Spirit of A New South Africa

November 1990 Speaking Tour featuring Sister Bernard N cube

INSIDE • How to Help Fight Apartheid

• Women in the Struggle

• "Theologian of the People"

• The Ongoing War in Southern Africa

National Sponsor: Global Exchange • 2141 Mission St. #202 • ~ San Francisco, CA 94110 • (415) 255-7296 Itinerary & Host Groups Nationwide

+ Friday, 11/2- Sunday, 11/4 NEW YORK American Committee On Africa

+Sunday, 11/4-Monday, 11/5 COLUMBUS, OH Church Women United Oocal)

+ Tuesday, 11/6 COLUMBIA, SC Carolina Peace Resource Center

+ Wed, 11-7- Thursday, 11-8 WASHINGTON, DC Kaiser Family Foundation

+ Friday, 11/9- Sunday 11/11 CHARLOTIE, NC International House

+ Sunday, 11/11- Wed. 11/14 NEW ORLEANS, LA Louisiana State Committee Against Apartheid

+ Thursday, 11/15 AUSTIN, TX Austin Peace & Justice Coalition Texas Coalition Against Apartheid

+ Friday, 11/16- Sunday, 11/18 LOS ANGELES, CA Center for South Africa Ministry

+ Sunday, 11/18- Frid~y, 11/.23 SAN FRANOSCO, CA Global Exchange

+Saturday, 11/24-Sunday, 11/25 DETROIT,MI Coalition for Human Rights

+ Monday, 11/26 EAST LANSING, MI

+ Tuesday,11/27 MILWAUKEE, WI Sister Community Task Force

+ Wednesday,11/28 MADISON, WI Madison Antiapartheid Coalition

+ Thursday, 11/29- Friday, 11/30 CHICAGO,IL Chicago Committee in Solidarity with Southern Africa

Spirit of A New South Africa • 2 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour Global Exchange.. Welcomes Sister Bernard Ncube

Intemationally Recognized Leader of the Women's Movement in South Africa

• President of the Federation of Transvaal Women • President of the Federation of South African Women • Key leader at the Institute for Contextual Theology, an organization promoting li~eration theology in South Mrica

Sist~r Bernard is a 57 year lence by the South African ... unable to move or enjoy the old nun from Soweto. In her police and military in ·Kagi­ freedom God gave it. . I community at St. Mary's Con­ so. She was then detained in thought that I was one of vent in Kagiso Township, she June 1986 and held in soli­ them during those months-­ is known with deep affection tary confinement for 16 cut off from friends, parents. as Mma Rona (Our Mother)-­ months. She is the first nun Everything that was meant to the mother of Kagiso. ever to be charged with po­ help me be a human being Sister Bernard is widely litical offenses in South Afri­ was taken away. Everything known as a deeply spiritual ca, and she stood trial for was· <;on trolled. I lived at the person with a commitment to subversion, sedition, and as~ hand of someone else. I her people, especially the sault along with 13 other ac­ learned what it was to be re­ women. She is currently pres­ tivists in 1988. signed." ident of the Federation of Whi,le in priSon, Sister Ber­ Sister Bernard is a leading South African Women and nard spent 23 hours per day figure in the anti-apartheid the Federation of Transvaal in complete . isolation. "Our struggle. She is an inspiring Women. prisons are man-made 'hells speaker and Global Exchange Sister Bernard was instru­ on earth', places of torture is honored to sponsor her mental in bringing a 1986 and suffering. What do you tour of the United States. court injunction against vio- think of an animal in a cage

Spirit of A New South Africa • 3 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour ' Introducing· (j[oba[ 'E~cliange

Global Exchange is a non-p:~ofit education and action center founded in 1988 to help build people-to-people ties between the First and Third Worlds. Our programs are organized from our office in Sari Francisco, in coordination with grassroots groups in Third World countries. The heart of the programs, however, is the involvement of supporters around the country. Here are some of our programs that you can get involved in. REALITY TOURS PARTNERSHIP Global Exchange sponsors tours CAMPAIGNS all over the Third World and in the Beyond education, we also support U.S-tours that provide visitors Third World ·groups directly. Our with an understanding of a coun­ efforts include emergency response try's internal dynamics. On our networks, financial and technical trips you'll meet with peasants, assistance, and public policy cam- union representatives, church workers, human rights and peace paigns. . activists, indigenous groups, envi­ • In Haiti, we organized a Memori­ ronmentalists, government offi­ al Fund to continue the human cials, and opposition leaders. The rights work of slain lawyer Lafon­ purpose of the tours is to get peo­ tant Joseph. ple more actively involved in sup­ • In Honduras, our Emergency porting Third World grassroots Fund has provided medicine, movements. wheelchairs, and legal assistance to groups with urgent need, whil~ I've been looking forward to a our International Peace Confer­ trip to Soutlrern Africa for 20 ence in Tegucigalpa helped build years, so my expectations were opposition to the U.S. military quite intense. Frankly, the Global build-up in Central America. Exchange Tour w as wonderful, very educational. It was every­ • In Southern Africa, we have thing I expected and more. I helped raise thousands of pollars loved it! .for the ANC and other grassroots Nesbitt Crutchfield, Coordinator, groups. With the speaking tour Bay Area Anti-Apartheid Network of Sister Ncube we are launching a new program to build support for South African women's groups. We are also currently promoting an exchange between Cuban and U.S. health officials and building a campaign to end the U.S. embargo against Cuba. Global Exchange's efforts on behalf of the African National Congress have forwarded tlu struggle of our people for freedom and self- determination. We thank you for your wonderful work!I Lindiwe Mabuza Chief Representative to the U.S. African National Congress

(left) Rachel Chapman in Mozambique on a Global Exchange Reality Tour

Spirit of A New South Africa • 4 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour (left) Executive Director Medea Benja­ min at the Danhiko school in Zimbabwe

FAIR TRADE For Haitian artists · and their families, Global Exchange's purchases can literally make the difference between eating and going hungry. But what makes this trade so wonderful is that it is also a way to promote people's SPEAKERS BUREAU individual talents while educating EDUCATIONAL U.S. citizens about Haiti's rich Global Exchange has a bureau of RESOURCES cultural heritage. U.S. and Third World speakers Global Exchange offers a range of Kathie Klarreich who can address topics such as resources-books, videos, guides, Global Exchange staff in Haiti world hunger, grassroots develop­ articles-to help North Americans ment, U.S. foreign policy, envi­ understand the,roots of poverty, at To help build economic justice ronmentalism and U.S.-Third home and abroad, and to encourage from the bottom up, Global Ex­ World activism. people to get actively involved. See change promotes alternative trade We also have excellent speakers the order forms in this booklet for a that benefits the producer and con­ on Southern Africa and the anti­ description of our . most recent sumer, not the intermediary. Our apartheid movement, including books and guides. purchases of arts and crafts gener­ Kevin Danaher and Prexy Nesbitt. Global Exchange also publishes a ate income for hundreds of Third To invite a Global Exchange speak­ quarterly newsletter for our mem­ World artisans. We purchase Car­ er to your community, write to us, bers, featuring updates on Global ibbean crafts for U.S. groups such attention: Speaker's Bureau. Exchange activities, developments as Oxfam America and Pueblo to We were very impressed and in the internationalist movement, People, and. stores ranging from moved by Kevin Danaher's talk and reports from our tour program. Anchorage, Alaska.to Glouchester, Massachusetts. Our San Francisco about world hunger. He has such Thanks so much for your Third World Crafts Center pro­ a comprehensive grasp of the wonderful newsletter. It is vides an outlet for crafts from all problem that many of us were honest and_ direct. I feel well over the Third World, while edu­ stunned. It was one of the most infonned of your intentions and cating consumers about conditions valuable educational experiences your activities. And, most we have had. in the countries where the goods importantly, I feel moved _to are produced. · Elizabeth Cuadra, President action! Venita Robertson, Juneau World Affairs Council Searsport, Maine YES! I WANT TO HELP Global Exchange build a strong internationalist movement. Enclosed is my tax-deductible gift: 0 $25 0 $35* 0 $50 0 $100 Other ___ 0 CHECK 0 VISA 0 MASTERcARD 0 AMERICAN EXPRESS Card# ___ Expiration Date ____

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Spirit of A New South Africa • 5 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour Introducing tfie J-{osts ofSister :J{s:.u6e 's

American Committee On Africa (New York) ACOA is national grassroots lobby­ ing and education organization based in New York. ACOA's present cam­ paign is VOTE FOR DEMOCRACY, an effort to gather ballots from around the country expressing sup­ port for continued sanctions. ACOA recently presented over 50,000 of these ballots to Congress during South African President De Klerk's visit to the U.S. ACOA also has a na­ tionwide network of churches, theRe­ ligious Action Network as part of its membership. A mnrch during American Committee on Africa 's campaign to free political prisoners. ~ Contact: Aleah Bacquie 198 Broadway New York, NY 10038 other local groups scheduled 623 leans. The committee emphasizes (212) 962-1210 events across South Carolina. Thirty the need to pressure the Port of New eight resource people reached over Orleans and organizes demonstra­ Church Women United 22,000 people face to face and an ad­ tions and marches at the port. The ditional 1.2 million through the me­ committee also has a campaign to get in Columbus & Franklin County dia. the New Orleans Parish School CWU is a national, ecumenical ~ Contact: Marguerite Ippolito Board to adopt an Africa/ African movement that brings women of dif­ P.O. Drawer 50426 American History Curriculum, as ferent denominations together into Columbia, SC 29250 well as a comprehensive divestment one community of prayer, advocacy 803-799-3640 policy against the government of and service. CWU in Columbus is South Africa. celebrating its 75th year and is one of International House ' Contact: Carl Galmon the oldest CWU units in the country. IH provides a wide range of cultu­ 7600 Primrose Drive The Columbus chapter has many pro­ ral and educational programs and ser­ New Orleans, LA 70126 jects in the area. They started the "lit­ vices to the community, with the 504-244-6108 eracy council", a program that teaches goals of promoting intercultural ex­ adults how to read and write, that has change and interaction and helping to The Austin Peace & been adopted by the city of Columbus meet the needs of the growing inter­ and now operates citywide. CWU is ] ustice Coalition national community in Charlotte. IH APJC was established in 1982 to also proud of its women prison minis­ is working together with Charlotteans try and is helping to fund a worship coordinate the activities of an in­ for a Free Southern Africa, the Afro­ creasing number of social action or­ center inside the women's prison in American Center and the Mecklen­ Columbus. CWU also uses its net­ ganizations in the Austin area. Since burg County Women's Commission that time, APJC has earned a national working skills to work with other in hosting Sr. Bernard. groups to bring speakers to Colum­ reputation as a model of how a coali­ bus. ~ Contact: Bill Munn tion of diverse organizations can ' Contact: Daisy Montgomery 322 Hawthorne Lane work together for a common goal. 1049 E. Broad Street Charlotte, NC 28204 The Austin Peace and Justice Coali­ Columbus, OH 43205 704-333-8099 tion, together with one of its member 614-252-6994 groups, the Texas State Coalition The Louisiana State Against Apartheid, works to bring The Carolina Peace anti-apartheid issues to Texas. Cur­ Committee rently, the coalition is spearheading a Resource Center Against Apartheid letter writing campaign to the Texas The Resouce Center promotes LSCAA formed in 1980 after dis­ Highway and Public Transportation peace, just and cooperative relation­ covering that the Port of New Orleans Commission challenging the High­ ships among people and harmony had stronger ties with South Africa way Department's purchase of South with the natural environment. One of than any other port city in the United African steel for bridge construction its recent projects was organizing States. Today, 80% of all cargo enter­ as a violation of the U.S. Comprehen­ Central America InformationWeek. ing the United States from South Afri­ sive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986. Over 7 days, the Center, together with ca comes ~hrough the Port of New Or-

Spirit of A New South Africa • 6 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour 9\{jltiona[ Speaking rr'our

The groups are also active in a The Chicago Committee fundraising campaign on behalf of the in Solidanty with ANC, as well as raising money to help Southern Africa the UT-16. In 1986, 16 individuals held a sit-in in the University of Texas CCISSA was formed in late 1987 President's Office to protest U.T.'s in­ to mobilize support for the vestment of $871.3 million in corpora­ liberation movements in Southern tions doing business in South Africa. Africa. CCISSA's main focus is to The protestors were arrested and the increase pressure for changes in ensuing trials resulted in convictions U.S. policy toward that region by of 12 of the 16. The Texas State Coali­ educating and involving tion Against Apartheid, along with Chicagoans in its anti-apartheid other Austin groups, is fighting for a campaign. They were recently new trial for the defendants in this successful in their effort to landmark case. strenghten Chicago city sanctions 'Contact: Bill Gilstrap against S.A. CCISSA has built 227 Congress Ave support for liberation movements Austin, TX 78701 through initiation of the Madison Anti-Apartheid 512-474-5877 Chicago-Alexandra township sister Coalition Center For South community project and the Soweto The Coalition grew out of the day walkathon, which raises an Madison Area Coalition in Support of African Ministry average $11,000 per year in material Southern Africa in 1986. It is primari­ The center's focus is to mobilize aid for anti-apartheid forces in S.A. ly an organization of students from church people to support the efforts of and the Frontline states. In all of the University of Wisconsin. The coa­ ecumenical leaders seeking non­ their projects, COSSA works lition works with local groups to violent change in South Africa. Their closely with other Chicago sponsor educational events and fund­ four main areas of work are: educa­ organizations such as SYNAPSES, raising drives on the behalf of groups tion, direct action, pressure on the Eighth Day Center for Justice, the in South Africa. South African government and Mozambique Support Network, ' Contact: Gretchen Bauer prayer. The Center For South Africa and Illinois Labor Network Against Pres House Ministry has hosted Archbishop De­ Apartheid. 731 State Street smond Tutu on several occasions to ' Contact: Carol Thompson Madison, WI 53706 speak on the effects of the oppressive 343 S. Dearborn Room 314 608-238-4821 political and economic policies of Chicago,IL 60604 South Africa. 312-427-9868 Ohio State Univ. Black Studies Extention Center 'Contact: I Brian Sellers-Petersen Milwaukee Potsdam - Eluxolweni Sister The Black Studies Extention Center 132 N. Euclid Ave. conducts research projects and holds Pasadena,CA 91101 Community Task Force national conferences on a variety of 818-796-1172 Milwaukee has a sister social science and humanities topics. The Michigan Coalition community relationship with the In 1989 the center organized a con­ for Human Rights - people of Potsdam - Eluxolweni, a ference entitled "The Health Crisis community that was forcibly and the Black Community" with 1,500 Southem Africa Committee removed from its land. The task participants. The center also orga­ The SA Committee seeks to edu­ force provides advocacy and nized a mini-conference entitled cate and mobilize the people of South­ support as requested by the people "Apartheid in Colombus, Ohio and east Michigan about the realities of of Potsdam- Eloxolweni. The group Southern Africa". apartheid. The committee presents has successfully pressured the The Extension Center is presently study programs and offers a speakers South African government to grant planning an international conference bureau. The group also networks its sister community their legal in 1992 for the Quincentennial enti­ with national anti-apartheid groups right to life and home inside South tled "Encuentro: Encounter & Con­ and helps to publicize their work. Africa. flict; Africa & the Americas" . ' Contact: Sr. Joanette Nitz ' Contact: Tom Williams ' Contact: Yolanda Robinson 800 Woodward Avenue Milwaukee City Hall #205 905 Mount Vernon Ave Detroit, MI 48201 200 E Wells St. Colombus, Ohio 43203 313-832-4400 Milwaukee, WI 53202 (414) 278-2659 614-252- 8752

Spirit of A New South Africa • 7 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour Zambia Airways

Welco01es Sister Bernard Ncube on her speaking tour of the United States.

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Spirit of A New South Africa • 8 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour A THEOLOGIAN OF THE PEOPLE

An Interview with The Reverend Smangaliso Mkhatshwa, Secretary General of the Institute for Contextual Theology in Johannesburg, South Africa.

The Reverend Mkhatshwa is a Cath­ one adopts that attitude, there is a real olic priest who has been imprisoned danger that one can conclude that apart­ and tortured by the South African heid is dead and therefore there is no government because of his promi­ longer any need to continue with the nent role as a leader in the struggle various forms of pressure, whether eco­ against apartheid. He 'was inter­ nomic, political, diplomatic, cultural or viewed in August by Margaret No­ whatever. vicki of Africa Report. Or one can adopt a more realistic view, being aware that the main pillars of apartheid are still in place, very in­ The last several years haven't been ta.ct. What F.W. de Klerk has done has easy for you, having been imprisoned some significance in the sense that he and tortured. How do you see your has at least made it possible for people role as a churchman in the struggle to begin to operate openly, to organize at the moment? politically, and to express dissent Mkhatshwa: I have been very much through protest marches, even though guided by the Mass Democratic Move­ ·people are still being shot by police. One ment and by what has been happening must be aware that with the talks about in the counny because I believe as a talks that took place, there is still a long contextual theologian, you need to be way to go. The fact that those talks took sensitive to what is happening around place at all is a sign of hope about the you. For instance, when the United future, and therefore this· process needs Democratic Front came into being in to be encouraged. But I don't think de 1983, it was very clear that there had Klerk needs to be rewarded because all been a real strong desire for the differ­ that he has done is to give in to internal ent organizations to be· brought togeth­ and international pressure. That pres­ er into some form of front. All the anti­ sure, therefore, needs to be maintain~d. apartheid organizations of different civic plays a role that is so that he doesn't slip backwards, that he kinds and ideologies had to be brought both civic and political, and they are in rather continues to allow ·the political together if we really wanted to be ef­ contact with other civic associations process to take place more and more. fective, and that is why I was elected around the counny. So for instance In fact~ he must be encouraged to ac­ one of the pattons of the UDF. I have now, when the ANC is trying to em­ celerate that process because people's worked very closely with that front be­ bark on a recruitment campaign, the expectations have been raised. If, for in­ cause I believe in its main objectives-­ civic associations are playing quite an stance, the ANC is not able to deliver, to bring people together to continue tlie important role. there could be some real problems if struggle against apartheid. I have also continued to run a parish people begin to be disillusioned and im­ Because of my participation because I felt that it would be danger­ patient and quite understandably so. Af­ in anti-apartheid activities, I eventually ous for one just to be involved in aca­ ter having waited for over 338 years, got myself into big trouble. When the demic work without remaining with you can understand if people are a little state of emergency was declared, I was one's feet on the ground, and the only bit impatient and they'd like to see re­ taken in during the year 1986-87. I was way to do so is to continue to be in sults. What happened in May in Cape tortured. They would never tell you ex­ contact with the grassroots people. Town wasn't really negotiations. It was a actly why you have been detained, but And it also helps one to translate the · preliminary discussion which was im­ there are always very vague allega­ ideas and theories into practice and portant to help clear the air, to help build tions, such as, "The Minister of Law therefore one can see whether certain up some form of trust between the two and Order is satisfied that you threaten . ideas reflect the aspirations of the peo­ parties to try and fmd common ground order and the security of the country," ple or they are just in the.clouds. before coming to the nuts and bolts of and so on. But they don't actually sub­ the real issues. stantiate that. What is your assessment of the cur­ International and domestic pressure When we went out of detention, we rent political situation in South Afri­ led to de Klerk's moves, and de Klerk's continued our work because we just ca? trips to Europe and the U.S. were obvi­ had no choice but to continue resisting ously intended to ease that pressure. Mkhatshwa: In assessing that situa­ apartheid. I got actively involved in What is his strategy at the moment? civic associations which try to organize tion, one can adopt one of two atti­ tudes: One can be very euphoric and Mkhatshwa: Like any good politician, people locally. They fight for better de Klerk will want to exploit the situa­ living conditions, rent, good roads, gar­ therefore run the danger of being rath­ er simplistic in interpreting what is tion. His trips abroad are an opportunity bage collection, but also if someone is for him to say: "I've been a good boy, detained, they take up that issue. The 1Pg place in South Africa today. If Spirit of A New South Africa • 9 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour I've been sensitive · to advice, to the the players in our part of the worlq in ship, the ANC is by far the dominant pressures and so on, and unlike my pre­ the quest for peace, and therefore we force in the country. It is stronger than decessors, I am a reasonable fellow to would want them to tell de Klerk to do the National Party itself, stronger than deal with. You've got to reciprocate as much more and quicker. But at this · anything else that exists in the country. It well, I've made some concessions, and stage, the U.S. should not lift any sanc­ is true that there are other much smaller if you are really concerned about tions, it shouldn't ease any pressures forces .that also exist, and they must be change taking place in South Africa, that are in place. allowed to say that they are not happy you must stop applying economic sanc­ about certain things. But at the end of the tions because you are hurting the very day, the question we have to ask is: Who same people you are trying to help. What is the line-up of forces with~n is going to set the agenda and the pace Make things a bit easier for me, .stop the MDM now? Are most people sol­ and the tempo of change? To whom will and say: "Yes, we shall reward you be­ idly behind the ANC? Is the move­ the vast majority of the people of in cause you are reasonable, sensible and ment more unified or less in light of South Africa listen? And I am one to so on." Or they can say: "Not yet. ..we the ANC's talks with the govern­ argue that the ANC is that force that is appreciate what has happened .and we ment? going to really decide what happens in would like to encourage you by not in­ Mkhatshwa: Without any doubt what­ South Africa finally. tensifying the sanctions that are already soever, the ANC, with its allies, the in place. If you introduce more changes MDM, enjoys by far the most massive What is behind the violence in Natal? and even faster, we shall have no op­ support in the country and this mani­ tion but to lift the sanctions and even What steps are being taken by the ANC fests itself in many different ways. The and lnkatha to address it? invest much more actively in the coun­ ANC is setting up structures which Mkhatshwa: It is grossly unfilir to ex­ try, to help rebuild the economy, tore­ could not exist six ~Qnths ago and the store confidence of various countries in­ recruitment drive is in full swing. If pect Mandela to suddenly solve that South Africa, and diplomatically also you look at the rallies, for instance, problem. It started years before he was to ensure that we give you the neces­ that have been taking place in the released from prison .. The government it­ sary protection and encouragement to country to receive Mandela, Walter Si­ self with all its machinery and security do even more." sulu, and the others, there is no doubt apparatus has not managed to solve that The international community needs that the ANC enjoys the most massive situation, either because it didn't have the to be very careful that it doesn't fall support in the country and one can vir­ will to do so or simply because it suits into de Klerk's trap. It must also be a tually say that it is the alternative gov­ government interests. But having said little more honest in the sense that ernment in the making. that, there definitely is concern within the ANC, MDM, and UDF about that sit­ some countries have been doing a roar- . Secondly, de Klerk, almost without ing business with South Africa and uation, that it must be brought under con­ even consulting anybody, immediately trol as soon as possible. have been looking for an excuse, how­ identified the ANC as the negotiating ever small it may be, to say now we partner. He is no fool. Through intelli­ Why have so many peace efforts can go ahead and do good business. gence and other ways, he must have failed? There are several reasons. First of concluded .&hat the ANC is the force all, it is very clear that it is a political that he needs to be 'talking to. Further, conflict between the lnkatha movement What is your view of where the U.S. on the one hand and the progressive forc­ stands in all of this? . the armed struggle has been basically waged by the ANC. The pressure we es represented by Cosatu, ANC, UDF on Mkhatshwa: At the best of times, have been talking about has been the other. In 1~84-85, the whole thing U.S. policy has been a bit ambiguous. waged by the ANC over the years. was sparked off by lnkatha's trying to The measures it has applied need to be force people to take ouf membership. left where they are. The U.S. should It is very clear to me, therefore, and There were other socio-economic fac­ encourage this process [that de Klerk to many other people that in terms of tors--people being displaced, unemploy­ has begun]. The U.S. is certainly one of power, influence, and size of member- ment, poverty--but the dominant factor is political: Inkatha's desire for hegemony in that area and its un­ Back Issues Available - write for list willingness to brook Including Four Double Issues any opposition from Africa Today Focused on Human Rights 'The State and Ahican Human Rights" anybody, certainly not "South Ahica, Namibia and Human Rights" from the progressive "Human Rights: The African Context" "Shari' a Law and Strife in Sudan: Is Peace Possible?" elements. ·So that is Presenting Ahica's concerns and achievements. 3-9 copies S5 each; 10-19 copies $4; 20 or mo~ $3; single copy S7 A journal of interp~tation and analysis of the Editors: George W. Shepherd, Jr .• Ttlden J. LeMelle, J:dward A. what it boils down to. ever-changing Ahican ocene. With a special J:iawley. Exec. Ed. Published by Africa Today Associates in cooper . Secondly, the atti­ emphasir on Human Rightr with the Africa Rights bon with the Graduate School of International Studies. Univ. of Denver Monitor. Is~es of ARM available at $1 each tude of the police. The Subscription Rates AFRICA TODAY, GSIS. Univ. of Denver. CO 80208 vast majority of the Individuals Institutions Pleue enter my subscription to Africa Today for 1 yr._. 2 yrs. __• 3 yrs.__ people will tell you $15 1 year $40 ' At the infllitutional _ . individual_. student_ rate. $28 2 years $72 (If student, where enrolled remaining yrs. of study--'- ) that in the conflict in $40 3 years $1 00 My payment is enclosed ____. Plesae bill me __. $12 1 year (student) Natal, the police have Subscriben outside the Americas add: Name not played an un- S2 per year for surface mail Add~~ss~------S8 per year for air mail City ______.State __ Zip :._____ biased, impartial role. '----,...... They have definitely Spirit of A New South Africa • 10 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour Kids in Crossroads Squatter Camp United Nations Photo/1 S 1782 Is the process toward one person, been very partisan in favor of Inkatha. tionable. It is common course that they one vote irreversible? Has de Klerk There are many affidavits before the have supported the Inka~a movement accepted it or is he still talking law courts in which some of the war­ almost openly. It is true that de Klerk: about group rights, protection for lords-Inkatha members--have been has sent in members of the Defence minorities, etc.? mentioned and evidence has been col­ Force to try and bring some order in that Mkhatshwa: I would like to believe lected for everybody to see, but noth­ situation, but people continue to die, and that the process is irreversible. It just ing happens. practically all those that are dying at the . · depends on how many obstacles are But I think the problem at the mo­ moment are all opponents. So that is ment is one of distnist. If people took what it boils down to. placed in its way. I think de Klerk: for Mandela's call literally to throw their Rather than talking about "black-on­ quite some time will continue with the weapons into the sea, they would be black violence" which gives a false pic­ group rights thing, .partly as kind of a wiped out, they would be physically at­ ture of what is happening, we need to political posturing, so he doesn't lose tacked by Inkatha. De Klerk has sent in look at the socio-economic factors the support of his constituency too some more troop reinforcements, peo­ which are are responsible for that vio­ soon. He must reassure them that he is ple are still dying, but there seems to lence. We need to look at the ideologi­ not going to sell them down the drain. be an improvement in the situation. I cal and political conflict between the I do feel ·that with the passage of time, believe mySelf that if the government two groups. It is a conflict between one he probably will give in and the real has the will and the desire to stop all group that is totally opposed to apart­ serious peace process or negotiations that, it will stop within days. heid and would like to dismantle that will get under way. How soon is any­ We all know that there are people system, and another group which oper­ body's guess. But I would imagine that called the warlords who are actually ates within the structures of apartheid; in the near future the serious negotia­ the ones that are responsible for the vi­ in spite of what they might say, the truth tions will begin, because it is in every­ olence, they are leading the impis who of the matter is that they are imanced by body's interest to 'ensure that that actu­ attack people, murder, maim people. apartheid, they continue to exist thanks ally happens. The role of the police, especially the to the support given to them by the Adapted from Africa Report, July-August 1990. special constables, has been very ques- apartheid regime.

Spirit of A New South Africa • 11 • Global Excltange Speaking Tour (jet Invo{ved in the Strugg{e !llgainst !llpartheid!

There are numerous ways to get involved in community action against racism and apartheid. The best way to start is by contacting your local anti-apartheid groups. (A few are listed on pag­ es 6-7.) The following suggestions are intended to stimulate your imagination. Oppose Aid to UNIT A UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi, has MATERIAL AND FINANCIAL AID been a darling of the U.S. govern­ ment because of its vicious war Sending material aid to southern Africa is very difficult because of the high against the leftist government of shipping costs. (For example, sending books can cost $20 to $60 per box, of­ Angola. The war has left 500,000 ten more than the value of the books.) Many groups have chosen to focus dead and ruined Angola's econo­ on direct financial. This gives the groups you support more flexibility in al­ my. Congress recently voted anoth­ locating resources to what they really need most at any given time. For er $67 million in aid to UNIT A. fundraising ideas and how to transfer resources to southern Africa, contact Find out how your Representative one of the offices below. voted: protest a "yes" vote and con­ gratulate a "no". The African National Congress of South Africa Support Continued Sanctions Write or call your representatives in J'!le ANC has two offices in the United States. The Washing­ Congress supporting the sanctions ton office is home to Lindiwe Mabuza, the ANC's Chief Rep­ legislation introduced by Congress­ resentative to the United States. The New York office houses man Ron Dellums (D-CA). The Con­ Tebogo Mafole, the ANC's Representative to the United Na­ gressional Switchboard number is tions. Contact them at: 705 8th St., SE, Washington, DC (202)224-3121. At the local level, you 20003, (202) 543-9433 and 801 Second Ave., Suite 405, New can introduce a resolution similar to the one we have provided below. York, NY 10017(212) 490-3487. Mozambique Support Network Model Resolution 343 South Dearborn, #314, Chicago, IL 60604 (312) 922-3286. The MSN is a national network of local Whereas the government of South Africa systematically de­ nies the Black majority basic human rights, freedom and Mozambique support groups educating the public and justice under the policy of apartheid; and raising material aid for Mozambique. Whereas the apartheid regime continues to jail, torture and even assassinate its political opponents; and Fund for a Free South Africa Whereas the white minority government, under tremen­ 729 Boylston St., Boston, MA 02116, (617) 267-8333. dous pressure from the resistance of the Black majority and FreeSA provides direct financial support to anti­ the impact of international sanctions, now seeks to portray apartheid organizations in southern Africa. itself as having "changed" by lifting some segregation pro­ visions and releasing some political prisoners, most notably Nelson Mandela; and Whereas the people of South Africa have welcomed the re­ SUPPORT NATIONAL ANTI­ lease of Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress, but have insisted that apartheid cannot be re­ APARTHEID ORGANIZATIONS formed, it must be abolished and replaced with full democ­ racy, including the right to vote on the basis of one person, American Committee on Africa, one vote in a unified, nonracial South Africa; 198 Broadway, New York, NY 10038, (212) 962-1210. Therefore be it resolved that American Friends Service Committee, 1) We, the call for the re- Southern Africa Program, 15 Cherry St., Philadelphia, PA, lease of all South African political prisoners; 19102,(215)241-7169. 2) . We continue to condemn the racist apartheid system Angola Foundation, practiced by the South African government; 5113 Georgia Ave., NW, Wash., DC 20011, (202) 291-8100. 3) We call on the United States Congress to pass full, com­ prehensive economic and political sanctions against the ra­ TransAfrica, cist government of South Africa and keep them enforced 545 8th St., SE, Washington, DC 20003, (202) 547-2550. until full democracy is established in that country. Washington Office on Africa, Please send copies to President Bush and Congress. 110 Maryland Ave., NE, Wash., DC 20002, (202) 546-7961.

,, CITIZEN DIPLOMACY Link your church, union, or city with a "sister" organiza­ tion in Southern Africa. A sister relationship is a long-term commitment that requires hard work to build, but can be immensly beneficial to both parties. Sister cities have helped pressure the South Afri­ can government to stop forcibly re­ moving Black communities. Sister unions have gone on sympathy strikes and helped build strike funds. Sister schools have collected school supplies and exchanged let­ Oukasie, South Africa is a sister community to Bt!rkeley, California . ters between students. Sister church­ es have protested human rights STAY INFORMED EDUCATE OTHERS abuses and collected material aid. These publications contain useful in­ For more information about sister­ Rent a Video and Host a formation on Southern Africa. ing, call Global Exchange at (415) House Party: Africa News. P.O. Box 3851, Dur­ 255-7296. We can give you ideas on ham, NC 27702 (919) 286-0747. Good videos are available from:. what groups to link with in Southern The Southern Africa Media Center, Africa, or more information about Africa Report, 833 UN Plaza, New 149 Ninth Street, #420, San Francis­ groups in the U.S. who have sister York, NY 10017 (212) 949-5666, $24/ co, CA 94103, (415) 621-6196 relationships with Southern Africa. year. The Mozambique Support Network For information on how to build sis­ Africa Today, c/o Graduate School has excellent videos on Mozam­ ter communities and cities, contact: of International Studies, Univ. of bique and South Africa's policy of U.S. - South Africa Sister Denver, Denver, CO 80208 (303) 871- regional destabilization. Contact Community Project 3678. $15/year. them at: 343 S. Dearborn, #314, Chi­ 2601 Mission St. ANC Weekly Newsbriefing, Box 38, cago, IL 60604, (312) 922-3286. San Francisco, CA 94110 London N1 9PR, England, $110/yr. (415) 824-2938 Facts and Reports, Holland Commit­ Protest misinformation with Visit Southern Africa tee on Southern Africa, O.Z. Achter­ letters to the Editor and Op­ Visiting Southern Africa is a crucial burgwal 173, 1012 OJ Amsterdam, Eds: first step toward building partner­ Holland, $55/year. ,. Keep your letters short, making ships. Global Exchange organizes TransAfrica Forum. 545 8th St., SE, only one or two major points. yearly delegations to Southern Afri­ Washington, DC 20003, (202) 547- ,. Submit it to your local paper. You ca. A limited number of partial 2550, $20/year. are more likely to get it published scholarships are available for low­ and most U.S. citizens read local, income activists. For more informa­ Watch South Africa Now not national papers anyway. South Africa Now is a half-hour tion contact Global Exchange at (415) Invite a Speaker from 255-7296. news-weekly about Southern Africa. Check local listings for times. Global Exchange

Glob~l Exchange's Speaker's Bu­ JOIN BOYCOTI CAMPAIGNS reau includes two prominent ex­ of SHELL and COCA-COLA perts on Southern Africa: Prexy Nesbitt and Kevin Danaher. Both Shell is being boycotted internation­ Coca-Cola claimed to divest, but is are entertaining and inspiring speakers who have spoken all ally for its presence in South Africa. still profiting from apartheid. For across the country. Between them The boycott in the U.S. is organized more information about the cam­ they have written eight books and by the United Mine Workers of paign, contact: America. You can also contact dozens of articles about Southern Africa, US foreign policy, racism, UMWA for union-related work. Coca-Cola Boycott Campaign and the anti-apartheid movement. 900 15th St, NW 92 Piedmont Avenue For bookings, call (415) 255-7296. Washington, DC 20005 Atlanta, GA 30303 (202) 842-7352 (404) 586-0460

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Spirit of A New South Africa • l"f • Global Exchange Speaking Tour } I Vuk ani Makhosikazi: South African Wo1nen Speak ()ut

Women have always taken part with from all over the country· assembled in strong, but after the severe repression men in the battle against apartheid. But Pretoria to protest. This day has since of the early 1960s, mass protest went in addition to the campaigns and activi­ been designated "Women's Day" in into eclipse for a decade. At the ties involving both sexes in the struggle South Africa. The women delivered a Sharpeville massacre (March 21 , to achieve national liberation, women petition to the Prime Minister's office. 1960), police killed 69 protesters and have also campaigned on issues primar­ In line with government policy at the wounded hundreds more. The white ily affecting them as women. time, which was to ignore all represen­ government imposed aSt~te of Emer­ In 1913 in the province of Orange tations from Africans, the Prime Minis­ gency and outlawed mass organiza­ Free State, .African women living in ur­ ter would not meet with the women. tions such as the African National Con­ ban townships were made to buy a new The issue of passes persisted, but so gress and its Women's League. The entry permit each month. The women did the protests, which spread even into non-racial Federation of South African organized petitions and demonstrations the remote countryside. Terrible pun­ Women was decapitated when top against the permits. The struggle ended ishments were meted out by the police. leaders such as Lilian Ngoyi and Helen in victory for the women: the permits People were shot, beaten, and ·their Joseph were banned, preventing them were withdrawn. homes were burned to the ground. from playing any public role. In 1955 the Minister of Native Affairs At the same time, women were pro­ Few political women's organizations announced that African women would testing against the beemall system. The have been allowed to exist for long. In be issued passes beginning in January law prevented Africans from brewing 1975 the Black Women's Federation 1956. Up to then, only men had to carry traditional beer; yet men were allowed was established with practical objec­ the hated pass books. to patronize government-owned beer­ tives such as reducing the cost of stu- The first big protest against halls. The women argued that they . dents' school uniforms. But even this passes for women took place in should be allowed to brew, in accor­ was unacceptable to the government October 1955 with 2,000 wom­ dance with customs of traditional hos­ and the Black Women's Federation en converging on Pretoria. The pitality, and that the beerballs should be was banned in 1977, along with many women's anti-pass movement closed. other civic groups: grew. Marches and demonstra­ In June 1959 2,000 women gathered But all the banning, repression and tions took place nationwide. On at Cator Manor, Durban to express their violence could not keep women "in August 9, 1956, 20,000 women grievances against the beerballs. The their place." Women continued to orga­ police charged the women with clubs, nize in every field. The current refonns striking them down brutally, often hit­ underway in South Africa would not ting the babies strapped to their backs. have come about without the persistent The spirit of the women remained struggle of the women.

(Adapted from Women Under Apartheid, International Defence and Aid Fund.)

I I I I I' \ I

I . .I Statement of the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress on the Emancipation of Women in South Africa · • May 2, 1990 ·

[Excerpts; full document available from bor. With the creation of the bantustans ANC Policy the African National Congress.] large numbers have been confined to de­ In this new phase of open organiza­ The African National Congress's com­ teriorating rural environments, depen­ tional "legality," the ANC commits it­ mitment to eliminate racism, oppression dent on the commitment of absent self to the development and implemen­ and exploitation from our society cannot breadwinners for small cash remittanc­ tation of a wide range of policies for fail to address also the question of the es. Many have been made the sole min­ restructuring the organization to meet emancipation of women. . ders of the elderly, the disabled and the the tasks of the day. In this we believe The experience of other societies has children. Women havecarried the main it imperative to address the inequalities shown that the emancipation of women is load of responsibility for survival and women face in every aspect of our not a by-product of a struggle for democ­ generational reproduction even though work. By adopting such an approach racy, hational liberation or socialism. It they are often still subject to the legal we will bring women in their millions has to be addressed in its own right with­ authority of absent men who are re­ into active participation in all forms of in our organization, the mass democratic moved from day to day decision mak­ struggle and at all levels. In this pro­ movement and in the society as a whole. ing. cess we will at the same time facilitate The majority of South African women, Nationally, women have the lowest their own upliftment and advance to who are black, are the most· oppressed levels of health, education and skills. freedom. section of our people, suffePrig under a The majority still bear the sole burden Patterns of discrimination and ine­ triple yoke of oppression. The liberation of domestic labor. Their contribution to quality are not self-correcting. Rather, of women is central to our people's strug­ the creation of our country's wealth is they tend to replicate themselves, as gle for freedom. unrecognized and mostly unpaid. Wom­ those already in leading positions ac­ To achieve genuine equality, our poli­ en make up the majority of the unem­ quire necessary experience and confi­ cies must be based on a real understand­ ployed, while those in waged work are dence and appear better equipped to ing of gender oppression and the way it channelled into the worst paid lowest bear responsibility. To break this cycle manifests itself in our society. From SIJCh status jobs. Even white, but especially we need to take affirmative action a base we will be able to work towards black, women do not participate fully in within the ANC to supplement and re­ creating the necessary conditions for truly the decision and policy-making organs inforce education and advancement liberating women in the practical reality of our country. programs based on the principle of full of our daily lives. Notwithstanding these oppressive equality. Gender oppression is everywhere root­ conditions, women have made signifi­ ed in a material base and is expressed in cant contributions to our liberation The Demands of the Struggle Now socio-cultural tmditions and attitudes all struggle. But, as is evident among the and in Post-Apartheid South Africa of which are supported and. perpetuated youth, the people's army and elsewhere Our policies have to address simul­ by an ideology which subordinates wom­ in our ranks, we have to acknowledge taneously the material base, the legal en. In South Africa it is institutionalized that their full potential has not been real­ system, the political and other institu­ in the laws as well as the customs and ized. We have not, as yet, fully integrat­ tions and the ideological and cultural practices of all our people. Within our ra­ ed women's concerns and the emancipa­ underpinning of gender-oppression cially and ethnically divided society, all tion of women into the practice of our now and in the future. women have a lower status than men of liberation struggle. Among these recommendations are the same group in both law and practice. The prevalence of patriarchal atti­ amendments to the ANC Constitution­ And as with racism, the disadvantage im­ . tudes in South African society per­ al Guidelines, including the categoriza­ posed on them ranges across the political, meates our own organizations. The ab­ tion of South Africa as an independent, economic, social, domestic, cultural and sence of sufficient numbers of women united, democratic, non-racial and civil spheres. in our organizations, especially at deci­ non-sexist state. Laws, customs, tradi­ The manipulation of gender relations sion-making levels, and the lack of a tions and practices which discriminate has been an important feature of state strong mass women's organization has against women shall be held to be un­ control over, especially, the African peo­ been to the detriment of our struggle. As constitutional. Patriarchal rights, espe­ ple, and the effects have impinged most a consequence the particular concerns of cially but not only with regard to fami­ harshly upon women. Their mobility has more than half of our people are hardly ly, land and the economy need serious been rigidly controlled, and the unpaid la­ heard when we defme our strategies and re-examination so that they are not en­ bor of African women in the rural areas determine our tactics. trenched or reinforced. has underpinned the migrant labor system The realization of our objective of a In the new · South Africa women and subsidized the profits of the mining non-racial and democratic South Africa will not immediately have the educa­ industry. is dependent upon the extent to which tion, skills and resources to claim the Within apartheid ideology African we are able to address and mobilize all rights provided in the constitution and women have been perceived simply as the people of South Africa: men and laws. It shall therefore be the duty of the breeders of future generations of Ia- women. tJ?.e state to ~ appropriate measures

Spirit of A New South Africa • 16 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour to ensure the principle of gender equal­ ity. Equally, our legal system must be easily accessible, with a judiciary which is familiar with the experience , and has the confidence of the least privileged sections of our people. Women's right to democratic participa­ tion in all decision making must be there in principle and in practice.

The Charter of Wooten's Rights Men and women alike bear the re­ sponsibility for eliminating gender op­ pression. However, women must take the lead in creating a non-sexist South Africa. They must move the ANC and the MDM to adopt policies and forms of organization that facilitate the partic­ ipation of women in the struggle that still lies before us. Women must lead the national de­ bate for a Charter of Women's Rights which will elaborate and reinforce our new constitution, so that in their own voice women detme the issues of great­ est concern to them and establish pro­ cedures for ensuring that the rights claimed are made effective. We call upon the ANC Women's League to initiate a campaign for the Charter involving all other structures of our organization, the membership and supporters throughout South Africa. The campaign should involve millions of women directly in the process of de­ termining how their rights would be protected in a new legal and constitu­ tional order. Such an initiative will pro­ vide the opportunity to set an example of democracy in practice, and be a ma­ jor agency for stimulating women to break the silence imposed on them. Based upon the demands and needs of African women, the great majority and the most oppressed, it should draw in and represent the wishes of women from all sections of South African soci­ ety, and as such be an important step in preparing over half the population for full citizenship and equality. Although the principal themes of the Charter must be guided by women, men must be engaged in the process, so that we ensure that the Charter has the backing of the widest strata of society. Although the dominant always tmd it difficult in the short term to give up age-old privileges and habits, in the long run they only stand to gain from Arrest under the pass laws. Photo by Eli Weinberg. living in a world in which the health happiness and welfare of all is guaran- teed.

Spirit of A New South Africa • 17 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour The Ongoing War in Southern Africa

by Kevin Danaher promptly scooped up the bullets and marched off for another attack. Yet po­ Despite the historic changes taking lice were actively disarming people place in South Africa, that country and who tried to defend themselves against other countries in southern Africa are the lnkatha invasion. being tom by violence. Guerrilla wars Although some western media por­ still rage in Angola and Mozambique; trayed the violence as tit-for-tat, refugees from those conflicts flee into "black-on-black" violence, one could Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi, taxing search the refugee camps in vain for In­ their already weak economies; and in katha supporters. The victims were al­ South Africa the violence has ~come most entirely those opposed to Buthele­ more bloody than anything in the past zi's dictatorial rule. John Aitcheson of 90 years--since the British and the Afri­ the Centre for Adult Education at Natal kaners exercised "white-on-white vio­ University has studied the situation lence" in the Boer War to see who closely and concludes: "The conflict is would control South Africa's mineral essentially about Inkatha's desire to wealth. maintain its support in Natal." Many people in the West assumed that once Nelson Mandela was released Breakdown of tbe Bantustans from prison and his organization, the True, there is a street-gang element African National Congress (ANC), was on each side: young, male toughs bent made legal, everything would settle on revenge, who cannot identify the down to peaceful negotiations and a leaders or policies of the side they sup­ transition to democracy. But right-wing posedly represent. But the larger con­ South Africans opposed to democracy text of the fighting is the generalized and non-racialism, especially members crisis of South Africa's bantustan sys­ of the government's security forces, are tem of ten ethnic "homelands" which determined to prevent democratization are being rocked by mass rebellions by any means necessary. and military coups. The recent fighting in South Africa A key component of "grand apart­ escalated almost as soon as Nelson "'"" ·"--·'"" heid" since 1959 has been the physical Mandela came out of prison on Febru­ Nurse and malnourished child in KwaZulu. division of the African majority into ten ary 11, 1990. Conservative black forc­ Despite South Africa's riches, some distinct ethnically based bantustans. es, such as KwaZulu Chief Minister 50,000 black children die every year from These rural ghettoes account for just 13 the effects of hunger. Gatsha Buthelezi, and well-armed percent of South Africa's land but more than half of the country's 28 million Af­ white conservatives in the police and I visited the area in April 1990 and military, launched an undeclared war ricans are forced to live there. The gov­ was dumbfounded by the extent of In­ ernment's original idea went beyond against the ANC and its affiliated or­ katha violence. Some communities just dividing blacks along ethnic ganizations, the United Democratic were attacked by as many as 12,000 In­ Front (UDF) and the Congress of South .katha warriors armed with guns, hand ("tribal") lines. Another goal was to create a black managerial class respon­ African Trade Unions (COSATU). grenades, spears and machetes. They sible for running the bantustans, depen­ The violence first broke out in Natal would sweep through whole neighbor­ dent on the salaries and perquisites at­ Province where Chief Buthelezi has his hoods killing anyone they could get tached to the civil service of each power base. His political organization, their hands on. The violence was aimed lnkatha, controls the police force in the bantustan government. at entire communities, and thousands of Yet this seemingly clever policy ran KwaZulu bantustan and by manipulat­ innocent people were forced to flee up against the contradiction of all neo­ ing bantustan programs, can offer a their homes for nearby refugee camps combination of patronage and punish­ set up by church groups and private colonial strategies: the very process of collaboration between black homeland ment to control Africans unfortunate charities (the government did little to leaders and their white masters that enough to live in his jurisdiction. As assist the victims). made the system function, also delegit­ the ANC's popularity skyrocketed fol­ There were numerous eyewitnesses imated the black leaders in the eyes of lowing its legalization in February, In­ who told of police collusion with the the people they were intended to rule. katha (aided by the white police) went Inkatha raiders. Police were seen Because their rule was never democrat­ on the warpath, looting, burning and throwing packets of ammunition on the ic, the bantustan leaders set new stan­ killing in communities known to sup­ ground near the lnkatha warriors who port~eANC . dards for corruption and repression.

Spirit of A New South Africa • 18 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour Some were even more draconian than the white government in Pretoria. Losses From South African The many years of high unemploy­ ment, gluttonous taxation, and general­ Aggression, 1980-1988 ly thuggish rule made the bantustans so Deaths of Infants & All Deaths much political tinder. The release of Country Economic Damage Small Children Nelson Mandela from prison and the ($millions) unbanning of the ANC provided the spark. The past year has seen most of Angola 30,000 331,000 500,000 the bantustans convulsed by mass up­ Botswana 500 50 risings. Several bantustan governments Lesotho 300 500 have been overthrown and replaced 25,000 with leaders critical of the white gov­ Malawi 2,150 25,000 ernment in Pretoria and sympathetic to Mozambique 15,000 494,000 900,000 theANC. Swaziland 200 250 Part of this upheaval in the bantu­ Tanzania 1,300 25,000 25,060 stans was a result of progressive organ­ 50,100 izations wanting to topple the bantu­ Zambia 5,000 50,000 stan leaders before they could be given Zimbabwe 8,000 500 a seat at the negotiating table. A top of­ AllSADCC 62,450 925,000 1,501,460 ficial of the UDF said the pressure to force bantustan leaders to resign was "part of the process of shaping the ne­ time rather than all at once because the region are based in South Africa. gotiating table. We will not allow the there was a special undercover police Countries such as Zimbabwe and Bot­ National Party's hand-picked leaders a unit travelling around inciting the vio­ swana send three-fourths of their ex­ space at that table." lence and they only had the capacity to ports through South Africa. Lesotho In a surprise concession in mid-May foment trouble in one or two townships and Swaziland buy 97 percent and 85 1990, government officials announced at a time. percent, respectively, of their imports that the bantustan system was no long­ from South Africa. South Africa uses er workable. The admission of the ban­ The Regional War Comes Home this leverage to dominate the region. tustans' failure is a significant ideologi­ This violence within South Africa is a In 1981, for example, South Africa cal victory. The government has not mirror image of the tactics used by the deliberately delayed oil and fertilizer announced specific plans for disman­ South African military over the past 15 shipments to Lesotho, Malawi, Zim­ tling the bantustan structures but this years to destroy the development poten­ babwe, Zambia and Botswana to hinder formal admission of failure will make tial of neighboring black-ruled states. A the production and marketing of crops it more difficult for the government to recent United Nations study found that and thus maintain these neighbors' food hold off pressure for change. between 1980 and 1988 South Africa dependence on South Africa. The big exception to the trend to­ attacked nine neighboring countries, But South Africa's rulers grew in­ ward reform has been Chief Buthelezi causing more than $60 billion in prop­ creasingly worried because since the and his conservative allies in the police erty damage and costing some 1.5 mil­ mid-1970s, the regional balance of and military. The Zulu nationalism es­ lion deaths. Why would South Africa's power had been shifting. poused by Buthelezi is ideologically white minority feel compelled to wreak Due to popular resistance, Portugal compatible with the Afrikaner national­ such havoc in the region? The answer was forced in 1975 to grant indepen­ ism preached by the white suprema­ has roots that are centuries old. dence to its colonies, Mozambique and cists of the far-right. On the ground, During the 1700s and 1800s, Europe­ Angola. Pretoria saw two white minori­ the swelling popularity of the ANC is a an colonizers used South Africa as a ty allies give way to black governments direct challenge to ultra-conservative base from which to conquer African committed to aiding the struggle groups such as the AWB and the Con­ peoples in nearby territories. Through a against apartheid. servative Party, as well as to Buthele­ variety of coercive methods, white set­ In 1980, two more events sealed Pre­ zi's lnkatha. tlers brought African men in from out­ toria's isolation in the region. Follow­ As Buthelezi tried to forcibly spread lying areas to do dangerous, low-paid ing the overthrow of white minority his power base from Natal to other work in South Africa's gold and dia­ rule, Rhodesia became Zimbabwe and parts of South Africa, intense fighting mond mines. This regional labor net­ socialist Robert Mugabe won a land­ broke out this past summer in the black work created economic dependence of slide victory in that country's first dem­ townships surrounding Johannesburg. neighboring areas on South Africa. Lat­ ocratic election. That same year, nine Eyewitnesses reported seeing whites er came a system of roads, railways, majority-ruled nations formed SADCC done up in black-face mingling with and electric grids, all controlled from (Southern Africa Development Coordi­ the lnkatha attackers. A Johannesburg South Africa. nating Council) designed to promote newspaper reported that the violence This colonial legacy continues today. regional economic cooperation and re­ was hitting different townships one at a The major banks and corporations of duce dependence on South Africa.

Spirit of A New South Africa • 19 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour (continued from page 19)

These countries are too small and ment with our tax money. tering thousands of MPLA supporters poor to pose a direct threat to apart­ On December 22, 1988, when Ango­ and innocent bystanders. A former heid: the most they were ever able to lan, South African, Cuban and U.S. white officer with the South African do was to provide the ANC with politi­ diplomats met in New York to sign an forces confessed: "Our main job is to cal support and occasional military . agreement to remove South African take an area and clear it We sweep training, which was used by Pretoria· as and Cuban troops from Angola, many through it and we kill everything in an excuse to attack these countries. Yet people thought the war in Angola front of us, cattle, goats, people, every­ the majority-ruled states do pose a would finally come to an end. But two thing." "threat" to Pretoria in an indirect sense. years later, the carnage continues. De­ In desperation, the MPLA called on If allowed to develop economically spite the fact that Angola is no threat to Cuba for assistance. By the time Cuban strong, multi-racial societies, these the United States, the Bush administra­ troops arrived in Luanda, the capital, neighboring states could jeopardize tion and Congress continue their mili­ South African forces were within a few apartheid by providing a powerful role tary support to the guerrillas of UNITA days of taking over the country. But the model for black South Africans. By (National Union for the Total Indepen­ combined, MPLA and Cuban forces creating chaos in neighboring coun­ dence of Angola) led by Jonas Savimbi. gradually pushed back the invaders and tries, South Africa's rulers could argue In the Fall of1990 Congress is reported established a government that went on that the alternatives to apartheid en­ to have approved some $50 million in to be recognized by the Organization of tailed war and impoverishment. new aid to UNITA --on top of $90 mil­ African Unity, the United Nations, and Th~ -dilemma for Americans is that lion in the previous year! nearly every country in the world-­ this regional violence by South Africa In 1975, when Angola was gaining its except South Africa and the United has been abetted by policymakers in independence fro0: Portugal, the Ford States. Washington. administration initiated a CIA program From 1975, South Africa (with U.S. to assist the two non-Marxist national­ connivance) undermined Angola's de­ Washington's War Against Angola ist movements (UNITA and FNLA, the velopment through bombing raids, sab­ Angola is one of Africa's largest pro­ National Front for the Liberation of An­ otage of economic targets, massive in­ ducers of oil. It is a country rich in gola) against the left-wing MPLA (Pop­ vasions involving thousands of South farmland, diamonds, and a wide array ular Movement for the Liberation of African troops, and continued support of minerals. Yet the people of Angola Angola). The CIA brought in white for the guerrillas of UNITA. hover on the brink of starvation. Ango­ mercenaries from Europe and the Unit­ Despite its rhetoric about human la suffers one of the highest infant mor­ ed States, and encouraged the South rights, the Carter administration failed tality rates in the world, and it ranks African military to invade Angola in or­ to normalize relations with Angola. But number one in the world for the per­ der to smash MPLA. it was during the eight year Reagan ad­ centage of its people who are ampu­ The combined forces of South Africa, ministration that Angola was beaten tees. Angola is being wasted by war, the western mercenaries, UNITA and into submission. Reagan gave a green and it is a war waged by our govern- FNLA closed in on the MPLA, slaugh- light to the South African generals and SOUTHERN AFRICA they responded by smashing Angola and Mozambique, and attacking seven other countries in the region. Every time the United Nations tried to punish

COMORO ISLANDS South Africa for its outla~' behavior, •.. , the Reagan administration s epped in to veto the measure. Reagan, with the complicity of Congress, af~ began sending UNITA tens of millions of dol­ lars in aid every year. The average American may ask: "Why would U.S. policymakers partici­ pate in wrecking a far-off country that is no threat to the United States?'' Although Washington policymakers have often had disagreements with South Africa's leaders, both sides saw ATLANTIC Angola as a potential backer of revolu­ OCEAN tion throughout Southern Africa. Ango­ la is not close to South Africa and its economy is not integrated into South Africa's like the other countries of the region. With its vast stores of natural 800 m tlet wealth and a relatively small popula-

. Spirit of A New South Africa • 20 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour tion (9 million) Angola could be a re­ gional powerhouse. A stable, socialist Angola could offer assistance to pro­ gressive forces througJ!.out the region and could be an inspiration to black South Africans. Thus Washington and Pretoria have shared an interest in ciushiD.g Angola's attempt to build an independent and prosperous nation.

Mozambique: A Nation Destroyed The end of Portuguese colonial rule left Mozambique one of the least devel­ oped countries in the world. Not only had the white settler' niinority con­ trolled the farms, shops, and factories, they had also monopolized the jobs, from truck driving and repair work to education and medicine. When the Por­ tuguese fled in 1975, they stole or de­ stroyed as much of the economy as Namibia won its independence from South Africa in 1990, with the help of Angolan and Cuban troops. But Namibia's economy is still dependent on they could. South Africa, which maintains control of ~amibia's ~ajor port, Walvis Bay. The liberation movement, FRELIMO (Front for the Liberation of Mozam­ bique), took control of a wrecked econ­ food aid while Mozambicans were fac­ mist have called on western govern­ omy, populated by untrained and hun­ ing famine conditions. ments to help Mozambique defend it­ gry people. After years of warfare and hunger, self: ''What it [Mozambique] needs Adding to this extreme hardship, the Mozambican government reluctant­ first is an end to South African dis­ white-ruled Rhodesia established a ly signed the Nkomati peace accords ruption: preferably by a peaceful re­ guerrilla army--the MNR (Mozam­ 'Yith South Africa in~ 1984. The treaty gional settlement; if not, then by the bique National Resistance)--to sabo­ called for each side to refrain from sup- - military equipment and training to tage development efforts in: Mozam­ porting armed insurgents in the other defend itself." bique. When · majority rule was country. Although the Mozambicans But the United States and other achieved and Rhodesia became Zim­ forced the ANC to stop military opera­ western governments have not given babwe in 1980, control of the MNR tions in Mozambique, the South Afri­ Mozambique the military supplies passed over to the South African mili­ can military violated the Nkomati ac­ needed to defend the country. The tary. cords by continuing to support the U.S. government has given Mozam­ MNR has no political or economic MNR's dirty work in Mozambique. bique emergency food aid and some program. It specializes in destruction: While the South African government development assistance. But com­ blowing up bridges, dams, pipelines claims it is no longer supporting MNR, pared to the more than $15 billion in and other strategic targets. MNR also the attacks on Mozambique's fragile losses caused by South African ag­ terrorizes the peasants, attac~g villag­ economy have continued, leaving hun­ gression since 1980, the current es, raping the women, and stealing any­ dreds of thousands of Mozambicans to evels of U.S. aid will not get Mo­ thing of value. starve. ·Even conservative voices like zambique out of its tragic position. In addition to funding and directing England's business journal The Econo- the MNR, the South African military has launched direct attacks on Mozam­ bique. On numerous occasions, South African air and ground forces have in­ vaded Mozambique to kill South Afri­ can exiles and Mozambicans alike. The escalation of South African at­ tacks on Mozambique coincided with the Reagan adniinistration taking office in January 1981. In March 1981, the Reagan adniinistration added to South Africa's pressure on Mozambique by cutting off $5 million worth of u.s.

Spirit of A New South Africa • 21 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour Beyond Safaris: . A Guide to Building People-to-People T1es with Africa

corporate · and This new hand­ government poli­ book contains cy. Each chapter everytlring you includes an an­ need to build and notated list of or­ strengthen - links ganizations between our peo­ describing their ple and grassroots work and how to development ef­ get in touch with forts in Africa. them. Chapters· explain You can help work being done us by getting in a broad range of teering and studying in Mrica, socially respon­ your local librar­ areas, including ies to order cop­ aid-giving, volun- sible · tourism, fair trade, human rights work, environmental struggles, and changing U.S. Ies.

''Global Exchange has done a great service by putting together this guide to Africa work in-·the United States. It not only ex- · plains why Africa is important for us, it -also gives the reader a multitude of answers to the question, 'How can I get involved?' I highly recommend this book to anyone interested. in Africa~ " Congressman Ron Dellums ------·------· Available in January 1991 YES, please send me __ copies of Beyond Safaris: A Guide to Building People-to-People Ties with Afri· ca at $9.95 each with an additional dollar for postage_and handling. California residents add 7.25 percent state sales tax. Name______

Street Address ______SEND TO: Global Exchange City ______,... ______Zip Code___ _ 2141 Mission St. #202 San Francisco, CA 94110 Phone______(415) 255-7296 ----..,------~ - ~-~ --- -

Special· Delegation for Anti­ Activists outh Africa & Zimbabwe Three week trip in August '91

Join a delegation of anti-apartheid activists oo a three week tour to build direct ties with South Africa -Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. South Africa is now in a period of change that is far ilJ_j'·i:· ,:;::.liili·!ii·l'·l·li./i!/,i'i·ii·)l more rapid and exciting than an other time in its histo­ ry. We'll learn about the negotiations and the future for !! /i.[j! i/i a new South Africa. >:;: II rr Meet leaders of the ANC, COSATU (trade federa- .....,,._,_,,, ,.,,,,,.,,,.,.,,., tion), the Federation of South African Women and the South African Council of Churches; '''"''''''':·:}·''''':'::::,::':':f tr. ~isit Soweto, Capetown, Johannesburg, the Univer­ sity of Western Cape, and gold mines; rr Enjoy South Africa's fabulous music and culture Zimbabwe, ten years after independence, is alive with grassroots organizing and efforts to overcome the vast inequalities inherited from colonicilism. rr Meet activists from the co-operative movement and discuss strategies to overcome minority­ dominated land ownership. rr Talk to trade unionists, professors, and political fig­ - ures about the controversy over the one-party state and recent crushings of the student and worker's movements

Speci~l Qpportunity t~ go to Mo~a~bique! This tnp will mclude a spec1al two day tnp mto Mo­ zambique to investigate the effects of the Renamo war on the Mozambican people! · Cost of triJ? is $3,300, including airfare from New York, lodgmg, two meals a day, organizing costs, and transportation. Limited scholarhips availablefor low­ income organizers. Contact us for fundraising ideas. Global Exchange Reality Tours: Travel with A Purpose

Reality Tours are an excellent way to learn about the causes of poverty, underdevelopment and environmetnal destruction.by meeting grassroots organizers and leaders in the Third World. Join us on an upcoming tour: • Cuba:Island Under Siege Journalists Delegation in February 8 - 18, 1991 • Environmentalism in India: February 21 - March 11, 1991 • Environment & Development in Puerto Rico May 1991 • Appalachia: Third World in the US: June 1991 • Cuba/US Exchange for Life: Health Delgation in June 1991 • Environment and Landlessness in Brazil: July 1991

Global Exchange, 2141 Mission St. 202, San Francisco, <;A 94110 (415) 255-7296

Spirit of A New South Africa • 23 • Global Exchange Speaking Tour Spirit of A New South Africa

Organizers Across the Country: (see page 7 for Universities) American Committee on Africa New York, New York ·Church Women United (local) Colombus, Ohio Carolina Peace Resource Center Colombia, South Carolina International House Charlotte, North Carolina Louisiana State Committee Against Apartheid New Orleans, Louisiana Austin Peace & Justice Coalition Texax State Coalition Against Apartheid Austin, Texas Center for South African Ministry Los Angelos, California Global Exchange San Francisco, California Coalition for Human Rights Detroit, Michigan Sister Community Task Force Milwaukee, Wisconsin Chicago Committee in Solidarity with Southern Africa Chicago, llinois

National Sponsor: Global Exchange 2141 Mission St. #202 San Francisco # 202 San Francisco, CA 94110 (415) 255 - 7296