JCBPS: Section D: April. 2015, Vol. 5, No. 3; 3049-3066. E- ISSN: 2249 –1929
Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences
An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences Available online atwww.jcbsc.org
Section D: Environmental Sciences
CODEN (USA): JCBPAT Research Article
Study on the Ecological Specifications Effects (Climate and height) on Chemical Compounds of Ziziphora Medicinal Plant Essential Oil (Ziziphora Clinopodioides Lam.) In Fars Province, Iran
Damoun Razmjoue *1 and Zahra Zarei 2
1 Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Behbahan Khatam _alanbia university of technology,Behbahan,Iran
2 The range management graduate student, Behbahan Khatam _alanbia university of technology, Behbahan,Iran
Received: 28 April 2015; Revised: 28 May 2015; Accepted: 12 May 2015
Abstract: The genus Ziziphora belong to the family of Lamiaceae. Also known as mountain Ziziphora includes 4 annuals herbaceous and perennials species. According to the significant importance of this species in production of herbal medicines, the necessity of introducing the optimal ecologic conditions for its culture and development is evident. Hence, in this study the effect of climatic and height on Ziziphora Clinopodioides essential oil in Fars province is reviewed. For sampling, the aerial parts of mentioned plant was collected in complete flowering stage from 3 sites of Arzhan, Abadeh county and Bowl mountain.The most important flora conditions (annual rainfall mean, relative humidity and elevation above sea level were recorded. From gathered samples from each site the extraction of essential oil was done 3 times. The essential oils were decomposed by GC and GC/MS machine; and finally the average of essential oils yields were compared by Duncan comparison test. According to obtained results, the maximum percent of essential oil was allocated to Bowl site and the minimum was allocated to Dasht Arzhan. Our results revealed that Pulegone ، p-Menth-3-en-8-ol and
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Menthone are considered as the main and major compounds of this plant. In the studied sites Pierson correlation coefficient revealed that essential oil yield significant correlation with temperature, relative moisture and the elevation above sea level in the other hand there was no significant correlation between essential oil and annual precipitation. Keywords: Ziziphora Clinopodioides, essential oil, climate, height, chemical compounds, Fars province, Iran.
INTRODUCTION
The medicinal plants are as rich reservoirs of many medicines active ingredients. These ingredient not only effects by genetic conditions of plants but also environmental factors. Environmental factors can result in medicinal plant growth. also quantity and quality of active ingredients such as alkaloids, glycoside, steroids and essential oils. Generally the environmental factors affect the flora from three aspects: 1- affecting on active ingredient of medicinal plants 2- Affecting on components of active ingredient 3- Affecting on the production amount of plant dry weight1. The difference between the medicinal plants active ingredients affected by climate is studied widely2,3. Bakhshi Khankii et al.4 through a study on the effect of flora conditions on essential oil quantity and quality of Ziziphora Clinopodioides reported that the difference between quantity and quality of essential oil compounds in different samples is due to the effect of flora conditions on this plant. Sonbolii et al.5 by comparing the essential oil chemical compounds of Salvia Santolinifolia Boiss in three different floras found that the main compounds of essential oil in two studied flora have more similarity to each other that is due to the equal ecologic specifications of them such as temperature, moisture and height. Alaei et al.6 by comparing the essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita L) in three different sites of Kermanshah province reported that the essential oil amount in range of 2.26 to 3.42 was vary that shows the effect of climate on the existing essential oil in the plant. Also according to the obtained results of a study on the effect of flora on the second metabolic components of Eucommia ulmoides plant in China shows that the environmental factors have significant impacts on the plants secondary metabolite components; and there is a significant relationship between height and annual mean temperature and duration of annual sunshine, with secondary metabolites components in 5% level7. By conducting some studies on the essential oil compounds of Ziziphora clinopodioides in Tajikistan it was concluded that the main components of this plant essential oil include respectively as follows: Pulegone, neomenthol, menthone, p-menth-3-en-8-ol ،piperitenone and piperitone 8. Also the chemical compounds of Ziziphora clinopodioides by Wenhuan et al.9 was reviewed and introduced pulegone as the main compound of its essential oil. Some studies have done regarding the effect of height from sea level on plants essential oil compounds. Habibi et al.10 by studying on the effect of height on essential oil and compounds of wild thyme medicinal pant (Thymus kotschyanus Boiss.) in Taleghan site found that there is a negative linear and significant relation between the essential oil percent and the difference height from sea level.
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Jamshidi et al.11 by doing some studies on the effect of height on essential oil quantity and quality of mountain thyme (Thymus kotschyanus) concluded that the best location for growth of this plant and for getting a best performance of essential oil is the height of 2400 m. Mohammad Gangi Nezhad et al.12 by a studying on the effect of height on quality and quantity of essential oil active ingredient of Rosmarinus officinalis L. plant in two sites of Mazandaran province found that the change in the active ingredient of rosemary shows the effect of climatic conditions such as the difference from sea level on that. Also Azimi 13 by doing some studies on the changes in percent and essential oil components active ingredients of Ziziphora Clinopodioides plant affected by the height, found that the maximum percent of essential oil is related to the height of 2200 m and the minimum is related to 1450 m. Mohamood Zadeh et al.14 reviewed the effect of ecologic specifications on the Frasion plant essential oil quality in rangelands of Chahar Bagh in Goestan province. According to the obtain results of this study, the maximum amount of essential oil compounds was related to the height of 2328 m and the minimum allocated to 1674 m; it means that there is a significant relation between the height from sea level and the percent of essential oil compounds. Dehghan et al.15 reviewed the effect of some flora conditions on the quality and quantity of Ziziphora Clinopodioides essential oil; and found that the essential oil yield between 1% to 37% was different in various floras; also the amount of poglon and 1-8 sineol as the main components in various flora were different. The genus Ziziphora from family (Lamiaceae) named mountain ziziphora or narrow leaves thyme includes 4 annual and perennial herbaceous species that not only in Iran but also in Talesh, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Armenia, Anatolia, Pakistan, central Asia, Syria, above Caucasus and west Siberia grows16. According to the significant importance of this genus in supplying the essential oil containing appropriate compounds in the field of producing herbal medicines, the necessity of the optimal conditions introduction in its culturing and development is evident. Hence in this study the effect of climatic factors and the height from sea level on the secondary metabolites of Ziziphora plant (Ziziphora Clinopodioides Lam.) in Fars province was studied.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The introduction of studied sites: The aerial parts of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. plant in complete flowering stage from 3 sites were collected as follows: 1.Dasht Arzhan site: is located at 50 km from Shiraz in the elevation of 1950 m above sea level and its geographical coordination is E58º 51´ N39º 29´ and its annual average rainfall is 350 mm and the average temperature is 34 ºC . 2. Abadeh county site: this site is located at the height of 2400 m and its geographical coordination is E53 º 45´ N 30 º 46´ that its annual precipitation is 185 mm and its average temperature is 15 ºC. 3. Bowl Mountain Eghlid: is located at Eghlid County site and has western slope. The geographical coordination of this mountain is N30 º 46´ 52 º 45´ E that the annual precipitation average is 320 mm and the mean temperature is 13 ºC.
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Gathering and extraction of the plant: The samples of three sites after collecting were transferred to the lab.samples preserved in the shade and dry place with room temperature. After that all the samples were milled Clevenger plan was done by distillation machine and water. In each iteration 50 gr dried aerial parts of studied plant in flowering stage was extracted. The spend time for extracting all the samples was equally and 2 hours. Also to determine the exact essential oil yield of each sample, the percent of moisture of plants samples in extracting time was measured. By considering the humidity percent, essential oil yield according to dry weight was calculated. By adding a little sodium sulfate, the excess water was taken and the essential oil for injecting to GC and C/MS machines was prepared. In this time interval the essential oils were preserved in refrigerator. Identification of essential oil component compounds To identify the essential oil compounds, gas chromatography machine (GC) and gas chromatography machine connected to mass spectrometer were used. The GC/MS system, Agilent Technologies-7890A model equipped to hydrogen flam ionization detector, the column of HP-5machine with the length of 30cm, interior diameter of 25 micron, with stationary phase layer thickness of 0.25 micron.The helium carrier gas was at a speed of 1ml/min. The temperature of oven increased from 20 ºC to 280 ºC with the speed of 3 ºC /min. Finally, the obtained data by using the Excell and SPSS software was analyzed statistically.
RESULTS
Essential oil yield: The average of essential oil yield in 3 sites in comparison with dry weight was calculated. Our results showed that the maximum and minimum essential oil percent were allocated to Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan station respectively (Figure 1).
Figure 1: The comparison of the essential oil percent in three studied sites (Mean±SE(
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Phytochemical compounds between different populations of Ziziphora in Fars province: the chemical compounds analysis in studied sites showed that Pulegone ، p-Menth-3-en-8-ol and Menthone are the main and specified compounds of this plant. According to the obtained results of data variances, there is a significant difference between various populations of Ziziphora in terms of most identified compounds in the essential oil (Table 1). According to the obtain results of conducted study, a significant different was observed between the amount of Pulegone in three studied sites. The maximum amount of Pulegone was belonged to Bowl Mountain, Dashte Arzhan and Abadeh County respectively. Also , p-Menth-3-en-8-ol showed significant differences between studied sites. The highest amount of p-Menth-3-en-8-ol was observed in Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan respectively. The amount of Menthone in Abadeh county and Dashte Arzhan had no significant difference; but in Bowl Mountain the amount of Menthone showed significant reduction compare to the other two sites (Table 2,3 and 4).
Table 1: The statistical analysis of data related to three compounds of Pulegone،p-Menth-3-en-8-o and Menthone in three studied populations by using Dankan test in 5% level
Sum of Compound squares df Mean square F Sig. Pulegone Between 1075.079 2 537.539 941.144 .000 Groups Within Groups 3.427 6 .571 Total 1078.506 8 p-Menth-3-en-8-ol Between 57.222 2 28.611 129.233 .000 Groups Within Groups 1.328 6 .221 Total 58.550 8 Menthone Between 7.742 2 3.871 14.456 .005 Groups Within Groups 1.607 6 .268 Total 9.349 8
The essential oil compounds: The Tables 2, 3 and 4 show the type and amount of constituent chemical compounds of Ziziphora plant essential oil.
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Table 2: The Chromatography results of the plant essential oil in Bowl mountain site
NO Compound(P920604) Compound NO Compound(P920604) Compound (%) (%)
1 -Thujene 19 iso-Menthone 2.4
2 Pinene 20 neo-Menthol 2.5
3 Camphene 0.14 21 Menthol 0.5
4 Sabinene 0.74 22 Terpinene-4-ol 1
5 Pinene 23 iso-Menthol 0.33
6 Myrcene 0.46 24 neo iso-Menthol 0.31
7 -Phellandrene 25 Pulegone 50.9
8 Terpinene 26 Bornyl acetate 0.016
9 p-Cymene 0.05 27 Iso Pulegone acetate 1.4
10 Limonene 3.2 28 Thymol 0.11
11 1,8-Cineole 6.59 29 Carvacrol 0.4
12 (E)Ocimene 0.06 30 Piperitenone 1.9
13 Terpinene 31 Eugenol 0.02
14 p-Mentha-3,8-diene 0.28 -Bourbonene
15 Terpinolene 0.02 33 (E)-Caryophyllene 0.03
16 Linalool 0.03 34 Germacrene D 0.29
17 p-Menth-3-en-8-ol 11.34 35 Spathulenol 0.014
18 Menthone 8.4 36 Caryophyllene oxide 0.039
total 95.9
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Table 3: The chromatography results of plant essential oil in the site of Abadeh County
NO Compound(P920604) Compound (%) NO Compound(P920604) Compound (%)
Thujene 0.49801 16 neo-Menthol 1
-Pinene 0.87838 17 iso-Menthol 0.4
3 Camphene 0.72977 18 neo iso-Menthol 0.08
4 Sabinene 0.77687 19 Pulegone 26.3
5 -Pinene 1.23516 20 Iso Pulegone acetate 0.32
6 Myrcene 0.21674 21 Thymol 6.9
7 p-Cymene 0.30772 22 Carvacrol 1.05
8 Limonene 5.09811 23 Piperitenone 0.53
9 1,8-Cineole 2 24 Bicyclo Germacrene D 5.4
10 (E)--Ocimene 0.3 -Bourbonene 2.3
-Terpinene 0.19 26 (E)-Caryophyllene 0.37
12 p-Mentha-3,8-diene 0.16 27 Germacrene D 5.44
13 p-Menth-3-en-8-ol 14.7 28 Spathulenol 0.37
14 Menthone 10.45 29 Caryophyllene oxide 2.7
15 iso-Menthone 4.5 total 95.73
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Table 4: The chromatography results of essential oil plant in Dashte Arzhan site
NO Compound(P920604) Compound (%) NO Compound(P920604) Compound (%)
1 -Thujene 21 Menthol 1.4
2 Pinene 22 Terpinene-4-ol 7.04
3 Camphene 0.27 23 iso-Menthol 0.72
4 Sabinene 24 neo iso-Menthol 1.35
-Pinene 0.72 25 Pulegone 47.47
6 Myrcene 26 N dodecane 2.1
-Phellandrene 27 Iso Pulegone acetate 0.09
9 p-Cymene 0.04 28 Thymol 0.97
10 Limonene 1.4 29 Carvacrol 0.21
11 1,8-Cineole 3.06 30 Piperitenone 0.5
12 (E)--Ocimene 0.1 31 Eugenol 1.0
Terpinene -Bourbonene
14 p-Mentha-3,8-diene 0.6 33 Bicyclo Germacrene 0.41
15 Terpinolene 0.04 34 Germacrene D 0.4
17 p-Menth-3-en-8-ol 8.3 35 Spathulenol 0.006
18 Menthone 10 36 Caryophyllene oxide 0.2
19 iso-Menthone 4.35 total 95.7
20 neo-Menthol 1.48
The effect of different climatic factors on the active ingredients (essential oil) of ziziphora plant
The effect of average annual precipitation (mm) on the active ingredients (essential oil) of plant: According to the Tables 5 to 8, the correlation was seen between the annual precipitation and the density of Pulegone and p-Menth-3-en-8-ol. It means that as annual precipitation increases, the compounds of Pulegone and p-Menth-3-en-8-ol increases as well. In the other hand there was no significant correlation
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Table 5: The correlation between the annual precipitation factor and the percent of essential oil in three sites of Abadeh county, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Rainfall Essential percent Rainfall Pearson 1 .323 Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) . .396 N 9 9 Essential percent Pearson .323 1 Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) .396 . N 9 9
Table 6: The correlation between annual precipitation factor and the amount of PULEGONE in three sites of Abadeh county, Bowl mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Rainfall Pulegone
Rainfall Pearson 1 .988(**) Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) . .000
N 9 9
Pulegone Pearson .988(**) 1 Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .
N 9 9 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
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Table 7: The correlation between the annual precipitation factor and the amount of p-Menth-3-en-8-ol in three sites of Abadeh county, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Rainfall P-Menth-3-en-8-ol
Rainfall Pearson 1 -.887(**) Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) . .001
N 9 9
P-Menth-3-en-8-ol Pearson -.887(**) 1 Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .
N 9 9 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 8: The correlation between the annual precipitation factor and the amount of Menthone in three sites of Abadeh county, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Rainfall Menthone
Rainfall Pearson 1 -.472 Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) . .200
N 9 9
Menthone Pearson -.472 1 Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .200 .
N 9 9
The effect of average temperature (°C) on the active ingredients (essential oil) of ziziphora plant: There is correlation between the temperature and the percent of essential oil in studied sites. It means as the temperature increase, the percent of essential oil decreases. There was negative condition between temperature and p-Menth-3-en-8-ol. It means since the temperature increases, the amount of p-Menth-3-en-8-ol decreases. In the other hand there was no correlation between temperature and the other two compounds. (Table 10 to 12).
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Table 9: The correlation between temperature and the percent of essential oil in three sites of Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Temperature Essential percent
Temperature Pearson Correlation 1 -.672(*)
Sig. (2-tailed) . .048
N 9 9
Essential percent Pearson Correlation -.672(*) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .048 .
N 9 9 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table10: the correlation between annual precipitation factor and the amount of pulegone in three sites of Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Temperature Pulegone
Temperature Pearson Correlation 1 .315
Sig. (2-tailed) . .409
N 9 9
Pulegone Pearson Correlation .315 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .409 .
N 9 9
Table 11: The correlation between annual precipitation factor and the amount of p-Menth-3-en-8-ol in three sites of Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Temperature P-Menth-3-en-8-ol
Temperaturel Pearson Correlation 1 -.770(*)
Sig. (2-tailed) . .015
N 9 9
P-Menth-3-en-8-ol Pearson Correlation -.770(*) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .015 .
N 9 9 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
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Table 12: The correlation between annual precipitation factor and the amount of Menthone in three sites of Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Temperature Menthone Temperature Pearson Correlation 1 .509 Sig. (2-tailed) . .161 N 9 9 Menthone Pearson Correlation .509 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .161 . N 9 9
The effect of relative humidity (%) on the active ingredient (essential oil) of plant: There was a correlation between the relative humidity and the percent of essential oil in three sites of Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain, Dashte Arzhan. It means since relative humidity increase, the percent of essential oil decreases. The humidity factor showed positive correlation only with Menthone . It means as humidity increases, the amount of this compound increase as well. In the other hand no correlation was observed between humidity and the other two factors. (Table 14 to 16). Table 13: The correlation between relative humidity factor and the percent of essential oil in three sites of Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Relative humidity Essential percent Relative humidity Pearson Correlation 1 -.865(**) Sig. (2-tailed) . .003 N 9 9 Essential percent Pearson Correlation -.865(**) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .003 . N 9 9 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 14: The correlation between relative humidity factor and the amount of pulegone in three sites of Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Relative humidity Pulegone Relative humidity Pearson Correlation 1 -.016 Sig. (2-tailed) . .968 N 9 9 Pulegone Pearson Correlation -.016 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .968 . N 9 9
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Table 15: The correlation between relative humidity factor and the amount of p-Menth-3-en-8-ol in three sites of Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Relative humidity P-Menth-3-en-8-ol
Relative humidity Pearson Correlation 1 -.544 Sig. (2-tailed) . .130 N 9 9
P-Menth-3-en-8-ol Pearson Correlation -.544 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .130 . N 9 9
Table 16: The correlation between relative humidity and the amount of Menthone in three sites of Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Relative humidity Menthone
Relative humidity Pearson Correlation 1 .714(*) Sig. (2-tailed) . .031 N 9 9 Menthone Pearson Correlation .714(*) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .031 . N 9 9 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
The effect of elevation above sea level on the active ingredient ( essential oil) of plant: Pearson correlation coefficient, revealed that between the studied physiographic parameters, significant correlation was observed between above sea level and essential oil yield. it means elevation above sea level can result in essential oil yield increment. The most percent of essential oil is related to the height of 2500 m of Bowl Mountain. Among the essential oil compounds, a significant correlation was seen between the amount of p-Menth-3-en-8-ol and height. As the height increased the mentioned compound amount increased as well.
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Table 17: The correlation between height and the essential oil percent in three sites of Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Essential percent Height Essential percent Pearson Correlation 1 .725(*) Sig. (2-tailed) . .027
N 9 9 Height Pearson Correlation .725(*) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .027 .
N 9 9 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table 18: The correlation between height and amount of pulegone in three sites of Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Height Pulegone
Height Pearson Correlation 1 -.207
Sig. (2-tailed) . .593
N 9 9
Pulegone Pearson Correlation -.207 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .593 .
N 9 9
Table 19: The correlation between height and amount of p-Menth-3-en-8-ol in three sites of Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Height P-Menth-3-en-8-ol
Height Pearson Correlation 1 .719(*)
Sig. (2-tailed) . .029
N 9 9
P-Menth-3-en-8-ol Pearson Correlation .719(*) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .029 .
N 9 9
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
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Table 20: The correlation between height and amount of Menthone in three sites of Abadeh County, Bowl Mountain and Dashte Arzhan
Height Menthone
Height Pearson Correlation 1 -.565
Sig. (2-tailed) . .113
N 9 9
Menthone Pearson Correlation -.565 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .113 .
N 9 9
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
According to conducted studies on three studied sites it was found that the Ziziphora clinopodioides distributed between 1900 to 2500 m above sea level and the most dispersion in the elevation range higher than 2200 m. The obtain results show that the difference in the flora specifications such as climatic conditions and height has significant effect on essential oil yield and the percent of compounds. In this research the effect of climatic factors (rainfall, temperature, relative humidity) with the exception of height from sea level on essential oil yield and three significant compounds of plant were studied. And it was found that there is a correlation between the annual rainfall with density of two compounds of pulegone and p-Menth-3-en-8-ol, and also between the temperature factor and essential oil percent and the amount of p-Menth-3-en-8-ol, there is a negative correlation. And finally it was specified that between the relative humidity and the percent of essential oil there is a negative correlation and with the compound of Menthone there is a positive correlation; that the results of this research regarding the effect of climatic factors on the essential oil yield and plants compounds are consistent with the obtained results by Kelvandii et al.17. Regarding the effect of climatic factors on the compounds and essential oil yield of Thymus oriecalyx plant is consistent with done studies by Hoshidari18 about Salvia bracteata plant and Bakhshi Khankii ( 2010) regarding Ziziphora clinopodioides plant and Sonbolii et al.5 regarding Salvia santolinifolia plant and Alaei et al.6 about Mentha piperita and Juane Dong 7 regarding Eucommia ulmoides plant in China and Dehghan et al.15 regarding the effect of climatic factors on Ziziphora clinopodioides plant are completely consistent with each other. As the obtained results of this study regarding the effect of height from sea level factor showed, it was found that there is a significant relation between height from sea level and essential oil yield. It means that as height from sea level increases the essential oil yield increases as well; that the maximum percent of essential oil was regarding to the height of 2500 m of Bowl mountain site; and regarding the effect of height on compounds, there was a positive significant between height and the amount of p-Menth-3-en- 3063 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. D, May 2015 – July 2015; Vol.5, No.3;3049-3066.
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8-ol was seen; that the obtained results of this study was consistent with the results of a study done by Mohammad Nezhad Gangii et al12 regarding the effect of height on the compounds of Rosmarinus officinalis plant and Azimi 13 about the effect of height on the essential oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides and Mahmood Zadeh et al. 14 regarding the effect of ecologic factor (height) on Marrubium vulgare plant and Jamshidi et al.11 about the effect of height on the compounds of Thymus kotschyanus, are completely consistent with each other. -Among the compounds of this plant in each 3 sites, it was found that the compounds of pulegone ،p Menth-3-en-8-ol and Menthone are as the main and important components of this plant. But its main and major compound of it is pulegone that the result of this study is consistent with the obtained results of study done by Wenhuan et al 9 and Setzer & Sharopov8. Finally the sites of Bowl mountain (50.9%) and Dashte Arzhan(47.47%) have the most amount and the site of Abadeh county has the minimum amount (26.3%); because the most of antimicrobial properties of this essential oil is due to existing the pulegone 19,20,16. REFERENCE
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Evaluation … Damoun and Zahra
20. M.Jafarii, Review on the Antimicrobial Effect of Essential Oil and Ziziphora Essential Oil on Pylori Helicobacter, PhD Thesis, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 2002
Corresponding author: Damoun Razmjoue*;
Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Behbahan Khatam _alanbia university of technology,Behbahan,Iran.
3066 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. D, May 2015 – July 2015; Vol.5, No.3;3049-3066.