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Community Involvement and Attitudes to Intermarriage of Young Americanjews ERIK H VOLUME XLV NUMBERS 1 and 2 2003 CONTENTS A Questionable Connection: Community Involvement and Attitudes to Intermarriage of Young Americanjews ERIK H. COHEN Jews in Today's Germany DORIS BENSIMON Community Self-Help: San Francisco .Jews and the Great Depression SHELLY TENENBAUM Lubavitch Messianism GEOFFREY ALDERMAN The Conservative Party and the Jews: A Matter of Taste - not Ideology RORY MILLER Book Reviews Chronicle Books Received Notes on Contributors Editor: .Judith Freedman OBJECTS AND SPONSORSHIP OF THE JEWISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 17ze Jewish Journal 'If Sociology was sponsored by the Cultural Department of the World Jewish Congress from its inception in 1959 until the end of 1980. Thereafter, from the first issue of 1981 (volume 23, no. 1), the Journal has been sponsored by Maurice Freedman Research Trust Limited, which is registered as an educational charity by the Charity Commission of England and Wales (no. 326077). It has as its main purpose the encouragement of research in the I sociology of the Jews and the publication of The Jewish Journal of Sociology. I The objects of the Journal remain as stated in the Editorial of the first issue in I 1959: I 'This journal has been brought into being in order to provide an international vehicle for serious writing onjewish social affairs ... Academically we address ourselves not only to sociologists, but to social scientists in general, to historians, to philosophers, and to students of comparative religion . ... \Vc should like to stress both that the Journal is editorially independent and that the opinions expressed by authors are their own responsibility.' The founding Editor of the JJS was Morris Ginsberg, and the founding ~1anaging Editor was Mauricc Freedman. Morris Ginsberg, who had been Professor of Sociology at the London School of Economics, died in 1970. \ Maurice Freedman, who had been Professor of Social Anthropology at the ll, London School of Economics and later at the University of Oxford, succeeded to the title of Editor in 1971, when Dr Juclith Freedman (who had been Assistant Editor since 1963) became Managing Editor. Maurice Freedman died in 1975; since then the Journal has been edited by Or Judith Freedman. Applications for subscriptions and enquiries regarding back numbers should be addressed to: THE JEWISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 187 GLOUCESTER PLACE LONDON NWI 6nu ENGLAND TELEPHONE: 020-7262 8939 THE JEWISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY Volume XLV Numbers 1 and ~ ~003 CONTENTS A Questionable Connection: Community Involvement and Attitudes to Intermarriage of Young American Jews ER!K H. COHEN 5 Jews in Today's Germany DORIS BENSIMON 20 Community Self-Help: San Francisco Jews and the Great Depres- sion SHELLEY TENENBAUM 34· Lubavitch Messianism GEOFFREY ALDERMAN The Conservative Party and the Jews: A Matter of Taste-not Ideology RORY MILLER 51 Book Reviews 64 Chronicle 87 Books Received 119 Notes on Contributors 119 Published by Maurice Freedman Research Trust Ltd ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION INSTITUTIONS: £20.00 (U.S. $35.00) INDIVIDUALS: £15.00 (u.s. S26.oo) Applications for subscriptions should be sent to The Jewish journal of Sociology, 187 Gloucester Place, London NW1 6BU, England. Telephone: oao-7262 8939 Thejewish}ournal Q[ Sociology, vol. 45, nos. 1 and 2, 2003 EDITOR Judith Freedman ADVISORY BOARD jACQUES GUTWIRTH (France) MARLENA ScHMOOL (Britain) ERNEST KRAUSZ (Israel) WILLIAM SHAFFIR (Canada) HAROLD POLLINS (Britain) NoRMAN SoLOMON (Britain) © MAURICE FREEDMAN RESEARCH TRUST L TD 2003 l 1 PRODUCED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY J. W. ARROWSMITH LTD, BRISTOL BOOK REVIEWED Authors Titles Reviewers Page D. Berger The Rebbe, the Messiah, and the G. Alderman 46 Scandal of Orthodox lndijforence D. Bloxham Genocide on Trial W. D. Rubinstein 64 J. Cocks Passion and Paradox: Intellectuals W. D. Rubinstein 65 Confront the National Question H. Defries Conservative Party Attitudes to Jews, R. Miller 51 rgoo-rg5o I. Finestein Scenes and Personalitie.s in J. Freedman 67 Anglojewry, I8oo-2ooo L. A. Jones, ed. Crossing Boundaries: The Exclusion W. D. Rubinstein 6g and Inclusion cif Minorities E. Krausz and Starting the Twenty-First Century H. Pollins 70 G. Tulea, eds. H. Pollins and Louis Kyez.or (The King of Whitton' J. Freedman 76 V. Rosewarne M. Shain and Memories, Realities and Dreams. H. Pollins 78 R. Mendelsohn, Aspects '![the South Aftican]ewish eds. Experience R. R. Shield Diamond Stories J. Gutwirth 82 L. T essman and Jewish Locations. Traversing H. Pollins 84 B. Bar On, eds. Radicalized Landscapes NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS Papers submitted to The Jewish Journal of Sociology should be addressed to the Editor at 187 Gloucester Place, London NW I 6BU, England. The papers must be original. They should not have been published previously, or be committed to publication elsewhere, in any language. When a paper has been accepted for publication, the author may not publish it elsewhere in any language, without the written consent of the Editor of theJJS. Articles (please send at least two copies) should be typewritten on one side only and double-spaced with ample margins. Pages (including those containing illustrations, diagrams, or tables) should be numbered consecutively. All quotations should be within single inverted commas; quotation marks within quotations should be double inverted commas. Notes should follow the style of this Journal and should be given at the end of the article in numerical sequence according to the order of their citation in the text. They should be double-spaced. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS A. Books Give author, title, place of publication, year, and page reference. Underline all titles of books. B. Articles Place titles of articles within single inverted commas. Underline the title of the book or journal in which the article appears. In the case of a journal, cite numbers of volume and part, and year of publication. PROOFS. An author making major revisions in proof will be required to bear the cost. Unless proofs are returned to the Editor promptly, authors' corrections will not be incorporated. A QUESTIONABLE CONNECTION: COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND ATTITUDES TO INTERMARRIAGE OF YOUNG AMERICAN JEWS Erik H. Cohen Introduction HE high, and rising, rate of marriage between American Jews and non-Jews is a major concern of American Jewry. In the T 1920s, fewer than five per cent of American Jews married Gentiles.' The widely-quoted National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS) of 1990 found that the proportion of American Jews married to non-Jews (that is, to those who did not convert to Judaism) had risen to 52 per cent.' The low levels of community involvement or affiliation of children of such marriages,' have led to predictions about the 'vanishing American Jew'! :Jewish continuity' has become a catchphrase used by educators and community leaders to refer to the preservation of the Jewish people at the most fundamental level: to ensure that subsequent generations of Jews will consider them­ selves Jewish, will remain attached to their religion, culture, and/or Israel and will intend to bring up their children as Jews.' The social implications of intermarriage are deep and far­ reaching, touching upon every facet of communal life. According to Feingold,' intermarriage is ... part of a process of cultural dilution that is marked by a loss of corn· munal memory. The tribe no longer knows who it is or why it should be. A commitment to endogamy may be a theological issue, or it may be based on familial, social, or economic concerns. 7 'Effective fertility', the rate at which children are likely to be raised as members of the ethnic or religious community, falls as intermarriage rates climb.' Endogamy is seen as a key component of ethnic identity and of an adaptable strategy to combat assimilation." It can be used as an Thejewishjournal of Sociology, vol. 45, nos. I and 2, 2003 5 ERIK H. CO HEN indicator of general levels of commitment to one's religion or ethni­ city.10 At a personal level, conflict over religious issues may cause friction at home and affect marital stability. 11 People marry outside their religious or ethnic group for a variety of reasons. Several categories of individuals are likely to intermarry: rebels, nonconformists, adventurers, escapists who wish to improve their social standing; and those who are psychologically or socially unstable. 12 However, in an increasingly secular and integrated Amer­ ican society, religious background may simply not concern a young couple. That strongly reflects social change. Nowadays in American Jewry, families are seldom involved in the process of choosing a mate. As successive generations are born and raised, there is a tendency for groups to move into more integrated neighbourhoods which do not exert much social pressure and which provide greater opportunit­ ies to intermarry. 13 In addition to the number of generations since immigrants first came to the United States, there is a factor of minority status in the home country and in the host country. 14 The decline of antisemitism in the United States has led to a decline in opposition to intermarriage in both Jewish and Christian communit­ Ies. The high level of intermarriage makes it difficult to confront the issue: a very large majority of participants and counsellors involved in American Jewish youth organizations have at least one member of their close family who is married to a non-Jew. One needs to tread warily for fear of insulting or alienating people.15 In the circum­ stances, most Jews may believe it to be futile to cling to an ideal of endogamy, while many parents and grandparents are unwilling to distance themselves from the intermarried members of their family, especially in Conservative and Reform Jewry. 16 The trend in those communities is for rabbis to officiate at inter-faith weddings and to attempt greater accommodation generally. Some families cope with the situation by way of' ..
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