DOCSLIB.ORG

A Minimalist Model and Computational Toolkit for Code Switching

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

A Minimalist Model and Computational Toolkit for Code Switching Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Wong, Zechy Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 07:36:49 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/636606 A MINIMALIST MODEL AND COMPUTATIONAL TOOLKIT FOR CODE SWITCHING by Zechy Wong Copyright © Zechy Wong 2019 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Seeing an undertaking like this one through to completion is a daunting task under the best of circumstances, and there are many, many people without whom this work would not have been possible. Thank you to my dissertation committee, Sandiway Fong, Heidi Harley and Mike Hammond, for generously giving of your time and expertise throughout the writing process. Thank you for continuing to believe in the value of this project whenever I started to doubt it myself, and for all our little chats not just about linguistics, but about life as well. This dissertation would not be half the work it is now without your insightful comments and the many fruitful discussions, both professional and personal, that we’ve had. Thank you also to the other faculty members, supervisors, and colleagues who helped pave the way in one way or another: To Noam Chomsky, for taking the time to discuss and provide crucial feedback on the project even while it was still in its infancy and hardly fleshed-out yet; to Simin Karimi, who served on my prelim committee and encouraged me not to forget my theoretical syntax roots; to Peter Jansen, who served on my prelim and oral comps committees, and who first helped me secure a research assist- antship outside the Linguistics department; to Mihai Surdeanu, Clayton Morrison, Gus Hahn-Powell (congratulations on the new appointment!), Marco Valenzuela-Escárcega, Dane Bell, Enrique Noriega-Atala, and the members of the CLU and ML4AI labs for treating me as one of their own; to Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini and Andy Wedel for taking me on as a TA; to 3 Amy Fountain for taking me on as a TA and an RA multiple times, and for providing the warmest welcome to the department a first-year could have hoped for; to Natasha Warner, Diana Archangeli, Adam Ussishkin, and Cecile McKee for providing support and practical guidance at various stages of the programme; to Marian Wiseley, Kimberley Young, Stephanie Amado, and Shayna Walker for keeping the business side of things running smoothly and accommodating the occasional odd administrative or logistical request. Thank you to my cohort mates and fellow grad students, past and present, for your friendship and moral support. To Bill, Colleen, Joe, Leah, Ryan, Shannon, Skye, and Stanley: Thank you for being such excellent cohort mates, and for those of you not done yet, hang in there, the end is in sight! To Ana, Daisy, and Louise: May life lead you ever onwards to bigger and better things. To Melodie and Rai: Our time together was brief, but I re- member you fondly every time I look down at the trackball mouse I’ve used every day for the last four years. Wishing nothing but the very best for you and yours; you will not be forgotten. To my fellow Singaporeans, Jianrong and Jian Gang: Thank you for being wonderful, chill housemates, and for always accommodating my last minute requests for Singlish judgements – Rooting for you guys from back home! To everyone at Tucson Chinese Baptist Church, thank you for allowing me into your hearts and your homes. From the youths, to the college group, to the young adults, to the adult English and Mandarin congregations: You have all shown me the value of community, and I will always remember your hospitality and fellowship. It was a pleasure serving alongside and walking through life with each and every one of you. To my family: Thank you for your unwavering support through this whole seemingly interminable process. To my dad, for showing me the value of intellectual curiosity, and to my mum, for showing me the importance of 4 family. To my brothers, with whom I can always share a funny story, an inside joke, or a quick game. To Shana: Thank you for your love and encouragement, especially during the final stages of the programme, and for pushing me to be a better person every day. And thank you for being the kick in the pants I needed to finally get this thing done. To my aunt, 姑姑: Thank you for being the financial guarantor that al- lowed me to get a student visa in the first place; but more importantly, thank you for modelling Christ’s love in your life, even up to the final moments be- fore your passing. I’m glad we got to speak one last time; we all miss you. And I thank God for guiding me to this department, and for all the people I’ve met along the way. This wasn’t initially my first choice of school, but from all I’ve seen, heard, and experienced over these last five and a half years, I can imagine no better fit than exactly where I ended up. May this work make some contribution, in its own little way, to His glory and the edification of all humankind. 5 For Shana, with love. Quaerite ergo primum regnum Dei, et justitiam ejus: et haec omnia adjicientur vobis. 6 CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 9 LIST OF ALGORITHMS 10 ABBREVIATIONS 10 ABSTRACT 12 INTRODUCTION 14 I A MINIMALIST THEORY OF CODE SWITCHING 1 CODE SWITCHING AND THE MINIMALIST PROGRAM 17 1.1 Code switching . 17 1.1.1 Definitions and terminology . 17 1.1.2 Previous accounts . 20 1.2 The Minimalist Program . 23 1.2.1 The derivational process: Merge, the Workspace, and Phases . 25 1.2.2 The semantic and external interfaces . 28 1.2.3 Lexical items, syntactic objects, and features . 31 1.3 English-Chinese code switching . 33 1.4 Summary and research questions . 37 2 CODE SWITCHING IN SINGAPORE 39 2.1 Why Singapore: Proficiency and prestige . 39 2.1.1 English and Mandarin in Singapore . 41 2.1.2 Code switching and Singapore English . 43 2.1.3 Mandarin vs. the other Chinese dialects . 47 2.2 Why corpus data: The SEAME corpus . 49 7 2.3 Summary . 51 3 THE SYNTAX OF CODE SWITCHING 53 3.1 Where is code switching allowed? . 53 3.2 Where is code switching not allowed? . 59 3.2.1 Redundant functional items . 59 3.2.2 The Elsewhere Principle . 62 3.2.3 Within single lexical items and idioms . 67 3.3 Calques revisited . 70 3.4 Word order effects . 74 3.4.1 Relative clauses . 75 3.4.2 Temporal adverbials . 81 3.5 Summary . 83 II COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING PLATFORM 4 THE CODE SWITCHING TOOLKIT 86 4.1 Introduction and rationale . 86 4.2 Architecture and interface . 89 4.3 Derivational engine components . 95 4.4 Default parameters . 99 4.5 Example derivation . 105 4.6 Summary . 111 III CONCLUSION AND APPENDICES 5 CONCLUSION 114 5.1 Future work . 117 A SEAME CORPUS ID KEY 120 REFERENCES 121 8 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Surface order of English phrases (head-initial) . 30 Figure 1.2 Surface order of Japanese phrases (head-final) . 30 Figure 1.3 Surface order of Chinese phrases (mixed) . 30 Figure 3.1 Structures for * me 的 (de) and 我的 (wǒ de) ‘my’ . 63 Figure 3.2 Structural positions of full DP possessors vs. pro- nominal possessors (adapted from Despić 2015).. 65 Figure 3.3 Analogous structures for relative clauses with Eng- lish and Mandarin relative markers . 77 Figure 4.1 Default UI layout for the CSTK . 90 Figure 4.2 Default admin interface for the CSTK . 91 Figure 4.3 CSTK HTTP API example . 92 Figure 4.4 CSTK client/server network diagram . 94 Figure 4.5 Derivational engine components . 100 Figure 4.6 Redundant internal Merges of direct children . 104 Figure 4.7 LexicalItems example . 106 Figure 4.8 Lexical array example . 107 Figure 4.9 Generated derivational paths . 109 Figure 4.10 CSTK visualisation for intended derivation . 109 Figure 4.11 CSTK visualisations for extra derivations . 110 Figure 4.12 CSTK visualisation for derivation with English items 112 9 LIST OF ALGORITHMS Algorithm 1 DerivationStep processing . 98 Algorithm 2 Default Rule: CoreNoUninterpretable ....... 102 Algorithm 3 Unification function . 102 Algorithm 4 Default Generator: ExternalMerge ......... 104 Algorithm 5 Default Generator: InternalMerge ......... 104 ABBREVIATIONS 1 First Person 3 Third Person ACC Accusative ASP Aspect ASS Assertive CL Classifier EMPH Emphatic FS False Start GEN Genitive 10 HESIT Hesitation MOD Modifier NEG Negation NPR Proper Noun PRO Pronoun PRT Particle PST Past Q Question REL Relative SG Singular TENT Tentative CI Conceptual-Intentional (Interface) SM Sensory-Motor (Interface) CSTK The Code Switching Toolkit SgE Singapore (Colloquial) English 11 ABSTRACT Researchers have long noted the fact that multilingual speakers often en- gage in code switching: That is, they use mixes of multiple languages within single utterances or discourses. Many previous accounts of the phenomenon have treated the separate languages involved as distinct from one another, and there have been a number of code switching-specific principles and rules proposed that aim to "constrain the interactions of the two [grammatical] systems in mixture" (MacSwan 2000).
Recommended publications
  • Tatay-Sheng Wang, the Legal Development of Taiwan in the 20Th

    Tatay-Sheng Wang, the Legal Development of Taiwan in the 20Th

    Washington International Law Journal Volume 11 Number 3 6-1-2002 The Legal Development of Taiwan in the 20th Century: Toward a Liberal and Democratic Country Tay-sheng Wang Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons Recommended Citation Tay-sheng Wang, The Legal Development of Taiwan in the 20th Century: Toward a Liberal and Democratic Country, 11 Pac. Rim L & Pol'y J. 531 (2002). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj/vol11/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at UW Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington International Law Journal by an authorized editor of UW Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright 0 2002 Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal Associalion THE LEGAL DEVELOPMENT OF TAIWAN IN THE 20TH CENTURY: TOWARD A LIBERAL AND DEMOCRATIC COUNTRY* Tay-sheng Wang I. INTRODbCTION The legal development of Taiwan' in the twentieth century reflects the complex legacy of "one land with two national flags." A government imposed by Japan ruled Taiwan for the first half of the twentieth century (1895-1945), followed by a government originating in China (the Chinese mainland) in the second half of the century (1945-2000). The people who came from Japan or Republican China became the leading class in Taiwan. Accordingly, these two regimes were regarded by the native inhabitants as foreign rulers.2 Taiwan's legal institutions underwent a radical change on the eve of the twentieth century.
  • Constructing Rights in Taiwan: the Feminist Factor, Democratization, and the Quest for Global Citizenship

    Constructing Rights in Taiwan: the Feminist Factor, Democratization, and the Quest for Global Citizenship

    UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Previously Published Works Title Constructing rights in Taiwan: the feminist factor, democratization, and the quest for global citizenship Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pf7n8g3 Journal PACIFIC REVIEW, 34(5) ISSN 0951-2748 Author Brysk, Alison Publication Date 2021-09-03 DOI 10.1080/09512748.2020.1784985 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California THE PACIFIC REVIEW https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2020.1784985 Constructing rights in Taiwan: the feminist factor, democratization, and the quest for global citizenship Alison Brysk Department of Global Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA ABSTRACT In an era of worldwide rights regression, beleaguered Taiwan remains Asia’s most democratic, gender equitable, and liberal internationalist nation. What accounts for this seemingly exceptional record—and how does the feminist factor contribute to the construction of rights? Bridging constructivist and feminist scholarship, this essay argues that gender equity is a force multiplier for democratization as it empowers civil society and fosters legitimacy at home and abroad. In a three-level game, states at the margin of the inter- national system may benefit from rights reform that expands the national interest and delivers material and reputational rewards. The case of Taiwan illustrates the dynamics of the double transition to liberal democracy and a liberal gender regime and its projection to world politics. The rewards of rights for Taiwan suggest a wider range of options even in small states facing regional challenges—and greater attention to the feminist factor in world politics. KEYWORDS human rights; Taiwan; gender; democratization; transnationalism In an era of worldwide rights regression, Taiwan remains Asia’s most demo- cratic, gender equitable, and liberal internationalist nation.
  • The Academics' Viewpoint

    The Academics' Viewpoint

    Knowledge Management & E-Learning, Vol.10, No.2. Jun 2018 Knowledge sharing intention at Malaysian higher learning institutions: The academics’ viewpoint Muhammad Ashraf Fauzi Multimedia University, Malaysia International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia Christine Nya-Ling Tan Multimedia University, Malaysia T. Ramayah Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800 Penang, Malaysia Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal (KM&EL) ISSN 2073-7904 Recommended citation: Fauzi, M. A., Tan, C. N. L., & Ramayah, T. (2018). Knowledge sharing intention at Malaysian higher learning institutions: The academics’ viewpoint. Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 10(2), 163–176. Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 10(2), 163–176 Knowledge sharing intention at Malaysian higher learning institutions: The academics’ viewpoint Muhammad Ashraf Fauzi* Faculty of Management Multimedia University, Malaysia Centre Foundation Studies International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] Christine Nya-Ling Tan Faculty of Management Multimedia University, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] T. Ramayah School of Management Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800 Penang, Malaysia Faculty of Cognitive Science and Human Development Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author Abstract: Knowledge sharing (KS) is a culture that has been fostered and supported in higher learning institutions (HLIs) in Malaysian. This research applies Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Social Capital Theory (SCT) to determine the factors associated with Malaysian academic's KS intention in HLIs. The results indicate that social networking is an important factor of academics’ attitude to KS, while commitment and trust do not influence their attitude to KS.
  • Low Vowel Raising in Sinitic Languages: Assimilation, Reduction, Or Both?*

    Low Vowel Raising in Sinitic Languages: Assimilation, Reduction, Or Both?*

    LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 13.4:583-623, 2012 2012-0-013-004-000279-1 Low Vowel Raising in Sinitic Languages: * Assimilation, Reduction, or Both? Feng-fan Hsieh National Tsing Hua University Many Sinitic languages respect low vowel raising (LVR) whereby the low vowel /a/ is raised to /e/ only when flanked by a palatal glide and a coronal coda. In this article, I show that LVR in Sinitic languages is a genuine process of grammar because low-level phonetic coarticulatory effects alone cannot account for cross- linguistic/dialectal variation. Specifically, my survey reveals that vowel duration, onset consonants and/or the presence of retroflexes may have a direct bearing on LVR, thus calling for a phonological analysis. I argue that the phenomenon in question is better treated as additive effects of (i) target undershoot in the wake of impoverished vowel duration (i.e. vowel reduction) and (ii) contextual influences (i.e. backness assimilation). Phonological vowel quality change (LVR here) is motivated only when the benefit of contextual neutralization exceeds that of the sum of the “cost” of implementing the above coarticulatory patterns. Analytically, Flemming’s (2003) feature co-occurrence constraints, together with phonetically driven constraints, provide a straightforward account of the relationship between coronal place and vowel backness attested in LVR. Finally, implications for Mandarin segmental phonology are also discussed. Key words: vowel raising, vowel reduction, assimilation, segmental phonology, Sinitic languages 1. Introduction In this paper, I consider a fairly common but understudied process of vowel quality change in a handful of Sinitic languages: The low vowel /a/ is raised to [e] when * I would like to thank Yueh-chin Chang, Yen-Hwei Lin, Jeroen van de Weijer, and two anonymous reviewers for their detailed comments on earlier versions of this paper.
  • From Cairo to the Nationalistic Geography of China: Street-Naming in Taipei City Immediately After WWII DOI: 10.34158/ONOMA.51/2016/4

    From Cairo to the Nationalistic Geography of China: Street-Naming in Taipei City Immediately After WWII DOI: 10.34158/ONOMA.51/2016/4

    Onoma 51 Journal of the International Council of Onomastic Sciences ISSN: 0078-463X; e-ISSN: 1783-1644 Journal homepage: https://onomajournal.org/ From Cairo to the nationalistic geography of China: Street-naming in Taipei City immediately after WWII DOI: 10.34158/ONOMA.51/2016/4 Peter Kang Dept. of Taiwan and Regional Studies National Donghwa University TAIWAN To cite this article: Kang, Peter. 2016. From Cairo to the nationalistic geography of China: Street-naming in Taipei City immediately after WWII. Onoma 51, 45–74. DOI: 10.34158/ONOMA.51/2016/4 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.34158/ONOMA.51/2016/4 © Onoma and the author. From Cairo to the nationalistic geography of China: Street-naming in Taipei City immediately after WWII Abstract: This paper examines the outcome of two street-renamings in Taipei, the largest city of Taiwan, immediately after World War Two when the Chinese Nationalists, representing the victorious Allied forces, took over Taiwan from Japan. The Taiwan Administrative Office conducted the first street-renaming in June 1946 and the second street-renaming in January 1947. The first wave was characterized by the themes of local reminiscence and cityscape, anti-Japanese significance, and the ethos of Chinese nationalism. The second instance of renaming predominately features Chinese nationalistic ideas in that the streets were renamed after geographical names of China proper, we well as Tibet, East Turkestan (or Uyghurstan), Mongolia and Manchuria. This was a common practice in 1947, and one that persists in present times. The paper discusses the state ideologies behind the 46 PETER KANG aforementioned two types of street-naming by examining the ideas and the spatial layouts of the two naming practices.
  • The Psychology of Asian Learners

    The Psychology of Asian Learners

    The Psychology of Asian Learners Ronnel B. King • Allan B. I. Bernardo Editors The Psychology of Asian Learners A Festschrift in Honor of David Watkins Editors Ronnel B. King Allan B. I. Bernardo Department of Curriculum and Instruction Faculty of Social Sciences, Department The Hong Kong Institute of Education of Psychology Hong Kong SAR , P.R. China University of Macau Macau SAR , P.R. China ISBN 978-981-287-575-4 ISBN 978-981-287-576-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-576-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015951819 Springer Singapore Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
  • The Story of Vogue Singapore and Asia's First Supermodels

    The Story of Vogue Singapore and Asia's First Supermodels

    NEWS MODELS AGENCIES MAGAZINES FASHION BREAKING MODELS FASHION BUSINESS < PREV KARL LAGERFELD GIVES AWAY PROM... THE STORY OF VOGUE SINGAPORE AND ASIA'S FIRST SUPERMODELS APRIL 11th, 2018 Tweet Share by Reilly Sullivan Singapore is a style and luxury capital home to a plethora of fashion magazines. Less known is the existence, albeit briefly of a local edition of Vogue - Asia's first. Now, through the power of Instagram Vogue Singapore has been unearthed. These remnants reveal more than just a treasure trove of mid-nineties chic and illustrate an almost parallel universe where Asian models took center stage. A moment in Vogue history when the rules of the Caucasian-centric world of high fashion were discarded in favor of something more representative. Published between September 1994 and January 1997, Vogue Singapore began as an offshoot of Australian Vogue and produced 29 issues. Its first cover featured Chinese born Twin Peaks star Joan Chen, lensed by leading Singaporean photographer Russel Wong. Wong vividly remembers that auspicious moment. 'I was the first photographer they approached. The editor knew that I was close to Joan and did most of her photography so they asked me if I could ask her to do a cover for them. She was Asian of course, a big movie star and this was a perfect choice for everyone. I will always remember that cover as it was the first one for Singapore and also for me. What better than to share it with a close friend and make history together.' Sadly, no comprehensive archive of the magazine exists and some issues are considered lost.
  • MAS Policy Consultation on Margin Requirements for Non-Centrally Cleared OTC Derivatives

    MAS Policy Consultation on Margin Requirements for Non-Centrally Cleared OTC Derivatives

    October 2015 MAS Policy Consultation on Margin Requirements for Non-Centrally Cleared OTC Derivatives. Introduction Contents On 1 October 2015, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (“MAS”) issued a Introduction ....................... 1 consultation paper (the “MAS Consultation Paper”) entitled “Policy MAS Proposals ................. 2 Consultation on Margin Requirements for Non-Centrally Cleared OTC Further information ......... 15 Derivatives”, which sets out the policy proposals in relation to the implementation of margin requirements for non-centrally cleared OTC derivatives (“uncleared derivatives”). This follows the consultation paper issued by MAS on 1 July 2015 entitled “Draft Regulations for Mandatory Clearing of Derivatives Contracts” on which see our client bulletin of July 2015 for more information. The background to the MAS Consultation Paper is the policy framework agreed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (“BCBS”) and the International Organisation of Securities Commissions (“IOSCO”), as set out in their final report on “Margin requirements for non-centrally cleared derivatives” (the “BCBS-IOSCO Final Report”) of September 2013. Most jurisdictions are in the early phases of implementing the BCBS-IOSCO Final Report but a number are working on finalising their rules on margining. For example, the European Supervisory Authorities have published a Second Consultation Paper dated 10 June 2015 on the Draft Regulatory Technical Standards on risk-mitigation techniques for OTC-derivative contracts not cleared by a CCP under Article 11(5) of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012. The draft regulatory technical standards are anticipated to be adopted by the European Commission by the end of 2015. In line with the global efforts to implement the BCBS-IOSCO Final Report, MAS is seeking public feedback on policy proposals to implement margin requirements for uncleared derivatives.
  • We, the Citizens of Singapore Pledge Ourselves As One United People

    We, the Citizens of Singapore Pledge Ourselves As One United People

    We, the citizens of Singapore Pledge ourselves as one united people Regardless of race, language, or religion To build a democratic society Based on justice and equality So as to achieve happiness, prosperity and progress For our nation — National Pledge of Singapore, 1966 by S. Rajaratnam (1915 – 2006), then Minister for Foreign Affairs and a founding father of modern Singapore RETHINKING ALBERT O. HIRSCHMAN’S ‘EXIT, VOICE, AND LOYALTY’: THE CASE OF SINGAPORE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctorate of Philosophy in The Graduate School at The Ohio State University By Selina Sher Ling Lim, MA, B.Soc.Sci. (Hons.), B.Sc. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor R. William Liddle, Adviser Professor Anthony Mughan Emeritus Professor Patrick B. Mullen Adviser Graduate Program of Political Science Copyright by Selina Sher Ling Lim 2007 ABSTRACT This research explores the concept of national loyalty within today’s context of international migration and globalization. It seeks to provide a systematic understanding of national loyalty that, thus far, has been widely accepted by most citizens as a social fact and assumed to be an inherent trait. Probing deeper, however, we realize that our understanding of national loyalty is superficial, made ever more shaky by today’s ease of international travel, increasingly porous territorial borders, and images of the global citizen who is at home anywhere in the world. Academically, our understanding of national loyalty has also been mired in intellectual, philosophical, and rhetorical debates over the concept of the nation and national identity. Still, the realization that national loyalty is particularly vital during times when the nation-state is at some major cross road, or faced with the greatest challenge ever yet, is not lost on political leaders throughout the world, especially since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, on the World Trade Center in New York.
  • Asian Gay Literature

    Asian Gay Literature

    ASIAN GAY LITERATURE: an annotated bibliography of modern LGBTQ works of literary fiction and biography, arranged by country Alex Spence Banshan Hong Kong Published in Hong Kong by Banshan. Banshan is an imprint of H.A. Spence Compilation copyright © Alex Spence. ISBN 978-988-14591-4-5 First issued February 2020. This 2nd issuance (April 2020) includes several additions and minor corrections. Publisher e-mail contact: [email protected] (please note in Subject line: Asian Gay Literature) Cataloguing data: Asian gay literature: an annotated bibliography of modern LGBTQ works of literary fiction and biography, arranged by country / Alex Spence. Hong Kong: Banshan, 2020. iv, 124 p. 1. Gays’ writings, Asian – Bibliography. 2. Gays in literature – Asia – Bibliography. 3. Homosexuality in literature – Asia – Bibliography. 4. Asian American gays – Fiction – Bibliography. 5. Asian Canadian gays – Fiction – Bibliography. 6. Transgender people’s writings – Asia – Bibliography. I. Spence, Alex. Z7164 016.89 For 郭桂榮 Kevin Kwok Kwai Wing, always TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction i ASIA and Asian diaspora (geographically broader works) 1 JAPAN 4 SOUTH KOREA 12 CHINA 18 PHILIPPINES 47 VIETNAM 54 MALAYSIA 57 SINGAPORE 59 INDONESIA 67 THAILAND 73 NEPAL 76 BANGLADESH 76 SRI LANKA 77 INDIA 79 PAKISTAN 101 AFGHANISTAN 103 IRAN 104 IRAQ 108 SAUDI ARABIA 109 YEMEN 110 OMAN 110 LEBANON 111 JORDAN 113 SYRIA 113 TURKEY 114 SOURCES 120 INTRODUCTION Audience In seeking entertainment, understanding, or change, one can follow different routes. To be a participant, as a reader or writer, in storytelling is one pathway. This document has a modest goal. It means to provide interested LGBTQ readers of various Asian heritages with a starting point for finding LGBTQ literature related to their own cultural backgrounds.
  • Localizing Human Rights Treaty Monitoring: Case Study of Taiwan As a Non-UN Member State

    Localizing Human Rights Treaty Monitoring: Case Study of Taiwan As a Non-UN Member State

    Localizing Human Rights Treaty Monitoring: Case Study of Taiwan as a Non-UN Member State Yu-Jie Chen* [email protected] [Draft; January 2018; please do not cite or circulate without the author’s permission] Abstract: The current operation of international law on justice and human rights is often criticized for being remote and invisible to local stakeholders whose lives it seeks to improve. Paul Gready, for instance, condemns some international criminal tribunals as representing “distanced justice.” This problem of local alienation—not unique to international criminal trials—is also prominent in the workings of the United Nations (UN) human rights treaty body system, which is often faulted for being inaccessible to many local communities. How should we address this challenge? This paper argues that the current approach by the human rights treaty bodies to seek to conduct more local outreach initiatives is inadequate as a solution. Instead, a new framework is required to redefine treaty monitoring as a joint project co-owned by the local as well as the global actors. This new framework calls for placing local stakeholders at the center of the monitoring exercise to review the human rights performance of their State, rather than as merely an outreach target. It also calls for empowering local stakeholders with global resources and interventions. To illustrate how human rights treaty monitoring can benefit from this new framework, I present the empirical study of the self-created, on-site human rights treaty review of the Republic of China on Taiwan, a non-UN member state that cannot take part in the UN human rights treaty system.
  • Advancing 21St Century Competencies in Singapore

    Advancing 21St Century Competencies in Singapore

    Advancing 21st Century Competencies in Singapore By Jennifer Pei-Ling Tan, Elizabeth Koh, Melvin Chan, Pamela Costes-Onishi, and David Hung, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University FEBRUARY 2017 Advancing 21st Century Competencies in Singapore February 2017 Case Study Authors: Jennifer Pei-Ling Tan, Elizabeth Koh, Melvin Chan, Pamela Costes-Onishi, and David Hung, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University ASIA SOCIETY Asia Society is the leading educational organization dedicated to promoting mutual understanding and strengthening partnerships among peoples, leaders, and institutions of Asia and the United States in a global context. Founded in 1956 by John D. Rockefeller 3rd, Asia Society today is a global institution—with offices throughout the United States and Asia—that fulfills its educational mandate through a wide range of cross-disciplinary programming. Across the fields of arts, business, culture, education, and policy, the Society provides insight, generates ideas, and promotes collaboration to address present challenges and create a shared future. The Center for Global Education at Asia Society brings together leaders and institutions from around the world to tackle one of the most critical education challenges today: how to educate all students for employability and citizenship in a global era. Our mission is to develop global competence in students, young leaders, and educators as the foundation for understanding between people in the Asia Pacific region and throughout the world. We accomplish this by working with educators, school districts, parents, and communities to ensure that they have the tools and support they need to globalize learning and prepare young people for our global future.