a un ation in which a company pulls a product off the funcionario público de un cargo (pág. 301); recall/ market or agrees to change it to make it safe (p. 635) retirada situación en la que una compañía retira un producto del mercado o acepta cambiarlo para hac- erlo seguro (pág. 635) recover* to regain or reclaim (p. 433) recover/recuperar* volver a obtener (pág. 433) referendum a way for citizens to vote on state or referendum/referéndum una forma en que los local laws (p. 301) ciudadanos pueden votar sobre las leyes estatales o locales (pág. 301) refugee person who has willingly left his or her refugee/refugiando persona que ha dejado su hogar home to escape war, famine, or other disaster de buena voluntad para escaparse de la guerra, la (p. 738) hambre, o de otra desastre (pág. 738) register* to record or enroll (p. 160) register/registrar* anotar o inscribir (pág. 160)

Glossary/Glosario 841 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

regulate restrict

regulate* to control or govern (p. 185) regulate/regular* controlar o determinar (pág. 185) regulatory* used to describe an agency or body regulatory/regulatorio* se usa para describir a una whose function is to control or govern (p. 330) agencia o un organismo cuya función es controlar o determinar (pág. 330) rehabilitate to correct a person’s behavior (p. 462) rehabilitate/rehabilitar corregir el comportamiento de una persona (pág. 462) reject* to refuse or throw away (p. 539) reject/rechazar* no aceptar o desechar (pág. 539) religious dissenter those who followed a religious religious dissenter/disidente religioso persona faith other than the official religion of England que seguía una fe religiosa distinta a la religión ofi- (p. 41) cial de Inglaterra (pág. 41) remand to send a case back to a lower court to be remand/remitir enviar un caso a un tribunal inferior tried again (p. 245) para ser juzgado nuevamente (pág. 245) repeal to cancel a law (p. 52) repeal/revocar cancelar una ley (pág. 52) representative democracy a government in which representative democracy/democracia represen- citizens choose a smaller group to govern on their tativa un gobierno en el que los ciudadanos eligen behalf (p. 10) a un grupo más pequeño para que gobierne en su nombre (pág. 10) reprieve an order to delay a person’s punishment reprieve/aplazamiento una orden para retrasar la until a higher court can hear the case (p. 217) pena de una persona hasta que un tribunal superior pueda ver el caso (pág. 217) republic a representative democracy where citizens republic/república democracia representativa en choose their lawmakers (p. 24) la que los ciudadanos eligen a sus legisladores (pág. 24) require* to have a need for or to order (p. 215) require/requerir* tener una necesidad u ordenar (pág. 215) reserve a certain percentage of deposits that banks reserve/reserva cierto porcentaje de los depósitos have to set aside as cash in their own vaults or que los bancos deben separar como dinero en efec- as deposits in their Federal Reserve district bank tivo en sus propias bóvedas o como depósitos en su (p. 665) banco de distrito de la Reserva Federal (pág. 665) reserved powers powers that the Constitution does reserved powers/poderes reservados poderes que not give to the national government that are kept by la Constitución no otorga al gobierno nacional y que the states (p. 89) mantienen los estados (pág. 89) resolve* to find a solution or reach a decision resolve/resolver* encontrar una solución o llegar a (p. 427) una decisión (pág. 427) resource* the money, people, and materials avail- resource/recurso* el dinero, las personas y los mate- able to accomplish a community’s goals (p. 501) riales disponibles para alcanzar las metas de una comunidad (pág. 501) resource wealth (p. 684) resource/fondo riqueza (pág. 684) respond* to answer or react (p. 450) respond/responder* contestar o reaccionar (pág. 450) responsibility an obligation that we fulfill volun- responsibility/responsabilidad una obligación que tarily (p. 151) cumplimos voluntariamente (pág. 151) restore* to bring back into existence or put back in restore/restaurar* volver a dar vida o colocar en an original condition (p. 54) una condición original (pág. 54) restrict* to place limits on or keep within bounds restrict/restringir* colocar límites en o mantener (p. 585) entre límites (pág. 585)

842 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

retain savings account retain* to keep or to hold secure (p. 450) retain/retener* conservar o mantener seguro (pág. 450) return profit earned through investing (p. 557) return/rendimiento ganancia que se obtiene medi- ante la inversión (pág. 557) returns ballots and results of an election (p. 297) returns/resultados boletas electorales y consecuen- cias de una elección (pág. 297) reveal* to make known or show plainly (p. 617) reveal/revelar* dar a conocer o mostrar directa- mente (pág. 617) revenue* the income that a government collects for public use (pp. 485, 682) revenue/ingreso* la renta que un gobierno recauda para uso público (págs. 485, 682) revise* to correct or improve (p. 411) revise/revisar* corregir o mejorar (pág. 411) rider a completely unrelated amendment tacked on rider/cláusula adicional una enmienda sin ninguna to a bill (p. 159) relación agregada a un proyecto de ley (pág. 159) right-to-work laws state laws forbidding unions right-to-work laws/leyes de derecho a trabajar from forcing workers to join (p. 610) leyes estatales que prohíben a los sindicatos obligar a los trabajadores a unirse (pág. 610) robbery the taking of property from a person’s pos- robbery/robo toma de una propiedad de las pos- session by using force or threats (p. 432) esiones de una persona mediante el uso de fuerza o amenazas (pág. 432) roll-call vote a voting method in the Senate in roll-call vote/votación por nómina un método which members voice their votes in turn (p. 202) de votación en el Senado en el que cada uno de los miembros expresa su voto (pág. 202) royal colony a colonial area of land controlled royal colony/colonia real zona de tierra colonial directly by a king or other monarch (p. 39) controlada directamente por un rey u otro monarca (pág. 39) rule of law principle that the law applies to every- rule of law/reglamento de ley principio de que la one, even those who govern (p. 87) ley se aplica a todos, incluso a aquéllos que gobier- nan (pág. 87)

sales tax tax levied on a product at the time of sale sales tax/impuesto a las ventas impuesto aplicado (p. 682) a un producto en el momento de la venta (pág. 682) sanction measure such as withholding economic aid sanction/sanción medida como la negación de used to influence a foreign government’s actions ayuda económica para influir en las acciones de un (p. 746) gobierno extranjero (pág. 746) satellite nation politically and economically domi- satellite/satélite nación dominada o controlada nated or controlled by another, more powerful política y económicamente por otro país más poder- country (p. 747) oso (pág. 747) save to set aside income for a period of time so that save/ahorros separar y acumular ingresos durante it can be used later (p. 553) un tiempo para poder usarlos luego (pág. 553) savings account an account in which customers savings account/cuenta de ahorros una cuenta en receive interest based on how much money they la que los clientes reciben intereses según la cantidad have deposited (p. 667) de dinero que tienen depositado (pág. 667)

Glossary/Glosario 843 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

savings and loan association (S&L) Social Security

savings and loan association (S&L) financial insti- savings and loan association (S&L)/asociación tutions that traditionally loaned money to people de ahorros y préstamos instituciones financieras buying homes (p. 658) que tradicionalmente prestaban dinero a personas que compraban viviendas (pág. 658) scarcity not having enough resources to produce all scarcity/escasez no tener suficientes recursos para of the things we would like to have (p. 501) producir todo lo que quisiéramos tener (pág. 501) search warrant a court order allowing law enforce- search warrant/orden de allanamiento una orden ment officers to search a suspect’s home or business judicial que permite a los agentes de policía revisar and take specific items as evidence (pp. 127, 438) la vivienda o el negocio de un sospechoso y tomar ciertos artículos como evidencia (págs. 127, 438) section* an area or division (p. 140) section/sección* un área o una división (pág. 140) sector* a segment or distinct part (p. 521) sector/sector* un segmento o parte diferenciada (pág. 521) segregation the social separation of the races segregation/segregación la separación social de las (pp. 140, 361) razas (págs. 140, 361) seniority years of service, which is used as a consid- seniority/antigüedad años de servicio, que se uti- eration for assigning committee members (p. 182) lizan como consideración para la designación de miembros del comité (pág. 182) separation of powers the split of authority among separation of powers/separación de poderes la the legislative, executive, and judicial branches división de la autoridad entre los poderes, legisla- (pp. 88, 356) tivo, ejecutivo y judicial (págs. 88, 356) service economy where the majority of people earn service economy/economía de servicio en la que their living by providing a service rather than man- la mayoría de las personas se ganan la vida al pro- ufacturing a product (p. 10) porcionar un servicio en lugar de fabricar un pro- ducto (pág. 10) services work performed by a person for someone service/servicio trabajo realizado por una persona else (p. 517) para otra (pág. 517) settlement in a legal case, the amount of money the settlement/acuerdo en un caso legal, monto de defendant agrees to pay the plaintiff (p. 450) dinero que el acusado acuerda pagar al demandante (pág. 450) shortage situation in which quantity demanded is shortage/déficit situación en la que la cantidad greater than quantity supplied (p. 589) demandada es mayor que la cantidad ofertada (pág. 589) similar* having qualities in common or resembling similar/similar* que tienen cualidades en común o (p. 355) se parecen (pág. 355) slander spoken untruths that are harmful to some- slander/calumnia falsedades escritas que son perju- one’s reputation (p. 101) diciales para la reputación de alguien (pág. 101) social contract an agreement among people in a social contract/contrato social acuerdo entre las society with a government (p. 35) personas en una sociedad con el gobierno (pág. 35) social responsibility the obligation a business has social responsibility/responsabilidad social la to pursue goals that benefit society as well as them- obligación que tiene un negocio de buscar metas selves (p. 618) que beneficien a la sociedad así como a él mismo (pág. 618) Social Security federal program that provides Social Security/Seguro Social programa federal monthly payments to people who are retired or que proporciona pagos mensuales a la gente jubilada unable to work (p. 678) o que no puede trabajar (pág. 678)

844 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

socialism stock socialism economic system in which government socialism/socialismo sistema económico en el que owns some factors of production and distributes the el gobierno es propietario de algunos factores de products and wages (p. 717) producción y distribuye los productos y los salarios (pág. 717) soft money donations given to political parties and soft money/soft money donaciones otorgadas a los not designated for a particular candidate’s election partidos políticos y no designadas para la campaña campaign (p. 308) electoral de un candidato particular (pág. 308) sole* being the only one (p. 601) sole/único* ser exclusivo (pág. 601) sole proprietorship a business owned and operated sole proprietorship/propietario único un negocio by a single person (p. 601) que es propiedad de una sola persona y es manejado por ésta (pág. 601) special district a unit of government that deals with special district/distrito especial una unidad de a specific function, such as education, water supply, gobierno que trata con una función específica, or transportation (p. 409) como educación, suministro de agua o transporte (pág. 409) special-interest group an organization of people special-interest group/grupo de interés especial with some common interest who try to influence una organización de personas con algún interés government decisions (p. 199) común que intentan influir en las decisiones del gobierno (pág. 199) specialization when people, businesses, regions, specialization/especialización cuando las personas, and/or nations concentrate on goods and services los negocios, las regiones o las naciones se concen- that they can produce better than anyone else tran en los bienes y servicios que pueden producir (p. 524) mejor que cualquier otro (pág. 524) specific* clearly specified, precise, or explicit (p. 378) specific/específico* especificado claramente, preciso o explícito (pág. 378) specify* to mention exactly or clearly (p. 137) specify/especificar* mencionar con exactitud o clari- dad (pág. 137) spoils system rewarding people with government spoils system/sistema de despojo recompensar a jobs on the basis of their political support (p. 230) la gente con empleos gubernamentales sobre la base de su apoyo político (pág. 230) standard of living the material well-being of an standard of living/estándar de vida el bienestar individual, group, or nation measured by how well material de una persona, un grupo o una nación their necessities and luxuries are satisfied (p. 518) medido según la eficacia con la que satisfacen sus necesidades y lujos (pág. 518) standing committee permanent committee that standing committee/comités permanente aquéllos continues work from session to session in its que continúan su trabajo de sesión en sesión en el Congress (p. 143) Congreso (pág. 143) standing vote in Congress, when members stand to standing vote/voto de pie en el Congreso, cuando be counted for a vote on a bill (p. 202) los miembros se paran y se los cuenta para votar por una ley (pág. 202) stare decisis the practice of using earlier judicial stare decisis/stare decisis la práctica de usar fallos rulings as a basis for deciding cases (pp. 257, 436) judiciales anteriores como base para decidir casos (págs. 257, 436) status* a position or rank (p. 547) status/estatus* una posición o un rango (pág. 547) statute a law written by a legislative branch statute/estatuto una ley escrita por un poder legis- (pp. 378, 429) lativo (págs. 378, 429) stock ownership share of a corporation (pp. 557, 604) stock/acciones participación en la propiedad de una corporación (págs. 557, 604)

Glossary/Glosario 845 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

stockholder survive

stockholder an individual who has invested in a stockholder/accionista una persona que ha inver- corporation and owns some of its stock (p. 604) tido en una corporación y es propietaria de parte de sus acciones (pág. 604) stress* to place special importance or emphasis on stress/hincapié* dar especial importancia o poner something (p. 273) énfasis en algo (pág. 273) strike when workers deliberately stop working strike/huelga cuando los trabajadores dejan de tra- in order to force an employer to give in to their bajar deliberadamente para obligar a su empleador a demands (p. 612) satisfacer sus demandas (pág. 612) submit* to present for review or decision (p. 246) submit/presentar* enviar para revisión o decisión (pág. 246) subsidize to aid or promote with money (p. 684) subsidize/subvencionar ayudar o promover con dinero (pág. 684) subsidy a government payment to an individual, subsidy/subvención un pago del gobierno a una business, or group in exchange for certain actions persona, un negocio o un grupo a cambio de ciertas (p. 585) acciones (pág. 585) substitute a competing product that consumers can substitute/sustituto un producto de la competencia use in place of another (p. 575) que los consumidores pueden usar en lugar de otro (pág. 575) sufficient* to be adequate for a purpose (p. 456) sufficient/suficiente* ser adecuado para un propósito (pág. 456) suffrage the right to vote (pp. 135, 361) suffrage/sufragio el derecho al voto (págs. 135, 361) summons a notice directing someone to appear in summons/requerimiento judicial un aviso que court to answer a complaint or a charge (p. 450) indica a una persona que debe comparecer ante un tribunal para dar respuesta a una queja o a un cargo (pág. 450) supplement* something that supplies what is supplement/suplemento* algo que suministra lo needed or makes an addition (p. 649) que se necesita o que se añade a otra cosa (pág. 649) supply the amount of goods and services that pro- supply/oferta la cantidad de bienes y servicios que ducers are able and willing to sell at various prices los productores son capaces y están dispuestos a during a specified time period (p. 581) vender a diferentes precios durante un tiempo espe- cífico (pág. 581) supply curve upward-sloping line that graphically supply curve/curva de oferta línea en aumento shows the quantities supplied at each possible price que muestra gráficamente las cantidades ofertadas a (p. 583) cada precio posible (pág. 583) supply elasticity responsiveness of quantity sup- supply elasticity/elasticidad de oferta respuesta plied to a change in price (p. 586) de la cantidad ofertada a un cambio en el precio (pág. 586) supply schedule table showing quantities supplied supply schedule/tabla de oferta tabla que mues- at different possible prices (p. 581) tra las cantidades ofertadas a los diferentes precios posibles (pág. 581) surplus situation in which quantity supplied is surplus/excedente situación en la que la cantidad greater than quantity demanded; situation in which ofertada es mayor que la cantidad demandada; situ- government spends less than it collects in revenues ación en la que el gobierno gasta menos de lo que (pp. 588, 688) recauda en ingresos (págs. 588, 688) survey* to gather information about, as in a poll survey/sondear* reunir información sobre, como en (p. 323) una encuesta (pág. 323) survive* to continue to exist (p. 648) survive/sobrevivir* continuar existiendo (pág. 648)

846 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

target tradition

target* a goal or aim (p. 223) target/objetivo* una meta o un propósito (pág. 223) tariff a customs duty; a tax on an imported good tariff/tarifa un derecho aduanero; un impuesto sobre (p. 708) un producto importado (pág. 708) technique* procedures or methods by which some- technique/técnica* procedimientos o métodos thing is done (p. 611) mediante los que se hace algo (pág. 611) technology the methods or processes used to make technology/tecnología los métodos o procesos usa- goods and services (p. 585) dos para producir bienes y servicios (pág. 585) terrorism the use of violence by groups against terrorism/terrorismo el uso de violencia contra los civilians to achieve a political goal (p. 23) civiles por parte de grupos para lograr una meta política (pág. 23) testimony the statement a witness makes under oath testimony/testimonio la declaración que hace un (p. 457) testigo bajo juramento (pág. 457) third party a party that challenges the two major third party/tercer partido un partido que desafía a parties (p. 274) los dos partidos principales (pág. 274) Three-fifths Compromise agreement providing Three-fifths Compromise/Compromiso de Tres that enslaved persons would count as three-fifths Quintos acuerdo que estipulaba que los esclavos of other persons in determining representation in se contarían como tres quintos de otras personas Congress (p. 75) para determinar la representación en el Congreso (pág. 75) Tidewater areas of low, flat plains near the seacoast Tidewater/región de aguas de marea zonas de of Virginia and North Carolina (p. 46) planicies llanas y bajas cerca de la costa marina de Virginia y Carolina del Norte (pág. 46) tolerance respecting and accepting others, regard- tolerance/tolerancia el respeto y la aceptación de less of their beliefs, practices, or differences (p. 154) los demás, independientemente de sus creencias, prácticas o diferencias (pág. 154) toleration acceptance of other groups, such as reli- toleration/tolerancia aceptación de otros grupos, gious groups (p. 41) como los grupos religiosos (pág. 41) torts wrongful acts for which an injured party has torts/agravios actos ilegales por los que la parte per- the right to sue (p. 433) judicada tiene derecho a demandar (pág. 433) totalitarian a system in which government control totalitarian/totalitario un sistema en el que el con- extends to almost all aspects of people’s lives (p. 26) trol del gobierno se extiende a casi todos los aspectos de las vidas de la gente (pág. 26) trade deficit situation in which the value of the trade deficit/déficit comercial situación en la que products imported by a country exceeds the value el valor de los productos importados por un país of its exports (p. 713) supera el valor de sus exportaciones (pág. 713) trade sanction an effort to punish another nation by trade sanction/sanción comercial una acción para imposing trade barriers (p. 223) castigar a otra nación al imponer barreras comercia- les (pág. 223) trade surplus situation in which the value of the trade surplus/excedente comercial situación en la products exported by a country exceeds the value of que el valor de los productos exportados por un país its imports (p. 712) supera el valor de sus importaciones (pág. 712) trade-off the alternative you face if you decide to do trade-off/trade-offla alternativa que uno enfrenta si one thing rather than another (p. 504) decide hacer una cosa en vez de otra (pág. 504) tradition* a way of thinking or acting that is long tradition/tradición* una forma de pensar o actuar established (p. 427) que está muy arraigada (pág. 427)

Glossary/Glosario 847 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

traditional economy veto

traditional economy an economic system in which traditional economy/economía tradicional un the decisions of what, how, and for whom to pro- sistema económico en el que las decisiones sobre duce are based on custom or habit (p. 724) qué, cómo y para quién producir se basan en cos- tumbres o hábitos (pág. 724) transparency process of making business deals transparency/transparencia proceso mediante el more visible to everyone (p. 617) que los negocios se hacen más visibles para todos (pág. 617) treaty a formal agreement between the governments treaty/tratado un acuerdo formal entre los gobiernos of two or more countries (p. 222) de dos o más países (pág. 222) triangular trade pattern of trade that developed triangular trade/comercio triangular patrón de in colonial times among the Americas, Africa, and comercio que se desarrolló en la época colonial entre Europe (p. 43) las Américas, África y Europa (pág. 43) tribunal courts established by the UN to hear cases tribunal/tribunal corte establecida por las Naciones of violations of international human rights laws Unidas para atender casos internacionales de viola- (p. 745) ciones a las leyes de derechos humanos (pág. 745) two-party system a system of government in which two-party system/sistema bipartita un sistema two parties compete for power (p. 273) de gobierno en el que dos partidos compiten por el poder (pág. 273)

ultimate* the most basic or final (p. 293) ultimate/primordial, final* el más básico o en el último lugar (pág. 293) unanimous opinion the Supreme Court rules on a unanimous opinion/opinión unánime la Suprema case in which all justices agree on the ruling (p. 256) Corte dictamina en un caso en el que todos los jueces acuerdan en el fallo (pág. 256) unemployment rate the percentage of people in unemployment rate/tasa de desempleo el por- the civilian labor force who are not working but are centaje de personas en la fuerza laboral civil que no looking for jobs (p. 640) trabajan pero que buscan un empleo (pág. 640) unicameral one-house legislature (p. 351) unicameral/unicameral cuerpo legislativo de una cámara (pág. 351) uniform* consistent or unvarying (p. 319) uniform/uniforme* consistente o sin variación (pág. 319) utility the amount of satisfaction one gets from a utility/utilidad la cantidad de satisfacción que se good or service (p. 570) obtiene de un bien o servicio (pág. 570) utilize* to make use of (p. 684) utilize/utilizar* hacer uso de (pág. 684)

value the general principles or beliefs people use to value/valor principio o creencia general que las per- make judgments and decisions (p. 11) sonas utilizan para emitir juicios y tomar decisiones (pág. 11) version* a particular form or type (p. 473) version/versión* una forma o un tipo particular de otra ya existente (pág. 473) veto refusal to sign a bill or resolution (p. 202) veto/veto negativa de firmar un proyecto de ley o una resolución (pág. 202)

848 Glossary/Glosario GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO

violate writ of habeas corpus violate* to fail to keep or to break, as in a law violate/violar* no cumplir o romper, como una ley (p. 134) (pág. 134) voice vote a voting method in which those in favor voice vote/voto en voz alta un método de votación say “Yea” and those against say “No” (p. 202) en el que aquéllos a favor dicen “Sí” y aquéllos en contra dicen “No” (pág. 202) voluntary exchange the act of buyers and sellers voluntary exchange/intercambio voluntario el freely and willingly engaging in market transactions acto de compradores y vendedores que realizan (p. 530) transacciones de mercado de manera libre y volun- taria (pág. 530) volunteerism the practice of offering your time and volunteerism/voluntarismo la práctica de ofrecer tu services to others without payment (p. 158) tiempo y servicios a otros sin pago (pág. 158)

wants things we would like to have, such as enter- wants/deseos cosas que te gustaría tener, como tainment, vacations, and items that make life entretenimiento, vacaciones y artículos que hacen comfortable and enjoyable (p. 499) que la vida sea cómoda y agradable (pág. 499) ward several adjoining precincts making up a larger ward/distrito varios precintos contiguos que confor- election unit (p. 281) man una unidad electoral más grande (pág. 281) warranty the promise made by a manufacturer or a warranty/garantía la promesa que hace un fabri- seller to repair or replace a product within a certain cante o vendedor de reparar o cambiar un producto time period if it is faulty (p. 542) dentro de un período determinado si éste tiene una falla (pág. 542) Web site a “page” on the World Wide Web that may Web site/página web un sitio en la World Wide contain text, images, audio, and video (p. 471) Web que puede contener texto, imágenes, audio y vídeo (pág. 471) welfare the health, prosperity, and happiness of the welfare/bienestar la salud, prosperidad y felicidad members of a community (p. 158) de los miembros de una comunidad (pág. 158) winner-take-all system a system in which the can- winner-take-all system/sistema de ganador toma didate who wins the popular vote in a state usually todo un sistema en el cual el candidato que gana el receives all of the state’s electoral votes (p. 303) voto popular en un estado normalmente recibe todos los votos electorales del estado (pág. 303) Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) a program Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)/Mujeres, that provides help for nutrition and health care to Bebés y Niños un programa que brinda ayuda l o w -income women, infants, and children up to para la nutrición y asistencia médica a mujeres age 5 (p. 648) de bajos ingresos, bebés y niños de hasta 5 años (pág. 648) workfare programs that require welfare recipients to workfare/trabajo requerido programas que requi- ex change some of their labor in return for benefits eren que beneficiarios del bienestar social cambien (p. 649) parte de su trabajo por beneficios (pág. 649) World Wide Web operating within the Internet, it World Wide Web funciona dentro de Internet y per- allows users to interact with the billions of docu- mite que los usuarios interactúen con los miles de ments stored on computers across the Net (p. 471) millones de documentos guardados en las computa- doras por la red (pág. 471) writ of habeas corpus a court order that requires writ of habeas corpus/escrito de hábeas corpus police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why una orden judicial que requiere que la policía lleve they are holding the person (pp. 188, 436) a un prisionero a un tribunal para explicar por qué retienen a la persona (págs. 188, 436)

Glossary/Glosario 849 absentee ballots automobile loans

*The following abbreviations are Aid to Families with Dependent antitrust laws, 633 used in the index: c = chart, crt = Children (AFDC) antiwar protesters, p316–17 cartoon, d = diagrams, g = graph, Albany Plan, 51 AOL® Internet Services, 477 m = map, p = photograph or pic- aliens, 16; illegal, 18–19; legal, 19; apartheid, 746 ture; and q = quotes. naturalization process for, 16, Appalachian Mountains, settle- p16; nonresident, 19; oath of ment of land west of, 52, 68–69 allegiance for, 16; resident, 19 appeal: in civil cases, 451; in crimi- Alito, Samuel, Jr., p243, 248, p249, nal case, 458 250 appellate jurisdiction, absentee ballots, p15 244 al-Qaeda, 476 appointment, presidential power absentee voting, 297 Alterman, Eric, q331 of, 217 absolute monarchy, 25 ambassadors, appointing, 222–23 appropriations bills, 677 ACCIÓN International, 554 amending the Constitution, arbitration: in civil cases, 451; in accused, protecting rights of, c127, 82–83, c83. See also specific labor relations, 611 127–29, p438, 438–40 amendments Arches National Park, p20 acid rain, 737 American Association for Retired archives, 471 acquittal in criminal cases, 458 Persons (AARP), 322 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Adams, John: absence of, from American Civil Liberties Union drilling for oil in, 714 Constitutional Convention, 72; on Patriot Act, q125 Argentina, Constitution of, 752 appointment of judges by, 260, American Conservative Union, Aristotle, q7 p260 298 armed forces, integration of, administrative law, 434 American Express, 618 216–17 admiralty law, 242 American Federation of Arnold, Maggie, 190, p190 Government Employees advertising: analyzing, c560; care- arraignment, in criminal case, 456 (AFGE), 613 ful use of, 541; political, 307, arrest: in criminal case, 456; house, American Medical Association, 309; snob appeal in, c560; tes- p453, 455 333 timonial in c560; truth in, 635; arrest warrant, 456 American Online, 478 unfinished claims in, c560; wea- arson, p431, 432, 453 American Revolution: battles in, sel words in, c560 Articles of Confederation, 68–70; 54; calling of men to action in, affirmative action, 143 accomplishments of, 68–69; Afghanistan, 739; fight for rights 38, p38; women in, p55 American society, makeup of, comparison with Constitution, in, 746–47; refugees in, p732–33; c81; crisis and, 69–70; lack of women in, p739 crt12 American Stock Exchange, 644 court system in, 240; ratification AFL-CIO (American Federation of, 68; revising, 73; weaknesses of Labor-Congress of Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), c142, of, 69, c69, 72 Industrial Organizations), 647 American’s Creed, 776 articles of partnerships, 602 333, 608, 610; Committee on American Telephone and Ashcroft v. American Civil Political Education, 298; on Telegraph (AT&T), 633 Liberties Union, 482 minimum wages, q614; solidar- America Votes National Day of Ashe, Samuel, 392 ity, rally of, p332 Action, p6 Ashmore, Robert, q464 African Americans: affirmative AmeriCorps, 162 Asian tsunami, 738; raising money action and, 143; Brown decision amnesty, 217 for victims of, 169 and, 140, 141, c142. c258, 259; Anderson, John, c276 assembly, freedom of, p121, 123 discrimination against, 140–43; Andrews, T. Coleman, c276 Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, Dred Scott case and, 144; exten- Andrus, Ethel Percy, 322, p322 419; incorporation, 419; q419 sion of civil liberties to, 134; as Anglican Church, desire to reform, attorney general, 226 immigrants, 9; Middle Passage 41 auditor: county, 386 and, 43, q43; religious beliefs Annan, Kofi A., 742 authoritarian government, 25–26, of, 47; voting rights for, p133, annual percentage rate (APR), 547 475; comparison with democ- p134, p296, 342 Anthony, Susan B., 295, q342; racy, c25; population living agency shop, 610 Nineteenth Amendment and, under, g746 Agriculture, U.S. Department of, 136 automatic stabilizers, 692 c227 Anti-Federalists, 78 automobile loans, 547

850 Index INDEX

Bacon, Nathaniel campaign fi nance reform movement

Carolina, 353. See also specific Bush, George W., p206–7, 228; amendments appointment of Chao as biodiesel fuel, 630 Secretary of Labor, 634; chal- Bacon, Nathaniel, 42 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act lenge issued by, q158; debates Bacon’s Rebellion, 42 (2002), 309 with Kerry, John, 318; defense bail, 129, 440 Black, Hugo, 132, 459, q459 spending under, 680; in elec- balanced budget, 688 bloggers at Democratic National tion of 2000, 296, 314; execu- balance of trade, p712, 712–13; Convention, p470 tive travel by, p212; federal favorable, 51; negative, 713; blogs, political, 472–73 deficit under, 696; foreign positive, 712–13 blog speech, punishment of stu- policy under, 222, p222; inva- ballots, 296; absentee, 297; butter- dents for, 464, q464 sion of Iraq, 223; with new fly, 296, 314; paper, 315; punch- Blount, William, 353, p355 American citizens, p16; public card, 297; secret, 297; uniform, Bolten, Josh, 696 opinion of, g320; at Republican 315 bonds, 558; government, 688 national convention, p208, bank(s): central, 660, 661, 668; Border Patrol, U.S., 19 p278; requests for NSA eaves- checking accounts at, 555; com- border security, p18 drops, 478; response to terrorist mercial, 658; savings accounts borrower, 547; responsibilities as, attacks, 25; signing of Patriot at, 555, 556, c556; state-char- 549 Act, 125; on United Nations, tered, 668 Boston, settlement of, 39, p39 q740; on War against Terror, Bankers Life, 169 Boston Massacre, 53 q748 banking: changes in, 668–69; Boston Tea Party, 53 Bush, Laura: as first lady, 228; at phishing and, 479, g479 Boxer, Barbara, p180 Republican national conven- banking services, 667, p667; boycotts, 52, 54, 612 tion, p208 accepting deposits in, 667; mak- Brandenburg v. Ohio, c258 Bush v. Gore, 257, c258 ing loans, 667 Breyer, Stephen, p249 business: activity of, c640–41; Bank of the United States (1791), British East India Company, 53 interest rates and, 665; respon- 668 Brokaw, Tom, 331 sibilities to community, 618; bankruptcy, 549 Brookings Institution, 471 responsibilities to consumers, Baptists, 47 Brooks, Hughston, 14, p14 617; responsibilities to employ- Barbados, influence of, 42 Brown, Charlotte Hawkins, 366 ees, 617; responsibilities to Barletta, Louis, 444 Brown v. Board of Education of owners, 617; roles of, 616 Topeka, Kansas, bartering, p657 140, 141, c142, business cycle, 638, g638, 639; c258, 259, 365 Bartlett, Josiah, signing of unemployment and, g642 Buckley v. Valeo, 308 Declaration of Independence, business fluctuations, 639–42 budget: balanced, 688; basic termi- 66 business organization: corpora- nology for, 545–46; categories Bath, North Carolina, 356 tions as, 604–6; forms of, g601; in, 546; defined, 545; making, Bayard v. Singleton, 392 nonprofit institutions as, 606; p545, 546, 550–51; role of gov- partnerships as, p602, 602–3; Beals, Melba Pattrillo, 139, p139 ernment in, 22 bear market, 644 proprietorships as, 601 budget deficit, 546, 688, g690 business sector, 522, d522 bench trial, 439, 457 budget surplus, 546, 688, g690 butterfly ballot, 296, 314 benefit, marginal, 508 Buffett, Susan T., 168 buying decisions, 562; making, Bergland, David, c276 Buffett, Warren, 168 536, 543 Berkeley, William, 42 bull market, 644 Byrd, Robert, 264, q264 Bernanke, Ben, 660, p660 bureaucracies, 157; federal, 228– Bethel School District v. Fraser, 30; foreign policy and, 221 132 Burgesses, House of, 36 Bethesda House, 691 burglary, 432, 453 Better Business Bureau (BBB), 540 Burke, Dick, 591, p591 cabinet, 226–27; responsibilities of, Betts v. Brady, 459 Burnaby, Andrew, 47, q47 226–27, c227 bicameral legislatures, 67, 177–80, Bush, Barbara, 224; visit with California’s Retired Teachers 351 troops, p224 Association, 322 bigfeet.com, 520, p520 Bush, George H. W.: official role Calvert, George, 42 bill of attainder, 188, 436, 698 of, p209; philanthropy and, Cambodia, UN activities in, 741 Bill of Rights, 12, 49, 78, 121, 169; public opinion of, g320; as campaign committees, 280 118, 121, 188; English, 34, 67; vice president, 213; visit with campaign finance reform move- foundations of, c87; and North troops, p224 ment, crt282

Index 851 INDEX

collective bargaining Camp David

Camp David, 212 Charleston, South Carolina, long privilege, 17; for Native Camp Pendleton, p184 growth of, 46 Americans, 16; oath of alle- candidates: campaigning for, 284; charter, 36, 604 giance in, p4–5, 16; require- nomination of, 280, 283–84; Charter of Carolina (1663), 351, ments for, 7; rights and duties unaffiliated, 284 356 of, 7; route to naturalized, for canon law, 428 Chávez, César Estrada, 611, p611 military recruits, 14, p14 canvassing, 306 checking accounts, 555, 667; inter- Citizenship and Immigration capital: as factor of production, est on, 555 Services, U.S. (USCIS), 16; 517; financial, 601, 604; human, checks: clearing of, c670; life of, border security and, 18 525 c670 civic responsibilities, c153, 153–55 capital goods, 517, 519, 642 checks and balances, 88, c88, 188 civics, 7 capitalism, 500, 528–53; central Cheney, Dick, 79; at Republican civil cases, 367; appeal in, 451; p208 principles of, 622; competition national convention, bringing suit in, 449, 450–51; in, 530, p530; economic free- Cheney, Lynne, 79, p79; at complaint in, 450; defendants dom in, 529; history of, 531; Republican national conven- in, 449, 451; discovery in, 450; markets in, 528–29; private tion, p208 property rights in, 529; profit Chicago, Chinese New Year judge in, 451; plaintiffs in, 449, motive in, 530; success of, 514; parade in, p11 450, 451; pretrial hearing in, voluntary exchange in, 530 Chicago Board of Trade, p637 450–51; reasons for filing suit in, Capitol, U.S., p174–75, 177 chief diplomat, presidential role 449; settlement in, 450–51; sum- Cardozo, Benjamin, q259 as, 217 mons in, 450; trial in, 451 Carlos, King Juan, p214 Chief Joseph, 775; I will fight no civil laws, 431, 432–33, 446 Carnegie, Andrew, 168 more, 775 civil liberties, 121, 124, 154; exten- Carnegie Corporation, 168 Child Online Protection Act sion of, to African Americans, Carolina, settlement of, 39–40, (COPA) (1998), 482 134 m40, 42 Children’s Defense Fund (CDF), civil rights, 365, loss of, on convic- Carter, Jimmy: official role of, 159 tion of felony, 453 p209; public opinion of, g320 Children’s Internet Protection Act Civil Rights Act (1957), c142, c294 Carter, Rosalyn, 224 (2000), 485–86 Civil Rights Act (1960), c294 casework, 195 Children’s Online Privacy Civil Rights Act (1964), 141, c142 Castro, Fidel, 26 Protection Act (1998), 477 Civil Service Reform Act (1883), Catt, Carrie Chapman, 295, p295 Chimney Rock, p369 230 Catt, George, 295 China, People’s Republic of: civil service system, 229, 285 caucuses, 279 Communist Party in, 276; Civil War Amendments, 134–35 caveat emptor, 540 Internet in, 475, p476; move- Clark, Tom, q265 censorship, 122–23; right of public ment away from command Clayton Act (1914), 633 library over Internet informa- economy, 723; reunification Clayton’s Backyard Crew, 246–47 tion, 189 with Hong Kong, 723, workers Clement, Lillian Exum, 363, 377 census, 179 in Beijing, 734, p734 Clinton, Bill, 228; budget surplus Center for Disease Control and Chowan County Courthouse, 406, under, 696; diplomatic role of, Prevention (CDC), c632 p406 p214; foreign policy role of, Center for Media and Public Cinco de Mayo, p9 223; impeachment of, 188; offi- Affairs, 331 circular flowchart, c670 cial role of, p209; philanthropy central banks, 660, 661, 668 circular flow of economic activity, Central Intelligence Agency p521, 521–23, d522 and, 169; public opinion of, (CIA), 225 citizen(s): duties of, p151, 151–52, g320 certificates of deposit, 556, c556, c153; informing, 285, p285; Clinton, Hillary, as first lady, 228 667 involvement in community, closed primary, 283, 284 Chamber of Commerce, U.S., 333 p157, 157–58 closed shops, 610 Chao, Elaine, 634, p634 citizen involvement: in charitable cloture, 200 Chapman, Leo, 295 organizations, 160; in commu- Code of Hammurabi, 427, q427, character assassinations, 264 nity, 159; in donating time and 428, 490, q490 charitable organizations, 160, money, 158; in national service Coercive Acts, 53 168–69 programs, 160, 162; in school- coins, 657 Charles, Prince of Great Britain, based programs, 160 cold war, 747–48 219, p219 citizenship: by birth, 15; defined, collateral, 547 Charles II, King of England, 39 7; holding of dual, 15; as life- collective bargaining, 611

852 Index INDEX

Consumer Product Safety Commission colonial government colonial government, 37; ideas confederation, 68; forming, 68 I (legislative branch), 80, 95– about, 48–49; influences on, Confederation Congress, 68 100, 184, 185, 188, 436; Article II 33–35 Congress, U.S.: assistance to dis- (executive branch), 80–81, 100– colonies, 36; dominant immigrant trict or state, 196; budget work 103, 215, 303; Article III (judi- groups in, m42; education in, of, 677; campaign expenses for cial branch), 81, 103–4; Article 47–48; family life in, 48; people members of, 307; casework of, IV (relationship between of, 41–43; relations with Great 195; committees of, c181, 181– states and national govern- Britain, 52–53; religious free- 82; committee staff for, 193; ment), 81, 86, 104–5; Article V dom in, 47; resistance by, 51– earmarking and, crt195; joint (changing the constitution), 53; settlement of, 39–40, m40 session of, p117, p177; lawmak- 81, 105; Article VI (as law of colonists, reasons for immigration ing by, 194, 197–200, c201, 202; the land), 81, 90, 105; Article of, 41–42 leaders of, 180–81; legislative VII (practical matters), 81, 106; command economies, p717, powers of, 185, c186; makeup bicentennial of, p71–72; coin- 717–18, 721; characteristics of, of, 191; nonlegislative powers age clause in, 698; commerce 717–18; Cuba as example of, of, p187, 187–88; personal staff clause in, 532, 698; comparison 715, p715; failure of, 722–23; of, 192–93; versus the presi- with Articles of Confederation, prices in, 592 dent, 221–22; privileges of, 192; c81; contract clauses in, 698; commander in chief, presidential profile of 109th, c200; qualifica- copyright clause in, 698; elastic role as, 217, 223 tions for, 191; role of, in raising clause in, 185; export clauses Commerce, U.S. Department of, minimum wage, 614, q614; sal- in, 698; interpreting, 83–84, 436; c227 ary of, 192; seniority system in, methods of becoming citizens commerce clause, 532, 698 182; sessions of, 178; support in, 15; necessary and proper commercial banks, 658. See also services for, 193; terms of, 178; clause in, 83, 185, 650; North bank(s) war powers of, 222. See also Carolina and, 353; Preamble committees, congressional, c181, House of Representatives, U.S.; in, 80, 95; present status of, 90; 181–82; action on bills, 199 Senate, U.S. protections in, 436–37; ratifica- common good, contributing to the, Congressional Act (1924), c294 tion of, m77; reserved rights 154 Congressional apportionment, and powers in, 699; signers of, common law, 34, c34, 429, 491 m178–79 106; supremacy clause in, 90 Common Sense (Paine), 54 Congressional Budget Office Constitution: Written in Sand or Communications Decency Act (CBO), 193, 696 Etched in Stone?, 130 (1996), 481 Congressional committees, staff Constitutional Convention, communism, 717–718, 721 of, 193 72–78, Communist Party, 276 Congressional districts, 179 177, 353; balancing viewpoints Communist Party USA, 275 Connecticut: founding of, 39; at, 77–78; decisions at, 73; community, 21; citizen involve- settlement of, 37, m40 delegates at, 72, c73; Great ment in, 157, 157–58; involve- conservation, 738 Compromise at, 75, 177; New ment of, 159; responsibilities of constituents, 179 Jersey Plan at, 75; other com- business to, 618 constitution(s): comparing, promises at, 76; Three-Fifths compact, 36 752–53; Fundamental Orders of Compromise, 75; Virginia Plan comparative advantage, 708 Connecticut as America’s first at, 74–75 comparison shopping, p538, 541 written, 37 constitutional law, c34, 434 competition: maintaining, 633–35; Constitution of North Carolina, Constitutional monarchy, 24 in market economies, 716 354, q354, 355–58, q354, q355, Constitution Day, celebrating, 79, competitive markets, prices in, q356; amendment process, 357– p79 592 58; checks and balances, 356; consumer(s), 539; confidence complaints: in civil cases, 450; Declaration of Rights, 353, 355– of, 659; protection of, p541; making fair, 542 56, q356; equal protection, 360, responsibilities of business to, complements, 576; changes in, 576 q360; limited government, 356; 617 compound interest, 510 of 1776, 357; of 1868, 358; of consumer bill of rights, 540 computerized voting, 315 1875, 365; popular sovereignty consumer cooperatives, 606 computers, schoolchildren access 356; Preamble, 355, q355; rights consumer credit, crt528 to, g484 of North Carolinians, 360, q360; consumer goods, 517 Concord, battle of, 54 separation of powers, 356 consumerism, 540 concurrent jurisdiction, 242 Constitution, U.S., 12, 49, 64, consumer price index, 641–42 concurrent powers, 89 94–117; amending, 82–83, c83; Consumer Product Safety concurring opinion, 256 amendments to, 107–17; Article Commission, 635

Index 853 INDEX

consumer responsibilities discrimination

consumer responsibilities, 541–42; in, 456–58; hearing in, 456; of, 577–78; factors affecting, buying strategies in, 541; mak- indictment in, 456; procedures 573–76; inelastic, 578; law of, ing fair complaints, 542; report- in, c457; sentencing in, 458; tri- 569; market, 570 ing faulty product, 542; seeking als in, 451, 457; verdict in, 458 demand curves, 569, 574; individ- help, 542 criminal evidence, p455 ual, g571; market, g571 consumer rights, p539, 539–40; criminal justice system, 453 demand schedule, 569; individual, protecting, 540 criminal law, 431–32 c571; market, c571 consumer sector, 521, d522 critical thinking, analyzing library democracy, 468; comparison with Continental Congress: First, 54; and research resources, 759; authoritarianism, c25; direct, Second, 54, 56, 67, 68, 352 analyzing primary sources, 23; free flow of information in, cooperation, 735, 738 762; categorizing and analyz- 329; growth of, 745–46; Internet cooperatives, 606; consumer, 606; ing information, 766; interpret- in promoting, 475; machinery service, 606 ing a chart, 760; interpreting a of, 314–15; population living copyright, 483; theft of, 484 circle graph, 764; interpreting under, g746; representative, 24, corporations, p604, 604–6; board political cartoons, 757; making 86; safeguarding, 747–48 of directors for, 604; chain of comparisons, 761; predicting, Democracy in America command in, c604; structure of, 758; recognizing bias, 763; (Tocqueville), 166 604–6; taxes on, 678 sequencing events, 765 democratic government, 23–25 cost-benefit analysis, g508, 508–9; cross-examination in criminal Democratic National Convention, using, 508–9 cases, 457 p270–271; bloggers at, p470 costs: fixed, 506, p506; marginal, Cuba as example of command Democratic Party, 273, c274; 507; total, 507; types of, p506, economy, 715, p715 beliefs of, 277; national conven- 506–7; variable, p506, 506–7 currency, 657; features of U.S., tion of, p270–71; origin of, 273; Council of Economic Advisers p658 Web site for, 472 (CEA), 225 Democratic principles, c24, 24–25 counseling for youth offenders, Democratic-Republican Party, p461 c274; leadership of, 273 county committees, 281 denaturalization, 17 county courthouses, p446–47 darknets, 484 deportation, 19, 190 court, bringing cases to, in influ- data warehouses, 477 deposits, bank acceptance of, 667 encing public opinion, 334 Davidson, North Carolina, p359 depreciation, 519 courts of appeal, U.S., 244–45; death penalty, 129, 440; Gideon v. depression, 639 announcing decision, 245; mak- Wainwright and, 459 developing countries: economic ing decision, 245; precedents debit cards, 556 characteristics of, 724, m725, in, 245 debt, 688; interest on, 680 c725; growing economic craft unions, 609 decision making: on buying, inequality with, g736, 736–37; Craven County Courthouse, Bern, 536, 543, 562; economic, 504, growth and development in, NC, p446–47 crt505; on saving, 554, p554; in 726; new technology for, credit, 547–49; benefits and draw- Supreme Court, U.S., 256–59; in 730–31, p730–31; problems fac- backs, 548–49; consumer, U.S. courts of appeal, 245 ing, 724, 726 crt528; responsibilities as a bor- Declaration of Independence, 4, dictatorships, 26 rower, 549; sources of, 547–48; 12, 50, 54, 55–56, 437; demo- Digital Millennium Copyright terminology for, 547 cratic ideals in, q55–56; ideas Act (DMCA) (1998), 483 credit cards, 547–48; methods of expressed in, 67; popular sov- diminishing marginal benefits, paying, c548; pre-approved ereignty and, 86; signing of, 509 offers for, p547 66, 67 diminishing marginal utility, 572 credit rating, 548 Declaration of Intention, filing of, direct democracy, 23 credit unions, 658 by alien, 16 direct primary, 275, 283 crime(s): defined, 453; loss of citi- Declaratory Act (1766), 52 Disabled Sports USA, 150 zenship, for punishment, 17; defendants: in civil cases, 449, 450, discount rate, 664 penal code for, 453; penalties 451; in criminal cases, 431 discovery in civil cases, 450 for, 453–55; against property, Defenders of Wildlife, q714 discretionary fiscal policies, 692 432; regional rates of, m454, Defense, U.S. Department of, c227 discretionary income, 539 g454; sentencing for, 455–56; DeJonge v. Oregon, c258 discretionary spending, 677 types of, 453 Delaware, settlement of, 39 discrimination, 617; against criminal cases, 453–55; appeal in, demand, 566, p569; changes in, African Americans, 140–43; 458; arraignment in, 456; arrest 574–76; defined, 569; elasticity income and, 647

854 Index INDEX

disposable income Ex parte Endo disposable income, 539 tunity cost and, 505; revenues electronic media, 327, p327 dissenting opinion, 256 and, 507–8; scarcity and, p498, Eleventh Amendment, 108, c135 dissident groups, 475 501–2; trade-offs in, p504, 504–5 Ellery, William, signing of district attorney: state, 426 economic systems, 500; com- Declaration of Independence, district courts, U.S., 244 mand economies as, 592, p717, 66 diversity of public opinion, 319 717–18, 721–23; free enterprise Emancipation Proclamation, 773 division of labor, 524–25 as, 500, 528, 719, 726; market embargo, 223 Dole, Elizabeth, q397 economy as, 716; mixed econo- embedded media, 328 double jeopardy, 128, 438 mies as, 719 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, q54 Douglas, William O., 239 economies: comparing, c722; ser- eminent domain, 128, crt359 Dow Jones Industrial Average vice, 10; stock market and, 644; employees, responsibilities of (DJIA), 558, 643–44 traditional, 724 business to, 617 down payment, 547 Edelman, Marian Wright, 159, Endo, Mitsuye, 239 draft, 152 p159 endorsements, 306–7 Dred Scott v. Sandford, 144, p144 Edenton Tea Party, 352 Energy, U.S. Department of, c227 drunk driving, 453 education: Brown decision and, Engel v. Vitale, c258 dual citizenship, 15 140, 141, c142. c258, 259; colo- English Bill of Rights, 34, 67 due process, 128, 437 nial, 47–48; earning power English language as source of due process clause: in Fifth and, 526, 562; income and, 647, unity, 12 Amendment, 128, 437, 699; in p647; local government spend- English law, 429 Fourteenth Amendment, 437, ing on, 684–85; state govern- Engraving, Bureau of, 656 459, 699 ment spending on, 684. See also Enlightenment, 33; ideas of, 35 dumpster diving, 479, p479 schools entitlements, 684, crt689 Durst, Seymour, 687 Education, U.S. Department of, entrepreneurs, 516, p516, 517 c227 environmental destruction, 738 educational institutions, 13 Environmental Protection Agency Edwards, Jonathan, p47 (EPA), c632 egalitarianism, 48–49 Equal Employment Opportunity earmarking, crt195 e-government, 471–72 Act (1972), c142 Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), Eichman, United States v., c258 Equal Pay Act (1963), c142, 647 649 Eighteenth Amendment, 112, c135 Equal Rights Amendment, 250 earning power, education and, Eighth Amendment, 129, 440 Equiano, Olaudah, 43, q43 526, 562 Eisenhower, Dwight D.: public equilibrium price, 589 Earth Summit, 742 opinion of, g320; on role of equity law, c34 Easley, Michael, p383, q398, q399 executive branch, 265, p265 establishment clause, 121 East Timor, UN activities in, 741 elastic clause, 185 European Union, 710 e-commerce, taxing of, 485 elastic demand, 577 evidence, sufficient, 456 economic activity, circular flow of, elasticity of demand, 577–78 exchange rate, 712 p521, 521–23, d522 elasticity of supply, 586 exclusive jurisdiction, 242 economic freedom in capitalism, elected officials, media coverage executive agencies, 229 529 of, 328 executive agreement, 222 economic growth: measuring, 638; election campaign, impact of the executive branch: cabinet in, 226– promoting, 524–25 Internet on, 472–73 27; checks and balances and, economic inequality: compari- election day, movement of, 315 88, c88; in Constitution, 80–81; son of, 738–39; growing, g736, elections: of 1860, 274; of 1912, foreign policy and, 219–23; job 736–37 p272; of 2000, p6, 257, 296, of the president, 214–18; Office economic interdependence, 525 314; at-large, 380; general, 301; of the President in, 209–13; economic interest groups, 333 media and, 297; presidential, organization of, 225; power of, economic leader, presidential role 301, 302–4, g303; primary, 283, 265, p265; presidential advisers as, 218, 223 301; special, 301; types of, 301 and executive agencies in, 224– economic model, 500 Electoral College, 76, 87, 210, 30. See also governors; presi- economic peak, 638 301, 303; ideas for reform, 304; dents; state executive branch economics: choices and, p499, 499– issues with, 304 Executive Office of the President, 500; cost-benefit analysis in, electoral votes, states and, 302–4 225, c226 g508, 508–9; costs and, 506–7; electorate, 299 executive orders, 216 defined, 499; laissez-faire, 531; Electronic Communications exit polls, 297 opportunities in, 496; oppor- Privacy Act (1996), 478 Ex parte Endo, q239

Index 855 INDEX

expatriation Freedom Riders

expatriation, 17 federal judges, 246–47; impeach- fiscal year, 677 expectations, changes in, and ment of, 247; selection of, 246– fixed costs, 506, p506 demand, 575 47; tenure of, 247 flag burning, amendment for, expenditures: in federal budget, federal judicial circuits, 240, m241 crt437 679–80; of local government, Federal Open Market Committee flexible exchange rates, trade defi- g683, 684–85; of state govern- (FOMC), 661 cit and, 713 ment, g683, 684 Federal Regulatory Agencies, c632 Florida: election of 2000 in, p6, 257; exports, m709, c709 Federal Reserve Banks, 661 Spanish control of, 40 ex post facto laws, 188, 436, 698 Federal Reserve System, 637, 642, Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, expressed powers, 89, 185, c186 p661, 669; advisory councils, 540 externalities, 631–32; dealing with, 661; Board of Governors in, 661; Food and Drug Administration in market economies, 716; neg- chair of, 660, p660; districts in, (FDA), c632, 635 ative, 632, 716; positive, 632 661, m662; functions of, 663–65; food labels, p540 extremist groups, 476 monetary policy and, g664, 664– food stamps, 648 65; structure of, 661, m662, c662 Ford, Gerald, 234; official role of, fees, 658, 682 p209; presidential succession Feingold, Russell, 305, p305 and, c211, 213; public opinion Feinstein, Dianne, q195 of, g320; on symbolic role of factor markets, 521, d522 felonies, 432, 453 president, q215 factors, 437 Ferraro, Geraldine, 209 Ford, Harold, Jr., p191 factors of production, 517, 708; Fifteenth Amendment, 111, 133, Ford, Henry, 169 capital as, 517; entrepreneurs c135, 142, 167, c294 Ford Foundation, 169 as, 517; labor as, 517; natural Fifth Amendment, 107, c127, 128, foreign aid, 223 resources as, 517 435, c436, 438–39; due process foreign-born population, g8 facts, distinguishing from opinion, clause of, 128, 437, 699 foreign policy: bureaucracy and, 346–47 filibuster, 200 221; goals of, 220; role of presi- Fair Packaging and Labeling Act, Filo, David, 483 dent in, 221–23, p222; tools of, 540 financial capital, 601, 604 222–23 family, 13 financial institutions, 658–59; foreign sector, d522, 523 family law, 433 commercial banks as, 658; Fortas, Abe, 132, q132 family wealth, income and, 647 credit unions as, 658; savings Fourteenth Amendment, 110–11, federal budget, p677; expenditures and loan associations as, 658 134–35, c135, 144; due process in, 679–80; preparation of, 677; financial planning, 559 clause of, 437, 459, 699; equal- revenues in, 678–79, g679 financial system, 658–59; financial protection clause in, 437 federal bureaucracy, 228–30; gov- institutions in, 658–59; safe- Fourth Amendment, 107, p126, ernment workers in, 229–30; guarding, 659 127–28, 438, 698; equal protec- independent agencies in, 229 financing of international trade, tion under the law, 140; online Federal Communications p712, 712–13 surveillance and, 478 Commission (FCC), 229, 330 fingerprinting, 456, p456 France, relationship with Great federal courts, 240, c245; judges in, fire protection, local government Britain, 51–52 246–47; jurisdiction of, 240–42; spending on, 685 franking privilege, 192 officials in, 247; organization of, First Amendment, 107, 120–24, Franklin, Benjamin: as delegate 243–47 310, 329, 403; establishment at Constitutional Convention, federal deficit, g696, 696–97, g697, clause in, 121; freedom of 72; proposal for Albany Plan, c697 assembly, p121, 123; freedom 51; signing of Declaration of Federal Deposit Insurance of petition, p121, 123; freedom Independence, 66 Corporation (FDIC), 659, 669 of religion, p121, 121–22, p122; Franklin, John Hope, q373, p373 Federal Election Campaign Act freedom of speech, p121, 122, freedom of assembly, p121, 123 (1971), 308 124; freedom of the press, p121, Freedom of Information Act, 225 Federal Election Commission, 308 122–23, p123; Internet speech freedom of petition, p121, 123 federal grants and contracts, 196 and, 481–85, crt481; limits of, freedom of religion, p121, 121–22, Federalism, 77; principle of, 89–90 124 p122 The Federalist, No. 10, 78; q78, 769; First Continental Congress, 54 freedom of speech, p121, 122, 124, No. 51, q87 First Ladies, 228; roles of, 224, p224 132, 310, 329 Federalist Party, c274; leadership fiscal policy, 641, 691–92; auto- freedom of the press, p121, 122– of, 273 matic stabilizers and, 691–92; 23, p123, 330 Federalists, 77–78 discretionary, 692 Freedom Riders, 141

856 Index INDEX

free enterprise Hooker, Thomas free enterprise, 500, 528, 719, 726 government: authoritarian, 25–26; Hamilton, Alexander, 531; as free market, 622 colonial traditions of self, attorney in Zenger case, 123; as free trade, 710, 726 36–37; in command economies, author of The Federalist, 78; as French, settlement of, in U.S., 9 718; defined, 21; democratic, leader of Federalist party, 273; French and Indian War, 52 23–25; fiscal policy and, 641; as Secretary of the Treasury, Frye, Henry, 361, 377, 388, p388 functions of, 21–22, c22; inter- 650; on The Wealth of Nations, Fulton, Robert, 532 est groups and, 334–35, crt335; 531 Fundamental Orders of levels of, 23; in maintaining Hammurabi, 428 Connecticut, 37 competition, 633–35; outsourc- Han, Young, 85, p85 Furman v. Georgia, 440 ing of jobs and, 636, p636; in Hancock, John, signing of Fusion Party, 274 providing public goods, 631– Declaration of Independence, 32; services provided by, p21; 66 surveillance by, 477–78 Hand, Learned, 166–67 governmental institutions, 13 Harris, Kamala, 426, p426 government bonds, 688 Harrison, William Henry, as first Galveston, Texas: commission government corporations, 229 president to die in office, 84, form of government in, 381; government policies, supply and, 212 hurricane destruction in, 376, 585 Hartford, settlement of, m40 p376 government sector, d522, 522–23 Harvard (college), 47 Garfield, James, 230 government workers, 229–30 Hass, Eric, c276 gasoline: conservation of, 738; Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1999), Hatch, Orrin, on Patriot Act, q125 costs of, crt546 669 Hayek, Friedrich, 622 Gates, Bill, 168 grand jury, 128, 438–39, 456 Hazelwood School District v. Gates, Melinda, 168 graphic organizers, 268–69 Kuhlmeier, 132, 325, 482 Gates Foundation, 168, 169 grassroots political organization, Hazlitt, Henry, 622 Gatus, John, 157 281 Head Start, 646, p646 General Accounting Office grassroots Web sites, 473 Health and Human Services, U.S. (GAO), 193 Gratz v. Bollinger, 143 Department of, c227 general elections, 301 Great Awakening, 47, 48 hearing-impaired students, general partnerships, 602 Great Britain, 37; recognition of p266–67 genocide, 745 U.S. as independent nation, hearing in criminal case, 456 George III, King of England, p33, 56; relationship with France, Helms, Jesse, q360, p360 51, 52, 54, 55 51–52; relations with colonies, Help America Vote Act (2002), 292 Georgia, settlement of, 40 52–53; salutary policy by, 51 Henderson, Barbara, 362 Germans, settlement of, in U.S., 9 Great Compromise, 75, 177 Henry, Patrick, absence of, from Constitutional Convention, 72 gerrymander, 179 Great Depression, 659, 669 Heritage Foundation, 471 Gettysburg Address, 774 Greek law, c34 Herman, Brian, q464 Gibbons v. Ogden, c258, 532 Greensboro, North Carolina, 364, Hernandez, Joseph Marion, 194 Gideon, Earl, 459, p459 p365, 366, 367 Hewes, Joseph, 352 Gideon v. Wainwright, 439, 459 Greenspan, Alan, crt663 “Greenville Eight”, 367 Hillsborough Convention, 353 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, p248, p249 Hinojosa, Maria, 120, p120 Gitlow v. New York, 135 Grokster, 483, 484 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Hitler, Adolf, 26 global interdependence, 735, Hobbes, Thomas, 21 p735; economic, 732 518–19, 638, 677; measuring, 518, c518; per capita, 716, 718, Hobgood, F.P., 362 globalization, 704, 742 Hodges, Luther, 366 Glorious Revolution, 33, 34 m718, 724; quantity versus quality, 519; real, 638, 639; uses Hoke v. State, 393 Goldberg, Bernard, 331, q331 Holt, Torry, q360, p360 Gonzales, Alberto R., 243, p243 of, 518; weaknesses of, 518–19 gun ownership, p129, 130 Homeland Security, U.S. goods, 517; capital, 517, 519, 642; Department of, 226, c227 consumer, 517; obtaining Homeland Security Act (2002), scarce, 707; prices of related, 226 575–76; private, 631; public, Hong Kong, reunification with 631–32, p632 Haiti, workers from, p743 China, 723 Google™, 477 Halifax, settlement of, m40 Hong Kong Stock Exchange, 706, Gore, Al: in election of 2000, 296, Halifax Resolves, 352, 783 p706 314; as vice president, 228 Hallinan, Vincent, c276 Hooker, Thomas, 42

Index 857 INDEX

Hooper, William Jeff erson, Thomas

Hooper, William, 352 income: changes in, and demand, presidential role in, 223; quo- Hopkins, Johns, 168 575; discretionary, 539; discrim- tas in, 708; reasons for, 707–8; house arrest, 455; monitoring of ination and, 647; disposable, restrictions on, 708; tariffs on, individuals on, p453 539; education and, 647, p647; 708; trade agreements in, 710, House of Burgesses, 36 family wealth and, 647 m711; trade deficit in, crt710; House of Burgesses, North income assistance, 649 U.S. and, 735 Carolina, 351 income inequality, 647 Internet, 468, 471, p471; access at House of Representatives, U.S., income security, 679 school, 476; censorship rights 179–80; congressional districts income taxes, 682; progressive, of public library over informa- and, 179; leaders of, 180–81; 649, 692 tion, 189; e-government and, powers of, 187; qualification indentured servants, 42, 43 471–72; extremist groups and, for, 191; standing committees Independence Hall, p50 476; group action online and, of, c181 independent agencies, 229 472; intellectual property and, Hughes, Charles Evans, q265 independent candidates, 275 482–84; laws on use of, crt747; human capital, 525 Independent Party, 274 as necessity, p475, 475–76; human rights, 744; protection of, India Constitution, 753 parental review and, 486; polit- Indian Citizenship Act (1924), 744, 745; standards for, 744–45; 342 ical blogs and, 472–73; politi- indictment: in criminal case, 456; working for, 745 cal parties and, 472; privacy Fifth Amendment and, 128 hung jury, 458 rights and, 477–78; regulating, individual rights, 436–37 Hunt, James B., 384, p385 480–86; restricting access to, industrial unions, 609 Hurricane Katrina, 498; volunteer- 475; at school, 485–86, p486; inelastic demand, 578 ing of help following, crt158 shopping on, 338, p338; speech inferences, making, 626–27 and, 481–85. crt481; taxing of e- Hurricane Rita, 498 inflation, 641; value of money Hussein, Saddam, 26; removal of, commerce and, 485; use of, 471 and, 642 interns, congressional, 193 223; execution of, 26 information, summarizing, 268–69 Intolerable Acts, 54 hybrid vehicles, 503, p503 initiatives, 275, 301 investments, 557–58; bonds as, Hyman, John Adams, 361 injunctions, 613, 633 558; mutual funds as, 558; inmates, receipt of GED by, 452, stocks as, 557, p557 p452 Iraq: Constitution of, 753; invasion institutions, 13; educational, 13; of, 223; oil exports to U.S., 596; identity theft, protecting yourself governmental, 13; religious, 13; UN activities in, 741 against, 479, g479 social, 13 Iraq War, embedded journalists ideological parties, 275 intellectual property, 482–84 in, 328 illegal aliens, 18–19 intensive supervision, 455 issues: voting on, 301 interdependence, economic, 525 image molding, 307 interest: compound, 510; on debt, immigrants: African Americans 680; earning, 554; paying, on as, 9; origin of, 8; political national debt, 689; simple, 510 machines and, 282; rally for interest groups: economic, 333; Jackson, Andrew, Supreme Court rights of, p118–19; religious government and, 334–35, and, 253 diversity of, 9–10; restrictions crt335; pros and cons of, 337; James I, King of England, 36 on number entering U.S., 18 protests by, p332; public opin- James II, King of England, 33 immigration: early, 9; new laws ion and, 321, 334; regulating, Jamestown, settlement of, 36, 37, on, g444, 444–45, p445, m446; 337; techniques used by, 336– m40 reasons for colonists, 41–42; 37; types of, 333–34 Japanese Americans, internment shift in, 9; in 2004, m10 interest rates: business and, 665; of, in World War II, 238 Immigration Act (1990), 18 monetary policy and, c664 Jay, John, as author of The impeachment, 83, 187–88; of intergovernmental revenues, 682 Federalist, 78 Clinton, Bill, 188; of fed- Interior, U.S. Department of, c227 Jefferson, Thomas, 53, p53; eral judges, 247; of Johnson, International Criminal Tribunal absence of, from Constitutional Andrew, 188; of state judges, Court, 745 Convention, 72; advisors of, 369 internationalism, 740 225; as author of Declaration implied powers, 83–84, 185, c186, international trade: balance of of Independence, 50, 54; on 650 trade in, p712, 712–13; exports Constitution, q90; on establish- imports, m709, c709 in, m709, c709; financing, ment clause, 121; as leader of impulse buying, 560–61 712–13; imports in, m709, c709; Democratic-Republicans, 273;

858 Index INDEX

Jennings, Peter lender

on role of government, q699; on Supreme Court rules in, 463; Kuhlmeier, 325; Mapp v. Ohio, The Wealth of Nations, 531 trial in, 463 438; Marbury v. Madison, 260, Jennings, Peter, 331 p260; McCulloch v. Maryland, Jim Crow laws, 140 650; Tinker v. Des Moines School jobs: creation of, 708; interviews District, 132, p132 for, 607; outsourcing, 636, q636; land ordinance, p68 K-9 searches, legality of, 126, p126 tomorrow’s, 720, c720 larceny, 432 Kane, Tim, q614 John, King Latin Americans, of England, 33 Kennedy, Anthony, p249 as immigrants, 9 Johnson, Andrew: impeachment Kennedy, Jacqueline, 224 LaVine v. Blaine School District, of, 188; presidential succession Kennedy, John F., 44, p44; challenge 464 and, c211 issued by, q158; as first Catholic law(s), 434; administrative, 434; Johnson, John H., 500, p500 president, 209; Inaugural characteristics of good, 427; Johnson, Lady Bird, 224 Address of, 160, 779; public civil, 431, 432–33; constitu- Johnson, Lyndon B., p215; civil opinion of, g320; signing of law tional, 434; criminal, 431–32; rights movement and, 197; by, p199 enforcement of, p438; family, public opinion of, g320 Kennedy, Ted, p192 433; functions of, 427; history Johnson Publishing Company, Kerry, John: debates with Bush, of, c428, 428–29; lemon, 183, Inc., 500 George W., 318; political cam- p183, c183; obeying, 151; pub- Joint Chiefs of Staff, 225 paign of, p300; at 2004 National lic, 431; sources of American, joint committees, c181, 181–82 Democratic Convention, c34; statutory law, p433; tort, joint resolutions, 198 p270–71 433. See also specific laws joint-stock company, 36 King, Coretta Scott, 141; on peace lawmaking, role of Congress in, Jones, Stephanie Tubbs, p180 march, p197 194, 197–200, c201, 202 judges: in civil cases, 451; in crimi- King, Martin Luther, Jr., 141, p141, law of demand, 569, c571 nal cases, 457; impeachment of p197, q342; “I Have a Dream” law of supply, 581, c582 federal, 247; selection of fed- speech, 141, 780; Montgomery lawsuit, 432–33 eral, 246–47; tenure of federal, bus boycotts and, 141; League of Women Voters, 295, 247 Montgomery March and, 197, 298, 334 judicial branch: checks and p296; peaceful protests under, Leandro v. State of North balances and, 88, c88; in 141; on peace march, p197 Carolina, 393, 399 Constitution, 81, 246; federal King, Stephen, 647 Learn and Earn, North Carolina courts in, 240–47; Supreme Kiwanis Club, 159 schools, 398–99, g398 Court in, 248–59 Klopfer v. North Carolina, 368, legal aliens, 19 judicial review, q252, 252–53 q368 legal responsibilities, 437 Judiciary Act (1789), 240, 252, 260 Knight, James, 486 legislative actions in interpreta- Junior Statesman of America Kolbert, Tom, 126, p126 tion of Constitution, 83–84 (JSA), 281 Kosovo, UN activities in, 741 legislative bills, 198–202; commit- jurisdiction: appellate, 244; con- Kucinich, Dennis, p283 tee action on, 199, c201; confer- current, 242; exclusive, 242; of ence action on, c201; debating, federal courts, 240–42; original, 199–200; drafting, 193; floor 244, 249 action on, 199–200, c201, 202; jury, 152; grand, 128, 438–39, 456; labor: division of, 524–25; as factor pigeonholing, 199; presidential hung, 458 of production, 517 action on, p199, 202, 210; pri- jury trial, 457 Labor, U.S. Department of, c227 vate, 198; public, 198 Justice, U.S. Department of, c227; labor force, 649 legislative branch: checks and request for information on labor-management conflict, balances and, 88, c88; in search engines, 478 612–13 Constitution, 80. See also justice of the peace, 367 Labor Statistics, Bureau of, 720 Congress, U.S.; state legisla- Justinian Code, 429, 491, q491 labor unions, 609 tures Justinian I, 428 La Huelga, 611 legislative leaders, presidential juvenile delinquency, 461, 462; laissez-faire economics, 531 role as, 217–18 causes of, 461 Landmark Supreme Court Case legislatures, 33; bicameral, 67, juvenile justice system, 462–63; Studies: Dred Scott v. Sandford, 177–80, 358; early, 37; political diversion or detention in, 462– 144, p144; Gibbons v. Ogden, party leaders in, 285; state, 67 63; neglect and delinquency 532; Gideon v. Wainwright, 459; lemon law, 183, p183, c183 in, 462; sentencing in, 463; Hazelwood School District v. lender, 547

Index 859 INDEX

Lewis, John minimum wage

Lewis, John, on renewal of Voting 76; in The Federalist, No. Mason, George, as delegate at Rights Act, q343 51, q87; Marbury v. Madison Constitutional Convention, 74, Lewis, Helen Morris, 372–73 and, 260; notekeeping by, at q74 Lexington, Battle of, 54 Constitutional Convention, 73, Massachusetts Bay Colony, settle- liability: of corporations, 605; for 74 ment of, 39 proprietorships, 601 Madsen, Tony, p319 Massachusetts Body of Liberties, libel, 124, 330, 433 magistrates, 247 49 Libertarian Party, 275 Magna Carta, 33, 67, 87, 768 Mayflower, 36 liberty, versus security, crt86 majority opinion, 256, 284 Mayflower Compact, p35, 36, 37, Liberty Bell, 66, p66 majority party, 180 769 Library of Congress, 193 majority rule, 25, 502 McCain, John, 305, p305 Lieberman, Joseph, 209 malice, 330 McCain-Feingold Act, 305, 309, Lightner, Candy, 397 mandatory sentencing, 455 310 limited partnerships, 602 mandatory spending, 677 McCarthy, Eugene, c276 Lincoln, Abraham: on democ- Mandel, Michael J., q636 McConnell v. Federal Election racy, q24; election of, 274; first Manning, Judge Howard, 399 Commission, 309, 310 Inaugural Address of, q13; manslaughter, 453 McCulloch v. Maryland, c258, 650 presidential succession and, Manzanar War Relocation Center, McDonald’s, 537, p537 c211 Japanese children interned at, Mecklenburg Declaration of Lincoln Memorial, p30–31 p238 Independence, 352, 782 Lions Club, 159 Mapp v. Ohio, 438 media: America’s use of, c329; Little Rock Central High School, Marbury, William, 260 candidate coverage by, 328; desegregation of, 139 Marbury v. Madison, 252, c258, elected officials and, 328; elec- loans, making, 667 260, p260 tions and, 297; electronic, 327, lobbyists, 192–93, 335 marginal benefits, 508; diminish- p327; embedded, 328; national security and, 328; political bias local government in North ing, 509 of, 331; print, 327; protecting Carolina, 403–05; c408 marginal costs, 507 sources, 330; public agenda local governments, 23; expendi- marginal revenue, 507 and, 327; public opinion and, tures of, g683, 684–85; forma- marginal utility, 570, 572; dimin- 320, p321; regulating, 330; tion of, 377; mayor-council ishing, 572 safeguards for, 329–30; types form of, c378, 378–79; metro- maritime laws, 242 of, 327; watchdog role of, 326, politan areas in, 382; revenues market activities, role of govern- p326, 328, p328 of, 682, c683 ment in regulating, 634–35 local political party organization, mediation: in civil cases, 450; in market demand, 570; changes in, labor relations, 611 p280, 281 574 local unions, 609 Medicaid, 679 market demand curve, g571 Medicare, 678, 679 Locke, John, 34, q34, 35, 49, 56 market economies, 716, 721; basis lockouts, 612, 613 Memorial of the Cherokee Nation, for, 654; characteristics of, 716; 771 Locklear, Arlinda, q397 movement of Russia toward, long-term planning, 398, 562 mercantilism, 51 723 Meredith, James, 559, p559 lottery, 502 market forces, 589 Love Canal, 412 mergers, 633–34 markets, 521; in capitalism, 528– merit system, 230 Lumbee, 397 29; factor, 521, d522; prices and, luxuries, 578 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer v. 588–89; product, 522 Grokster, 484 market supply, 584 microeconomics, 500 Marshall, Alfred, 623 Middle Colonies: agriculture in, Marshall, John, 260, q260, q532, 45; economy in, 45, m45; farm- MacArthur, Catherine T., 169 q650; as Chief Justice, 252, 253, ing in, 45; religious dissenters MacArthur, John D., 169 532; judicial review and, q252 in, 41; settlement of, 39 macroeconomics, 500 Marshall, Thurgood, 251, 254, Middle Passage, 43, q43 Madigan, Kathleen, q636 p254 migrant workers, 611 Madison, James, 76, p76, 531; as Marshall Plan, 223 military service, p151, 152; regis- author of The Federalist, 78; on marshals, U.S., 247 tering for, 184; as route to natu- Congress, q177; as delegate at Marx, Karl, 717–18 ralized citizenship for, 14, p14 Constitutional Convention, 72; Mary II, Queen of England, 33 minimum wage, 589; role of as Father of the Constitution, Maryland, settlement of, 42 Congress in raising, 614, q614

860 Index INDEX

minority party North Carolina: and the Constitutional Convention minority party, 180 National Constitution Center, negotiations, 611–12 Miranda, Ernesto, 435, p435 p64–65 Negroponte, Nicholas, 730 Miranda rights, 456 national conventions, p278, 279, Net Domestic Product (NDP), 519 Miranda v. Arizona, 438 302 New Amsterdam, English seizure Miranda warning, 435, c439 national debt, 688, g690; impact of, 39 misdemeanors, 432, 453 of, 689 New England colonies: economy Missouri Compromise, 144 National Debt Clock, 687, p687 in, 45, m45; industry in, 45; reli- mixed economies, 719 national defense, spending on, gious dissenters in, 41; settle- Model United Nations (MUN), 680 ment of, 39 740 national government, 23; powers New Hampshire: founding of, 39; monarchy, 24, 33; absolute, 25; of, c89 ratification of Constitution, 78; constitutional, 24; population National Institutes of Health state capitol in, p67; state con- living under, g746 (NIH), c632 stitution in, 67 monetary policy, 642, g664, 664– National Labor Relations Board New Jersey: settlement of, 39 65; effectiveness of, 665; tools (NLRV), 610 New Jersey Plan, 75 of, 664 National Organization for New Netherlands, settlement of, money, 657; hard, 308; soft, 308–9; Women (NOW), 333 39 supply of, 664; types of, 657; national political party organiza- newsgroups, 472 value of, and inflation, 642, 657 tion, 279–80, c280 newspapers, freedom of the press money market funds, 556, c556 National Republican Party, 273, and, 122–23 monopolies, 633; natural, 634–35 c274 New York City: colonial period monopolists, 622 National Rifle Association in, p41; growth of, 45; harbor Monroe Doctrine, 771 (NRA), 333 of, p51 Montesquieu, Baron de, 35, 88 national security, 220; media and, New York Stock Exchange Montgomery March, in Alabama, 328 (NYSE), p643, 644 197, p296 National Security Advisor, 225 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, monuments as primary sources, National Security Agency (NSA), 330 491, p491 eavesdropping by, 478 Nineteenth Amendment, 112, Morris, Gouverneur, 77 National Security Council (NSC), c135, 136, 167, c294, 295 mortgage loan, 547 225 Ninth Amendment, 108, 131 Motor Voter Act (1993), 295 national service programs, 160, Nixon, Richard: presidential suc- Moussaoui, Zacarias, p239 g161, c161, 162 cession and, c211; public opin- MSN®, 478 National Voter Registration Act ion of, g320 multinationals, 742 (1993), c294, 295 no contest plea, 456 multiparty systems, 276 nations, reasons for trade, 707–8 nomination of candidates, 280, municipal government in North Native Americans, 8; citizenship 283–84 Carolina, 403–05, c408; incor- for, 16; cultural traditions of, nonpartisan interest groups, 334 poration, 404 p7; land conflicts with, 42, 52; nonprofit institutions, 606 music, file-sharing battles over, tribal councils of, 21; voting nonresident aliens, 19 483–84 rights for, 342 Noriega, Manuel, 26 Mussolini, Benito, 26 naturalization, 15; process of, 16 North American Free Trade mutual funds, 558 naturalized citizenship, route to, Agreement (NAFTA), 223, 710, for military recruits, 14, p14 m711 natural monopolies, 634–35 North Atlantic Treaty natural resources as factor of pro- Organization (NATO), 222 duction, 517 North Carolina: and the Nader, Ralph, c276 natural rights, 34 Constitutional Convention, Napoleonic Code, 429 Navigation Acts, 51 353; Hillsborough Convention, NASDAQ, 644 Near v. Minnesota, c258 353; Fayetteville Convention, National Aeronautics and Space necessary and proper clause, 83, 353; population change, c404; Administration (NASA), 229 185, 650 province, 351; Provincial National Association for the necessities, 578 Congress, 352; ratification of Advancement of Colored needs, 499, p499 U.S. Constitution, 353; right to People (NAACP), 254, 333 negative balance of trade, 713 vote, 358, 360, 361, 362–63; seg- National Banking Act (1863), 668, negative externalities, 632, 716 regation, 361, 365; sit-in move- 669 negligence, 433 ment, 364, p364, 367; voter national committee, 279 negligence lawsuit, 449 eligibility, 363; voter turnout,

Index 861 INDEX

North Carolina budget and fi nances Pilgrims

g371; woman suffrage, 362–363, c408; annexation, 404; councils q372–73 of government, c407; county North Carolina budget and budgets, 409, 414–15, g414; finances: local government, county commissioners, 407–09; pages, congressional, 193 414–15, g414, g419 county departments, 408–09; Paine, Thomas, 54 paper ballots, 315 North Carolina budget and county government, 405–09; pardon, 217 finances: state government, county services, c408; elections, parental review, Internet and, 486 411–13, c411; g412; c413 405; home rule, 404; mayor, North Carolina counties in 1775: Paris, Treaty of (1783), 69 405; municipal executives, 405; Parker, Chief Justice Sarah, p389 m351 municipal government, 402–05; North Carolina Declaration of Parker, Judge John J., q357 municipal services, c408 Rights, 353, 355–56, q356; equal Parks, Rosa, crt140, 141 Northwest Ordinance (1787), 69 protection, 360, q360 Parliament, 33, 34, 37, 67; acts of, North Carolina economy, 382, Northwest Territory, 69 429; statutory neglect, policy q382 of, 52 North Carolina education, 398–99; parole, 455 g398, p399; college costs, c416; partnerships, p602, 602–3; articles Easley, Michael, 398–99, q398, oath of allegiance, 16; taking, to of, 602; general, 602; limited, 602 party whips, 180 q399; education timeline, 399; become citizens, p4–5 Patriot Act, privacy rights and, 125 Gates, Bill and Melinda, 398; Obama, Barack, 176, p176 patriotism, sacrifice and, crt298 Leandro case, 393, 399; Learn Occupational Safety and Health Paul, Ron, c276 and Earn, 398; reform efforts, Administration (OSHA), c632 398; three R’s, 399 Peace Corps, 160, p160, c161, 162 O’Connell, Brian, q157 North Carolina Equal Suffrage Pearsall Commission, 366 O’Connor, Sandra Day, 248, 250, League, 362–63 peer resistance training, 432 North Carolina executive branch, p250, 251, 310 penal code, 453 383–87; cabinet, 385; Council of Office of Administration, 225 Pendleton Act (1883), 230 State, 386–87; governor, 384–87; Office of Management and Penn, John, 352 lieutenant governor, 385–86, Budget (OMB), 225 Penn, William, 39 p386; organization, c395 Office of Personnel Management Pennsylvania, settlement of, 39, North Carolina judicial branch, (OPM), 230 m40, 42 388–93; appellate courts, 391; Oglethorpe, James, 40 Pennsylvania Charter of Bayard v. Singleton, 392; civil oil, drilling for, in Arctic National Privileges, 49 cases, 389; court system, 389– Wildlife Refuge, 714; consump- Pennsylvania Frame of 390; district courts, 389; Leandro tion, 596–97 Government, 49 v. State of North Carolina, 393, O’Neill, Thomas P. “Tip,” 180, Peoples Party, 274 399; misdemeanors, 389; q180, 306 Perales, Cesar, 444 organization, c395; State v. one-party system, 276 per capita GDP, 716, 718, m718; in Mann, 393; Swann v. Charlotte- Online Policy Group, Inc., q189 developing countries, 724 Mecklenburg Board of Education, Open Housing Act (1968), c142 Perdue, Beverly, 385, p386 367, 394; superior courts, 389– open market operations, 665 Perot, H. Ross, 275, c276 90; supreme court, 391–93 open primary, 283 personal online journals, 472 petition, North Carolina juvenile justice, opinions, distinguishing from 123, 284; freedom of, p121, 123 c390–91 facts, 346–47 North Carolina legislative Phelps, Julie, 38, p38 opportunity cost, 505 branch, 376–81, p376; division Philadelphia: First Continental Ordinance of 1785, 68–69 of powers, 377; elections, 380; Congress in, 54; growth of, 45; how a bill becomes a law, c379; organic farming, 580, p580 Liberty Bell in, 66, p66; National key legislation, 381; leader- organized labor, 609–10; types of Constitution Center in, p64–65; ship, 380–81; legislative ses- unions, 609–10 Second Continental Congress sion, 381; organization, 380–81, original jurisdiction, 244, 249 in, 54; settlement of, 39, m40 c395; powers of the General Otero, María, 554, p554 phishing, 479, crt479 Assembly, 378, c379; qualifica- Our Voice, 523 photographs as primary sources, tions, 380; redistricting, 381; output, 517 p167, p265, p343, p373, p623, statutes, 378 outsourcing of jobs, 636, q636 p699, p753 North Carolina local govern- owners, responsibilities of busi- pigeonholing, 199 ment, 402–05; c404; 406–09; ness to, 617 Pilgrims, 36, 41

862 Index INDEX

Pitcher, Molly product labels

Pitcher, Molly, p55 system, 276; organization of, 221–23, p222; as head of state, plaintiffs: in civil cases, 449, 450, 279–82, c280; president as 218; as legislative leader, 217– 451; in criminal courts, 431 leader of, 218; role of, 273–74; 18; as party leader, 218; quali- plank, 277 in running government, 285, fications of, 209; salary and planning, long-term, 562 p285; single-issue, 275; state benefits, 212, p212; symbolic plantations, development of, 46 and local organization of, c280, role of, q215; term of office, 212; platform, 277 280–81; third, 274–75; two- war powers of, 222. See also spe- plea bargaining, 439 party systems, 273, 275; watch- cific presidents Pledge of Allegiance, 775 dog role of, 286. See also specific press, freedom of the, p121, 122– Plessy, Homer, 258 parties 23, p123, 330. See also media Plessy v. Ferguson, 258, 259, 365; polling places, 295, 296; accessibil- press secretary, 225 reversing, 259 ity of, 292, p292 presumed innocence, 438 plurality, 284 polls, crt 220; exit, 297; public pretrial hearings in civil cases, Plymouth, settlement of, 36, 37, opinion, 306 450–51 m40 poll taxes, elimination of, 137 price adjustment process, 588–89, pocket veto, 202 popular sovereignty, 12, 86–87; g589 police forces, p424–25 356 price ceiling, 589 police protection, local govern- population: changes in, 11; and price floor, 589 ment spending on, 685 demand, 574; diversity of, 8, prices: advantages of, 591–92; cal- political action committees 9–10; growth of, 10; U.S. for- culating unit, 686; comparisons (PACs), 308–9, 334 eign-born, g8 of, p538; controls of, 589; equi- political advertising, 307, 309 Populist Party, 274 librium, 589; markets and, 588– political appointees, 229 pork-barrel projects, crt195, 196 89; measuring changes in, 645, political bias of the media, 331 positive balance of trade, 712–13 p645; of related goods, 575–76; political blogs, 472–73 positive externalities, 632 as signals, p590, 590–92; stabil- political campaigns, 284, 306–7; Postal Service, U.S., 719 ity of, 641–42; supply and, 584; canvassing in, 306; costs of, poverty, 648–49; guidelines and supply and demand and, 623 306; endorsements in, 306–7; programs, 648–49; income price system, 502 expenses of, 307; media cover- assistance and, 649; tax primary: closed, 283, 284; direct, age of, 328; reform of, 309 policies and, 649; welfare 275, 283; open, 283 political campaign finance, 308– programs and, 649–49; primary elections, 283, 301 10; Federal Election Campaign workfare and, 649 primary sources: excerpts of, Act and, 308; future of, 310; Preamble, 80, 95 166–67, 264–265, 342–343, 490– limiting of contributions, 308; precedents, 34, 245, 429 491, 623–624, 698–699, 752–53; media expenses in, 309; public precincts, 281, 295 monuments as, 491, p491; pho- funding in, 308; reluctance for Presidential Election Campaign tographs as, p167, p265, p343, reform, 309; soft money and Fund, 308 623, p623 PACS in, 308–9; sources of presidential elections, 301, 302–4, Princeton (college), 47 money, c309; spending, c309 g303; campaigns in, 302–3 principal, 555, 667 political cartoons, 9, 38, 59, 106, presidential succession, c211, print media, 327 126, 139, 174, 201, 210, 230, 242, 212–13 prior restraint, 329 298, 331, 361, 378, 418, 431, 456, Presidential Succession Act privacy: protecting yourself 465, 493, 512, 533, 557, 566, 604; (1947), 213 against identity theft, 479; interpreting, 756 president pro tempore, 180–81 threats to, 477–78 political debates in 2004, 318 presidents: action on legisla- privacy rights, 126; Patriot Act political machines, 282 tive bills, p199, 202, 210; and, 125 political participation, p273 actions of, in interpretation of private bills, 198 political parties, 273–76; cam- Constitution, 83–84; appoint- private goods, 631 paign reform and, 309; dif- ment powers of, 217; budget private property rights in capital- ferences in, 277; evolution work of, 677; characteristics ism, 529 of, c274; functions of, 284–86; of, 209; as chief diplomat, 217, probable cause, 456 ideological, 275; joining, 282; as p217; as chief executive, 216– probation, 455 link between levels of govern- 17; as commander in chief, 217; Proclamation of 1763, 52 ment, 286; multiparty system, versus the Congress, 221–22; production, choices in, 501–2 276; national organization of, constitutional powers of, 215; productivity, 524, 525; supply and, 279–80, c280; nomination of as economic leader, 218; elec- 584 candidates, 283–84; one-party tion of, 210; foreign policy and, product labels, truth in, 635

Index 863 INDEX

product markets Roosevelt, Theodore

product markets, 522 Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Reno v. American Civil Liberties product-related changes, 575 Education Fund, 444 Union, 481 product safety, 635 punch-card ballots, 297 representative democracy, 24, 86 profit motive, 583–84 Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), representative government, 36 progressive income tax, 692 540 reprieve, 217 Progressive Party, 272, 275 Puritans, 41–42, 45, 47 republic, 24 progressive taxes, 678; income, push polls, 324 Republican Party, 274, c274; 649 beliefs of, 277; National Prohibitionist Party, 275 Convention of, p278; national prohibitions, 431 convention of, p208; split of, by Project Hidden GEMS (Giving, Progressive Party, 272; Web site Quakers, Educating, Making Solutions), settlement of for, 472 648 Pennsylvania, 39, 42 reserved powers, 89 quantity demanded, change in, propaganda, 307, 336; bandwagon, reserve requirements, 665 576 336; endorsement, 336; glit- resident aliens, 19 Quartering Act, 52 tering generality, 336; just resources: cost of, and supply, 584; quotas, 708 plain folks, 336; home-calling, natural, 517 336; transfer, 336; of extremist résumés, writing, 579 groups, 476 Revels, Hiram, 361 property, crimes against, 432 revenues, 678; in federal budget, property tax, 682 racial profiling, 143 678–79, g679; in local govern- proportional tax, 678 Raleigh, North Carolina, 362, p374 ment, 682, c683; marginal, 507; proprietary colony, 39 Rather, Dan, 331 measuring, 508; in state gov- proprietorships, 601 rational buying decisions, 536 ernment, 682, c683; total, 507; prosecution, 453 rational choices, 499 types of, 507–8 public agenda, 327 Reading Social Studies, 172–73, Rhatican, Bill, 130 public bills, 198 422–23, 494–95; Making Rhode Island: decision not public education, North Carolina, Inferences, 626–27; Monitoring to attend Constitutional 398–99 and Clarifying, 702–3; Convention, 72; founding of, public employee unions, 613 Summarizing information, 39; ratification of Constitution, public goods, providing, 631–32, 268–69 78; settlement of, 42 p632 Reagan, Nancy, as first lady, 228 Rice, Condoleezza, 221, p221 public interest groups, 334 Reagan, Ronald, 71; incapacity rice, growth of, 46 public laws, 431 of, during surgery, 213; public right-to-work laws, 610, m610 public library, censorship rights opinion of, g320; quotas under, Roberts, John G., Jr., p187, p236– of, over Internet information, 708 37, p249, 250; view of court 189 real GDP, 638, 639 role, q249 public officials, public opinion recall, 301; of products, 635 Roberts, Gallatin, 362 and, 320 recessions, 639 Rockefeller, John D., 169, p633 public opinion, 319–22; diversity Reed v. Reed, c258 Rockefeller, Nelson A., presiden- of, 319; features of, 321–22; referendum, 275, 301 tial succession and, 213 interest groups and, 321; mea- Reform Party, 275 Rockefeller Foundation, 169 suring, 322–24; media and, 320, refugees, 19, 738 Roe v. Wade, c258 p321; pre-election approval rat- regressive taxes, 678–79 roll-call vote, 202 ings and, g320; public officials Regulators, 350, p350, q372 Roman law, c34, 428–29 and, 321; role of, 319; sources regulatory boards and commis- Roosevelt, Eleanor, 224 of, 319–21 sions, 229 Roosevelt, Franklin D.: creation public opinion polls, 306, 323; rehabilitation, 462 of Executive Office, 225; on problems with, 324; push, 324; Rehnquist, William, q189, 250 democracy, q747; presidential random sampling in, 323; sup- religion, freedom of, p121, 121–22, succession and, c211; public port for, 324; work of pollsters p122 opinion and, q319; on role of in, 323 religious dissenters, 41–42 government, q699; term of public policy, 22 religious diversity of immigrants, office and, 212; on voting, q153, public safety, p23 9–10 293 public services, government pro- religious institutions, 13 Roosevelt, Theodore: in election vision of, 22 religious toleration, 41, 47 of 1912, p272; on role of execu- public works, 196 remanding the case, 245 tive branch, 265, p265

864 Index INDEX

Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana standing committees

Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana, 194, p194 security: government provision of, Small Business Administration, Rothstein, Barbara Jacobs, q464 22; versus liberty, crt86 600 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 25, 35 segregation, 140 Smith, Adam, 531, 622, 726 royal colony, 39 seizures, 613 Smith, Margaret Chase, 264, q264 Ruffin, Thomas, 393 select and special committees, Smith v. Allwright, c294 Rule of 72, 558 c181 Snowe, Olympia, q195 rule of law, 87 self-government, colonial tradi- social contract, 35, 56 Russian Federation Constitution, tions of, 36–37 The Social Contract, 35 752 self-incrimination, 128 social institutions, 13 Rwanda, genocide in, 745 Senate, U.S., 180; Government socialism, 717, 718 Affairs Committee, 480; lead- Socialist Labor Party, 275 ers of, 180–81; powers of, 187; social responsibility, 618 qualification for, 191; stand- Social Security, 678; privatization ing committees of, c181; treaty of, p676 Sage, Margaret Olivia Slocum, soft money, 308–9 168 approval by, 222 Senatorial courtesy, 246 Somalia, UN activities in, 741 Sage, Russell, Foundation, 168 Sons of Liberty, 52 Salem, witchcraft trials in, 42 Seneca Falls Declaration, 772 Senior Companions, 162 Souter, David, p248, p249 sales taxes, 682; holiday, p681 South Africa, fight for rights in, salutary neglect, 51 Senior Corps, c161, 162 seniority system in Congress, 182 746 Salzano, Frank, p306 Southern Colonies: agriculture in, San Francisco, p408; “Spare the sentencing: in criminal case, 454–55, 458; in juvenile justice 46, p46; economy in, m45, 46, Air” days in, 408 p46; settlement of, 39; slavery sanitation, local government system, 463; mandatory, 454 separate but equal doctrine, 258 in, 43 spending on, 685 Soviet Union: collapse of, separation of powers, 35, 88 722–23; savings: decision making on, 554, end of domination, 748; satel- September 11, 2001, terrorism p554; defined, 553; earning lites of, 747–48 attacks on, 681 interest on, 554; rate of, g555; Spaight, Richard Dobbs, 353 service cooperatives, 606 reasons for, 553–54; types of, spam, controlling on Internet, service economy, 10 555–56 crt481 services, 517 savings account, 555, c556, 667; Spanish, settlement of, in Seventeenth Amendment, 111–12, interest on, 555 Southwest, 8 savings and loan associations c135, 136 Speaker of the House, 180 (S&L), 658 Seventh Amendment, 131 special assessments, 682 savings and loan crisis, 669 sewage, local government spend- special districts in North Savings Bonds, U.S., c556 ing on, 685 Carolina, 409 Scalia, Antonin, p249 Sharp, Susie, q371 special elections, 301 scarce goods, obtaining, 707 Shays, Daniel, 70 special-interest groups, 199 scarcity, p498, 501–2 Shays’s Rebellion, 70 specialization, 524–25, 708 Schawb, Susan, p228 Sherman, Roger, 75 speculation, 642 school-based programs, 160 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 633 speech: freedom of, p121, 122, schools: attending, 152; computer shipbuilding, 45 124, 310, 329; Internet, 481–85. access and, g484; Internet shock incarceration, 455 crt481; limiting free, in schools, access at, 476, 485–86, p486; shortages, 589 132, 325, 482; punishment of limiting free speech in, 132, Sierra Club, 333, 334 students for blog, 464, q464 325, 482. See also education Sierra Leone, UN activities in, 741 spenders, types of, 560–61 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, p290–91 simple interest, 510 “The Spirit of Liberty” (Hand), Scott, Matt, 730 single-issue parties, 275 166–67 search warrants, 127–28, 438 Sixteenth Amendment, 111, c135 spoils system, 230 seatbelts, laws requiring wearing, Sixth Amendment, 108, c127, 128– Stalin, Joseph, 26 crt449 29, 435, c436, 439–40, 459 Stamp Act Congress (1765), 52; Second Amendment, 107, 130 slander, 124 repeal of, 52 Second Bank of the United slave codes, 48 Standard and Poor’s (S&P), 558, States, 668 slavery, beginnings of, 43 643–44 Second Continental Congress, 54, slaves, counting, of, in population, Standard Oil Company, 633 56, 67, 68 p75 standards of living, raising, 744 secret ballots, 297 slave trade, 9 standing committees, 181, c181

Index 865 INDEX

standing vote tort law

standing vote, 202 of, 586; law of, 581, c582; mar- c294; State v. Mann, 393; Swann Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, ket, 584 v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Nineteenth Amendment and, supply and demand, crt588 Education, 367, 394, q394; Tinker 136 supply curve, g582, 583 v. Des Moines School District, stare decisis, 257, 436 supply schedule, 581, c582 132, p132, 325; Worcester v. “Star-Spangled Banner,” 770 supremacy clause, 90 Georgia, 253 State, U.S. Department of, c227 Supreme Court, U.S., 248–59; surplus, 588–89 state constitutions, 67 background of justices, 251; Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg state court system, p367, 367–68; caseload of, 255, g255; court Board of Education, 367, 394, appellate courts, 368; general docket for, 255; decision mak- q394 trial courts, 368; municipal ing in, 256–59; in interpretation courts, 368; organization of, of Constitution, 83; jurisdiction 367–68, c368; selection of of, 299; justices on role of, 265, judges, 369; supreme court, 368 p265; in juvenile justice sys- state executive branch: depart- tem, 463; limits on, 253; under Taliban, 746–47 ments in, 365; governors in, Marshall, 252, 253, 532; opinion Tammany Hall, 282 p362, p363, 363–64, c364 writing in, 256; oral argu- Taney, Rogert B., 144, q144 state government, 23, 348; debt ments in, 256; organization and tariffs, 708 of, following Revolution, 70; duties, 250; powers of, 251–53; tastes, changes in, and demand, expenditures of, g683, 684; selection of cases, 256; selection 575 powers of, c89; revenues of, of justices, 250; under Taney, taxes: colonists resentment of 682, c683 144; written arguments in, 256 British, 53; on e-commerce, 485; state judicial branch. See state supreme Court, U.S. cases: forms of, 678–79; income, 682; court system Ashcroft v. American Civil paying, 151–52; progressive, state legislatures, 67 Liberties Union, 482; Bayard v. 678; progressive income, 692; state lemon laws, 183, p183, c183 Singleton, 392; Bethel School property, 682; proportional, state lottery, North Carolina, 399 District v. Fraser, 132; Betts 678; regressive, 678–79; sales, states: electoral votes and, 302–4; v. Brady, 459; Brandenburg v. 682; sources of, 155; supply political party organization, Ohio, c258; Brown v. Board of and, 584; uses of, 155 280, c280 Education of Topeka, Kansas, 140, Tea Act, 53 State v. Mann, 393 141, c142, c258, 259; Buckley Team Panda, 17 statutes, 429 v. Valeo, 308; Bush v.Gore, 257, technology, supply and, 584 statutory law, c34, p433, 434 c258; DeJonge v. Oregon, c258; Templeton, John M., 168 Steel Authority of India Limited Dred Scott v. Sandford, 144, p144; Temporary Assistance for Needy (SAIL), p704–5 United States v. Eichman, c258; Families (TANF), 649 Stevens, John Paul, p249, 310 Endo, Ex parte, q239; Engel v. Ten Commandments, 428, 490, stock exchanges, p643, 644 Vitale, c258; Furman v. Georgia, q490 stockholders, 604 440; Gibbons v. Ogden, c258, 532; Tenth Amendment, 108, 131 stock market, economy and, 644 Gideon v. Wainwright, 439, 459; terrorists, 476; attacks of 2002, 51 stock market indexes, 643–44 Gitlow v. New York, 135; Gratz testimonial in advertising, c560 stocks, 557, p557, 604; reasons for v. Bollinger, 143; Hazelwood testimony in criminal cases, 457 changes in prices of, 643–44 School District v. Kuhlmeier, Third Amendment, 107, 130 StreamCast Internetworks, 483 132, 325, 482; Hoke v. State, 393; third parties, 274–75; independent strikes, 612 Klopfer v. North Carolina, 351; candidates and, 275; leading Students Against Destructive Mapp v. Ohio, 438; Marbury v. presidential candidates, c276; Decisions (SADD), 432 Madison, 252, c258, 260, p260; obstacles to, 275 Student Voting Rights, 85 McConnell v. Federal Election Thirteenth Amendment, 110, 134, subsidies, 585, 684 Commission, 309, 310; McCulloch c135 substitutes, 575–76, 577; changes v. Maryland, c258, 650; Metro- Thomas, Clarence, p248, p249 in, 576 Goldwyn-Mayer v. Grokster, 484; Three-Fifths Compromise, 75 suffrage movement, 295 Miranda v. Arizona, 438; Near Thurmond, Strom, c276 summarizing, 268–69 v. Minnesota, c258; New York Tinker v. Des Moines School summons in civil cases, 450 Times Co. v. Sullivan, 330; Plessy District, 132, p132, 325 Supplemental Security Income v. Ferguson, 258, 259; Reed v. tobacco, growth of, 46 (SSI), 649 Reed, c258; Reno v. American Tocqueville, Alexis de, 162, 166 supply, 566; changes in, p583, c584, Civil Liberties Union, 481; Roe v. tolerance, 154 584–85; defined, 581; elasticity Wade, c258; Smith v. Allwright, tort law, 433

866 Index INDEX

torts war against terror

torts, 433 Twenty-third Amendment, 115, Vice President, 212, 228; as presi- total costs, 507 c135, 136, c294 dent pro tempore, 180–81 totalitarian governments, 26; pop- two-party systems, 273, 275 Vietnam, economy of, 721, p721 ulation living under, g746 Tyler, John, assumption of powers Villaraigosa, Antonio, p307 total revenue, 507 of president, 84, 212 Virginia: conflict over land in, 42. town meetings, 32, p32, 37, See also Jamestown Townshend Acts (1767a), 52 Virginia Company, 36 trade: slave, 9; triangular, 43. See Virginia Plan, 74–75 also international trade voice vote, 202 unaffiliated candidates, 284 trade agreements, 710 volunteerism, p148–49, 156, p156, unanimous opinion, 256 trade deficit, crt710, 713; effects 158, g161, c161 unemployment, 640; benefits of, of, 713 voter registration, p6, 293, p293, 692; business cycle and, g642; trade-offs, economic, p504, 504–5 295 rates of, 649 trade sanctions, 223 Voters’ Information Bulletin, 298 unicameral legislature, 351 trade surplus, 713 votes: counting, 297; importance uniform ballots, 315 trade unions, 609 of, 298–99; recounting of, 301 unions, 608, p608, crt609; arrange- traditional economies, 724 voting: absentee, p15, 297; comput- ments of, 610; craft or trade, Transportation, U.S. Department erized, 315; early restrictions 609; industrial, 609; local, 609; of, c227 on, 293; on issues, 301; by mail, national, 610; negotiations and, treason, 17, 50 315; making improvements in, 611–12; public employee, 613; Treasury, U.S. Department of, 315; qualifications for, 293; rea- trends in, g612; types of, 609–10 c227, p654–55, p656 sons for, 299; reasons for not, union shops, 610 treasury bills, notes, and bonds, 299; as responsibility, 153; steps United Nations: activities of, 741– 558 in, 295–97 42; charter of, 740; goals of, treaties, approval of, 222 voting machines: electronic, 314; 740; human rights and, 744–45; trials: bench, 439, 457; in civil lever, 315; optical scan, 314; organization of, c741; spread cases, 451; criminal, 451; in punch card, 315; types of, of democracy and liberty and, criminal cases, 451, 457; jury, 296–97 745–46 457; in juvenile justice system, voting rights, p290; for African United Nations’ Day, 740 463; mock, 448, p448; right to, Americans, p133, p134, p296, United States: attorneys of, 247; 439 342; extension of, 342–43; for international trade and, 735 triangular trade, 43 Native Americans, 342; for unit prices, calculating, 686 trough, economic, 638 women, 342 Universal Declaration of Human Truman, Harry S., 234; civil rights Voting Rights Act (1965), 142, Rights, 744–45 movement and, 140; foreign c142, 143, 197, c294, 343 USA Freedom Corps, c161, 162 policy of, q221; presidential Voting Rights Act Amendments USA Patriot Act, online surveil- succession and, c211; use of (1970), c294 lance and, 478 executive orders, 216–17 Voting Rights Act Amendments USS North Carolina, p345–46 Tryon Palace, p348 (1975), c294 utility: diminishing marginal, 572; Tryon, William, 350, p350 Voting Rights Act Amendments market, 570, 572 Tweed, William Marcy, 282 (1982), c294 Twelfth Amendment, 109, c135 Voting Rights Act Twentieth Amendment, 113–14, Reauthorization and c135 Amendments Act (2006), c294 Voting Rights Language Twenty-fifth Amendment, 84, values, 11; basic American, 12; Assistance Act (1992), c294 115–16, c135, c211, 213 shared, 12 Twenty-first Amendment, 83, 114, Vance, Zebulon Baird, p385 c135 vandalism, 432 Twenty-fourth Amendment, 115, variable costs, p506, 506–7 c135, 137, 167, c294 Ventura, Jesse, p275 wages, crt639 Twenty-second Amendment, 114, verdict in criminal cases, 458 Wainwright, Louie, 459 c135 Veterans Affairs, U.S. Department Wainwright, William, p380 Twenty-seventh Amendment, 117, of, 226, c227 Walker, Madam C. J., 169 c135 Veterans Day, celebration of, 14, Wallace, George, c276 Twenty-sixth Amendment, 116– p14 wants, 499, p499 17, c135, p136, 137, 167, c294 veto, 202; pocket, 202 war against terror, q748

Index 867 INDEX

wards Zweifel, John and Jan

wards, 281 Whiskey Rebellion, 223 World Wide Web, 471, 475. See also War Powers Resolution, 217 White, Byron R., q325 Internet warrants: arrest, 456; search, 127– White House, 234–35, p234–35 Wright, Matthew, p190 28, 438 White House Office, 225 writ of certiorari, 256 warranty, 542 Wi-Fi, 731 writ of habeas corpus, 188, 436 Washington, D.C., p170–71 William and Mary, College of, writs of assistance, 52 Washington, George: cabi- 47–48 Wyoming, voting rights for net of, 227; as delegate at William III, King of England, 33 women in, 136 Constitutional Convention, Williams, Roger, 42 72; Farewell Address of 1796, Williamsburg, Virginia, capitol 273, 770; as first president, 209, at, p36 215, 650; as presiding officer Williamson, Hugh, 353 Yahoo®, 478; birth of, 483 at Constitutional Convention, Wilmington, North Carolina, 352 Yang, Jerry, 483, p483 73; putdown of Whiskey Wilson, Woodrow: Fourteen Points, Yellowstone National Park, p198 Rebellion, 223; Shays’s 776; on democracy, q747; pro- YMCA Youth and Government Rebellion and, 70; term of posing bills to Congress, 84 mock trial program, 448, p448 office and, 212 York, Duke of, 39 Washington Business Week winner-take-all system, 210, 303, Young, Don, q714 (WBW), 668, p668 304 Youth Authority Juvenile boot water supply, local government women: in American Revolution, camps, 460, p460 spending on, 685 p55; lack of rights for married, youth offenders, p460, 460–63; water use, projected, m737 48; voting rights for, 136, 342 counseling for, p461 The Wealth of Nations (Smith), See also specific women 531 Women, Infants, and Children weasel words in advertising, c560 (WIC), 648–49 Web sites, 471; grassroots, 473 Worcester v. Georgia, 253 welfare, 158; programs of, 648–49 workfare, 649 Zenger, John Peter, 123, p123, 433 Wells-Barnett, Ida, 433–34 World Trade Organization Zweifel, John and Jan, model of Whig party, c274; origin of, 273 (WTO), 223, 710, 721 White House, 234–35, p234–35

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Reeder/ CORBIS; 344 Stephen Saks Photography/Alamy; 348 Wendell Metzen/ Pool/Reuters/CORBIS, (c)Bruce Roberts/Photo Researchers, (b)MPI/Getty JupiterImages; 350 North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Images; 352 John Images; 148 Dima Gavrysh/AP Images; 150 John Sandy Santucci/AP Images; Warden/SuperStock; 354 Kevin Fleming/CORBIS; 355 356 Bettmann/CORBIS; 151 Bod Daemmrich/PhotoEdit; 152 (t)Nicole Robinson,(b)Ben Baker; 153 357 (l)Courtesy Massachusetts Historical Society; (r)Stockbyte/CORBIS; 359 (t)Brand X Pictures/PunchStock, (c)Bob Daemmrich; 155 (t)The McGraw-Hill John D. Simmons/AP Images; 360 (l)Bob Jordan/AP Images; (r)Stringer/Getty Companies, Inc./Emily and David Tietz, (b)StudiOhio; 156 Marc Lester/AP Images; 361 Duane Powell/Creators Syndicate; 362 Nancy Pierce; 364 365 Jack Images; 157 Ben Sklar/AP Images; 158 Marshall Ramsey/Copley News Service; Moebes/CORBIS; 366 Courtesy Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum at Historic 159 Getty Images; 160 James L. Amos/CORBIS; 163 (t)Las Cruces Sun-News, Palmer Memorial Institute; 368 Bettmann/CORBIS; 369 (l)Dawson Jones/Stock Norm Dettlaff/AP Images, (bl)Joe Rowley/AP Images, (br)Peter Turnley/ Boston; (r)Photo by David Eck; 373 (l)Marc Brasz/CORBIS; 373 (t)AP Images; CORBIS; 166 167 Bettmann/CORBIS; 168 (t)Comstock, Culver Pictures, (r)Bettmann/CORBIS; 374 Richard Cummins/Lonely Planet Images; 376 Gerry (br)Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; 169 (t)Brooks Kraft/CORBIS, (c)Ethan Broome/AP Images; 378 Duane Powell/Creators Syndicate; 380 Gerry Broome/ Miller/Getty Images, (bl)Time Life Pictures/Getty Images, (br)Bettmann/ AP Images; 382 Chuck Beckley/AP Images; 383 L. Mueller/The Charlotte CORBIS; 170 Matthew Borkoski/Index Stock; 174 Lester Lefkowitz/Getty Observer/AP Images; 384 (t)Courtesy Prateek Pere-da-Silva; (b)Gerry Broome/ Images; 176 Steve Warmowski/Jacksonville Journal-Courier/The Image Works; AP Images; 385 (t)Dennis Cook/AP Images; (b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 386 Karen 177 Roberto Schmidt/AFP/Getty Images; 180 Mark Wilson/Getty Images; 184 Tam/AP Images; 388 Scott Sharpe/AP Images; 389 Gerry Broome/AP Images; David McNew/Getty Images; 185 U.S. Navy photo; 186 (t)Department of the 394 Will & Deni McIntyre/CORBIS; 399 (t)Courtesy TIME; (b)Gerry Bloome/ Army, (b)Department of the Navy; 187 Jason Reed/Reuters/CORBIS; 189 Bob AP Images; 400 Billy E Barnes/PhotoEdit; 402 Chuck Liddy/The News & Daemmrich/PhotoEdit; 190 Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images; 191 Mark Observer/AP Images; 403 Bita Emrani; 406 Kevin Fleming/CORBIS; 410 Will Humphrey/AP Images; 192 Mike Theiler/Getty Images; 193 (t)Sarah Seufer, & Deni McIntyre/CORBIS; 417 (l)Billy E Barnes/PhotoEdit; (r)Thinkstock/ (b)Chuck Kennedy/KRT/Newscom; 194 Courtesy Ileana Ros-Lehtinen; 195 fotosearch; 418 John Cole/ncpolicywatch.com; 420 Bob Daemmrich/PhotoEdit; Michael Ramirez/Copley News Service; 197 William Lovelace/Express/Getty 424 Nancy Richmond/The Image Works; 426 Kat Wade/San Francisco Images; 198 Richard Broadwell/Alamy; 199 Bettmann/CORBIS; 203 (t)PCL/ Chronicle/CORBIS; 427 Gibson Stock Photography; 430 LOU KRASKY/AP Alamy, (c)Jurgen Vogt/Getty Images; 205 Mark Cullum/Copley News Service; Images; 431 Cumberland Times-News, Steve Bittner/AP Images; 432 (t)Lee 206 Brooks Kraft/CORBIS; 208 Charles Dharapak/AP Images; 209 Susan Anderlite/Stage 3 Productions, (b)Grantpix/Index Stock; 433 Dennis Walsh/AP Images; 210 Reuters/CORBIS; 211 (inset) Hulton Archive, (others) MacDonald/PhotoEdit; 435 Bettmann/CORBIS; 437 Steve Breen/Copley News White House Historical Association; 212 Alex Wong/Getty Images; 214 Susan Service; 438 Fat Chance Productions/CORBIS, (inset)Comstock Images/Alamy; Walsh/AP Images; 216 Courtesy AMillionThanks.org; 217 Mandel Ngan/ 441 (t)Robertstock, (b)Las Cruces Sun-News, Norm Dettlaff/AP Images; 446 AFP/Getty Images; 219 Tim Graham Picture Library/AP Images; 220 Marshall Andre Jenny/Alamy; 448 Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 449 Chris Britt/Copley Ramsey/Copley News Service; 221 Brooks Kraft/CORBIS; 222 Evan F. Sisley- News Service; 452 Danny Johnston/AP Images; 453 Bob Daemmrich/The

Acknowledgments 869 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Image Works; 455 Ramin Talaie/CORBIS; 456 Mikael Karlsson/Arresting Images, (c)M. Spencer Green/AP Images, (b)Gerry Broome/AP Images; 622 The Images; 459 AP Images; 460 A. Ramey/PhotoEdit; 461 Larry Kolvoord/The Granger Collection, New York; 623 David Duprey/AP Images; 624 Chris Image Works; 462 Katja Heinemann/Aurora Photos; 464 SARGENT ©2005 Daniels/CORBIS; 627 Sam C. Pierson, Jr./Photo Researchers; 628 Bill Pogue/ Austin American-Statesman; 465 (t)Richard Lord/PhotoEdit, (c b)Bob Getty Images; 630 Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images; 631 NASA; 633 Bettmann/ Daemmrich; 468 Peter Hvizdak/The Image Works; 470 Mario Tama/Getty CORBIS; 634 Shawn Thew/epa/CORBIS; 636 Steve Raymer/CORBIS; 637 Joe Images; 471 China Photos/Getty Images; 472 The Plain Dealer, Marvin Fong/ AP Images; 474 Paul Sakuma/AP Images; 475 Ken James/CORBIS; 476 Tabacca/Bloomberg News/Landov; 639 Gary Markstein/Copley News Service; Reuters/CORBIS; 480 Mannie Garcia/Reuters/CORBIS; 481 Gary Markstein/ 641 US Air Force Museum; 643 AP Images; 646 Mario Villafuerte/Getty Copley News Service; 482 Tom Sobolik; 483 Everett Kennedy Brown/epa/ Images; 647 Spencer Platt/Getty Images; 648 Courtesy Erika Herman; 650 CORBIS; 485 Ed Kashi/CORBIS; 487 (t)Mel Evans/AP Images, (c)Ken James/ Mark Burnett/Stock Boston; 651 (t)William Manning/CORBIS, (bl)Gary CORBIS, (b)Reuters/CORBIS; 489 Tribune Media Services, Inc.; 491 Photri; 492 Conner/PhotoEdit, (br)Warren Morgan/CORBIS; 654 656 James Leynse/ Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit; 495 Frank Siteman/PhotoEdit; 496 Wendell Metzen/ CORBIS; 657 Canadian Press, David Boily/AP Images; 658 (t)Michael Index Stock; 498 Paul Sancya/AP Images; 499 Rick Bowmer/AP Images; 500 Houghton, StudiOhio; 660 PAUL J. RICHARDS/AFP/Getty Images; 661 Cynthia Johnson/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; 503 Dan Reiland/AP Hisham Ibrahim/Getty Images; 663 Michael Ramirez/Copley News Service; Images; 504 David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 505 Steve Breen/Copley News 666 667 Bettmann/CORBIS; 668 (t)©Gavin Seim Photography, (b)Courtesy Service; 506 Author’s Image - Celestial Panoramas Ltd/Alamy; 507 (b)Courtesy Jessica Painter; 508 Robert Glusic/Getty Images; 511 (tl)David Frazier/ Washington Business Week; 671 (t)Rob Crandall/Stock Boston, (c)Mark PhotoEdit, (tr)Don Ryan/AP Images, (b)Wally Santana/AP Images; 514 Andy Burnett/Stock Boston, (b)AP Images; 674 Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 676 Sacks/Getty Images; 516 Mike Cardew/Akron Beacon Journal/AP Images; 517 Manuel Balce Ceneta/AP Images; 677 Kevin Lamarque/Reuters; 678 Spencer Jeff Greenberg/The Image Works; 520 Elliott Minor/AP Images; 521 Justin Grant/PhotoEdit; 681 Jamie Martin/AP Images; 683 Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit; Sullivan/Getty Images; 523 (t)Anthony Gray, (b)Courtesy Ohio Fair Schools 684 William Thomas Cain/Getty Images; 687 Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images; Campaign; 524 Brownie Harris/CORBIS; 527 Catherine Karnow/CORBIS; 528 689 Michael Ramirez/Copley News Service; 691 Fred Ricard; 693 (t)Digital Gary Markstein/Copley News Service; 529 Courtesy Liberty Power; 530 The Vision, (cl)JupiterImages/ComStock, (cr)Kevin Lamarque/Reuters, (bl)Spencer 532 Granger Collection, New York; The Art Archive/Museum of the City of Grant/PhotoEdit, (br)William Thomas Cain/Getty Images; 696 AFP/Getty New York; 533 (t)Myrleen Ferguson Cate/PhotoEdit, (bl)Spencer Grant/Stock 699 Boston, (br)AP Images; 536 Rob Gage; 538 David Young-Wolff/Photo Edit; 539 Images; (t)Kevin Wolf/United States Mint/AP Images (c b)Bettmann/ Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 540 Scott Olson/Getty Images; 541 Rich CORBIS; 700 Richard Cummins/CORBIS; 703 IT Stock Free/JupiterImages; 704 Pedroncelli/AP Images; 542 Mango Productions/CORBIS; 544 Ken Ruinard/ Indiapicture/Alamy; 706 Mike Clarke/AFP/Getty Images; 707 Ahn Youngjoon/ AP Images; 545 Bill Aron/PhotoEdit; 546 Chris Britt/Copley News Service; AP Images; 710 Scott Stantis/Copley News Service; 712 Elmer Martinez/AFP/ 547 Jerry Arcieri/CORBIS; 550 551 C Squared Studios; 552 David Duprey/AP Getty Images; 714 British Petrolium Handout/epa/CORBIS; 715 Jorge Rey/AP Images; 553 Creatas/SuperStock, (inset)Thomas Northcut/Getty Images; 554 Images; 717 KCNA/epa/CORBIS; 721 Kham Kham/CN/Reuters; 723 Reuters/ Rohanna Mertens for ACCION International; 557 Daniel Acker/Bloomberg CORBIS; 724 (t)Courtesy Global Kids, (b)Joe Robinson; 727 (t)Ahn Youngjoon/ News/Landov; 559 Robert Jordan/AP Images; 561 (t)Tim Byrne; 563 (t)Barry AP Images, (c)KCNA/epa/CORBIS, (b)Jorge Rey/AP Images; 732 Silvia Austin Photography/Getty Images, (bl)Directphoto.org/Alamy, (br)Spencer Izquierdo/AP Images; 734 Guang Niu/Reuters/CORBIS; 735 KIM JAE- Grant/PhotoEdit; 566 Denis Poroy/AP Images; 568 Pat Wellenbach/AP Images; 569 Paul Sakuma/AP Images; 570 Gary Heatherly; 573 Ron Heflin/AP HWAN/AFP/Getty Images; 736 (t)fuse-project, (b)Courtesy of Cosmos Ignite Images; 574 Tom Carter/PhotoEdit; 577 Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit; 580 George Innovations; 737 Courtesy Inveneo, 739 Ahmad Masood/REUTERS/Landov; Nikitin/AP Images; 581 Spencer Platt/Getty Images; 583 Al Grillo/AP Images; 740 (t)Susan Liebold, (b)Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit; 743 Gideon Mendel/ 585 Mike Fiala/AP Images; 587 AP Images; 588 Sidney Harris/ CORBIS; 744 Marco Di Lauro/Getty Images; 747 Michael Ramirez/Copley ScienceCartoonsPlus.com; 590 David Zalubowski/AP Images, (inset)Don News Service; 749 (t) KIM JAE-HWAN/AFP/Getty Images, (c)IT Stock Free/ Ryan/AP Images; 591 Trek Bikes; 593 (t)Phil Klein/CORBIS, (bl)Mark Richards/ JupiterImages, (b)Marco Di Lauro/Getty Images; 753 Thaier Al-Sudani/Reuters/ PhotoEdit, (br)CORBIS; 597 George Hall/CORBIS; 598 Jeff Greenberg/Index CORBIS; 757 Gary Markstein/Copley News Service; 758 Dennis MacDonald/ Stock; 600 Dick Blume/The Image Works; 602 Jeremy Horner/CORBIS; 603 PhotoEdit; 760 Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 763 Koji Sasahara/AP Images; Justin Sullivan/Getty Images; 604 Skip Nall/Getty Images; 605 Carlos Osorio/ 772 National Portrait Gallery/Smithsonian Institution, Art Resource; 773 AP Images; 608 Keith Srakocic/AP Images; 609 Michael Ramirez/Copley News Service; 610 Paul Sancya/AP Images; 611 Arthur Schatz/Time Life Pictures/ Smithsonian Institution; 774 Mark Burnett; 775 (t)Denver Art Museum (b) Getty Images; 612 Michael Siluk/The Image Works; 614 Mike Stewart/Time CORBIS; 777 CORBIS; 778 CORBIS; 779 Flip Schulke/CORBIS; 790 CORBIS; Life Pictures/Getty Images; 615 Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit; 616 Business Wire/ 791 Bettmann/CORBIS; 797 798 799 800 White House Historical Association; Getty Images; 617 Courtesy Fuzzy Feet Foundation; 619 (t)Seth Perlman/AP 801 White House Historical Association, (br)Bush 2000 Campaign.

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