Appendix 3.4‐2 Baseline Avian Use Surveys

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PETER M. SANZENBACHER iTODD J. MABEE BRIAN~- COOPER

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BASELINE STUDIES OF AVIAN ACTIVITY AT THE PROPOSED SKOOKUMCHUCK WIND ENERGY PROJECT, 2014–2015

Prepared for RES America Developments, Inc. 11101 W. 120th Ave., Ste. 400 Broomfield, CO 80021

Prepared by

Peter M. Sanzenbacher, Todd J. Mabee, and Brian A. Cooper ABR, Inc.—Environmental Research & Services P.O. Box 249 Forest Grove, Oregon 97116

February 2015

Printed on recycled paper.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Peregrine Falcon (federal Species of Concern, State Sensitive species; n = 4 individuals [1 • RES America Developments, Inc. (RES) point count and 3 incidental observations]), proposes to develop the Skookumchuck Wind Northern Goshawk (State Candidate species; n Energy Project (Project) in Lewis and Thurston = 1 individual observed incidentally), Olive- counties, Washington. The actual size of the sided Flycatcher (Federal Species of Concern; Project will be determined closer to the time of n = 11 individuals), Pileated Woodpecker construction but the current project design (State Candidate species; n = 3 individuals), consists of 52 wind turbines, each with a and Vaux’s Swift (State nameplate capacity up to 2.0 megawatts (MW), Candidate species; n = 8 individuals). Of note, for a total production capacity of up to approximately 104 MW. ABR, Inc. (ABR) two adult Golden Eagles (Federal Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, State Candidate conducted a full year of pre-construction species) also were recorded as incidental studies of avian use of the project area from winter 2014 through fall 2015. observations outside the Project leased area during other studies we conducted for the • The primary goal of the study was to obtain Project prior to the avian use study. information on the annual spatial and temporal use of all birds in the Project area. The specific • Raptors generally were uncommon at the objective was to conduct avian use surveys Project and we observed a total of 10 different using point-count methods to describe the species. Turkey Vulture, Red-tailed Hawk and relative abundance, distribution, and flight Bald Eagle were the three most common characteristics of birds in the Project and derive species. Red-tailed Hawks and Bald Eagles standard exposure indices for estimating were observed during all four seasons, but all potential risk of collision. other raptor species were not observed in one or more seasons. Annual raptor mean use (0.52 • ABR made a total of 36 visits to the site and birds/point count) ranked third among the conducted a total of 291 individual 20-min various avian species groups, behind passerines point count surveys at 9 survey stations. A total and “other birds”. Seasonally, raptor use was of 68 species were detected on surveys. We significantly higher in summer than in winter. observed the highest number of species during Raptor use also was significantly higher at the spring (n = 51 species), followed by survey point #1 on the north end of the Project summer (44 species), fall (43 species), and than at all other survey points. winter (26 species). • Approximately 64% of all raptor flights • We calculated a range of metrics describing occurred within the RSA. Raptors generally bird use at the site including mean use, species had low exposure indices, ranging from 0.136 composition, and frequency of occurrence for in winter to 0.429 in fall and averaging 0.293 each bird group and species. To help assess for the year. Most individual species (i.e., 9 of risk, an exposure index was calculated based on 11 species) exhibited an exposure index of zero the product of a species’ mean use, the (0) in one or more seasons. Of the three most percentage of time spent flying, and the numerous raptor species, Turkey Vulture percentage of time observed flying within the exhibited the highest annual exposure index rotor swept area (RSA; 25–135 m above ground (0.088), followed by Bald Eagle (0.063) and level). Red-tailed Hawk (0.053). The two raptor • Species of special interest recognized by the species of special interest (i.e., Bald Eagle and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and the Peregrine Falcon) had variable exposure Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife indices among seasons. Specifically, exposure that were observed at the Project included: Bald indices for Bald Eagle were 0.074 in spring, Eagle (federal Bald and Golden Eagle 0.019 in summer, 0.013 in fall, and 0.121 in Protection Act, Federal Species of Concern, winter and exposure indices for Peregrine State Sensitive species; n = 25 individuals [21 point count and 4 incidental observations]), iii

Skookumchuck Avian Study Band-tailed Pigeon was the only “other bird” species with an exposure index>0 in all four seasons. Two of the species in the “other bird” Falcon were 0.011 in spring, 0.000 in summer, category, Pileated Woodpecker and Vaux’s 0.000 in fall, and 0.000 in winter. Swift, were species of interest. The Pileated • Passerines were the dominant species assemblage across all seasons and accounted for 66% of all species observed during the Skookumchuck Avian Study study (n = 45 species of passerines). The four most abundant species observed at the Project were all passerines and included Dark-eyed Woodpecker had exposure indices of zero (0) Junco (12.0% of all individuals), American in all four seasons and the Vaux’s Swift had Robin (6.1%), Common Raven (5.8%), and exposure indices of zero (0) in spring, summer, White-crowned Sparrows (5.3%). Annual and winter and an index of 0.026 in fall. passerine mean use (9.37 birds/point count) • The likelihood for raptor collisions at the was considerably higher than that of all other proposed Project is expected to be low and avian species groups. Mean use of passerines within the range of fatalities observed at differed seasonally, with significantly lower operational wind projects in the Pacific use in winter than in the other three seasons. Northwest. This prediction is based on the • Approximately 30% of all passerine flights following factors: typical raptor species occurred within the RSA. Exposure indices for diversity for the region, low mean use, low all passerines combined ranged from 0.428 in frequency of occurrence, moderate occurrence winter to 4.324 in fall, averaging 1.748 for the within the RSA, and low exposure index. The year. Most individual passerine species (i.e., 31 raptor species that would be expected to have of 45 species) had an annual exposure index of the highest risk of collision would be Red-tailed zero (0), because they either were never Hawk, based on their collision history at other observed flying in the RSA or were not new generation wind projects and because of observed flying at all. Common Raven and their documented use of the project area. Based Western Bluebird were the only two passerine on low but consistent numbers of Bald Eagle species with an exposure index>0 in all four observations in the project area and the seasons. The single species of special interest presence of occupied eagle nest sites outside we observed (i.e., Olive-sided Flycatcher) had the Project, additional information on Bald exposure indices=0 in all four seasons. Eagles in the area is needed to better evaluate • Gamebird and waterbird diversity was low, potential risk to this species. with Sooty Grouse and Canada Goose, • The likelihood for passerine, gamebird, respectively, comprising the only species in waterbird and “other bird” collisions at the two those species groups. The “other birds” proposed Project is expected to be low and species group included low numbers of doves, within the range of fatalities observed at woodpeckers, hummingbirds, and swifts. operational wind projects in the Pacific • The annual exposure index was 0, 0.087, and Northwest, based on the following factors: 0.134 for gamebirds, waterbirds, and “other typical species diversity, low-to-moderate birds”, respectively. All gamebirds, as well as mean use, high frequency of occurrence, low most “other bird” species (i.e., 8 of 10 species) occurrence w/in the RSA, and low exposure had an annual exposure index of zero (0), index. The composition of the fatalities could because they either were never observed flying be expected to be similar to those recorded at in the RSA or were not observed flying at all. other new generation facilities in the region with similar habitats.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary...... iii List of Figures...... v List of Tables...... v List of Appendices...... v Acknowledgments ...... vi Introduction...... 1 Objectives...... 2 Study Area...... 2 Methods ...... 2 Study Design and Protocols...... 2 Avian Use Surveys...... 2 Survey Methods...... 2 Survey Schedule ...... 4 Incidental Observations ...... 4 Data Analysis...... 4 Results...... 5 Point Count Surveys...... 5 Species Composition...... 5 Mean Use, Percent Composition, and Frequency of Occurrence...... 10 Flight Characteristics...... 17 Exposure Index ...... 20 Incidental Observations ...... 37 Discussion...... 37 Direct Impacts...... 38 Raptors...... 38 Passerines...... 41 Gamebirds, Waterbirds and other Species...... 42 Sensitive Species...... 43 Indirect Impacts...... 43 Conclusions...... 44 Literature Cited...... 44

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Vicinity map of the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project, Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington ...... 1 Figure 2. Map of diurnal avian point count stations at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project, Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington...... 3 Figure 3. Summary of seasonal mean use for raptors, passerines, and all birds at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, during 2014–2015...... 14 Figure 4. Summary of annual mean use by point count station for raptors and passerines at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, during 2014–2015...... 21 Skookumchuck Avian Study Figure 5. Flight paths of all buteos, harriers, osprey and vultures observed at point count survey stations 1–4 in the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, during 2014–2015...... 22 v

Figure 6. Flight paths of all buteos, harriers, osprey and vultures observed at point count survey stations 5–9 in the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, during 2014–2015...... 23 Figure 7. Bald Eagle flight paths observed at point count survey stations 1–4 in the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, during 2014–2015...... 24 Figure 8. Bald Eagle flight paths observed at point count survey stations 5–9 in the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, during 2014–2015...... 25 Figure 9. Flight paths of all accipiters and falcons observed at point count survey stations 1–4 in the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, during 2014–2015...... 26 Figure 10. Flight paths of all accipiters and falcons observed at point count survey stations 5–9 in the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, during 2014–2015...... 27 Figure 11. Summary of estimated raptor mean use values recorded at wind projects throughout the U.S...... 39

LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Avian species and groups recorded within 800 m of bird survey points at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project located in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015...... 6 Table 2. Avian species observed during incidental observations that were species of special interest, including eagles, or species not observed during point count surveys at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015...... 9 Table 3. Species of special interest observed during the baseline avian use study at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015...... 9 Table 4. Estimated mean use of avian species observed during point count surveys at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project located in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015...... 11 Table 5. Estimated percent composition of avian species observed during point count surveys at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project located in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015...... 15 Table 6. Estimated frequency of occurrence of avian species observed during point count surveys at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project located in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015...... 18 Table 7. Overall flight height characteristics and percentage of avian species observed flying within 800 m of survey points during point count surveys at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project located in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015 .....28 Skookumchuck Avian Study

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Table 8. Seasonal percentages of avian species observed flying at altitudes relative to the rotor-swept area within 800 m of survey points during point count surveys at proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project located in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015...... 32 Table 9. Seasonal and annual exposure indices calculated for avian species observed within 800 m of survey points during point count surveys at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project located in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015 .....35

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1. Examples of raptor use estimates and estimated raptor collision fatalities from wind power developments in the western United States ...... 48 Appendix 2. Data sources and full citations for summary of raptor mean use values at wind projects shown in Figure 11...... 53 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funding for this study was provided by RES America Developments, Inc. (RES). We thank Sean Bell and Theresa Webber at RES for assistance with project coordination and logistics. Weyerhaeuser Corporation provided site access. At ABR, Inc. Delee Spiesschaert and Susan Cooper provided logistical support; Mike Davis and Michael Medina conducted field surveys; Rich Blaha and Pam Odom provided assistance with report preparation. Skookumchuck Avian Study viii INTRODUCTION habitats can be impacted by wind development Wind energy has been produced commercially (Arnett et al. 2007, Loss et al. 2013; Erickson et al. in North America for nearly four decades and is one 2014). of the fastest growing forms of renewable energy RES America Developments, Inc. (RES) both nationally and globally (Arnett et al. 2007, proposes to develop the Skookumchuck Wind AWEA 2015). In recent years, the United States Energy Project (hereafter Project) in Lewis and (US) has been one of the world leaders in wind Thurston counties in western Washington (Fig. 1). capacity additions and at the end of the fourth The actual size of the Project will be determined quarter 2015 had an overall installed capacity closer to the time of construction; however, the totaling over 67,000 MW (AWEA 2015). The state current project design consists of 52 wind turbines of Washington currently ranks eighth in the US with a combined generating capacity of up to 104 with an installed wind capacity of 3,075 MW. MW. Characteristics of the current proposed wind Wind-generated energy does not produce emissions turbines, Vestas V110 2.0 MW turbines, include a of carbon and other greenhouse gases associated monopole tower 80 m in height and three rotor with global warming and wind energy is generally blades each extending from a central hub with a considered an environmentally sound alternative to radius of 55 m. Thus, the total maximal height of fossil fuels; however, wildlife and each turbine would be 135 m with a blade in the Introduction

vii Skookumchuck Avian Study

Objectives METHODS STUDY DESIGN AND PROTOCOLS We based our study design and protocols on vertical position. RES contracted ABR, Inc.— standard pre-construction bird survey methods Environmental Research and Services (ABR) to conducted at other proposed wind energy projects conduct a full year of pre-construction studies of (e.g., Mabee et al. 2007, Tetra Tech EC 2009, avian use of the Project from winter 2014 through Chatfield et al. 2011). In addition to providing a fall 2015. standardized design this approach allows for comparisons of bird use metrics among similar OBJECTIVES studies in the region and throughout the United The goal of the study was to obtain States. Our study also conformed to the information on the annual spatial and temporal use recommendations outlined in the Washington Wind of all birds in the Project area. The specific Energy Guidelines (WDFW 2009) and the U.S. objective was to conduct avian use surveys using Fish and Wildlife Service Land-Based Wind point-count methods to describe the relative Energy Guidelines (USFWS 2012). abundance, distribution, and flight characteristics To maintain quality assurance and quality of birds in the Project and derive standard exposure control (QA/QC) field data forms were entered into indices for estimating potential risk of collision. an electronic database immediately upon return to the office or observers used handheld tablets to STUDY AREA enter data directly into an electronic database in the The Project is located in West Cascades field. A project manager periodically checked the Ecoregion of western Washington, ~20–30 km database for inconsistencies and errors and we (12.4–18.6 mi) east of Centralia and the Interstate 5 proofed the entire database again for errors prior to corridor (Fig. 1). The Project consists of 4 different final analyses. All data was stored on a network parcels that combined total ~7,954 ha (19,654 ac) server with frequent backups to prevent loss of data. and are situated entirely on the Vail Tree Farm, AVIAN USE SURVEYS private land owned and managed by the Weyerhaeuser Company (WEYCO) for timber The goal of the avian use surveys was to use production (Fig. 2). ABR focused survey efforts for standardized fixed-point surveys (point counts) to this study on the two larger parcels of 4,088 ha and obtain information on the spatial and temporal use 2,049 ha, because these parcels are of primary of all birds in the Project area. Specifically, the data interest for the initial phases of the development. collected provides information on the species The Project ridges range in elevation from ~450– composition, relative abundance, and flight 1,050 m above sea level (asl) and are separated by altitudes of birds during diurnal hours across all lower elevation stream-lined valleys, with the seasons of the annual cycle. We conducted surveys Skookumchuck River bisecting the Project area. from November 2014 through November 2015. The region experiences moderate temperatures Seasons were defined as follows based on the throughout the year with average maximum timing of migration in this geographic region: temperatures ranging from 8–26° C (46–78 ° F) and spring = 15 March–31 May; summer = 1 June–31 average minimum temperatures ranging from 1– August; fall = 1 September–15 November; winter = 11° C (34–52° F; WRCC 2016). Average annual 16 November–14 March. precipitation is 116.6 cm (45.9 in) with 17.3 cm (6.8 SURVEY METHODS in) snowfall at lower elevations and greater We conducted point count surveys based on a snowfall at higher elevations (WRCC 2106). variable circular-plot method described by Reynolds et al. (1980). We established a total of nine point count stations with a survey radius of 800 m throughout the Project area. The layout of these

Skookumchuck Avian Study 2

stations was selected to provide thorough coverage project area (Fig. 2). All stations were independent of the site and to include representative habitat of each other with the exception of 90 types and topographical features found in the

Methods

3 Skookumchuck Avian Study

Methods INCIDENTAL OBSERVATIONS In addition to regular point count surveys we also recorded incidental observations during non- m of overlap in coverage at stations one and two, survey times (i.e., driving or before/after surveys) because of a lack of other suitable locations for of any federal or state-listed bird species of special stations in this area of the Project. A qualitative interest (WDFW 2008, USFWS 2016) or species viewshed assessment at each station indicated that not previously observed during point counts. Data all points provided 100% coverage within the 800 collected during incidental observations included m radius survey area. The point count stations the following: date, time, species identification, cumulatively covered ~67% (35 of 52 turbines) of number of birds and flocks, behavior, and habitat. the turbines in the current Project layout. We noted the location of incidental observations on During each point count survey a single a GPS or in a tabletbased GIS. observer used 10× binoculars to visually scan for all birds for a 20-minute (min) period. For all birds DATA ANALYSIS detected within an 800 m radius of each point count We computed the same avian-use metrics station we recorded the following information: utilized in numerous other studies at proposed wind date, time, number of minutes elapsed from the projects in the United States (e.g., Mabee et al. beginning of the 20-min survey, species 2007, Tetra Tech EC 2009, Chatfield et al. 2011). identification, number of birds and groups (i.e., These metrics included: mean use, percent flocks), distance to bird(s), first and composition, frequency of occurrence, and an minimum/maximum flight altitude (m above exposure index based on mean use and flight ground level [agl]), flight direction, behavior behavior characteristics. For each metric we (straight line flight, local/erratic flight, circling/ calculated both seasonal and annual values across soaring, perching/sitting, singing/calling), general the Project. The mean annual values were weighted habitat (clearcut [0–5 yrs old], forested [6–15 yrs], by the length of each season. We also conducted a and forested [16–50 yrs]), and whether the raptor “flight path” analysis to provide a qualitative detection was visual or auditory only. We also assessment of spatial use of the project. Raptor mapped flight paths of raptor observations in a flight path figures show the raw data (flight lines) tablet-based GIS. on the landscape. Weather information recorded during each The mean use for a species equals the mean point count, included wind direction, wind speed, number of individuals/20-min point count and cloud cover, ceiling elevation, visibility, provides an index of relative abundance per survey temperature, and precipitation. Surveyors point. This index does not describe density, attempted to minimize duplicate sightings of the however, because individuals may have been same bird(s) both within and between point counts. observed at multiple points (particularly raptors) SURVEY SCHEDULE and data were not corrected for differences in We attempted to visit all survey stations on a detectability. Percent composition equals the mean weekly basis during the spring and fall seasonal use for a species divided by the total use for all periods and every other week during the winter and species, multiplied by 100, and provides an summer periods. This survey schedule reflects estimate of the relative use at a site by a particular differing levels of variability in activity throughout species compared with the use of all other species. the year (i.e., greater variability during spring and Frequency of occurrence equals the percentage of fall migration versus decreased variability during 20-min point counts in which a species is observed the breeding season and winter) and matches the and it provides an index of how often a species sampling effort accordingly. We alternated the occurs in the Project area. Mean use and frequency order that survey stations were visited to reduce any of occurrence reflect different aspects of spatial or temporal bias in sampling. abundance, in that mean use is based on the number of individuals (i.e., large flocks can produce high

5 Skookumchuck Avian Study

estimates), whereas frequency of occurrence is based on the number of flocks (i.e., it is not influenced by flock size). Together, these two

Skookumchuck Avian Study 6 Results estimates help one to discern the importance of high count surveys successfully completed), 6 in mean use values. summer (54 surveys), 11 in fall (77 surveys), and 8 The exposure index, a relative index of in winter (66 surveys). Weather conditions varied collision exposure (R) for bird species can be across the seasons including wind speeds from 0– calculated as: 45 km/h (0–35 mi/h), temperatures ranging from 0– R = A * Pf * Pt 29° C (32–84° F), and precipitation ranging from drizzle to light rain. A list of the common and Where A = mean use for a species, Pf = proportion scientific names of all species observed during of all observations when a species was observed surveys (within 800 m) and the corresponding flying (an index of the approximate percentage of number of individuals and groups observed is time a species spends flying during diurnal hours), provided in Table 1. and Pt = proportion of all flight observations within the rotor-swept area (RSA). The model and physical SPECIES COMPOSITION characteristics of wind turbines proposed for the site We recorded a total of 68 species across all have not been determined so for this report we point count surveys (Table 1). Two additional considered the RSA as the area encompassing 25– species were observed only as incidental 135 m agl. Note that this index accounts only for observations (Table 2). In combination, we differences in certain aspects of flight behavior and observed six species of special interest during point does not directly address other behaviors or count surveys and incidental observations, ecological attributes of a particular species that may including three raptor species and three small bird influence collision exposure (e.g., turbine species (Table 3). The raptor species of special avoidance behavior, high-density prey locations interest included Northern Goshawk, Bald Eagle that may increase foraging behavior, flight and Peregrine Falcon and the small birds included movements along proposed turbine strings, etc.). Olive-sided Flycatcher, Pileated Woodpecker, and We examined seasonal patterns of variation in Vaux’s Swift. A seventh species, Golden Eagle, mean use values for passerines and raptors using a also was observed on two different occasions near non-parametric analysis of variance test (Kruskal- the Project area, but those incidental observations Wallis Test) and when we detected differences used occurred during other studies (Sanzenbacher et al. pairwise comparisons to determine which seasons 2011, Sanzenbacher et al. 2014). differed. To examine spatial differences in mean We observed the highest number of species use values across the Project area we used the during the spring (n = 51 species; Table 1), followed Kruskal-Wallis test to compare annual mean use by summer (n = 44 species) and fall (n = 43 values of raptors and passerines among survey species), reflecting the seasonal movement of stations that had a minimum of three survey migrants and breeding birds through the area (Table visits/season. We computed all avian metrics using 1). In contrast, we observed the lowest number of SPSS v. 18.0 (SPSS 2009) and for statistical species during the winter (n = 26 species), reflecting comparisons used an α-value of P < 0.05 as the the local species assemblage during the wintering threshold for significance. period. Passerines were the dominant species group across all seasons and accounted for 66% of species RESULTS observed during surveys (n = 45 passerine species). Raptors represented 16% of the species observed (n POINT COUNT SURVEYS = 11 species of raptors). Over the year-long duration of our studies, we To simplify the presentation of results, we made a total of 36 survey visits to the site and grouped all species not classified as passerines, completed a total of 291 individual 20-min point raptors, gamebirds, or waterbirds into a single count surveys (i.e., 33 of 324 point count surveys “other birds” category. This species group category were cancelled due to poor visibility/weather). In consisted of ten species including doves, total, we made 11 visits during spring (94 point hummingbirds, woodpeckers, swifts, and

7 Skookumchuck Avian Study

Results in Projectlocated Groups Total Birds Energy Annual Groups Wind Winter Birds Skookumchuck 1,777 Groups 2,968 Birds proposed 144 the oups 129 at 208 108 105 201 419 28 Fall 36 119 29 7157 36 3 58 142 14 , 32 3 2 10 l 49 513225 12 12 24 20 24 21 25 l 15 1 Summer survey points survey 1 3 1 3 0 28 100 11500 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 34 31523012 10 10 10 16 bird 49 0 Spring 35 13 0 of 26 26 24 26 0 5 5 7 6 9 8 1 8 0 0 3 3 1 1 83300001111 7 2 2 3 2 8 3 4044 44 10010411126 513101910224127 m 43 4 6 4 04~.l~:2112.61152114 0 0 0 l 1 0 1 0 1 15 100000011 000220022 022000022 000220022 000220022 022000022 000710071 Gr 2014-2015. 1,512 ithin 800 1 563 , 2 GroupsBirds w s Washington, gnoma difficilis stelleri leucocephalus canadensis 107 aura cooperi 265 56 cooperii striatus haliaetus Birds brachyrhynchos corax cyaneus 78 lagopu sparverius peregrinus jamaicensis 405 recorded eo 1 1 t 37 counties, name Cathartes Circus Cyanocitta Corvus Corvus Contopus Glaucidium Accipiter Perisoreus Falco Falco Pandion Empidonax Haliaeetus Buteo Accipiter E~fiJ~.Qiltf3 Bu 11 50 955330158 17 groups 405 19 Scientific Thurston and 29 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 0 1 0 6 6 606 0 1 1 and 8 8 0 7 3 3 0 4 0 4 0 0 O 21 Hawk Hawk 6l70 3/J.25 species Flycatcher fal~<311 accipiter buteo rapt'or / 91.1Jt4'S18789 Flycatcher species Hawk rs Crowl Kestrel 844 Falcon Raven Hawk pygmylowl Harri& o Lewis Jay 1100 t 114 Flycatclier s Vulture s ' Jay rap 1 1 0 0 0 0 Avian Eagle r gbirds 1. n Sharp-shinned Steller Unidentified Willow Pacific-slope Turkey Osprey Gray Olive-sided Cooper's Common Northern Northern Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified American American Red-tailed Rough-legged Peregrine Species-group Corvids Owls Othe Bald Passerines Accipiter Falcons Buteos Eagles So Raptors Skookumchuck Avian Study 8

Table Results Groups Total Birds Annual Groups Winter Birds Groups Birds oups 130 88 209 28 36 Fall 77 16 8 22 45 21 89 182162 11 13 15 19 i5' 1 42 10 7 7 88 15 60 31 101 1 1 3 4 7 4 3 '°5 \i 23 23 25 1 1 50 ~J 21 29 22 49 61101 1 7 0 0 11 Summer 29 Jq 1 0 0 i°, 6 0 0 111 16 f 1 10 10 10 7 0 0 9 0 0 2 1 8 1>~'6%a6 Jf 43 14'~4~~l7U:HUSl~ll g/1~i 19 2 27 18 1 19 50 24 24 29 ~ 9 s 15 Spring 3 3 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 1 5 5 3 2 1->~ 22 '6'6'6'6'6~ 24 9 6 28 0 0 43 l~ 1 1q 12 1~'6'6'6'6'4126 50 20 1 48 1 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 igf1 i 4 8 5 2325200116 1 182000093 53 366000099 332000065 ~/d 22 7 Oi~~sb'6'6bb 000001111 022000022 421, Gr GroupsBirds minimus bewickii thalassina bicolor leucophrys atricapilla pacificus cedrorum tolmiei trichas celata townsendi pusilla nigrescens coronata occidentalis townsendi melodia ustulatus rustica ludoviciana satrapa Birds rufescens naevius atricapillus migratorius rubescens maculatus hyemalis mexicana gilvus canadensis name Vireo Vireohuttoni Vermivora Tachycineta Tachvcineta Thryomanes Troglodytes Turdus Catharus Catharus guttatus Cardellina Geothlypis Geothlypis Anthus Myadestes Ixoreus Melospiza Junco Hirundo Poecile Poecile Psaltriparus Regulus Bombycilla Pipilo Piranga Zonotrichia Zonotrichia Sitta Sialia Setophaga Setophaga Setophaga Setophaga Scientific arbler . Warbler Chickadee Kinglet ~parrow 3 ;8 61 3 ~arbler ~ay Chickadee species Nuthatch Swallow / Solitaire waJ,1er Tm# Juncc9 RobiJP Pipit Vireo Yello~hroat Wren WarblJt Vireo Tanagt Bluebird Towh~3 Warbler3 Thrush Wren Thrush Waxwingl Continued Sparrow Swallow Swallow 1. Swainson's Spotted Song Violet-green American American Yellow-rumped~ Varied Western Warbler Wilson's White-crownedffiparrow Western Warbling Black-capped Bewick's MacGillivray's Red-breasted Hermit Townsend's Tree Townsend's Orange-crowne9 Chestnut-backed Golden-crowned Cedar Common Golden-crowned Barn Bushtit Pacific Black-throated Dark-eyed Hutton's Hermit Species-group

Table

9 Skookumchuck Avian Study

Results Groups Total Birds Annual Groups Winter Birds 2,110 Groups Birds 3,445 170 oups 201 241 104 265 503 Fall 44 18 29 113 19 19 8 1 16 5 91 9 20 31 8 1,287 22 20 20 9 35 22 77 14 14 18 5 2 1 Summer 1 1 1 1 1 528 1 0 1 0 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 AA~ 3 3 3 3 1-0$gt§ 764 16 32 22 20 1 1 7 0 0 6 1 8 8 2 0 0 &-9 113 Spring 2 2 di~ q 24 22 16 52 909 O 9 14 14 s<1 0 5 9 9 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 100002233 2 000410041 011000011 000110011 063000063 300004376 22 211320085 5 2 3 1 2 0 0 495 Gr ,153 20 8 6 5 39 48 Birds 12 s 1 1 320 1 villosus 3 vespertinus 12 4 0 0 24 Group fuliginosus 10 ruber 13 11 fasciata 58 s 122 melanocephalus minor pileatus tristis 21 vauxi 35 auratus pubescens macroura anna 8 Bird 132 canadensis 1 0 1 0 mus curvirostra 27 26 27 1 14 1144000055 109 to ides la name 0 0 3 3 3 3 7 7 Calypte Colaptes Chaetura Coccothraustes Carduelis Dendragapus Branta Chordeiles Leuconotopicus Loxia Hy Pheucticus Patagioenas Pico Zenaida Sphyrapicus 1 1100 5 5 7 6 1 0 1 0 1 43401817 19245 8 7 Scientific 1615 14 JO er O JO . 58 5 O 0 0 lei 54 pecies :tXJ 1~1152 Grosbeak Sap~ucker 61 flycatcher shorebird swallow sparrow songbird hummingbird waterfowl wcmdie~P. /s s Pige6n oodp~cker 4 3 Dove Goldfinch oodpep,f Nighthawk Flickef 7 Grosbeak W 22 25 Goose W Swift Hummingbird Grouse Woodpecker s Continued Birds 4 2 . Crossbill 1 Sooty Canada Northern Unidentified Unidentified Vaux' American Red Band-tailed Mourning Rufous Red-breasted Downy Hairy Pileated Black-headed Evening Common Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Woodpeckers Other Species-group Totals Other Gamebirds Doves54 Hummingbird Waterbirds

Table Skookumchuck Avian Study 10 Results Table 2. Avian species observed during incidental observations that were species of special interest, including eagles, or species not observed during point count surveys at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015. Species of special interest includes species of elevated conservation status at the federal or state level (e.g., threatened/endangered species, species of concern, sensitive species, etc.). Number of individuals per season Species-group/species Scientific name Spring Summer Fall Winter

Raptors Bald Eagle1,2,3 Haliaeetus leucocephalus 2 0 1 1 Northern Goshawk4 Accipiter gentilis 0 0 0 1 Peregrine Falcon2,3 Falco peregrinus 2 1 0 0 Waterbirds Wilson’s Snipe Gallinago delicata 0 0 0 1 1 Federal Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act 2 Federal Species of Concern. 3 Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife – State Sensitive 4 Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife – State Candidate

Table 3. Species of special interest observed during the baseline avian use study at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015. Includes species of elevated conservation status at the federal or state level (e.g., threatened/endangered species, species of concern, sensitive species, etc.). Numbers in parentheses are from incidental observations during non-survey times. Status Season observed Common name State2 Spring Summer Fall Winter Federal1

Northern Goshawk C (1) Bald Eagle BGEPA,SC S X X X X Peregrine Falcon SC S X X3

Olive-sided Flycatcher SC X X Pileated Woodpecker C X X Vaux’s Swift C X X X

1 SC = Species of Concern; BGEPA = Federal Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. 2 S = sensitive; C = Candidate. As defined by Washington Administrative Code 232-12-297 and overseen by the wildlife Diversity Division of the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.

11 Skookumchuck Avian Study Results nighthawks. These “other birds” represented 14.7% season; in fact, the only species observed in all four of species observed at the Project (Table 1). seasons were Red-tailed Hawk and Bald Eagle. We observed a total of 3,445 individuals in Accipiter use was low during all seasons 2,110 groups during point counts (Table 1). (range = 0–0.13) and none were observed during Passerines were the most abundant species group, the summer period (Table 4). Buteos (primarily with 2,968 individuals in 1,777 groups. The four Red-tailed Hawk) had relatively high mean use most numerically dominant species all were compared to other raptor groups, with an annual passerines and included Dark-eyed Junco (12% of average of 0.14. Mean use of Red-tailed Hawk all individuals), American Robin (6%), Common peaked in summer (0.13) and fall (0.12) and was Raven (6%), and White-crowned Sparrows (5%). lowest during winter (0.02). Bald Eagle was the “Other birds” comprised the second most only eagle species observed. Eagles were detected abundant species group with 265 individuals in 201 in all four seasons, but had highest mean use in groups (Table 1). Northern Flicker (113 individuals winter (0.12). Falcon use was low during all in 104 groups), Band-tailed Pigeon (91 individuals seasons (range = 0–0.04) and none were observed in 44 groups), and Rufous Hummingbird (14 during the summer or winter periods. In the “other individuals in 14 groups) were the three most raptor” group, Turkey Vulture was by far the most abundant species in this group. common species. Turkey Vultures were present in Raptors were the third most abundant species spring (0.22), summer (0.48), and fall (0.14), but group and included a total of 157 individuals in 108 none were recorded during winter. groups (Table 1). Turkey Vulture was the most Percent composition of raptors had a different commonly observed raptor (58 individuals in 36 among-season pattern than the pattern observed in groups), followed by Red-tailed Hawk (24 mean use. That is to say that, while mean use individuals in 20 groups) and Bald Eagle (21 showed a large drop in winter (Table 4), percent individuals in 14 groups). In addition to these three composition was somewhat constant across the year most numerous species, we observed (in order of (Table 5). Specifically, raptor percent composition abundance) Northern Harrier, Sharp-shinned ranged from 4.04%–5.76%, with an annual average Hawk, Cooper’s Hawk, American Kestrel, Osprey, of 4.82%. Peregrine Falcon, and Northern Pygmy-owl. Raptors ranked third among all species groups The only species we observed in the gamebird in frequency of occurrence, with an annual average species group was Sooty Grouse (20 individuals in of 25.32% (Table 6). Not surprisingly, the among- 19 groups; Table 1). Similarly, we observed only a season pattern in frequency of occurrence was single species in the waterbird species group (one fairly similar to the pattern observed for mean use. flock of Canada Geese). Specifically, raptors were recorded on 27.66% of surveys in spring, 40.74% of surveys in summer, MEAN USE, PERCENT COMPOSITION, AND 27.27% of surveys in fall, and 10.61% of surveys in FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE winter (Table 6). Raptors Annual raptor activity varied significantly Annual raptor mean use (0.52) ranked third across the Project (Kruskal-Wallis H = 20.114, df = among the various species groups (Table 4). 8, P = 0.010) with annual mean use values ranging Overall raptor use differed statistically by season from 0.15 ± 0.07 raptors/pt at points 8, and 9 to 1.54 (Fig. 3; Kruskal-Wallis H = 9.924, df = 3, P = ± 0.44 raptors/point at point 1 (Fig. 4). In pairwise 0.019) and was highest during the summer breeding comparisons between stations, the only statistically season (0.81) followed by fall (0.68), spring (0.52), significant differences we found were between and winter (0.18). Seasonal mean use was point 1 and all other points (i.e., points 2–9 did not significantly different only between summer and differ significantly from one another). winter (U = 16.604, Padj = 0.016), however. Not In contrast to the above analysis, the flight path every raptor species was represented in each analysis (Figures 5–10) did not indicate any major areas of raptor flight concentration across the

Skookumchuck Avian Study 12 Results

Table 4. Project. Note that these figures also contain flight beyond the point count survey radius (i.e., >800 m), tracks of raptors observed incidentally and/or so they have a higher sample size than some of Estimated mean use (mean number of observations within 800 m per 20-min point count) of avian species observed during point count surveys at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project located in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015. MeanUse

Annuall Species-group/species Spring Summer Fall Winter average Raptors 0.52 0.81 0.68 0.18 0.52 Accipiters 0.01 0.00 0.13 0.02 0.03 Sharp-shinned Hawk 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 Cooper’s Hawk 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 Unidentified accipiter 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.02 Buteos 0.07 0.24 0.25 0.03 0.14 Red-tailed Hawk 0.07 0.13 0.12 0.02 0.08 Rough-legged Hawk 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 Unidentified buteo 0.00 0.07 0.13 0.02 0.05 Eagles 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.12 0.08 Bald Eagle 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.12 0.08 Falcons 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.01 American Kestrel 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 Peregrine Falcon 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 <0.01 Unidentified falcon 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 <0.01 Owls 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 <0.00 Northern pygmy-owl 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 <0.01 Other raptors 0.33 0.54 0.22 0.02 0.26 Turkey Vulture 0.22 0.48 0.14 0.00 0.20 Northern Harrier 0.09 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.03 Osprey 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 Unidentified raptor 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.02 Passerines 10.19 12.22 14.83 3.15 9.37 Corvids 1.21 1.00 2.43 0.76 1.26 Steller’s Jay 0.56 0.65 0.36 0.05 0.37 Gray Jay 0.05 0.11 0.13 0.23 0.14 Common Raven 0.60 0.24 1.30 0.48 0.62 American Crow 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.00 0.13 Songbirds 8.98 11.22 12.40 2.39 8.11 Olive-sided Flycatcher 0.09 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.03 Pacific-slope Flycatcher 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 Willow Flycatcher 0.06 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.14 Warbling Vireo 0.03 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.03 Hutton's Vireo 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 Tree Swallow 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.07 Violet-green Swallow 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.03 Barn Swallow 0.01 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.04 Black-capped Chickadee 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 <0.01 Chestnut-backed Chickadee 0.04 0.15 0.31 0.17 0.17 Bushtit 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.14

13 Skookumchuck Avian Study Results

Table 4. Red-breasted Nuthatch 0.03 0.30 0.13 0.05 0.12 Bewick's Wren 0.13 0.07 0.10 0.06 0.09 Pacific Wren 0.54 0.09 0.04 0.44 0.29 Continued. MeanUse

Annuall Species-group/species Spring Summer Fall Winter average Songbirds (continued) Golden-crowned Kinglet 0.03 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.06 Townsend's Solitaire 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.02 Western Bluebird 0.18 0.24 0.84 0.09 0.30 Varied Thrush 0.24 0.17 0.35 0.02 0.17 American Robin 0.65 0.41 1.44 0.23 0.62 Swainson's Thrush 0.01 0.52 0.03 0.00 0.14 Hermit Thrush 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 American Pipit 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.08 Cedar Waxwing 0.16 0.80 0.56 0.00 0.35 Orange-crowned Warbler 0.21 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.06 MacGillivray's Warbler 0.03 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.02 Common Yellowthroat 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.02 Yellow-rumped Warbler 0.30 0.17 0.12 0.00 0.13 Black-throated Gray Warbler 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 <0.01 Townsend's Warbler 0.15 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.05 Hermit Warbler 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 Wilson's Warbler 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 Spotted Towhee 0.56 0.44 0.13 0.02 0.26 Song Sparrow 0.52 0.28 0.31 0.41 0.38 Golden-crowned Sparrow 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.03 White-crowned Sparrow 0.98 1.31 0.16 0.11 0.61 Dark-eyed Junco 1.55 1.78 1.81 0.52 1.32 Western Tanager 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.00 0.07 Black-headed Grosbeak 0.10 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.12 Evening Grosbeak 0.18 0.96 0.10 0.00 0.30 Red Crossbill 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.09 0.10 American Goldfinch 0.14 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.05 Unidentified flycatcher 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.02 Unidentified swallow 0.15 0.39 0.04 0.02 0.14 Unidentified sparrow 0.01 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.03 Unidentified songbird 1.16 1.07 4.16 0.12 1.42 Gamebirds 0.15 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.05 Sooty Grouse 0.15 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.05 Waterbirds 0.03 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.09 Canada Goose 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.06 Unidentified Waterfowl 0.03 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.02 Unidentified Shorebird 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.01 Other Birds 1.37 1.07 0.75 0.30 0.82 Doves 0.57 0.46 0.14 0.03 0.28 Band-tailed Pigeon 0.57 0.44 0.14 0.03 0.27

Skookumchuck Avian Study 14 Results

Table 4. Mourning Dove 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 <0.01 Hummingbirds 0.11 0.30 0.01 0.00 0.10 Rufous Hummingbird 0.05 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.05 Unidentified hummingbird 0.05 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.05 Woodpeckers 0.65 0.19 0.56 0.27 0.39 Red-breasted Sapsucker 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 <0.01 Downy Woodpecker 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.03 Continued. Mean Use

Annuall Species-group/species Spring Summer Fall Winter average Hairy Woodpecker 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 <0.01 Northern Flicker 0.59 0.19 0.51 0.14 0.32 Pileated Woodpecker 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 Unidentified woodpecker 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.03 Other 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.00 0.05 Common Nighthawk 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.03 Vaux’s Swift 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.02

Totals 12.27 14.15 16.71 3.65 10.86

1 Average of all four seasons weighted by the length of each season. the other summaries (e.g., more than in Table 1). 1). Not surprisingly, songbirds (i.e., the species The single exception to this general pattern of even group with the highest number of both species and usage was that there appeared to be slightly higher individuals) were the largest contributor to mean use of the area near survey points 1 and 2 by Turkey use values: the annual average mean use for Vulture (Figures 5 and 6). passerines was 9.37 (Table 4). Among corvids (and most other passerines), Common Raven was the Passerines species with the highest annual mean use value Passerines were the dominant group across all (0.62). Among songbirds, there was considerable seasons for all metrics. Mean use values varied variation in seasonal mean use for most species and among seasons (H = 18.790, df = 3, P = <0.001; Fig. only three species had annual mean use values 3) and were highest during the fall migratory period >0.50 (Table 4). These three species included (14.83) followed by summer (12.22), spring American Robin (0.62), White-crowned Sparrow (10.19), and winter (3.15; Table 4). Seasonal mean (0.61), and Dark-eyed Junco (1.32). use was only significantly different between winter Passerines comprised the majority of bird and spring (U = 14.080, P = 0.019), winter and adj sightings across all seasons with an annual percent summer (U = 17.375, P = 0.010), and winter and adj composition value of 86.14% (Table 5). Percent fall (U = 20.025, P = <0.001), however. Passerine adj composition was uniformly high during all seasons, mean use values differed significantly across the ranging from 83.09 in spring to 88.73 in fall. The Project stations (Kruskal-Wallis H = four passerine species noted above for highest mean 21.343, df = 8, P = 0.006) and ranged from 6.23 ± use also exhibited the four highest percent 1.22 birds/point at point 6 to 15.27 ± 3.33 composition values (Table 5). Based on frequency birds/point at point 7 (Fig. 4). of occurrence values (Table 6) we detected As mentioned previously, passerines were the passerines during most surveys in every season largest species assemblage, represented by four (seasonal range = 83.3%–98.94% of surveys). species of corvid and 41 species of songbird (Table

15 Skookumchuck Avian Study Results

Table 4. Gamebirds, Waterbirds, and Other species There was only a single species in the gamebird species group (Sooty Grouse) and the species was not observed in large numbers (Table 1). Thus, the gamebird species group had low annual mean use (0.05; Table 4), low annual percent composition (0.51; Table 5), and low annual frequency of occurrence (4.95; Table 6). Similarly, there was only one species in the waterbirds group (Canada Goose; Table 1), so that species group also had low annual mean use (0.09; Table 4), low annual percent composition (0.57; Table 5), and low annual frequency of occurrence (1.04; Table 6). “Other bird” mean use (0.82) ranked second among the various species groups (Table 4). Mean use ranged from 0.30–1.37, with highest values

Skookumchuck Avian Study 16 Results

Table 5. Estimated percent composition (mean use/total use by all species * 100) of avian species observed during point count surveys at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project located in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015. PercentComposition

Annual 1 Species-group/species Spring Summer Fall Winter Average Raptors 4.25 5.76 4.04 4.98 4.82 Accipiters 0.09 0.00 0.78 0.41 0.32 Sharp-shinned Hawk 0.09 0.00 0.08 0.41 0.17 Cooper’s Hawk 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.03 Unidentified accipiter 0.00 0.00 0.54 0.00 0.11 Buteos 0.61 1.70 1.48 0.83 1.14 Red-tailed Hawk 0.61 0.92 0.70 0.41 0.64 Rough-legged Hawk 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.07 Unidentified buteo 0.00 0.52 0.78 0.41 0.43 Eagles 0.69 0.26 0.23 3.32 1.35 Bald Eagle 0.69 0.26 0.23 3.32 1.35 Falcons 0.09 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.07 American Kestrel 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.03 Peregrine Falcon 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 Unidentified falcon 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.02 Owls 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 Northern pygmy-owl 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 Other raptors 2.69 3.80 1.32 0.41 1.94 Turkey Vulture 1.82 3.40 0.85 0.00 1.42 Northern Harrier 0.69 0.00 0.23 0.41 0.33 Osprey 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.03 Unidentified raptor 0.17 0.39 0.08 0.00 0.15 Passerines 83.09 86.39 88.73 86.31 86.14 Corvids 9.89 7.07 14.53 20.75 13.68 Steller’s Jay 4.60 4.58 2.18 1.24 3.00 Gray Jay 0.43 0.79 0.78 6.22 2.48 Common Raven 4.86 1.70 7.77 13.28 7.41 American Crow 0.00 0.00 3.81 0.00 0.79 Songbirds 73.20 79.32 74.20 65.56 72.46 Olive-sided Flycatcher 0.69 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.25 Pacific-slope Flycatcher 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.07 Willow Flycatcher 0.52 3.40 0.00 0.00 0.97 Warbling Vireo 0.26 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.25 Hutton's Vireo 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 Tree Swallow 1.91 0.00 0.00 1.66 0.95 Violet-green Swallow 0.26 0.39 0.39 0.00 0.24 Barn Swallow 0.09 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.28 Black-capped Chickadee 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.14 Chestnut-backed Chickadee 0.35 1.05 1.86 4.56 2.21 Bushtit 0.00 0.00 3.89 0.00 0.81

Skookumchuck Avian Study 18 Results

Table 5. Red-breasted Nuthatch 0.26 2.09 0.78 1.24 1.15 Bewick's Wren 1.04 0.52 0.62 1.66 1.02 Pacific Wren 4.42 0.65 0.23 12.03 5.08 Continued. PercentComposition

Annual 1 Species-group/species Spring Summer Fall Winter Average Golden-crowned Kinglet 0.26 0.00 1.40 0.00 0.35 Townsend's Solitaire 0.26 0.26 0.16 0.00 0.15 Western Bluebird 1.47 1.70 5.05 2.49 2.61 Varied Thrush 1.99 1.18 2.10 0.41 1.30 American Robin 5.29 2.88 8.62 6.22 5.68 Swainson's Thrush 0.09 3.66 0.16 0.00 0.97 Hermit Thrush 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.07 American Pipit 0.00 0.00 2.25 0.00 0.47 Cedar Waxwing 1.30 5.63 3.34 0.00 2.39 Orange-crowned Warbler 1.73 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.47 MacGillivray's Warbler 0.26 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.15 Common Yellowthroat 0.43 0.13 0.16 0.00 0.16 Yellow-rumped Warbler 2.43 1.18 0.70 0.00 0.96 Black-throated Gray Warbler 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.02 Townsend's Warbler 1.21 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.36 Hermit Warbler 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 Wilson's Warbler 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 Spotted Towhee 4.60 3.14 0.78 0.41 2.07 Song Sparrow 4.25 1.96 1.86 11.20 5.44 Golden-crowned Sparrow 0.00 0.00 0.78 0.00 0.16 White-crowned Sparrow 7.98 9.29 0.93 2.90 5.19 Dark-eyed Junco 12.66 12.57 10.80 14.11 12.72 Western Tanager 1.13 0.79 0.47 0.00 0.54 Black-headed Grosbeak 0.78 2.88 0.00 0.00 0.89 Evening Grosbeak 1.47 6.81 0.62 0.00 2.16 Red Crossbill 0.00 2.09 0.00 2.49 1.34 American Goldfinch 1.13 0.26 0.23 0.00 0.36 Unidentified flycatcher 0.09 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.15 Unidentified swallow 1.21 2.75 0.23 0.41 1.14 Unidentified sparrow 0.09 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.20 Unidentified songbird 9.45 7.59 24.86 3.32 10.19 Gamebirds 1.21 0.26 0.23 0.41 0.51 Sooty Grouse 1.21 0.26 0.23 0.41 0.51 Waterbirds 0.26 0.00 2.49 0.00 0.57 Canada Goose 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.00 0.36 Unidentified waterfowl 0.26 0.00 0.47 0.00 0.15 Unidentified shorebird 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.06 Other Birds 11.19 7.59 4.51 8.30 7.95 Doves 4.68 3.27 0.85 0.83 2.27

19 Skookumchuck Avian Study Results

Table 5. Band-tailed Pigeon 4.68 3.14 0.85 0.83 2.24 Mourning Dove 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.03 Hummingbirds 0.87 2.09 0.08 0.00 0.73 Rufous Hummingbird 0.43 1.18 0.00 0.00 0.39 Unidentified hummingbird 0.43 0.92 0.08 0.00 0.34 Continued. PercentComposition

Annual 1 Species-group/species Spring Summer Fall Winter Average

Woodpeckers 5.29 1.31 3.34 7.47 4.59 Red-breasted Sapsucker 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.02 Downy Woodpecker 0.26 0.00 0.00 1.66 0.60 Hairy Woodpecker 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 Northern Flicker 4.77 1.31 3.03 3.73 3.20 Pileated Woodpecker 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.83 0.29 Unidentified woodpecker 0.09 0.00 0.23 1.25 0.47 Other 0.35 0.92 0.23 0.00 0.35 Common Nighthawk 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.20 Vaux’s Swift 0.35 0.13 0.23 0.00 0.16 Totals 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

1 Average of all four seasons weighted by the length of each season. observed in spring and the lowest in winter. Most 63.83% of surveys in spring, 50.00% of surveys in species in this group were not observed in all summer, 44.16% of surveys in spring, and 22.73% seasons; the only species observed in all four of surveys in winter through this potential zone of seasons were Band-tailed Pigeon and Northern risk for collisions. For these analyses, we identified Flicker. These two species also had the highest the RSA as being from 25–135 m agl, although annual mean use values for this group. depending on the turbine model selected for the The among-season pattern in percent Project the zone of risk may differ slightly. Flight composition for “other birds” was different than the characteristics are presented for species and species pattern observed in mean use. That is to say that, groups observed within 800 m of point count while mean use showed a large drop in winter stations across all four seasons in Table 7. Flight (Table 4), mean percent composition was higher in altitudes were divided into three categories: <25 m winter than in summer or fall (Table 5). agl (below turbine blades), 25–135 m agl (RSA of Specifically, percent composition for “other birds” the turbine—the potential collision zone) and >135 ranged from 4.51%–11.19%, with an annual m agl (above turbine blades). We also present flight average of 7.95%. altitude categories by season in Table 8. “Other birds” ranked second among all species All raptor observations (100%) were of flying groups in frequency of occurrence, with an annual individuals, with 63.94% of all flights in the RSA average of 42.85% (Table 6). Not surprisingly, the (Table 7). Seasonally, the percentage of raptor among-season pattern in frequency of occurrence flights in the RSA was 56.2% in spring, 47.7% in was fairly similar to the pattern observed for mean summer, 63.5% in fall, and 81.8% during winter use. Specifically, “other birds” were recorded on

Skookumchuck Avian Study 20 Results

Table 5. (Table 8). Individual species of raptors varied species in a single season should be recognized greatly in the proportion of time spent within the when interpreting their flight behaviors. The three RSA; however, small sample sizes for individual most numerous species frequently were observed were (Table 6). in the RSA: Red-tailed Hawk (79.4% of observations in RSA), Bald Eagle (70.84%), and FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS Turkey Vulture (44.96%). The percentage of birds flying within the Passerines also were most commonly turbine rotor swept area (RSA) provides an observed while in flight (84.99% of observations; estimate of the likelihood that a species will fly Table 7). Annually, corvid flights occurred in the

21 Skookumchuck Avian Study Results

Table 6. Estimated frequency of occurrence (percentage of surveys for which the species was recorded) of avian species observed during point count surveys at the proposed Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project located in Lewis and Thurston counties, Washington, 2014–2015. Frequency of occurrence

Annual 1 Species-group/species Spring Summer Fall Winter average Raptors 27.66 40.74 27.27 10.61 25.32 Accipiters 1.06 0.00 5.19 1.52 1.80 Sharp-shinned Hawk 1.06 0.00 1.30 1.52 0.99 Cooper’s Hawk 0.00 0.00 2.60 0.00 0.54 Unidentified accipiter 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.27 Buteos 5.32 16.67 12.99 3.03 9.03 Red-tailed Hawk 5.32 11.11 10.39 1.52 6.59 Rough-legged Hawk 0.00 3.70 0.00 0.00 0.93 Unidentified buteo 0.00 1.85 2.60 1.52 1.50 Eagles 7.45 3.70 2.60 4.55 4.55 Bald Eagle 7.45 3.70 2.60 4.55 4.55 Falcons 1.06 0.00 3.90 0.00 1.04 American Kestrel 0.00 0.00 2.60 0.00 0.54 Peregrine Falcon 1.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 Unidentified falcon 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.27 Owls 1.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 Northern pygmy-owl 1.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 Other raptors 18.09 25.93 10.39 1.52 13.06 Turkey Vulture 13.83 22.22 5.19 0.00 9.64 Northern Harrier 7.45 0.00 3.90 1.52 2.90 Osprey 0.00 0.00 2.60 0.00 0.54 Unidentified raptor 2.13 3.70 1.30 0.00 1.66 Passerines 98.94 98.15 97.40 83.33 93.33 Corvids 63.83 55.56 71.43 45.45 57.34 Steller’s Jay 41.49 48.15 23.38 3.03 26.86 Gray Jay 4.26 7.41 12.99 13.64 9.93 Common Raven 38.30 16.67 51.95 31.82 33.58 American Crow 0.00 0.00 2.60 0.00 0.54 Songbirds 96.81 96.30 92.21 74.24 88.36 Olive-sided Flycatcher 7.45 5.56 0.00 0.00 2.99 Pacific-slope Flycatcher 0.00 3.70 0.00 0.00 0.93 Willow Flycatcher 4.26 35.19 0.00 0.00 9.78 Warbline Vireo 3.19 9.26 0.00 0.00 3.02 Hutton's Vireo 7.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.59 Tree Swallow 10.64 0.00 0.00 1.52 2.77 Violet-green Swallow 2.13 3.70 1.30 0.00 1.66 Barn Swallow 1.06 3.70 0.00 0.00 1.16 Black-capped Chickadee 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.52 0.49 Chestnut-backed Chickadee 4.26 9.26 12.99 4.55 7.43 Bushtit 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.27

Skookumchuck Avian Study 22 Results

Table 6. Red-breasted Nuthatch 3.19 20.37 9.09 4.55 9.19 Bewick's Wren 9.57 7.41 9.09 4.55 7.29 Pacific Wren 42.55 9.26 2.60 28.79 21.35 Continued. Frequency of occurrence

Annual 1 Species-group/species Spring Summer Fall Winter average Songbirds (continued) Golden-crowned Kinglet 1.06 0.00 11.69 0.00 2.66 Townsend's Solitaire 3.19 3.70 1.30 0.00 1.89 Western Bluebird 9.57 12.96 15.58 3.03 9.55 Varied Thrush 18.09 11.11 16.88 1.52 10.67 American Robin 41.49 29.63 41.56 12.12 28.94 Swainson's Thrush 1.06 25.93 1.30 0.00 7.03 Hermit Thrush 0.00 1.85 0.00 0.00 0.47 American Pipit 0.00 0.00 9.09 0.00 1.89 Cedar Waxwing 1.06 14.81 7.79 0.00 5.58 Orange-crowned Warbler 19.15 5.56 0.00 0.00 5.49 MacGillivray's Warbler 3.19 3.70 0.00 0.00 1.62 Common Yellowthroat 4.26 1.85 1.30 0.00 1.65 Yellow-rumped Warbler 25.53 12.96 7.79 0.00 10.35 Black-throated Gray Warbler 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.27 Townsend's Warbler 9.57 5.56 0.00 0.00 3.45 Hermit Warbler 1.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 Wilson's Warbler 10.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.27 Spotted Towhee 42.55 35.19 11.69 1.52 20.89 Song Sparrow 37.23 16.67 22.08 31.82 27.13 Golden-crowned Sparrow 0.00 0.00 7.79 0.00 1.62 White-crowned Sparrow 51.06 66.67 10.39 6.06 31.86 Dark-eyed Junco 80.85 83.33 72.73 27.27 62.32 Western Tanager 9.57 11.11 1.30 0.00 5.12 Black-headed Grosbeak 7.45 27.78 0.00 0.00 8.59 Evening Grosbeak 4.26 9.26 2.60 0.00 3.78 Red Crossbill 0.00 12.96 0.00 1.52 3.76 American Goldfinch 4.26 1.85 2.60 0.00 1.92 Unidentified flycatcher 1.06 7.41 0.00 0.00 2.09 Unidentified swallow 8.51 18.52 1.30 1.52 7.25 Unidentified sparrow 1.06 0.00 5.19 0.00 1.31 Unidentified songbird 21.28 25.93 36.36 7.58 21.12 Gamebirds 14.89 1.85 3.90 1.52 4.95 Sooty Grouse 14.89 1.85 3.90 1.52 4.95 Waterbirds 1.06 0.00 3.90 0.00 1.04 Canada Goose 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.27 Unidentified waterfowl 1.06 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.50 Unidentified shorebird 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.27 Other Birds 63.83 50.00 44.16 22.73 42.85 Doves 20.21 18.52 5.19 1.52 10.56 Band-tailed Pigeon 20.21 18.52 5.19 1.52 10.56

23 Skookumchuck Avian Study Results

Table 6. Mourning Dove 0.00 1.85 0.00 0.00 0.47 Hummingbirds 10.64 27.78 1.30 0.00 9.55 Rufous Hummingbird 5.32 16.67 0.00 0.00 5.34 Unidentified hummingbird 5.32 11.11 1.30 0.00 4.21 Continued. Frequency of occurrence

Annual 1 Species-group/species Spring Summer Fall Winter average

Woodpeckers 50.00 12.96 40.26 22.73 29.74 Red-breasted Sapsucker 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.27 Downy Woodpecker 3.19 0.00 0.00 4.55 2.16 Hairy Woodpecker 1.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 Northern Flicker 46.81 12.96 37.66 12.12 25.06 Pileated Woodpecker 1.06 0.00 0.00 3.03 1.22 Unidentified woodpecker 1.06 0.00 3.90 4.55 2.52 Other 2.13 7.41 2.60 0.00 2.86 Common Nighthawk 0.00 5.56 0.00 0.00 1.40 Vaux’s Swift 2.13 1.85 2.60 0.00 1.46

1 Average of all four seasons weighted by the length of each season. RSA 29.45% of the time and songbird flights bird will fly within the RSA. We present both occurred in the RSA 28.27% of the time. seasonal and annual (Table 9) breakdowns of this Seasonally, the percentage of passerine flights in metric for each species. The exposure index the RSA was 19.2% in spring, 17.4% in summer, assumes that birds in the RSA will not attempt to 34.0% in fall, and 40.6% during winter (Table 8). avoid the turbine blades or be able to pass through Most gamebirds (i.e., Sooty Grouse) were the turbine blades. Although both of these observed in flight (89.70%) and all flew below the assumptions are unrealistic, few data are available RSA (Tables 7 and 8). All the waterfowl we to be able to model these avoidance variables— observed were in flight and 49.35% flew within the hence they are currently not part of the exposure RSA (Table 7). index. “Other birds” also were most commonly Exposure indices for all raptors combined observed while in flight (76.73% of observations; ranged from 0.136 in winter to 0.429 in fall, Table 7). Annually, 44.44% of “other bird” flights averaging 0.293 for the year (Table 9). Most occurred in the RSA. Seasonally, the percentage of individual species (i.e., 9 of 11 species) exhibited “other bird” flights in the RSA was 25.4% in spring, an exposure index of zero (0) in one or more 22.6% in summer, 54.5% in fall, and 66.7% during seasons. Of the three most numerous raptor species, winter (Table 8). Turkey Vulture exhibited the highest annual exposure index (0.088), followed by Bald Eagle EXPOSURE INDEX (0.063) and Red-tailed Hawk (0.053). The two The exposure index is a relative measure of the raptor species of special interest (i.e., Bald Eagle risk that each species will come into contact with a and Peregrine Falcon) had variable exposure turbine blade. The exposure index is based on the indices among seasons. Specifically, exposure product of a species’ mean use, the proportion of indices for Bald Eagle were 0.074 in spring, 0.019 time spent flying, and the proportion of time that a in summer, 0.013 in fall, and 0.121 in winter and

Skookumchuck Avian Study 24 Results

Table 6. exposure indices for Peregrine Falcon were 0.011 in spring, 0.000 in summer, 0.000 in fall, and 0.000 in winter (Table 9). Exposure indices for all passerines combined ranged from 0.428 in winter to 4.324 in fall, averaging 1.748 for the year (Table 9). Most individual passerine species (i.e., 43 of 45 species) exhibited an exposure index of zero (0) in one or more seasons. Further, most (31 of 45) passerines had an annual exposure index of zero (0), because they either were never observed flying in the RSA or were not observed flying at all. Common Raven and Western Bluebird were the only two passerine species with an exposure index >0 in all four

25 Skookumchuck Avian Study Results t un co Rotor t A s 5. on RS s poin 1 0 6 6 ea 1 1 16 13 00 00 s g . . .0 . . . .04 hin 1.4 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.31 2 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 7.92 t ll in i RSA 12.0 14-201 50 17.40 12.68 29 29 40.21 47. 4 a r > w 20 , du ) , l s across ag int o m p 25 ey 8 4 < 00 00 8 . . ( 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.84 Washington 2.85 categories urv 14.9 1 7 39.48 63.94 70. 79.94 53.25 50 50 64.65 29.01 29.45 23.83 44.96 40.65 30.09 s RSA 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 SA g. of RSA R in n y m ow fl 0 ithi counties, 80 w bel 4 77 38 03 78 . .43 .00 .70 .00 . . . ithin 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 flying 7.7 0.00 0.00 4 RSA 1 17.96 85.02 60.52 66.51 43 46.75 23 observed 30 39.99 67 3 5 50.00 100 10 100 < Thurston g w altitudes in at y were and Percent fl g s in d y bird ve fl r Lewis s g se no in in b rd i y d fl e s o l b l s 8 0 l a 1 .00 .00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 idu indicate locat 77. 91.12 84.99 00.00 00.00 97.23 92.76 idua pecie 100.00 100.00 100.00 100 100 1 100.00 100.00 10 100.00 100.00 100.00 1 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 10 100.00 v t s v i (-) ec ind indi es % avian lu of y Proj va of ull ntage nerg e als N E ntage . g I 1 ) 4 7 9 6 5 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 idu n l 11 1 1 78 11 4 21 2 21 41 72 3 58 v perc 1 155 yi 264 ag erce 1,616 fl Wind indi the d p # nt an 135m > ese ( s p repr g I 1 2 2 4 6 6 5 0 2 2 2 5 0 12 14 RSA in 14 36 27 23 20 56 3.00 10 3 135 106 y 566 grou fl Skookumchuck # d characteristics above se ht categories g and , propo hei ht agl) r (RSA) the e g a m n at fli ipit re l eo co e a ecies l n Hawk Hawk ys tr p acc re s but raptor fa s pt / ed tu awk ave y Hawk l Crow Ke ed ed Falcon R Harrier H u pygmy-owl l e urve d Ja n (25-135 s swe Overall egged n e V hinn l s rn rn il ay r ntifi ntifi e e -group Eag J a e e e ey s raptors h h er's gh- rines dentified ll ie id i id u e pr arp-s s nidentified e ipit s eos o h t c 7. U Bald Un S S Nort Nort Un Un America American Peregrine R Red-t Turkey Cooper's Gray Commo O Pass Spec Owl Other Corvids Raptors Ac Falcons But Eagles

Table

33 Skookumchuck Avian Study Results seasons across all 62 . 2 categories RSA RSA > within 27 . 28 flying RSARSA Percent flying < individuals % 00 00 . . 00 00 . . 0 00 0.00 00 00 0 . . . 4.17 0 00 00 0 11 . . 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 flying . 00 14 . 0 0 individuals . 00 0 69 . 0.00 00 00 . . # 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.89 24 0.00 00 0 . 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 31.26 0.00 0 00 . 42.37 23.55 0 0.00 11 86 00 00 0 57 . . . . 00 00 00 00 . . . . . 82.45 00 00 . . 75 69 00 . 64 100 100.00 100 100 100.00 100 100 100 75.63 79.7120.290.00 57.63 100 100 00 ,352 . 00 100 . 96 _ ------. 00 . 00 . 100.00 100.00 100 100.00 74 58.54 86.18 groups 00 00 00 97.54 98.49 flying . . . 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100 20 0.00 43.40 # 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11 16 12 13 50 29 1 1 1 11@~1lj)~&~o)AQ~~-23 3 80 8 8 0 3 98 9 6 ~~·?80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Warbler Kinglet Chickadee Warbler . Warbler Gray Chickadee Nuthatch Flycatcher Swallow species Solitaire Warbler Flycatcher / Thrush Robin Pipit Wr9TI Vireo Yellowthroat Warbler Vireo Bluebird 431 Flycatcher Warbler Thrush Wren Thrush Waxwing Swallow Swallow 7.Continued Swainson's Varied American Willow Hutton's Wilson's Western Hermit Bushtit Red-breasted Tree Townsend's Townsend's Orange-crowned Chestnut-backed Olive-sided Cedar Common Golden-crowned Violet-green Yellow-rumped Warbling Warbler American Pacific-slope Black-throated Barn Bewick's Pacific MacGillivray's Black-capped Hermit Species-group Songbirds

Table 6 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 1 3 3 2 6 10 25

Skookumchuck Avian Study 34 Results 00 00 seasons . . 0.79 0.00 0.00 0 0 3.04 all across 00 . 0 0.00 categories 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.63 71.60 44.44 RSA within 35 . 0.00 49 flying 86.37 27.61 52.52 RSARSA>RSA 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Percent 100.00 flying < 93.42 50.00 89.70 76.73 56.11 100.00 100.00 individuals % 50.65 100.00 J00.00 00 00 . . 11 11 13 84 79 0 0 0.00 00 0.00 . 7.12 0.00 . 0.00 00 00 -1,aR . . u:w 0.00 0 0 flying 24 0 0 0.00 . individuals 00 0.91 . 100.00 # 87.04 00 00 37 JPPoS?oo . . 0.00 71.08 41.87 0 00 100.00 91.35 . 71.60 0 0 0 49.35 0.00 100.00 ~? 65 . 61 0 00 100 99.09 . . 89.70 12.96 8 0.00 62.76 21.79 58.13 100.00 100.00 lop 0.00 27 ~g.65 00 75 . . 100.00 100 100.00 00 00 2 . . 00 . 8 00 00 Q0 70 . . 13 41 78 6 100 0.00 -jtl~ . 100.00 100.00 100 100 groups 100.00 100 62 93.42 flying lOu:uu 100 100.00 \~0 77 74.63 66.67 # 177 17 16 12 22 36 7 35 2 2 9 84 68 6 4 6.22 100.00 103 --- 78 -- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 - 73 00 . 10 93. . --- 59 1 1 0.00 63.84 O O 0 O O 2 2 0.00 100.00 O O O 16 7 Sparrow 9 O O O Sparrow Grosbeak Sapsucker 23 24 shorebird waterfowl flycatcher swallow sparrow songbird woodpecker hummingbird species / Pigeon Junco 5 Goldfinch 6 Flicker Tanager Grosbeak Woodpecker Goose Towhee Woodpecker Hummingbird Grouse Woodpecker Sparrow Birds Crossbill Continued. . 7 Song Canada Sooty Unidentified Unidentified Spotted Western White-crowned Evening Golden-crowned Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified American Dark-eyed Black-headed Red Unidentified Hairy Pileated Mourning Dove Mourning Red-breasted Rufous Downy Band-tailed Northern Unidentified Woodpeckers Species-group Other Gamebirds Doves Hummingbirds Waterbirds

Table

35 Skookumchuck Avian Study 1 6 7 5 1 6 3 3 5 2 98 11 18 20 Results seasons 0.00 all across 00 . 100 categories 0.00 32.90 RSA within flying 0.00 RSARSA>RSA 67.10 Percent flying < 100.00 100.00 individuals % 4 //.40 flying individuals 20.60 # 42.01 1 l~.00 groups flying 10 # Nighthawk Swift 7.Continued. Common Vaux's Species-group/species Other

Table

Skookumchuck Avian Study 36 4