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Solar Powered Wheel Chair for Lower Limb Amputee International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 7, (2020), pp. 369-377 Solar Powered Wheel Chair for Lower Limb Amputee Oyekola Peter1, Kamalakanta Muduli1, John Pumwa1,Olawale Maryam, Ngene Tochukwu, Somade Kolawole David2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Papua New Guinea University of Technology 2MTN Nigeria Abstract Disabilities in the Nigerian society are very common. According to recent world report on disabilities, approximately 25 million Nigerians have at least one disability. Further, the cost of the current assisting systems is extremely high. Again, power shortage problems owing to absence of constant source of power supply makes the problem further complicated. Hence, there is an increasing pressure to develop a cost- effective system such as a solar powered wheel chair for individuals with disabilities that impedes motion. An indigenous solar electric powered wheel chair is more beneficial than the manually powered wheel chair due to its efficiency, reliability and convenience to the end user in terms of control and mobility. Also, the current state of power supply in various parts of Nigeria informed the decision to use a solar powered source as this improve efficiency and usability as well as reducing ergonomic injuries. This project seeks to bridge the gap by using an alternative source of power (solar), and constructing the various parts using indigenous materials. Keywords: Lower limb Amputee, Solar, Solid works, Wheelchair. 1. INTRODUCTION Disability is a limiting condition reducing access to education, employment, opportunities and resources[1]. Although there are several options for devices that could aid mobility, not many people can actually afford them. The population of people with mobility disability in Nigeria is about 3.5 million, and this figure represents people from all age groups, homeless individuals (16%), students (14%), rural dwellers (11%) and traders (8%) and majority unemployed. Analysis also shows that only 37% can access assistive devices while 30% has access to rehabilitation, leaving 63% to 70% with no means of re- integrating back into the society [2]. Lower limbs disability is a common and widespread occurrence which results from either amputation, fractured, post traumatic arthritis and joint stiffness[3]. Study also showed that lower limb disabilities is a common disability resulting from motorcycle accidents and this affects the skeletal system and results in mechanical impairment, locomotion, physical stress at work and occupational handicap. As a result of this conditions patients might permanently depend on wheelchair mobility in order to move around and carry out day to day activities[4]. A wheelchair is one of the most frequently used assistive devices for improving and enhancing and improving personal mobility, which is a prerequisite for exercising the basic human rights to aid people with disabilities reintegrate back into the society. It provides wheeled assistance in mobility and seating for a patient with inability to walking. The research and detailed examination of a wheeled mobility dates back in time with several scientists, researchers and engineers coming up with different designs, models and specifications. Most of these designs were manually controlled which provides low mechanical efficiency (i.e., the ratio of the external power to the metabolic power) which was between 2 to 13.8 percent depending on the level of injury, propulsion technique, adjustments made to the wheelchair interface (e.g., the seat height), and intensity of the exercise undertaken thus can lead to increased risk of user’s fatigue and strain induced upper limb injury. [5] 369 ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 7, (2020), pp. 369-377 Wheelchairs come in a wide variety of formats to meet the specific needs of their users. They may include specialized seating adaptions, individualized controls, and may be specific to particular activities, as seen with sports wheelchairs and beach wheelchairs. Wheelchair that are used for daily activities includes attendant-propelled, manual or motorized wheelchairs according to Rice[6] Attendant-propelled systemsare designed to be pushed by another individual due to the user’s inability to move or propel a manual or power or motorized wheelchair in an effective or safe manner. The difference between an attendant propelled wheelchair and a self-propelled is that the rear wheel in the lather are smaller in diameter [6]. On the other hand, Self-Propelled Wheelchairs as the name implies can be propelled directly by the useras well as perform braking operation by using the upper limb. Propulsion is achieved manually by attaching a hand rims to each large wheel side to side at the rear. For amputees with difficulty of grip, the hand rims are coated with vinyl; knobs or other projections can be added as part of the rims, this will require little or no grip at all [7]. Power or Motorized systems however dow not require manual propelling or the use of a third party. The propulsion system of powered wheelchairs typically consists of a pair of motors, one for each drive wheel, and a drive train consisting of gears, belts that couples the motor’s shaft to the wheel shaft which receives energy either electrically or by utilising other energy source. Until 1930′s, the wheelchair was rather cumbersome device. They were bulky and while a lightweight wicker wheelchair had been built, even this could not be easily transported, making travelling very difficult for many wheelchair users. Today, the electric wheelchair has changed the lives of millions by providing them a ray of hope that they can be as independent in movements. Th obvious advantages of this system is the minimal effort required, independence, adaptability for variety of disability conditions, navigation of slopes etc. However, there are still some drawback to this such as its high cost ofmaintenance and repair, high initial cost, size constraint, weight, limited power and the need for constant recharge cycle which is a huge constraint in developing countries. Solar powered wheelchair is an alternative compared to electrically powered wheelchair because it has a more reliable power source as solar energy can be harnessedinfinitely. The solar wheelchair is made up of BLDC (Brushless) motor, a battery, wheels, and solar panel which provides continuous charge even while the system is operational. Figure 1: (a) Attendant-Propelled Wheelchair[8] (b) Conventional self-propelled Wheelchair [9]. 1.1. Recent Developments Recent development related to wheelchairs shows have this technology has evolved with a variety of designs applicable to road and track racing models and off-road model which take after mountain bikes. There has been significant effort over the past 20 years to develop stationary wheelchair trainer platforms that could enable wheelchair users to exercise as one would on a treadmill or bicycle trainer[10]. Some devices are created that can be used in conjunction with virtual travel and interactive gaming similar to an Omni-directional treadmill. 370 ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 7, (2020), pp. 369-377 Leaman et al [11] alsopresented a summary of current state of smart wheelchairs where assistive technology wasimplemented. Some of its roboust applications included HCI (Human Computer Interface) and HMI (Human Machine Interface) where both bio-signals and non-bio-signals are used as a medium of control. He also described the stability problem in his studying using the hydraulic jacks with electrical control by using the angle measuring devices. He expanded on the fact that while previousdesigns were too complex and expensive, specialized design for simplicity and ease of implementation was possible. His final design included an omnidirectional wheeland an adjustable ram for stairway navigation which was suitable for use in streets hospitals and home, supportup to 90kg weight as well as economical for an average user. Dias et al [12]Proposed method aimed at enabling physically challenged through electronic assisted module which works on signal processing over speech or recognition of hand gesture. To overcome the loss of signal because of real time inputs, different signal enhancement techniques were introduced to achieve high rate of accuracy and stability. The system’s response time was considerable due to successful reduction of signal processing delay. Melkonian[13]also proposed solutionsutilizing gyroand tilt sensorsfor real-time control and balance of wheelchair seat. Their methodology was based on their research which concluded that existing systems had risk of falling when users go uphill because of the uneven weight allocation therefore by automatically adjusting the seat to maintain balance, there is a safer and more stable ride. This was achieved using the tilt sensor to calculate seat angle while the gyro sensor was used for measuring the acceleration in order to adjust the tilting angle. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The materials used were carefully selected based on optimum quality as well as local availability. The basic materials included mild steel, aluminium, rubber, leather upholstery, DC battery, solar module and other basic electrical components. The first stage of the development was the computer design for optimization which was done using solid works in order to have accurate dimension and
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