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Behavior and Diet of the Critically Endangered Eulemur Cinereiceps in Manombo Forest, Southeast Madagascar

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Behavior and Diet of the Critically Endangered Eulemur Cinereiceps in Manombo Forest, Southeast Madagascar View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Madagascar Conservation & Development (E-Journal) MADAGASCAR CONSERVATION & DEVELOPMENT VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 1 — DECEMBER 2008 PAGE 38 Behavior and diet of the Critically Endangered Eulemur cinereiceps in Manombo forest, southeast Madagascar Fidimalala B. RalainasoloI, Jonah H. RatsimbazafyII and Correspondence: Nancy J. Stevens Nancy J. Stevens Department of Biomedical Sciences, 228 Irvine Hall Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT mentaire d’E. cinereiceps sont représentés par des fruits mûrs Manombo Special Reserve is a parcel of rainforest along the ou non. Le Lémur à collier blanc consomme occasionnellement southeastern coast of Madagascar, containing eight lemur une quantité assez importante de plantes envahissantes pour species, including the White-collared brown lemur (Eulemur assurer ses besoins nutritifs, ce qui n’est pas habituel dans cinereiceps [Eulemur albocollaris]). Following a drastic cyclone l’histoire naturelle de la vie des lémuriens. La présente étude in the region in January of 1997, the population of E. cinerei- constitue également la première observation de consommation ceps at Manombo was reduced by half. Results indicate that d’une espèce inconnue de champignon par les représentants individuals of this critically endangered species at Manombo d’E. cinereiceps. Dans le présent cas, ledit champignon venait consume a total of 54 plant species belonging to 24 families, juste de pousser sur un pied mort de Cecropia peltata, une with over two - thirds of the diet comprised of ripe and unripe espèce allogène et envahissante de la région. Durant la prise fruits. White - collared brown lemurs also opportunistically feed de nourriture, l’animal a arraché des morceaux du champignon on novel food items and invasive plants in their recovering sur l’arbre mort avec la main et puis la bouche. La partie con- habitat. We report the first record of E. cinereiceps consuming sommée a été mâchée par l’animal pendant une période de a shelf fungus species growing on invasive trees. During feed- 0,28 s. Le Lémur à collier blanc consomme aussi des fruits épicés ing, lemurs tore pieces of the fungus from the trees with their d’une espèce de plante allogène (Aframomum angustifolium) hands and mouth (chewing cycle duration mean 0.28 s; SD 0.01). qui ne pousse que dans des zones ouvertes et extrêmement White - collared brown lemurs also consumed spicy fruits of a dégradées. La prise de nourriture sur cette espèce de plante non - native plant species (Aframomum angustifolium) growing commence par l’enlèvement de la partie dure du fruit, pour cela in highly disturbed open areas. Feeding bouts typically began l’animal utilise ses dents antérieures très puissantes, puis il tire by stripping away the outer covering with the anterior dentition, soigneusement en même temps avec ses dents et sa langue la with pulp and seeds then consumed (chewing cycle duration partie charnue et les graines. Cette prise de nourriture s’effec- mean 0.22 s; SD 0.005). This is the first record of consumption tue pendant une période d’environ 0,22 s. C’était la première of either of these resources for any lemur species at Manombo. fois dans l’histoire des lémuriens de Manombo que des obser- Ability to feed on items like A. angustifolium may permit E. cin- vations ont été effectuées sur un animal en train de manger ereiceps to avoid competition with other species in this highly des espèces de plantes inhabituelles. L’aptitude de manger des degraded forest environment. espèces de plantes telle que A. angustifolium pourrait permettre à E. cinereiceps d’éviter la compétition avec les autres espèces RÉSUMÉ de lémuriens vivant dans cet environnement dégradé. La Réserve Spéciale de Manombo est un fragment de forêt dense humide de basse altitude et située le long de la côte KEYWORDS: White- collared brown lemur, feeding behavior, habi- Sud - est de Madagascar. Cette partie de forêt abrite au total tat disturbance, invasive species, chewing cycle huit espèces de lémuriens, y compris le Lémur à collier blanc (Eulemur cinereiceps [Eulemur albocollaris]). Le passage dra- INTRODUCTION matique du cyclone Gretelle dans la région en janvier 1997 a Manombo Special Reserve is a parcel of rainforest along the réduit de moitié la taille de la population d’E. cinereiceps dans southeastern coast of Madagascar, containing eight lemur spe- sa zone de distribution. Les résultats des études effectuées sur cies, including the Critically Endangered Eulemur cinereiceps. les individus restants de cette espèce, qui est classée comme Notably, this taxon has been featured on the World’s 25 Most Gravement Menacée, permettent d’énumérer un total de 54 Endangered Primates list since 2004, and was until recently com- espèces de plantes appartenant à 24 familles qui sont con- monly referred to as Eulemur albocollaris (e.g. Mittermeier et al. sommées par l’espèce. D’autre part, deux tiers du régime ali- 2006). Recent studies suggest that the species name cinereiceps I Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust – Madagascar B.P. 8511, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar, E-mail [email protected] II Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust – Madagascar B.P. 8511, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar, E-mail [email protected] �������� ������� ������������� ���������� Madagascar Conservation & Development is the journal of Madagascar Wildlife Conservation (MWC) �������������������������� and the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI Switzerland). It is ����������������������������������������������������������� produced in these institutions’ own responsibility. ������������������������������������������������������� ������������� All the Issues and articles are freely available at ���������������� ��������� http://www.mwc-info.net/en/services/journal.htm ���������������� ������������� ������������������ ������������� ����������� Contact Journal MCD ������������������ ���������������� [email protected] for general inquiries MCD [email protected] for supporting the journal Journal Madagascar Conservation & Development Institute and Museum of Anthropology University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland [email protected] for general inquiries Postfach 2701 CH-8021 Zürich, Switzerland Logement 11, Cité Andohaniato Antananarivo 101, Madagascar [email protected] for general inquiries JGI Switzerland Postfach 2807 8033 Zürich, Switzerland MADAGASCAR CONSERVATION & DEVELOPMENT VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 1 — DECEMBER 2008 PAGE 39 has taxonomic priority and justify adopting such nomenclature both with and without a strict conservation statute in place. at this time (Johnson et al. 2008 and references therein). For The total area of Manombo forest is about 15,000 ha. The forest the sake of continuity with most of the published literature on contains two main vegetation types: humid evergreen forest in the taxon we continue to use the common name White-collared altitudes between 40 and 120 m, and littoral forest lying at lower brown lemur herein. Due to the extreme vulnerability of the altitudes along the white coastal sands (Moat and Smith 2007). White - collared brown lemur, it is imperative to document and The present study focused on low altitude humid forest parcels understand the ecological conditions necessary for its survival. encompassing a total of 13,000 ha (Figure 2). One parcel of humid Eulemur cinereiceps is a medium - sized lemur, with a body dense forest (2,800 ha) is termed Manombo Special Reserve mass of about 2 - 2.5 kg. The species is sexually dichromatic; the (SR), and is administrated by the ANGAP (National Association male is generally dark with a white beard, whereas the female for the Management of the Protected Areas). The other par- is rufous in color (Figure 1). White - collared brown lemurs live cel (10,000 ha) is called Manombo Classified Forest (CF), and in social groups ranging in size between three and nine indi- is managed by the MEFT (Ministère de l’Environnement, des viduals (Mittermeier et al. 2004). Eulemur cinereiceps tends Forêts et du Tourisme – Ministry of Environment, Forests and to be a frugivorous species, with a diet consisting mainly of Tourism) administered locally by the DREFT (Direction Régionale fruit, and with a smaller proportion of the diet including leaves de l’Environnement, des Forêts et du Tourisme – Interregional (mature and young), nectars and fungi (Johnson 2000). Like other Direction of Environment, Forests and Tourism). Although each Eulemur species, White - collared brown lemurs are cathemeral, portion of forest is considered protected by the government, the or active during both day and night time, with the duration of specific regulations governing forest use differs. For example, nocturnal activity depending upon both season and food avail- access to the SR is restricted, and activities like hunting and ability (Mittermeier et al. 2006). Eulemur cinereiceps exhibits tree cutting are considered strictly illegal. In contrast, within fission - fusion social patterns and tends to be organized into the CF, use of timber and non - timber forest products is per- multi - male / multi - female groups (Mittermeier et al. 2006). As in mitted under a policy of sustainable use. Despite the differing other primates, troop fusion occurs primarily during the period laws established for the good management of both portions of of abundance of natural resources in the forest, whereas troops forests, each remains under
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