DOCSLIB.ORG

XI a Circle" of South American Countries (Having Begun with Brazil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
XI a Circle XI VENEZUELA T the end of his "swing around the A circle" of South American countries (having begun with Brazil), the trav- eler comes to Venezuela—the huge republic that bulges out into the northernmost nub of the continent, where the terminal ranges of the Andes turn eastward to meet the great Guiana Highlands and form those high-flung ramparts that protect the fertile, low-lying Amazon plains from the Atlantic. This black, mountainous front runs along the Caribbean coast line for some fifteen hundred miles, broken at intervals, however, where the lovely blue of the tropical sea sweeps inland to meet the bright green of some great river basin. Southward, Venezuela spreads down over an irregularly shaped territory extending from twelve degrees north latitude to the equator. Her varied topography, too, pro- 400 VENEZUELA duces almost every change of climate, from the cold of the mountains—some of whose peaks reach high enough to earn the title of nevada—d own through the temperate zone of the Zlanos, or rolling plains that slope off into the great Orinoco basins, where wheat, corn, and cattle abound, and the country's great staples, coffee, cotton, and tobacco are grown, to the hot Orinoco jungles that trail off to the south, where rubber and cacao trees luxuriate without cultivation, and sugar cane, oranges, fruits, andpineapples thrive in the clearings. More than half of Venezuela's territory may be ignored from the commercial standpoint of to-day, for it is either Alaskan or Amazonian in character and can be re- served for later needs of the human family if, as Humboldt prophesied, the Amazon valley should become the feeding ground of mankind. No description has ever done justice to the beauties of Venezuela's landscape of moun- tain and valley and mighty rivers, of warm green pastures and blue skies, and the mystic shimmering white of an occasional snow- capped peat The country that so appeals to. the traveler's interest is nearly six bun- 401 THRQUGH SOUTH AMERICA died thousand 'square miles in area, and could include within its confines the States of Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio. Its mountainous coast saw the begin- ning of the European invasion of the new world. Columbus, Vespucci, and Ojeda touched here. Ojeda gave the country its name. When, on his way west from the Orinoco, he rounded Cape San Roman and turned into the Gulf of Maracaibo, he saw Indian villages composed of houses built on piles in the water along the shores, which sug- gested something of & resemblance to Venice, and he called the place Venezuela (Little Venice); and soon the whole coast, and even- tually the country beyond, became so known —a region larger than all Italy and Spain combined. This coast and the white-walled cities nestling in the heights among the mag- nificent trees formed the storied Spanish Main. CumanI, in the middle east, is the oldest European settlement in South America; it was in its old church that Las Cans preached —the saintly priest who was the Indian's ablest champion in the early days of Spanish devastation, but who, with regret be it said, 402 VENEZUELA is reputed also to have been the father of African slavery in the new world, for it was he, so the chroniclers say, who suggested that negroes be imported to labor in the fields and mines and relieve the Indians of a burden they were both temperamentally and physi- cally unfitted to bear. Venezuela was the birthplace of the resistance to Spain's oppres- sion of her colonies, and of Miranda, Bolivar, Sucré, and the fiery young patriot, Yttflez- the men who led the van of that resistance. Through her land flows one of the world's greatest rivers, the Orinoco, with its four thousand miles of navigable waters. The vast productiveness of the country and its stores of mineral wealth are sufficient to sus- tain twenty times its present population of two millions and a half. And, finally, Vene- zuela is nearer to us than any other country in South America. A most agreeable route for the traveler leaving Colombian ports for Venezuela is by the steamers which zigzag around the Carib- bean Sea for ten days or more on the way to Europe, and touch at many of the once fa- mous old ports before reaching La Guayra, the sea gateway to Caracas. Immediately 40 SOUTH AMERICA after leaving Colombian waters and round- ing the Guaj Ira peninsula, the ship enters the great Gulf of Maracaibo, one hundred and fifty miles in extent from east to west, and sixty miles from north to south. Passing along in through a narrow strait, the almost equally large Lake of Maracaibo swells out before the traveler. This great body of water drains an extensive basin lying between two terminal spun of the Andes—the Sierra de Parija and the Sierra Mérida—and into it flow many rivers having their source in the surrounding mountains. Inside, on the east bank of the strait, lies the city of Maracaibo, now one of the most important centers on the north coast, for here is shipped the produce of the vast fertile region of western Venezuela—coffee, cacao, tobacco, castor beans, hardwood timber, and dyewoods. Much of the produce of the eastern slope of Colombia also finds its way to Europe and the States through this port; fully half of what is known in our markets as "Maracaibo coffee" is really a Colombian product. The tropical scenery of the plains sloping down to the lake, and the mountains, with their suggestion of snowy freshness, make 404 C •1 galuF VIEW OF MARACA3BO LOOKING WEST FROM THE CATHEDRAL. VENEZUELA the setting of this port one of the most interesting on the continent. A dozen or more of the peaks in the Mérida range are snow-capped, and two of them—Concha and Coluna—rise to a height of over fifteen thou- sand feet. Years ago a passing visitor to Maracaibo, mistaking the discomforts of the humidity and heat for general dissolution, pronounced the place "the graveyard of Eu- ropeans." Such hasty judgment is a great injustice, for the rate of mortality here is less than in many of the other tropical ports. Rounding the eastern enclosure of the Gulf, the Paraguana peninsula, the traveler comes upon the quaint old town of Coro, founded in 1527, and one of the very first of the European settlements. It was this town that the governor, sent out by the Germans to whom the King of Spain at first leted the country, made his capital, and from which he undertook his disastrous expeditions in search of El Dorado. Afterward, until 1576, it was the seat of Spain's government of the colony, and is now the capital of the State of Falcon. Here, also, Miranda made his first resistance to Spanish misrule at the beginning of the revolutionary war. Coro is but a few miles 405 THROUGH SOUTH AMERICA south of the Dutch Island of Curaçao, that most picturesque fragment of Amsterdam perched on a coral rock Sweeping out eastward over the sea, as if in continuation of the Mends range, is the Cordillera de Is Sills (the "Saddle Range"), which terminates abruptly at Cape Codera. Midway between this cape and Coro, lies the important seaboard city of Puerto Ca- hello. Its environment is not only remark- ably attractive—like an oasis to the traveler who has sailed along the bleak coast range for many hours—but it is to-day one of the finest harbors in the world, as it was in the days of the early navigators, who said of it that "a vessel is safe here, anchored by a sin- gle hair (co,bello) ." The city is connected by rail, over the Sills Cordillera, with the pros- perous little city of Valencia, some fifty miles distant, and thence, by waters of Lake Valencia, with Curs and other important in- land towns which are commercial centers of a large part of the region that slopes inland from the coast range. Puerto Cabello is, therefore, the export depot of the States of Carabobo, Lars, and Zamora, three of the most productive commonwealths of the Yen- 406 VENEZUELA ezuelan federal union. It was once & ren- dezvous of the buccaneers and, later, the scene of General Pt&s astonishing night attack on the Royalist forces during the revolution, when, with his small command, he forced the surrender of General Caizada's entire army. Today the city has a population of about ten thousand, and many modem improvements— electricity, water supply, well-paved streets, and a number of attractive new buildings, that harmonize, however, with the fine old plazas and colonial residences. Eastward, some sixty-five miles toward Cape Codera, and halfway the length of the Sills range, the traveler sights the great peak of Picacho rising from the water's edge to a height of over seven thousand feet. Along this promontory, on a narrow strip of beach, are scattered groups of sixteenth century houses, *hite and red-topped for the most part; some of them nestle inland in coves of the mountains or look over the blue Carib- bean from shelves of the cliffs above. This is La Guayra, the seaport of the republic's cap- ital. High above, overhanging the business center of the town, stands the ancient and picturesque Spanish fortress of early colonial 407 THROUGH SOUTH AMERICA days, and just below, on another bench of rock, is the old bull ring. Overlooking all, on a high bluff, are the ruins of the old castle which was the residence of the Captain- General during the Spanish régime.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In the Brazilian Amazon: the Yanomami and Kayapo Cases
    Chapter 7 From Amerindian Territorialities to "Indigenous Lands" in the Brazilian Amazon: The Yanomami and Kayapo Cases Bruce Albert, Pascale de Robert, Anne-Elisabeth Laques and Francois-Michel Le Tourneau Protected areas, under 19 different statuses, cover almost 41% of the surface area of Brazil's Amazon region. As conservation areas, they are used by the state as a tool of land blocking which is supposed to prevent economic ventures, and therefore subsequent deforestation (Lena 2005)1. The inhabitants of these protected areas, when their presence is tolerated, are thus ascribed a stereotypical social immutability, as is often the case with so-called traditional societies. Yet, on the contrary, we could regard the capacity of these societies to constantly adjust their relationships to the natural environment and to social others, both locally and in a wider interethnic context, as enabling inhabited protected areas to play a significant role in the conservation ofthe environment. In this perspective, when the actors of social change manage collectively to control its dynamic, this can become a guarantee ofenvironmental conservation. To illustrate this point, we present in this chapter a study of two Amerindian groups from the Brazilian Amazon taking as examples the villages ofApiahiki and Moikarako, respectively situated in the Yanomami and Kayapo indigenous lands. The territories ofthese two groups, traditionally unbounded, were recently marked out and legalised in the form of specific protected areas known as 'Indigenous Lands' (Terras Indigenas). On analysing the historical process which led to the official recognition of these areas, we were able to assess some aspects of the impact that such a transformation had on the local indigenous management of space and resources of the tropical forest.
    [Show full text]
  • Geo-Data: the World Geographical Encyclopedia
    Geodata.book Page iv Tuesday, October 15, 2002 8:25 AM GEO-DATA: THE WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA Project Editor Imaging and Multimedia Manufacturing John F. McCoy Randy Bassett, Christine O'Bryan, Barbara J. Nekita McKee Yarrow Editorial Mary Rose Bonk, Pamela A. Dear, Rachel J. Project Design Kain, Lynn U. Koch, Michael D. Lesniak, Nancy Cindy Baldwin, Tracey Rowens Matuszak, Michael T. Reade © 2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale For permission to use material from this prod- Since this page cannot legibly accommodate Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, uct, submit your request via Web at http:// all copyright notices, the acknowledgements Inc. www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may constitute an extension of this copyright download our Permissions Request form and notice. Gale and Design™ and Thomson Learning™ submit your request by fax or mail to: are trademarks used herein under license. While every effort has been made to ensure Permissions Department the reliability of the information presented in For more information contact The Gale Group, Inc. this publication, The Gale Group, Inc. does The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. not guarantee the accuracy of the data con- 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535 tained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535 Permissions Hotline: payment for listing; and inclusion in the pub- Or you can visit our Internet site at 248–699–8006 or 800–877–4253; ext. 8006 lication of any organization, agency, institu- http://www.gale.com Fax: 248–699–8074 or 800–762–4058 tion, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or pub- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Cover photographs reproduced by permission No part of this work covered by the copyright lisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin America
    Latin America I must try and break through the clichés about Latin America. Superpowers and other outsiders have fought over us for centuries in ways that have nothing to do with our problems. In reality we are all alone. Gabriel Garcia Marquez Setting the Boundaries from Rio Grande (Rio Bravo) in north to Tierra del Fuego in south colonial landscape: former colonies of Spain and Portugal, shared colonial history (Iberian: associated with the states of Spain and Portugal) large, multiethnic populations 21 states (see next slide) urbanization among the highest in developing world indigenous peoples with Indian and African presence Bolivia elected first Amerindian president in 2005 industrialization and development growth since 1960s Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA): trade agreement currently under negotiation that would expand NAFTA to include 31 additional states in the Western Hemisphere natural resource extraction remains important Setting the Boundaries Central America (2016) South America (2016) State Population Urban Pop State Population Urban Pop Mexico 128,632,004 78.1% Brazil 209,567,920 84% Colombia 48,654,392 78.5% Guatemala 16,672,956 51.3% Argentina 43,847,277 89.1% Honduras 8,189,501 57.1% Peru 31,774,225 78.1% Nicaragua 6,150,035 60.5% Venezuela 31,518,855 89.5% El Salvador 6,146,419 70% Chile 18,131,850 89.4% Costa Rica 4,857,218 79.9% Ecuador 16,385,450 64.1% Panama 3,990,406 67.6% Bolivia 10,888,402 70.4% Paraguay 6,725,430 63.2% Belize* 366,942 42.5% Uruguay 3,444,071 95.3% Guyana* 770,610 30.1% Suriname* 547,610 66.7% *for cultural reasons, often included in the French Guiana* 275,688 82.2% Caribbean instead (France) Physical Setting: Extreme Variation Central America is an isthmian link or land bridge.
    [Show full text]
  • ONCHOCERCIASIS in Brazill Mário A. P. Moraes,2 Habib Fraiha,3 And
    Reprint (rom the -' Bullet;n of lhe Pan American Health Organ;zation Vol. VII, No.4,1973. ONCHOCERCIASIS IN BRAZILl Mário A. P. Moraes,2 Habib Fraiha,3 and GeovaneM. Chaves4 An endemic focus of onchocerciasis, the so-called "river blindness" widespread' in parEs of Africa, has' been dis- covered in Brazil. Until recently the only confirmed foci in this Hemisphere were in Guatemala, Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela. The research confirming this new Brazilian focus indicares the disease has spread over a fairly large swath of backlands in the vicinity of the Brazil- Venezuela border. Introduction 1967. Unfortunately, diagnosis of the case did not stimulate research aimed at finding The presence of the filaria worm Oncho- the focus of the disease. cerca volvulus in the New World has been In 1972 Moraes and Dias (10) reported known since 1915, when Robles (4, 12) finding two other cases in American woman discovered it in Guatemala. But until a missionaries living on the Toototobi River short time ago the known endemic areas of in the State of Amazonas among Indians of onchocerciasis in the Americas were lirnited the Waica Tribe, a subdivision of the Ya- to Guatemala, Mexico, and Venezuela (1, nornarna Indian group. Both women had 3). Isolated cases reported in Surinam (7) nodules in the sacral region that were sev- and Ecuador (8) could not be confirmed. eral years old. The diagnosis was made by Then in 1970 Little and D'Alessandro chance, in the course of a routine histo- (9) described the first focus in Colombia, pathologic exarnination. Some months later situated in a number of places along the Mi- a new case, originating in the same area, cay River.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Botanical Exploration in Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela
    SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY NUMBER 56 History of Botanical Exploration in Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela Otto Huber and John J. Wurdack SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1984 ABSTRACT Huber, Otto, and John J. Wurdack. History of Botanical Exploration in Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 56, 83 pages, 2 tables, 10 maps, 1984.-Detailed information is provided on botanical activities in the Territorio Federal Amazonas, southern Venezuela, during the period 1800 to 31 December 1982. Emphasis is on botanical collections, their collectors, localities, itineraries, time period, num- ber, and final deposit in the world’s herbaria. The data are arranged both chronologically and alphabetically by collectors, including cross references between main and secondary collectors. Alto ether 188 collectors are listed, 124 of them being main collectors. The totaP collected plant numbers in T. F. Amazonas is now about 50,000 (not including duplicates), representing an estimated 3000 to 5000 species. A short geographical outline at the beginning of the paper, accompanied by a ma , provides general information on main localities, rivers, mountains, and ot Fl er features often mentioned in the text and on the labels of herbarium specimens. OFFICIALPUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIESCOVER DESIGN: Leaf clearing from the katsura tree Ctrridiphyllumjaponicurn Siebold and Zuccarini. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Huber, Otto. History of botanical exploration in Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela. (Smithsonian contributions to botany ; no. 56) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no.: S1 1.2956 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Book-Of-Abstracts-2018-09-11.Pdf
    INTERNATIONAL SOIL AND WATER ASSESSMENT TOOL CONFERENCE SWAT 2018 19-21 September / Brussels, Belgium Book of Abstracts The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a public domain model jointly developed by USDA Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, part of The Texas A&M University System. SWAT is a small watershed to river basin-scale model to simulate the quality and quantity of surface and ground water and predict the environmental impact of land use, land management practices, and climate change. SWAT is widely used in assessing soil erosion prevention and control, non-point source pollution control and regional management in watersheds. swat.tamu.edu | facebook.com/swatmodel | twitter.com/swat_model Contents Wednesday 11:00 – 12:30 A1 SWAT+ A2 Sensitivity Calibration and Uncertainty A3 Environmental Applications 14:00 – 15:30 B1 SWAT Applications for Ecosystem Services B2 Model Development B3 Hydrology B4 Large Scale Applications 16:00 – 17:30 C1 Climate Change Applications C2 BMPs C3 Hydrology C4 Pesticides, Bacteria, Metals, and Pharmaceuticals Thursday 9:00 – 10:30 D1 SWAT Applications for Ecosystem Services D2 Sensitivity Calibration and Uncertainty D3 Model Development D4 Climate Change Applications 11:00 – 12:30 E1 SWAT+ E2 Sediment, Nutrients, and Carbon E3 Environmental Applications E4 Hydrology 15:00 – 17:00 G1 Poster Friday 9:00 – 10:30 H1 Sediment, Nutrients, and Carbon H2 Hydrology H3 Climate Change Applications 11:00 – 12:30 I1 Environmental Applications I2 Climate Change Applications I3 Hydrology 13:30 – 15:00 J1 Model Development J2 Climate Change Applications J3 Hydrology 2018 SWAT Conference 1 Brussels, Belgium Foreword The organizers of the 2018 International SWAT Conference want to express their thanks to the organizations and individuals involved and their preparation and dedication to coordinate a successful conference.
    [Show full text]
  • Ev20n4p381.Pdf (1.837Mb)
    ‘H UMAN ONCHOCERCIASIS FOCI AND VECTORS IN THE AMERICAN TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS1 Jaime RamCez P&e2 I NTRODUCTION skin areas where they are sometimes in- gested by man-biting flies of the genus Onchocerciasis (river blind- Simzldizlm. They then seek to penetrate ness) is an essentially rural parasitosis en- the thoracic musculature of these inter- demic to the valleys and foothills of mediate hosts, and after six or seven mountainous areas along streams where days, without undergoing multiplica- the vectors breed. The etiologic agent is tion, develop into an infective form the filaria worm Onchocerca voZvvuZzls about 700 microns long that is motile that lives as an adult in subcutaneous and has a fully developed digestive tract. nodules within its human host. Ocular The infective form then migrates to the lesions usually arise between five and six fly’s proboscis, from where it can enter years after infection. another human when the insect bites The worms are white and fila- again. The most suitable time for Simu- mentous. Adult males are relatively lizlm flies to introduce 0. vo~vz&.s into a small, some 2-4 cm long, while the fe- human host is on hot days, when the per- males attain a length of 40-50 cm. The son’s skin is moist with sweat and the females are viviparous and discharge mi- pores are open. crofilariae 200-300 microns long. These The account presented here microfilariae can live in the skin of their describes the ecologic characteristics of host for up to 30 months, and fertile fe- onchocerciasis foci in the Americas and males have a life-span of up to 15 years.
    [Show full text]
  • AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 555 Thz AMERICAN Museum of NATURAL HISTORY Sept
    AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 555 THz AMERICAN MUsEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Sept. 6, 1932 New York City 59.57, 89 H (87) HESPERIIDIE (LEPIDOPTERA, RHOPALOCERA) OF THE RORAIMA AND DUIDA EXPEDITIONS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES BY E. L. BELL It has been the privilege of the writer to examine the Hesperiidae collected by Mr. G. H. H. Tate on two expeditions to the northern part of South America organized under the auspices of The American Mu- seum of Natural History. The first of these expeditions was to Mt. Roraima, which lies at the junction of the boundaries of extreme north- ern Brazil, Venezuela, and British Guiana, and is known as the "Lee Garnett Day Expedition" to Mt. Roraima. The expedition was made during the latter part of 1927 and extended to the first part of January, 1928. The course taken was up the Amazon, Rio Negro, Rio Branco, and Rio Cotinga to the village of Limao, the limit of navigation, thence over- land approximately one hundred miles to Mt. Roraima. The return trip was through British Guiana via the Copenang and Potaro Rivers to Georgetown. The second expedition, the "Tyler Duida Expedition," was to Mt Duida, which lies about four hundred miles west by south of Mt. Roraima, at the western end of the Parima Mountains, in southern Venezuela. It was made during the latter part of 1928 and the first part of 1929. The course taken was up the Amazon and Rio Negro, and by way of the Casiquiare Canal to the Orinoco. A base was established at Esmeralda, on the Orinoco, eight miles south of Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Paulo Durães Pereira Pinheiro Contribuições Ao
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS – RIO unesp CLARO p PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS (ZOOLOGIA) PAULO DURÃES PEREIRA PINHEIRO CONTRIBUIÇÕES AO ESTUDO DE TAXONOMIA E SISTEMÁTICA DO GÊNERO Boana Gray, 1825 (ANURA: HYLIDAE) RIO CLARO - SP Agosto - 2017 PAULO DURÃES PEREIRA PINHEIRO CONTRIBUIÇÕES AO ESTUDO DE TAXONOMIA E SISTEMÁTICA DO GÊNERO BOANA GRAY, 1825 (ANURA: HYLIDAE) Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Campus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) Orientador: Julián Faivovich Co-orientador: Célio F. B. Haddad Rio Claro - SP Agosto - 2017 591 Pinheiro, Paulo Durães Pereira P654c Contribuições ao estudo de taxonomia e sistemática do gênero Boana Gray, 1825 (Anura: Hylidae) / Paulo Durães Pereira Pinheiro. - Rio Claro, 2017 322 f. : il., figs., tabs., fots., mapas Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro Orientador: Julián Faivovich Coorientador: Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad 1. Animais - Classificação. 2. Pré-polex. 3. Boana - Espécies. I. Título. Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela STATI - Biblioteca da UNESP Campus de Rio Claro/SP PAULO DURÃES PEREIRA PINHEIRO CONTRIBUIÇÕES AO ESTUDO DE TAXONOMIA E SISTEMÁTICA DO GÊNERO BOANA GRAY, 1825 (ANURA: HYLIDAE) Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Campus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) Comissão Examinadora: Prof. Dr. Julián Faivovich – Orientador (MACN) Prof. Dr. Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad – Co-orientador (UNESP) Prof. Dr. Hélio Ricardo da Silva (UFRRJ) Profa.
    [Show full text]
  • Geotectônica Dos Escudos Das Guianas E Brasil-Central Geotectonics of the Guyana and Central Brazilian Shields
    Geologia, Tectônica e Recursos Minerais do Brasil 169 L. A. Bizzi, C. Schobbenhaus, R. M. Vidotti e J. H. Gonçalves (eds.) CPRM, Brasília, 2003. Capítulo IV Geotectônica dos Escudos das Guianas e Brasil-Central Geotectonics of the Guyana and Central Brazilian Shields João Orestes Schneider Santos CPRM – Serviço Geológico do Brasil Summary The Amazon Craton in Brazil is limited to the East (Baixo Araguaia Groups), South and Southeast (Alto Paraguai, Cuiabá and Corumbá Groups) by rocks generated during the Brasiliano Orogenic Cycle. There is a 500-450 m.y. hiatus between the generation of the youngest known Precambrian rocks in the craton (post-Sunsás granites and basalts; 980–950 Ma) and the Cambrian Piranhas mafic magmatism (507 Ma). The craton is covered by several Phanerozoic basins to the Northeast (Maranhão), South (Xingu and Alto Tapajós), Southwest (Parecis), West (Solimões), North (Takutu) and in its center (Amazonas). The Amazon Craton has been sub-divided into provinces according to geochronological and geophysical-structural models. Amaral (1974) first divided the craton into three geochronological provinces (viz.: Eastern, Central and Western Amazon Provinces) a model that was refined by many authors such as Cordani et al. (1979), Teixeira et al. (1989) and Tassinari et al. (1997). The model adopted herein was first presented by Santos (1999) and Santos et al. (2000), who reinterpreted the previously defined Amazon Craton Provinces based on U-Pb and Sm-Nd data in the context of information contained on several regional maps
    [Show full text]
  • Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 128 Plate 1
    BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 128 PLATE 1 Auri legend! ratio In rivis e montibus A pa- XL I. latcy decurrentibus. Roc r L ah CO loco, in auo nojlr* trx cxtruflafuit, mugni funt /fiontefjndorum lingua, Av2i\3.icy cotnominatt.e cjuibus , ut (x toftogra^hica chartavidfre licet, ormnturira magm rivi,provohentei arenam, cm niultum auri, argent i cir <tictf admixtum cff. Earn ok iMtjam illtus regionu mcoUfojjtu tnrii.itsfaciunt , Mtprovoluiaab acjua anna, mcas j)ropicrgra.\itatem cadat: dibgenter mdeedudam certum locum defer unt, cir alitfuamj cj/mi/K 10'} tempore, denuofo/Iu arenam fju^ tncidit exhaurientei,calligunt , &• tmpofttam per ingemfiu- mendeuehunt, a nojhu Mill nomine inJigmtum,fjuodm marefefeexonerat. Ofes au^e indeprevemunt, nunt Htf^ani tnjuum uptm i ort- i^ertere norunt. Placer Mining by Indians of Georgia. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bureau of American Ethuology Bulletin No. 128 Anthropological Papers, No. 13 The Mining of Gems and Ornamental Stones by American Indians By SYDNEY H. BALL CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 1 Uses of gems and ornamental stones by American Indians 3 Known sources of gem supply 6 The Indian as geologist and mineralogist 6 Ideas as to origin of precious and decorative stones 7 The Indian as prospector 9 Mining methods 10 The Indian's knowledge of commercial chemistry 14 The effect of Indian mining on the commercial conquest of America 15 Indian mining laws 15 Trade - 16 Gems mined by American Indians 19 Diamond 19 Corundum (ruby and sapphire) 20 Emerald 20 Beryl 22 Tourmaline 22 Turquoise 22 Garnet 27
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Distribution of Rivers and Streams in South America - V.I
    FRESH SURFACE WATER – Vol. I - Regional Distribution of Rivers and Streams in South America - V.I. Babkin REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF RIVERS AND STREAMS IN SOUTH AMERICA V.I. Babkin State Hydrological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Keywords: mainland, continent, mountains, river runoff, distribution of rivers, region, relief, climate, water consumption, potential water availability. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Factors determining the development of the hydrographic network and the hydrological regime of rivers during the present period 2.1. Relief 2.2. Climate 2.3. Soils and vegetation 2.4. Economic activity 2.4.1 Water reservoirs 2.4.2 Irrigation 3. Hydrography, hydrological knowledge, river runoff, water use and water availability 3.1. Rivers. Largest river systems 3.2. Lakes 3.3. Hydrological knowledge 3.4. Natural-economic regions 3.5. River runoff of the largest river basins and continental slopes 3.6 River runoff of the natural-economic regions 3.7. River runoff of the countries 3.8. River runoff distribution over the territory 3.9. Multiyear river runoff fluctuations 3.10. Intra-annual river runoff distribution 3.11. Water use 3.12 Water availability for the population 4. Conclusion Glossary Bibliography BiographicalUNESCO Sketch – EOLSS Summary SAMPLE CHAPTERS The continent of South America with the adjoining islands occupies an area equal to 17.9 million km2. In the north, the continent borders Central America. Eighty-five percent of the mainland area belongs to the Atlantic Ocean basin and 7% to the Pacific Ocean basin. Land that does not have river runoff to the oceans occupies the rest of the mainland area.
    [Show full text]