APPENDIX IV

BRIEF LIST OF EVENTS INVOLVING THE ROMAN ARMY IN BRITAIN

55-54 BC Julius Caesar invades (BG 4.20-36). A few fiercely fought bat• tles occur. Caesar accepts offers of submission. Caesar's second invasion in 54 (BG 5.1-23) results in the defeat of the Celtic chieftain Cassivellaunus and the tenuous conquest of the southeast. 31 BC-AD 43 Trade between Rome and Britain increases (Strabo 4.5.3). AD 40 Gaius contemplates an invasion of Britain (Agricola 13.2), suddenly called off (Suetonius Caligula 44). Gaius considers the island conquered and orders his troops to gather seashells as booty for his triumphal proces• sion (Dio 59.25.3). AD 43 Claudius sends Aulus Plautius with an invasion force of 40,000 troops from four legions (II Augusta, IX Hispana, XIV Gemina, and XX Valeria Victrix) and numerous auxiliary units (Suetonius Claudius 17; Dio 60.19). The conquest creates a new Roman province in Britain, its capital at Camu• lodunum (Colchester), formerly the tribal capital for the Trinovantes. On the occasion of the victory, Claudius visits the island for 16 days, celebrates a grand triumph at Rome, and renames his son "Britannicus" in honor of his win in Britain. AD 4 3-4 7 Aul us Plautius extends Roman occupation westward towards the Severn and the \;\lash, and good relations are established with the Regni (Tacitus Agricola 14, RIB 91), with the Iceni (north of Colchester) under Prasutagus, and with the Brigantes (in northern England: Northumbria, \Vestmorland, and Cumbria) under Cartimandua. The future emperor Vespasian serves in Britain as a legionary legate (Suetonius Vespasian 4) and is instrumental in the early conquest. AD 47-52 P. Ostorius Scapula subdues tribes south of the Fosse \;\lay (Tacitus Annals 12.31-39). Caratacus, one of Cunobelinus' heirs, attacks the Dubonni and the Atrebates, whose king Verica appealed to Rome for help. As Ostorius fights Caratacus, the latter finds refuge among the Silures. Caratacus escapes northward, finding asylum among the Ordovices and then with the Brigantes, whose queen Cartimandua hands him over to the Romans (Tacitus Annals 12.31-9). Claudius, however, impressed with Cara• tacus' courage and determination, pardons Caratacus and allows him to live comfortably in exile at Rome. AD 58-61 Suetonius Paulinus conducts campaigns in South Wales. 346 APPENDIX IV

AD 57-58 Vcranius (57-58) conducts raids against the Silures, in Wales. AD 60 The Icenian king Prasutagus dies. Although the king named N era co-heir with his family (Tacitus Annals 14.31 ). However, centurions plun• der the kingdom, flog Boudicca, rape her daughters, and strip the Icenian nobility of their estates. Roman veterans, who had settled in Colchester, drive natives from their estates and enslave them. In response, the Iceni, the Trinovantes, and other tribes rise in revolt under Boudicca and sacked Colchester-including the temple of the Divine Claudius--St. Albans, and London. The uprising comes to an end as Roman troop reinforcements arrive and as Boudicca falls in a pitched battle. Without her strength of leadership and organization, the rebellion soon falls apart (Tacitus Annals 14.38-9). AD 67 /8 Legio XIV Gemina is withdrawn for Nero's intended expedition to the Caspian Sea (Tacitus Agricola 16, Hist. 2.66). AD 69 Britain supports Vitellius against Otho by sending troops (Tacitus Histories 2 .5 7). After victory in Italy, Vitelli us returns the XIV Gemina to Britain. Vespasian recalls legio XIV Gemina from Britain to fight the Batavi (Tacitus Histories 4.68). AD 71-7 3 Pctilius Cerialis is governor. Legio IX Hispana is transferred from Lincoln to York. The Brigantes are subdued in 71 (Tacitus Agricola 17). AD 74-78 Scxtus Julius Frontinus defeats the Silurcs (in southeastern Wales; Tacitus Agricola 17). Legio II Augusta is transferred from Gloucester to Caerlcon, and numerous forts and roads arc built throughout \Vales. AD 78-84 Agricola and the Roman army push northward into Scotland. Agricola defeats the Ordovices (Tacitus Agricola 18) and the Brigantes (Tacitus Agricola 20), whose territory he regarrisons. By 79, he reaches the Tyne• Solway line and occupies the Scottish lowlands by 80. In 81, his troops build roads and forts. Agricola advances into the highlands by 83, where the legionary fortress at Inchtuthil is established (Tacitus Agricola 25-27). In 84, the Romans arc successful against the Calcdonians at Mons Graupius (Tacitus Agricola 29-38). AD 84/85 Agricola is recalled to Rome (84/85; Tacitus Agricola 39). Scottish highlands are abandoned. AD I 05 Scottish lowlands are abandoned, as troops arc transferred to Cumbria. The Trajanic border runs along the Stangate (between the Tyne and the Solway). AD 122 Hadrian visits Britain (SHA Hadr. 11, RIB 1051, 1340). Legio T1 Victrix replaces legio IX Hispana in garrison at York. Platorius Ncpos over• sees construction of Hadrian's \Vall, along the Tyne-Solway line. AD 138 Lolli us U rbicus reoccupies southern Scotland and begins build• ing the Antonine Wall (SHA Ant. Pius 5.4; RIB 1147), perhaps in response to unrest from the barbarian tribes to the north.