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Revisión De Las Especies Del Género Sporobolus

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Revisión De Las Especies Del Género Sporobolus www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia.htm CaldasiaGiraldo-Cañas 31(1):41-76. & Peterson 2009 REVISIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES DEL GÉNERO SPOROBOLUS (POACEAE: CHLORIDOIDEAE: SPOROBOLINAE) DEL NOROESTE DE SUDAMÉRICA: PERÚ, ECUADOR, COLOMBIA Y VENEZUELA 1 Revision of the genus Sporobolus (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae) for northwest South America: Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela DIEGO GIRALDO-CAÑAS Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7495, Bogotá D. C., Colombia. [email protected] PAUL M. PETERSON Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. [email protected] RESUMEN Se presenta un estudio taxonómico de las especies de Sporobolus para el noroeste de Sudamérica. Se reconocen once especies para el área de estudio. Se incluyen las claves para determinar las especies así como las descripciones morfológicas y sus ilustraciones. Se discuten para cada una de las especies sus relaciones morfológicas, su distribución geográfi ca y sus preferencias ecológicas; adicionalmente, se relacionan sus usos y sus nombres comunes. Asimismo, se propone la lectotipifi cación para Sporobolus lasiophyllus Pilg. Por otra parte, se registran tres especies por primera vez para Colombia [Sporobolus pilifer (Trin.)(Trin.) Kunth, Sporobolus tenuissimus (Mart. ex Schrank) Kuntze y Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth]. Se excluyen de este tratamiento a Sporobolus brasiliensis (Raddi) Hack. (=EragrostisEragrostis airoidesairoides Nees) y Sporobolus domingensis (Trin.) Kunth. Adicionalmente, se propone la adopción y la unifi cación de algunos términos morfológicos en agrostología, tales como caña, panoja, espiguilla, lema, antecio y cariopsis, en lugar de culmo, panícula, espícula, lemma, fl ósculo y cariopse-cariópside, respectivamente. Palabras clave. Sporobolus, Sporobolinae, Chloridoideae, Poaceae, Gramíneas neotropicales, Flora de Sudamérica. ABSTRACT A taxonomic treatment of Sporobolus for northwest South America is given. Eleven species are recognized in the study area. Keys for determining the species, morphological descriptions, and illustrations are provided. Morphological relationships, geographical distributions, ecological preferences, common uses, and vernacular names are given. Sporobolus lasiophyllus Pilg. is lectotypifi ed. Sporobolus pilifer (Trin.)(Trin.) Kunth,Kunth, Sporobolus tenuissimus (Mart. ex Schrank) Kuntze, and SporobolusSporobolus virginicusvirginicus (L.) 1 Contribución derivada del proyecto “Estudios sistemáticos en gramíneas de Colombia: Parte II.”, de la Dirección Nacional de Investigación de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá. 41 Revisión de Sporobolus (Poaceae) del noroeste de Sudamérica Kunth are reported in Colombia for the fi rst time. Sporobolus brasiliensis (Raddi) Hack. (=EragrostisEragrostis airoidesairoides Nees) and Sporobolus domingensis (Trin.) Kunth are excluded from this treatment. Key words. Sporobolus, Sporobolinae, Chloridoideae, Poaceae, Neotropical grasses, Flora of South America. INTRODUCCIÓN articulada por encima de las glumas; sus glumas son membranáceas a escariosas, traslúcidas y La subfamilia Chloridoideae comprende brillantes, generalmente uninervias o enervias, 146-166 géneros y 1360-1500 especies (Van a veces con nervaduras laterales débiles, den Borre & Watson 1997, Hilu & Alice siendo frecuentemente la gluma inferior más 2001, Liu et al. 2005a, 2005b, Peterson et corta que la gluma superior y que el antecio; al. 2007), principalmente representados en la lema y la pálea son subiguales y de igual las regiones tropicales y subtropicales de consistencia a la de las glumas; la lema es 1 ambos hemisferios, siendo frecuentes en (3)-nervia, mientras que la pálea es 2-nervia; ambientes abiertos de suelos salinos y de por su parte, sus dos lodículas son cuneadas condiciones xéricas y subxerofíticas, así y uninervias y el fruto está libre en el antecio como en áreas típicamente ruderales. A esta y corresponde a un utrículo sin surco ventral subfamilia pertenece el género Sporobolus y con hilo punctiforme. R. Br., el cual se distribuye en los trópicos y los subtrópicos con algunos representantes en El presente aporte pretende contribuir al las regiones templado-cálidas y comprende conocimiento de la rica fl ora neotropical y en aproximadamente 160 especies (Nicora especial, al de su diversa aunque escasamente & Rúgolo de Agrasar 1987, Baaijens & conocida fl ora agrostológica. Cabe destacar Veldkamp 1991, Tovar 1993, Pohl et al. 1994, que Sporobolus no cuenta con una monografía Simon & Jacobs 1999, Watson & Dallwitz continental (véase de Castro Boechat & 1999, Ortiz-Díaz & Culham 2000, Lægaard Longhi-Wagner 1995) y además, este género & Peterson 2001, Peterson et al. 1995, 1997, es, después de Festuca, uno de los géneros 2003, 2004), de las cuales 76 especies (de más “problemáticos” de las Poaceae (Ortiz- éstas 72 son nativas) crecen en el Hemisferio Díaz & Culham 2000). Aquí presentamos Occidental (Peterson et al. 2003, 2007). Las la revisión taxonómica de las especies de especies de Sporobolus, por lo general, crecen Sporobolus para el noroeste de Sudamérica, en suelos secos, salinos o alcalinos, arenosos área en la que el género está representado por o arcillosos, tanto de sabanas, páramos once especies. y praderas como de playas y ambientes alterados, entre el nivel del mar y los 3900 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS m de altitud. Estudios exomorfológicos. Se incluyeron Sporobolus es, junto con Eragrostis Wolf, en el análisis los caracteres vegetativos y uno de los géneros más heterogéneos de la reproductivos, fundamento importante para subfamilia Chloridoideae (Van den Borre la comparación de los taxones. Las técnicas & Watson 1997). Este género se caracteriza utilizadas corresponden a las clásicas por sus pequeñas espiguillas unifloras, en taxonomía vegetal. La terminología perfectas, glabras, sin aristas, las cuales están de las estructuras morfológicas planas y comprimidas lateralmente o en ocasiones tridimensionales está basada en los términos son redondeadas, en las que la raquilla está propuestos por Font Quer (1993), excepto en 42 Giraldo-Cañas & Peterson lo que tiene que ver con las palabras “caña” base de datos “W3-TROPICOS” del Jardín [= culmo sensu Chase & Luces de Febres Botánico de Missouri (EE.UU, www.mobot. (1972), Sousa & Zárate (1988), Dávila org) y del Catalógo de las gramíneas del Nuevo Aranda & Manrique Forceck (1990) y Pinto- Mundo (Peterson et al. 2001). Véase Peterson Escobar (2002)], “panoja” [= paniculodio et al. (2001) para una lista actualizada de los sensu Rua (1999), panícula sensu Chase & sinónimos de las especies aquí tratadas. Cabe Luces de Febres (1972), Sousa & Zárate destacar que las palabras holotipo, isotipo, (1988), Dávila Aranda & Manrique Forceck lectotipo, isolectotipo y otras similares, están (1990), Gould & Shaw (1992) y Font Quer escritas de acuerdo con Kiesling (2002: xi), (1993)], “espiguilla” [= fl orescencia sensu autor que adopta y aconseja la forma sin Rua (1999), espícula sensu Font Quer tilde. (1993) y Pinto-Escobar (2002)], “lema” [= lemma sensu Parodi (1964), Chase & Luces RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN de Febres (1972) y Nicora & Rúgolo de Agrasar (1987)], “antecio” [= fl ósculo sensu Caracteres morfológicos Chase & Luces de Febres (1972), Sousa & Zárate (1988) y Dávila Aranda & Manrique Hábito y sinfl orescencia. La sinfl orescencia Forceck (1990)], y “cariopsis” [= cariopse se define como el sistema de vástagos sensu Nicora & Rúgolo de Agrasar (1987); floríferos producidos a partir de la yema = cariópside sensu Gould & Shaw (1992) apical del eje embrional o de una yema de y Pinto-Escobar (2002)], siguiéndose en innovación en un período de crecimiento este caso – salvo en las excepciones antes (Rua 1999). Las plantas son extremadamente detalladas – a Parodi (1964), McClure & variables y diversas en su hábito; éstas Soderstrom (1972), Zuloaga & Soderstrom pueden ser anuales o perennes, rizomatosas, (1985), Nicora & Rúgolo de Agrasar (1987), raramente estoloníferas y conspicuamente Gould & Shaw (1992), Vegetti & Pensiero cespitosas, desde gráciles hasta robustas. (1993) y Mora-Osejo (2004), ya que éstas son las formas castellanas adoptadas en la La estructura de las plantas de Sporobolus se agrostología moderna. Cabe destacar que la ajusta al modelo generalizado de las Poaceae, dimensión de la panoja está medida desde el en el que cada planta está constituida por punto de origen de la primera ramifi cación una serie de vástagos equivalentes de orden fl orífera del pedúnculo hasta el fi nal del eje de ramificación sucesiva. Estos vástagos principal. muestran la secuencia de diferenciación típica de las sinfl orescencias y pueden ser tratados Estudio de material de herbario. Se como ejes de innovación. En cada vástago estudiaron colecciones de diferentes herbarios, se puede diferenciar una porción distal que como por ejemplo CAUP, COAH, COL, lleva exclusivamente paracladios fl orales, HUA, LE, LINN, MEDEL, MO, PSO, S, SI denominada antotagma, de una proximal y US, abreviados de acuerdo con Holmgren provista de nomofi los, el trofotagma. En la et al. (1990). Asimismo, se realizaron varias región del trofotagma se pueden distinguir, a salidas de campo con el fi n de enriquecer su vez, una zona proximal, cuyos entrenudos las colecciones de gramíneas y observar las permanecen cortos, de otra distal en la que plantas en su hábitat. Las obras originales se alargan notablemente. La zona proximal de las descripciones de las especies aquí constituiría una zona
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