Study on Common Weeds of Paddy Crop in East Midnapore (Purbo Medinipur) District, West Bengal, India
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-7, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Study on Common Weeds of Paddy Crop in East Midnapore (Purbo Medinipur) District, West Bengal, India Bishnupada Jana Research Scholar, Department of Botany & Forestry, Vidyasagar University,West Bengal, India & Assistant Teacher of Kajlagarh M.S.B.C.M. High School (H.S.), Kajlagarh, East Midnapore, West Bengal,India. Abstract: The present paper deals with the major problems of weed is the major contributor in the weeds of paddy field in summer and rainy seasons loss of production. Weed is a plant which is judged of East Midnapore (Purbo Medinipur) district, by man to be not of use and undesirable at a place West Bengal. The study was based on extensive and where it flourishes (Patil et al., 2010). The weeds intensive fields surveys made during different that grow along with paddy crop results in low months of summer & rainy seasons. In Purba agricultural output. They are the major barriers to Medinipur district 25 blocks are present. In every rice production because of their ability to compete block the paddy is cultivated. But in Patashpur-I & for space, moisture, sunlight and nutrients. Weedy II, Bhagwanpur-I & II, Ramnagar-I & II blocks the crop sometimes leads to complete failure (Singh et paddy is cultivated in three times in a year. The al., 2005). Out of total losses due to various biotic paddy is cultivated only in rainy season in rest of factors weeds are known to account for one third blocks. During the course the most part of all (Rao and Nagamani, 2007). The reduction in paddy blocks in this district has been studied in summer yield due to weed composition ranges from 9-51 % and rainy seasons. Frequent field trips were made (Mani et al., 1968). Uncontrolled growth of weeds twice a month in each site for collection of weeds. in paddy reduced the grain yield by 75.8, 70.6 and Some weeds are also used as vegetables such as 62.6% in dry seeded rice, wet seeded rice and Marsilea sp. Enhydra sp. Hygrophyllus sp. Oxalis transplanted rice, respectively (Singh et al., 2005). sp. Etc. 87 species of weeds have been identified It has been observed that grain yield in paddy is and they belong to eight monocot families, twenty drastically reduced if it is not wiped out at early dicot families and four pteridophyta families. stage of growth in crop field. The geographical coordinates of the district headquarter is 21˚ 56’ Keywords: Weeds, Monocots, Dicots, Angiosperm, 14.24’’ N latitude & 87˚ 46’ 34.80’’ E longitude Pteridophytes. and altitude is 6 m. Total paddy cultivated area is 396.4 hectare. The annual rainfall of this district is INTRODUCTION: 1746.6 mm. (From Agricultural Contingency Plan India is a progressing country in the third world. Its for District: Purba Medinipur, Govt. of West economy is built depending upon the cultivation. Bengal; website- agricoop.nic.in). Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops of the world and is the second MATERIALS AND METHODS emerging crop in India after wheat. India is the The present study deals with major weeds of paddy second largest producer of rice after China (Savary fields in district East Midnapore (Purbo et al., 2005). In West Bengal the rice is the Medinipur), West Bengal. The study was based on principle food of every Bengali. Beside its use for extensive and intensive fields surveys made during human food, paddy is a source for number of different months of summer & rainy seasons in industrial products like rice starch, rice branoil, 2011-2014. During the course of field study the 16 flaked rice, puffed rice and rice husk etc. Being paddy growing blocks were studied intensively and staple food it plays an important role in the three to four field surveys were conducted in every economy of India hence occupies a central position seasonal cultivation. In every field study the in agricultural policy making (Dangwal et al., photographs of major weeds were captured. From 2011). The average per hectare yield of paddy in each site about seasonal weed species and India is less as compared to China due to many important notes on flowering and fruiting seasons factors like shortage and high cost labour; lack of of weeds were noted down. The collected weed irrigation facilities, quality of seeds, agricultural plants were pressed, dried, preserved and properly output and ecological conditions etc., but the identified with the help of available literature and Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 135 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-7, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in monographs by Sharma and Kachroo (1983), Bengal Plants written by D. Prain. Swami and Gupta (1998), Kaul (1986) and by STUDY AREAS SL.NO. BLOCKS SL.NO. BLOCKS 01 PATASHPUR-I* 14 MAHISADAL 02 PATASHPUR-II* 15 KANTHI-I* 03 EGRA-I* 16 KANTHI-II* 04 EGRA-II* 17 KANTHI-III* 05 BHAGWANPUR-I* 18 RAMNAGAR-I* 06 BHAGWANPUR-II* 19 RAMNAGAR-II* 07 NANDIGRAM-I* 20 TAMLUK 08 NANDIGRAM-II* 21 SAHID MATANGANI 09 NANDIGRAM-III* 22 PANSKURA-I 10 KHEJURI-I* 23 PANSKURA-II 11 KHEJURI-II* 24 NANDAKUMAR 12 HALDIA 25 MOYNA 13 SUTAHATA • Intensively Studied Areas. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS farmer. Some weeds are also used as vegetables Through this project it has been realised that such as Marsilea sp. Enhydra sp. Hygrophyllus sp. mainly angiosperms are the main weeds in the Oxalis sp. etc. 87 species of weeds have been paddy field. Some pteridophytes are also weeds in identified and they belong to eight monocot paddy fields. Pteridophytes are more critical weeds families, twenty dicot families and four to destroy from field. Species variety of Dicots pteridophyta families. List of monocot families and weeds is greater than the monocot weeds. Mainly scientific names have been listed in table-II list of through manual process the weeds are removed dicot families have been listed in table-III and from paddy fields. But now a day to destroy the pteridophyta families have been listed in table-IV. monocot weeds some chemicals are used by the Table-2 (Monocots) SL.NO. FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME 01 Araceae Pistia stratiotes L. Alismataceae Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq. Sagittaria sagitifolia L. 02 Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis L. Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Cyanotis vaga Lour. Murdannia nudiflora L. 03 Cyperaceae Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla Cyperus corymbosus Roxb. Cyperus deformis L. Cyperus iria L. Cyperus pilosus Vahl. Cyperus platystylis R.Br. Cyperus rotundus L. Fimbristylis dichotoma(L.) vahl Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl Scripus articulatus L. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 136 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-7, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Scripus juncoides Roxb. Scripus setaceus L. Scripus tuberosus Roxb. 04 Hydrocharitaceae Blyxa auberti Rich. Blyxa octandra (Roxb.) Planch ex Thw. Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle Hydrocharis dubia (Bl.) blacker Vallisnaria spiralis L. 05 Lemnaceae Lemna perpusilla Toro. Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horz ex Wimm 06 Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L. 07 Poaceae Cynodon dectylon (L.) Pers Coix aquatic Roxb. Dectyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. E. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv E. glabrescens Munro ex Hook. f. Elusina indica (L.) Gaerth. Imperata cylindrical (L.) Racuschel Ischaemum rugisum Salisb Leersia hexandra Sw. Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees. Panicum repens L. Paspalam distichum L. Paspalam scrobiculatum L. Saccharum spontaneum L. 08 Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Table-3 (Dicots) SL.NO. FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME 01 Aizoaceae Trianthema portulacastrum L. 02 Amarantheceae Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Ariseb Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranths spinosus L. Achyranthes aspera L. Celosia argentea L. 03 Asteraceae Eclipta alba (L.) L. Enhydra fluctuans Lour. 04 Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale R.BR. 05 Campanulaceae Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaerth 06 ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum L. 07 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatic Forssk 08 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbia Indica Lam. 08 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia prostrata Aiton. Phyllanthus urinaria L. 09 Fabaceae Aschinomene aspara L. A. indica L. 10 Lythraceae Ammania baccifera L. 11 Malvaceae Malvastrum coromandelianum L. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 137 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-7, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in 12 Menyanthaceae Nymphoides indicum (L.) O. Kuntze. 13 Molluginaceae Mollugo pentaphylla L. 14 Nyctaginaceae Boerhaavia diffusa L. 15 Nympheaceae Euryle ferox Salisb. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn Nymphaea micrantha Guin & Perr. Nymphaea pubescens Willd. 16 Onagraceae Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara L. octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven 17 Polygonaceae Polygonum hydropiper L. 18 Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. 19 Sphenocleaceae Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. 20 Trapaceae Trapa natans L. Table-4 (Pteridophyta) SL.NO. FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME 01 Azollaceae Azolla piñata R. Br. 02 Marsileaceae Marsilea minuta L. 03 Parkeriaceae Cerotopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. 04 Salvinaceae Salvinia cucullata Roxb. Ex Bory Salvinia natans (L.) All. CONCLUSION topic. Weeds are manually cleared from paddy field This paper has been made through details study of at the time of ploughing. After 15-20 days of paddy crop. Most of