DOCSLIB.ORG

Motors for Makers: a Guide to Steppers, Servos, And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Motors for Makers: a Guide to Steppers, Servos, And ptg16386157 MOTORS for MAKERS A Guide to Steppers, Servos, and Other Electrical Machines ptg16386157 Matthew Scarpino 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 MOTORS FOR MAKERS: A GUIDE Editor-in-Chief TO STEPPERS, SERVOS, AND OTHER Greg Wiegand ELECTRICAL MACHINES Executive Editors Rick Kughen Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education Bernard Goodwin All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, Development Editor photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from Greg Kettell the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the Managing Editor preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for Kristy Hart errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. Senior Project Editor ISBN-13: 978-0-13-403283-2 Betsy Gratner ISBN-10: 0-13-403283-7 Copy Editor Library of Congress Control Number: 2015951266 Bart Reed Printed in the United States of America Indexer First Printing: December 2015 Lisa Stumpf Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service Proofreader marks have been appropriately capitalized. Que Publishing cannot attest to the Leslie Joseph ptg16386157 accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Reviewers John Baichtal Warning and Disclaimer Bryan Bergeron Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate Rich Blum as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is Stephen Hobley on an “as is” basis. The author and the publisher shall have neither liability James Floyd Kelly nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages Pete Prodoehl arising from the information contained in this book. Paul Tan Special Sales Publishing Coordinators For information about buying this title in bulk quantities, or for special sales Michelle Housely opportunities (which may include electronic versions; custom cover designs; Cindy Teeters and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, Kristen Watterson or branding interests), please contact our corporate sales department at Cover Designer [email protected] or (800) 382-3419. Mark Shirar For government sales inquiries, please contact [email protected] . Compositor For questions about sales outside the U.S., please contact Nonie Ratcliff [email protected] . CONTENTS AT A GLANCE Introduction 1 I Introduction 1 Introduction to Electric Motors 5 2 Preliminary Concepts 13 II Exploring Electric Motors 3 DC Motors 27 4 Stepper Motors 55 5 Servomotors 73 6 AC Motors 89 7 Gears and Gearmotors 113 8 Linear Motors 127 III Electrical Motors in Practice 9 Motor Control with the Arduino Mega 145 10 Motor Control with the Raspberry Pi 171 11 Controlling Motors with the BeagleBone Black 195 12 Designing an Arduino-Based Electronic Speed Control (ESC) 215 ptg16386157 13 Designing a Quadcopter 241 14 Electric Vehicles 263 IV Appendixes A Electric Generators 279 B Glossary 287 Index 293 CONTENTS Introduction 1 4 Stepper Motors 55 Who This Book Is For 2 4.1 Permanent Magnet (PM) Steppers 56 How This Book Is Organized 2 4.2 Variable Reluctance (VR) Steppers 59 Let Me Know What You Think 3 4.3 Hybrid (HY) Steppers 61 4.4 Stepper Control 63 I Introduction 4.5 Summary 71 1 Introduction to Electric 5 Servomotors 73 Motors 5 5.1 Hobbyist Servos 74 1.1 Brief History 6 5.2 Overview of Servo Control 78 1.2 Anatomy of a Motor 7 5.3 PID Control 85 1.3 Overview of Electric Motors 9 5.4 Summary 87 1.4 Goals and Structure 11 1.5 Summary 11 6 AC Motors 89 ptg16386157 6.1 Alternating Current (AC) 90 2 Preliminary Concepts 13 6.2 Overview of Polyphase Motors 91 2.1 Torque and Angular Speed 13 6.3 Asynchronous Polyphase Motors 96 2.2 Magnets 18 6.4 Synchronous Polyphase Motors 100 2.3 Equivalent Circuit Element 21 6.5 Single-Phase Motors 103 2.4 Power and Efficiency 23 6.6 AC Motor Control 106 2.5 Summary 25 6.7 Universal Motors 109 6.8 Summary 110 II Exploring Electric Motors 7 Gears and Gearmotors 113 3 DC Motors 27 7.1 Overview of Gears 113 3.1 DC Motor Fundamentals 28 7.2 Types of Gears 117 3.2 Brushed Motors 34 7.3 Gearmotors 124 3.3 Brushless Motors 42 7.4 Summary 125 3.4 Electronic Speed Control (ESC) Systems 49 8 Linear Motors 127 3.5 Batteries 51 8.1 Linear Actuators 128 3.6 Summary 53 8.2 Linear Synchronous Motors 131 8.3 Linear Induction Motors 137 Contents v 8.4 Homopolar Motors 140 12.3 Zero-Crossing Detection 225 8.5 Summary 143 12.4 Designing the Schematic 229 12.5 Board Layout 232 12.6 Controlling the BLDC 234 III Electrical Motors in Practice 12.7 Summary 239 9 Motor Control with the Arduino Mega 145 13 Designing a Quadcopter 241 9.1 The Arduino Mega 146 13.1 Frame 242 9.2 Programming the Arduino Mega 149 13.2 Propellers 243 9.3 The Arduino Motor Shield 158 13.3 Motors 248 9.4 Stepper Motor Control 162 13.4 Electronics 250 9.5 Servomotor Control 166 13.5 Construction 259 9.6 Summary 168 13.6 Summary 260 10 Motor Control with the 14 Electric Vehicles 263 Raspberry Pi 171 14.1 Electric Vehicle Conversion 264 10.1 The Raspberry Pi 172 14.2 Modern Electric Vehicles 267 ptg16386157 10.2 Programming the Raspberry Pi 174 14.3 Patents from Tesla Motors 272 10.3 Controlling a Servomotor 182 14.4 Summary 278 10.4 The RaspiRobot Board 186 10.5 Summary 192 IV Appendixes 11 Controlling Motors with the A Electric Generators 279 BeagleBone Black 195 A.1 Overview 280 11.1 The BeagleBone Black (BBB) 196 A.2 DC Generators 281 11.2 Programming the BBB 198 A.3 AC Generators 283 11.3 PWM Generation 205 A.4 Summary 286 11.4 The Dual Motor Controller Cape (DMCC) 207 11.5 Summary 213 B Glossary 287 12 Designing an Arduino-Based Index 293 Electronic Speed Control (ESC) 215 12.1 Overview of the ESC Design 216 12.2 Switching Circuitry 218 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Matthew Scarpino is an engineer with more than 12 years of experience designing hardware and software. He has a master’s degree in electrical engineering and is an Advanced Certified Interconnect Designer (CID+). He is the author of Designing Circuit Boards with EAGLE: Make High-Quality PCBS at Low Cost. WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU! As the reader of this book, you are our most important critic and commentator. We value your opin- ion and want to know what we’re doing right, what we could do better, what areas you’d like to see us publish in, and any other words of wisdom you’re willing to pass our way. We welcome your comments. You can email or write to let us know what you did or didn’t like about this book—as well as what we can do to make our books better. Please note that we cannot help you with technical problems related to the topic of this book. When you write, please be sure to include this book’s title and author as well as your name and email address. We will carefully review your comments and share them with the author and editors who worked on the book. Email: [email protected] Mail: Que Publishing ptg16386157 ATTN: Reader Feedback 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA READER SERVICES Register your copy of Motors for Makers at informit.com for convenient access to downloads, updates, and corrections as they become available. To start the registration process, go to informit.com/register and log in or create an account.* Enter the product ISBN, 9780134032832, and click Submit. Once the process is complete, you will find any available bonus content under “Registered Products.” *Be sure to check the box that you would like to hear from us in order to receive exclusive discounts on future editions of this product. INTRODUCTION When I received my master’s degree in electrical engineering in 2002, I couldn’t help but feel a little disappointed. I knew all about analog circuit theory, but I knew next to nothing about practical circuit boards. I could compute the Lorentz force in an electric motor, but I had no idea how motor controllers worked in the real world. Put simply, I could write pro- ptg16386157 grams and solve equations, but I couldn’t make anything. Shortly after I received my degree, the first Arduino boards appeared in the marketplace. Their simplicity and low cost sparked a worldwide interest in electronics, and within a few years, the Maker Movement was born. Makers aren’t interested in heavy mathematics and physics. Makers are concerned with what they can build. Whether it involves 3D print- ers or the Raspberry Pi, makers care about cool hardware, especially if it involves electronics. But makers get nervous when it comes to motors. Pre-built quadcopters are growing in popularity, but I don’t see many makers designing their own electronic speed controls (ESCs) or programming their own robotic arms. This is perfectly understandable. Motors are more complicated than other circuit elements. With motors, you don’t just have to be concerned with electrical quantities such as voltage and current; you have to think about mechanical quantities such as torque and angular speed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The University of Texas at Austin
    The University of Texas at Austin Institute for Advanced Technology, The University of Texas at Austin - AUSA - February 2006 IAT Talk 1358 Eraser Institute for Advanced Technology, The University of Texas at Austin - AUSA - February 2006 IAT Talk 1358 Transitioning EM Railgun Technology to the Warfighter Dr. Harry D. Fair, Director Institute for Advanced Technology The University of Texas at Austin The Governator is correct! • At the IAT, we are harnessing large quantities of electric energy to enable radically new capabilities for the warfighter. • These new electric weapons are capable of accelerating high energy hypervelocity projectiles Electric guns are real. from electric railguns on land, sea, and air platforms, and are capable of protecting these platforms by electromagnetic protection systems. Institute for Advanced Technology, The University of Texas at Austin - AUSA - February 2006 IAT Talk 1358 Hypervelocity Electromagnetic Railguns What are they? How do they work? Why change to electromagnetic energy? How can we use them? When can we have them? What are the implications for the Army and the Navy? Institute for Advanced Technology, The University of Texas at Austin - AUSA - February 2006 IAT Talk 1358 What is an Electromagnetic Railgun? Converts Electricity to Kinetic Energy The barrel can have any cross section - round, The accelerating Force square, rectangular is provided by Electromagnetic Forces and can accelerate projectiles to very high velocities Force Muzzle view We routinely launch projectiles to hypervelocities
    [Show full text]
  • N O T I C E This Document Has Been Reproduced From
    N O T I C E THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED FROM MICROFICHE. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT CERTAIN PORTIONS ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE gg50- y-^ 3 (NASA-CH-163584) A STUDY OF TdE N80 -32856 APPLICABILITY/COMPATIbIL1TY OF INERTIAL ENERGY STURAGE SYSTEMS TU FU'IUAE SPACE MISSIONS Firnal C.eport (Texas Univ.) 139 p Unclas HC A07/MF AJ1 CSCL 10C G3/44 28665 CENTER FOR ELECTROMECHANICS OLD ^ l ^:' ^sA sit ^AC^utY OEM a^ 7//oo^6^^, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TAYLOR NAIL 167 AUSTIN, TEXAS, 71712 512/471-4496 4l3 Final Report for A Study of the Applicability/Compatibility of Inertial Energy Storage Systems to Future Space Missions Jet Propulsion Laboratory ... Contract No. 955619 This work was {performed for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Sponsored by The National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract NAS7-100 by William F. Weldon r Technical Director Center for Electromechanics The University of Texas at Austin Taylor Hall 167 Austin, Texas 18712 (512) 471-4496 August, 1980 t c This document contains information prepared by the Center for Electromechanics of The University of Texas at Austin under JPL sub- contract. Its content is not necessarily endorsed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, or its sponsors. QpIrS r^r^..++r•^vT.+... .. ...^r..e.^^..^..-.^...^^.-Tw—.mss--rn ^s^w . ^A^^v^T'^'1^^w'aw^.^^'^.R!^'^rT-.. _ ..,^.wa^^.-.-.^.w r^.-,- www^w^^ -- r f Si i ABSTRACT The applicability/compatibility of inertial energy storage systems, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Direct Torque Control with a Constant-Frequency Torque Regulator Under Various Discrete Interleaving Carriers
    electronics Article Evaluation of Direct Torque Control with a Constant-Frequency Torque Regulator under Various Discrete Interleaving Carriers Ibrahim Mohd Alsofyani and Kyo-Beum Lee * Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu Suwon 16499, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-219-2376 Received: 25 June 2019; Accepted: 20 July 2019; Published: 23 July 2019 Abstract: Constant-frequency torque regulator–based direct torque control (CFTR-DTC) provides an attractive and powerful control strategy for induction and permanent-magnet motors. However, this scheme has two major issues: A sector-flux droop at low speed and poor torque dynamic performance. To improve the performance of this control method, interleaving triangular carriers are used to replace the single carrier in the CFTR controller to increase the duty voltage cycles and reduce the flux droop. However, this method causes an increase in the motor torque ripple. Hence, in this work, different discrete steps when generating the interleaving carriers in CFTR-DTC of an induction machine are compared. The comparison involves the investigation of the torque dynamic performance and torque and stator flux ripples. The effectiveness of the proposed CFTR-DTC with various discrete interleaving-carriers is validated through simulation and experimental results. Keywords: constant-frequency torque regulator; direct torque control; flux regulation; induction motor; interleaving carriers; low-speed operation 1. Introduction There are two well-established control strategies for high-performance motor drives: Field orientation control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) [1–3]. The FOC method has received wide acceptance in industry [4]. Nevertheless, it is complex because of the requirement for two proportional-integral (PI) regulators, space-vector modulation (SVM), and frame transformation, which also needs the installation of a high-resolution speed encoder.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of DC Servomotor
    Control of DC Servomotor Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement to the degree of B.SC In Electrical and Electronic Engineering Under the supervision of Dr. Abdarahman Ali Karrar By Mohammed Sami Hassan Elhakim To Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Khartoum July 2008 Dedication I would like to take this opportunity to write these humble words that are unworthy of expressing my deepest gratitude for all those who made this possible. First of all I would like to thank god for my general existence and everything else around and within me. Second I would like to thank my beloved parents(Sami & Sawsan), my brothers (Tarig & Hassan), and my sister (Latifa), thank you so much for your support, guidance and care, you were always there to make me feel better and encourage me. I would like also to thanks all my friends inside and out Khartoum university, thank you for your patients tolerance and understanding, for your endless love that has stretched so far, for easing my pain and pulling me through. A special thanks to my partner Muzaab Hashiem without his help and advice i won’t be able to do what i did, thank you for being an ideal partner, friend and bother. Last but not the least i would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Karar and all those who helped me throughout this project, thank you for filling my mind with this rich knowledge. Mohammed Sami Hassan Elhakim. I Acknowledgement The first word goes to God the Almighty for bringing me to this world and guiding me as i reached this stage in my life and for making me live and see this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Stepper Motor Or Servo Motor: Which Should It Be?
    Stepper Motor or Servo Motor: Which Should It Be? Engineer the Exceptional ENGINEER THE EXCEPTIONAL ENGINEER THE EXCEPTIONAL Stepper Motor or Servo Motor: Which Should It Be? Engineer the Exceptional ENGINEER THE EXCEPTIONAL Each technology has its niche, and since the selection of either stepper or servo ENGINEER THE EXCEPTIONAL technology affects the likelihood of success, it is important that the machine designer consider the technical advantages and disadvantages of both to select the best motor-drive system for an application. Machine designers should not limit utilization of steppers or servos This article presents an overview of stepper according to a fixed mindset or comfort level, but should learn where and servo capabilities to serve as selection each technology works best for controlling a specific mechanism and criteria between the two technologies. process to be performed. A thorough understanding of these technologies will help you achieve optimum Today’s digital stepper motor drives provide enhanced drive features, mechatronic designs to bring out the full option flexibility and communication protocols using advanced capabilities of your machine. integrated circuits and simplified programming techniques. The same is true of servo motor systems, while higher torque density, improved electronics, advanced algorithms and higher feedback resolution have resulted in higher system bandwidth capabilities as well as lower initial and overall operating costs for many applications. STEPPER MOTOR SYSTEM OVERVIEW Stepper motors have several major advantages over servo systems. They typically cost less, have common NEMA mountings, offer lower-torque options, require less-costly cabling, and their open-loop motion control simplifies machine integration and operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Stepping Motors Fundamentals
    AN907 Stepping Motors Fundamentals Author: Reston Condit TYPES OF STEPPING MOTORS Microchip Technology Inc. There are three basic types of stepping motors: Dr. Douglas W. Jones permanent magnet, variable reluctance and hybrid. University of Iowa This application note covers all three types. Permanent magnet motors have a magnetized rotor, while variable reluctance motors have toothed soft-iron rotors. Hybrid INTRODUCTION stepping motors combine aspects of both permanent Stepping motors fill a unique niche in the motor control magnet and variable reluctance technology. world. These motors are commonly used in measure- The stator, or stationary part of the stepping motor ment and control applications. Sample applications holds multiple windings. The arrangement of these include ink jet printers, CNC machines and volumetric windings is the primary factor that distinguishes pumps. Several features common to all stepper motors different types of stepping motors from an electrical make them ideally suited for these types of point of view. From the electrical and control system applications. These features are as follows: perspective, variable reluctance motors are distant 1. Brushless – Stepper motors are brushless. The from the other types. Both permanent magnet and commutator and brushes of conventional hybrid motors may be wound using either unipolar motors are some of the most failure-prone windings, bipolar windings or bifilar windings. Each of components, and they create electrical arcs that these is described in the sections below. are undesirable or dangerous in some environments. Variable Reluctance Motors 2. Load Independent – Stepper motors will turn at Variable Reluctance Motors (also called variable a set speed regardless of load as long as the switched reluctance motors) have three to five load does not exceed the torque rating for the windings connected to a common terminal.
    [Show full text]
  • Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering EE 6504-Electrical
    Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering EE 6504-Electrical Machines-II UNIT-I 1. Why a 3-phase synchronous motor will always run at synchronous speed? Because of the magnetic coupling between the stator poles and rotor poles the motor runs exactly at synchronous speed. 2. What are the two classification synchronous machines? The classification synchronous machines are: i. Cylindrical rotor type ii. Salient pole rotor type 3. What are the essential features of synchronous machine? i. The rotor speed is synchronous with stator rotating field. ii. Varying its field current can easily vary the speed. iii. It is used for constant speed operation. 4. Mention the methods of starting of 3-phase synchronous motor. a. A D.C motor coupled to the synchronous motor shaft. b. A small induction motor coupled to its shaft.(pony method) c. Using damper windings –started as a squirrel cage induction motor. 5. What are the principal advantages of rotating field system type of construction of synchronous machines? · Form Stationary connection between external circuit and system of conditions enable the machine to handle large amount of volt-ampere as high as 500 MVA. · The relatively small amount of power required for field system can be easily supplied to the rotating field system via slip rings and brushes. · More space is available in the stator part of the machine for providing more insulation to the system of conductors. · Insulation to stationary system of conductors is not subjected to mechanical stresses due to centrifugal action. · Stationary system of conductors can easily be braced to prevent deformation.
    [Show full text]
  • Difference Between Bipolar Drives and Unipolar Drives for Stepper Motors
    WHITE PAPER DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIPOLAR DRIVES AND UNIPOLAR DRIVES FOR STEPPER MOTORS orking on a motorized development requires some knowledge about motors and controllers. This article Wis focused on the stepper motors which is a type of brushless DC motor with a high number of poles. This technology is generally driven in open loop without any feedback sensor, meaning the current is typically applied on the phases without knowing the rotor position. The rotor moves to be aligned with the stator magnetic flux, then the current can be supplied to the next phase. We will consider two ways to supply current in the coil: bipolar way and unipolar way. In this article, we will explain the differences of bipolar and unipolar motors and driving methods. We will show the advantages and limits of both technologies. Let’s take an example of a four step, permanent magnet stepper motor (see figure 1). The rotor is made with a one pole pair magnet, and the stator is composed of two phases, Phase A and Phase B. • In unipolar: the current always flows in the same direction. Each coil is dedicated to one current direction, meaning either the coil A+ or the coil A- is powered. The coils A+ and A- are never powered together. • In bipolar: the current can flow in both directions in all coils. The phases A+ and A- are powered together. A bipolar motor requires one coil minimum per phase and unipolar motor Figure 1. 4-Step Stepper Motor requires two coils minimum per phase. Let’s review both options in more detail.
    [Show full text]
  • Pulsed Rotating Machine Power Supplies for Electric Combat Vehicles
    Pulsed Rotating Machine Power Supplies for Electric Combat Vehicles W.A. Walls and M. Driga Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas 78712 Abstract than not, these test machines were merely modified gener- ators fitted with damper bars to lower impedance suffi- As technology for hybrid-electric propulsion, electric ciently to allow brief high current pulses needed for the weapons and defensive systems are developed for future experiment at hand. The late 1970's brought continuing electric combat vehicles, pulsed rotating electric machine research in fusion power, renewed interest in electromag- technologies can be adapted and evolved to provide the netic guns and other pulsed power users in the high power, maximum benefit to these new systems. A key advantage of intermittent duty regime. Likewise, flywheels have been rotating machines is the ability to design for combined used to store kinetic energy for many applications over the requirements of energy storage and pulsed power. An addi - years. In some cases (like utility generators providing tran- tional advantage is the ease with which these machines can sient fault ride-through capability), the functions of energy be optimized to service multiple loads. storage and power generation have been combined. Continuous duty alternators can be optimized to provide Development of specialized machines that were optimized prime power energy conversion from the vehicle engine. for this type of pulsed duty was needed. In 1977, the laser This paper, however, will focus on pulsed machines that are fusion community began looking for an alternative power best suited for intermittent and pulsed loads requiring source to capacitor banks for driving laser flashlamps.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1701.07063V2 [Physics.Ins-Det] 23 Mar 2017 ACCEPTED by IEEE TRANSACTIONS on PLASMA SCIENCE, MARCH 2017 1
    This work has been accepted for publication by IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. The published version of the paper will be available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. It can be accessed by using the following Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/TPS.2017.2686648. c 2017 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, collecting new collected works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. arXiv:1701.07063v2 [physics.ins-det] 23 Mar 2017 ACCEPTED BY IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, MARCH 2017 1 Review of Inductive Pulsed Power Generators for Railguns Oliver Liebfried Abstract—This literature review addresses inductive pulsed the inductor. Therefore, a coil can be regarded as a pressure power generators and their major components. Different induc- vessel with the magnetic field B as a pressurized medium. tive storage designs like solenoids, toroids and force-balanced The corresponding pressure p is related by p = 1 B2 to the coils are briefly presented and their advantages and disadvan- 2µ tages are mentioned. Special emphasis is given to inductive circuit magnetic field B with the permeability µ. The energy density topologies which have been investigated in railgun research such of the inductor is directly linked to the magnetic field and as the XRAM, meat grinder or pulse transformer topologies. One therefore, its maximum depends on the tensile strength of the section deals with opening switches as they are indispensable for windings and the mechanical support.
    [Show full text]
  • Motors for Ship Propulsion
    Motors for Ship Propulsion The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Kirtley, James L., Arijit Banerjee, and Steven Englebretson. “Motors for Ship Propulsion.” Proc. IEEE 103, no. 12 (December 2015): 2320– 2332. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2015.2487044 Version Author's final manuscript Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/102381 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ > REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 1 Motors for Ship Propulsion James L. Kirtley Jr., Fellow, IEEE, Arijit Banerjee, Student Member, IEEE and Steven Englebretson, Member, IEEE machines but these are 'long shots' in the competition for use Abstract—Electric propulsion of ships has experienced steady in ship propulsion. expansion for several decades. Since the early 20th century, There is a substantial advantage in having a motor that icebreakers have employed the flexibility and easy control of DC can drive the propeller of a ship directly, not requiring a speed motors to provide for ship operations that split ice with back and reducing gearbox, and we will focus on such motors in this forth motion of the ship. More recently, cruise ships have paper. Shaft speeds range from about 100 to about 200 RPM employed diesel-electric propulsion systems to take advantage of for large ships, and power ratings per shaft range from about the flexibility of diesel, as opposed to steam engines, and because the electric plant can also be used for hotel loads.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Controlling Ac Motor Using Arduino
    ABSTRACT CONTROLLING AC MOTOR USING ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER Nithesh Reddy Nannuri, M.S. Department of Electrical Engineering Northern Illinois University, 2014 Donald S Zinger, Director Space vector modulation (SVM) is a technique used for generating alternating current waveforms to control pulse width modulation signals (PWM). It provides better results of PWM signals compared to other techniques. CORDIC algorithm calculates hyperbolic and trigonometric functions of sine, cosine, magnitude and phase using bit shift, addition and multiplication operations. This thesis implements SVM with Arduino microcontroller using CORDIC algorithm. This algorithm is used to calculate the PWM timing signals which are used to control the motor. Comparison of the time taken to calculate sinusoidal signal using Arduino and CORDIC algorithm was also done. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DEKALB, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2014 CONTROLLING AC MOTOR USING ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER BY NITHESH REDDY NANNURI ©2014 Nithesh Reddy Nannuri A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Thesis Director: Dr. Donald S Zinger ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Donald S. Zinger for his continuous support and guidance in this thesis work as well as throughout my graduate study. I would like to thank Dr. Martin Kocanda and Dr. Peng-Yung Woo for serving as members of my thesis committee. I would like to thank my family for their unconditional love, continuous support, enduring patience and inspiring words. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and everyone who has directly or indirectly helped me for their cooperation in completing the thesis.
    [Show full text]