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Oklahoma Rocks State Parks Workbook

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Oklahoma Rocks State Parks Workbook Tenkiller Red Rock Canyon Roman Nose Alabaster Caverns Black Mesa Newspapers for this educational program provided by: Beavers Bend Lake Murray Introduction and Geologic Setting: Oklahoma is blessed with a wonderful geological heritage that benefits us in many ways. In addition to our petroleum, coal, and mineral resources, the state has a variety of exposed rocks that can be quarried for many uses, all of which are a huge boon to our economy. Oklahoma’s geology is internationally known because of these economic resources, and also because of the size and diversity of the many geologic features that are exposed and available for viewing around the state and in our 35 state parks. In the southern part of the state, many of these parks feature mountains that were formed and shaped by a variety of dynamic geologic processes. Other Oklahoma parks contain different kinds of geological wonders that include: the world’s largest natural gypsum cave that is open to the public at Alabaster Caverns State Park; an extinct volcano at Black Mesa State Park; and the rugged canyons of Roman Nose State Park. Table of Contents The Oklahoma Geological Survey brings this issue of Oklahoma Rocks! – State Parks to Introduction ....................................... 2 you so that you can better understand and enjoy our geological wonders! They are readily Geologic Setting .............................. 3-5 Tenkiller ........................................ 6, 7 available at locations near you. Roman Nose/Alabaster Caverns ........ 8, 9 CREDITS: The content for this program was developed by the Red Rock Canyon ....................... 10, 11 Oklahoma Geological Survey. Special acknowledgments go to Dr. G. Black Mesa ................................. 12,13 Dr. G. Randy Keller Randy Keller, OGS director; Connie G. Smith, project coordinator; Beavers Bend ................................... 14 Director, Oklahoma Geological Survey James H. Anderson, graphics; and OGS geologist: Dr. Neil H. Suneson. Lake Murray ..................................... 15 Serving Oklahoma Since Statehood Oklahoma Geological Survey The Oklahoma Geological Survey is a state agency for research and public service, mandated in the State Constitution to study Oklahoma’s land, water, mineral, and energy resources, to make these findings available to the public and to promote wise use and sound environmental practices. Today, this mission seems more important than ever. Dr. G. Randy Keller, Director 100 E. Boyd, Rm. N-131 Norman, Oklahoma 73019-0628 Ph: 405-325-3031; 800-330-3996; fax: 405-325-7069 RESOURCES FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS OGS maps and publications, earthquake information for Oklahoma, educational publications, technical publications, basic maps and other materials, articles and information are available for free download from www.ogs.ou.edu. USGS maps are available from OGS Publication Sales Oklahoma Rocks! State Parks GEOLOGIC SETTING By: Dr. Neil H. Suneson GEOLOGIC SETTING areas of broad gentle uplift followed by subsidence from 515 to 305 m.y. ago. We see limestones with Oklahoma is an exciting place for geologists who their marine fossils, ancient beaches and river want to understand the many changes that have taken channels turned to sandstone, and unconformities place in this part of the continent over the past 550 (gaps in the geologic record) that are evidence of broad million years (m.y.). This attraction is due in large uplift and erosion. In younger rocks to the west, we see part to the three mountain ranges – the Ouachitas, some 265-m.y.-old deposits left by one of Oklahoma’s Arbuckles, and Wichitas – in the southern part of several seas. The gypsum beds at Roman Nose and the State, the more than 460,000 oil and gas wells Alabaster Caverns State Parks were formed in a drilled, and the related petroleum studies that have shallow inland sea during periods of extreme aridity. examined in great detail what lies below the surface. The slightly younger sandstone at Red Rock Canyon In addition, many of Oklahoma’s state parks serve as is more typical of many of the red rocks in central geological laboratories where we can see and enjoy the and western Oklahoma, and it, too, was deposited results of this fascinating geological history. on the edge of an ancient sea, although this time As viewed from the surface, the State’s geology (260 m.y. ago) sand dunes bordered the ocean. The consists of two distinct terranes – a northern part that sedimentary rocks in the northwestern corner of the is made up of relatively flat-lying rocks whose story Panhandle and Black Mesa State Park range from 210 begins about 515 m.y. ago, and a southern part that to 80 m.y. old – the age of the dinosaurs. Throughout includes erupting volcanoes, colliding continents, and most of this time, Oklahoma was above sea level and rising mountains between 350 and 280 m.y. ago. At eroding – leaving us with many questions about what Tenkiller, Red Rock Canyon, Roman Nose, Alabaster the area was like – but some evidence for ancient Caverns, and Black Mesa State Parks we can see rivers, lakes, and sand dunes remains. About 90 m.y. the evidence for a relatively stable continent that ago, Oklahoma and much of the midcontinent again periodically was covered by shallow seas, at times was was covered by a vast sea. A very “recent” (recent swept by extensive river systems, and at still other in geologic time) bit of history – and an unusual one times was well above sea level. During those times – is the 5-m.y.-old lava flow that caps Black Mesa, above sea level erosion removed the exposed rocks, a flow that came from a volcano in what is now our leaving us with little evidence to figure out what was neighboring state of Colorado. Thank you, Colorado!!! going on. Beavers Bend and Lake Murray State Parks, Beginning 350 m.y. ago and lasting 70 m.y., the on the other hand, are the roots of old mountain stable North American tectonic plate collided with ranges that help us explain what happened when the another plate – Gondwana – along the southern part North American tectonic plate to the north collided of what would become Oklahoma to form a series of with a tectonic plate to the south known as Gondwana. complex mountain ranges that we now know as the In general, Oklahoma’s rocks are younger to the west; Ouachita, Arbuckle, and Wichita Mountains. The thus, if we want to know something about the State’s Arbuckles and Wichitas were located on the site of an older geologic history, we go east to the Ozarks and older ancient “flaw” in the Earth’s crust – about 540 Lake Tenkiller. Here we see evidence for the repeated m.y. ago the continent tried, but failed, to pull apart slow rise and fall of the sea relative to the land and and left behind igneous rocks and an unusually thick 3 Oklahoma Rocks! State Parks GEOLOGIC SETTING By: Dr. Neil H. Suneson accumulation of the same sediments that were present crossing by river systems, and emergence and erosion. to the north. As the Gondwanan plate moved north, it To summarize, the geology of Oklahoma’s northern and shoved its sedimentary layers up and over those on the central state parks vividly illustrates the geology of that North American plate. This deformation resulted in the part of the state. At times Oklahoma was submerged, highly tilted, folded, and faulted rocks that we see at at other times the seas retreated and the land was Beavers Bend State Park – the Ouachita Mountains. exposed. During some periods we have an excellent At the same time, the collision caused the rocks at the geologic record, at other times the evidence is missing. site of the old failed split to deform and rise, forming Open oceans, beaches, complex river systems, inland the Wichita and Arbuckle Mountains, the roots of seas, and sand dunes covered this part of Oklahoma which can be seen at Lake Murray State Park. By 270 at one time or another. But the history always occurred m.y. ago, all the excitement was over, the mountains on a stable continent – nothing like what happened to were largely eroded, and Oklahoma returned to its the south. familiar pattern of occasional submergence by the sea, As the North American and Gondwana tectonic plates collided over 270 million years ago, Oklahoma’s Ouachita, Arbuckle, and Wichita Mountains rose out of the sea. Activities 1. Look up Gondwana on the internet. Which of the Earth’s continents that we see today made up the giant and ancient Gondwana tectonic plate? 2. Take a photo tour of western Oklahoma with your class. Using the TravelOK website (http://www. travelok.com/listings/sid.1/tag.State_Parks), visit all the region’s state parks. Notice that in all of the parks, there are cliffs of red rocks. Do you think the red color is just a surface coating on the rocks or does it go all the way thought the rocks? Remembering what you have learned, how do 4 the rocks get their distinct red color? Oklahoma Rocks! State Parks GEOLOGIC SETTING By: Dr. Neil H. Suneson FEATURED OK STATE PARKS ➌ ➊ ➏ ➐ ➎ ➍ ➋ ➊ Alabaster Caverns ➏ Roman Nose ➋ Beavers Bend ➐ Tenkiller ➌ Black Mesa www.travelok.com ➍ Lake Murray ➎ Red Rock Canyon 5 Oklahoma Rocks! State Parks TENKILLER By: Dr. Neil H. Suneson TENKILLER It is impossible to discuss the geology of Oklahoma was below sea level hundreds of millions of Tenkiller State Park without also mentioning years ago. Tenkiller Ferry Lake and Greenleaf and Water brings people to this part of Oklahoma! Cherokee Landing State Parks. All are part of Unlike the murky streams, rivers, and lakes in most the gently rolling countryside that makes up of the State, the water in Tenkiller Ferry Lake, and Oklahoma’s Ozark Uplift, a heavily forested all of the Ozark lakes and reservoirs, is remarkably highlands in the northeastern part of the State.
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