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The International Space Station

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The International Space Station RACING THROUGH Mission Specialist Soichi Noguchi moves along an International Space Station truss during the first STS- 114 spacewalk. During this excursion, he and fellow spacewalker Steve Robinson worked on one of the Station’s control moment gyroscopes. SPACE ALL articLE Images Credit: NASA HUMan ACHIEVEMent ReacHes A PInnacLE ON THE InteRnatIOnaL Space StatION BY ADAM MORGAN & MELISSA MaTHEWS magine you’re a NASCAR racer zipping around the racetrack I at 200 miles per hour (mph), but – just to make it more interesting — you are also building your car during the race. That would be a challenge, right? 22 AD ASTRA Spring 2010 Spring 2010 AD ASTRA 23 In his 1984 State of the Union speech, U.S. President Ronald Reagan directed NASA to build a permanently-crewed space station. “America has always been greatest when we dared to be great,” he told Congress. “We can reach for greatness again. We can follow our dreams to distant stars, living and working in space for peaceful economic and scientific gain.” He invited international participation. Russia (then the Soviet Union) began constructing Mir in 1986. It was the world’s first consistently inhabited long-term research station in space. Russia planned to follow the Mir space station with a Mir 2 in the 1990s, while the United States planned to build a station called Freedom – an effort that included partnering with space agencies in Europe, Canada, and Japan. Funding difficulties brought the U.S.-led international team Anchored to a Canadarm2 mobile foot restraint, European Space Agency and the Russians together in 1993 to build a combined station – the astronaut Christer Fuglesang, STS-128 mission specialist, participates in the mission’s second session of extravehicular activity (EVA) as construction and International Space Station. maintenance continue on the International Space Station. During the six-hour, 39-minute spacewalk, Fuglesang and NASA astronaut John “Danny” Olivas (out Conceived as an international undertaking from the beginning, the ISS of frame), mission specialist, installed the new Ammonia Tank Assembly on was designed, built, and launched from locations spanning the globe. the Port 1 Truss and stowed the empty tank assembly into the Space Shuttle Discovery’s cargo bay. Space exploration is “one area of human endeavor in which we are indisputably continuing to lead the world,” said U.S. President Bill Clinton Now imagine you’re flying 220 miles above the Earth, traveling at speeds in 1993. Science and technology partnerships, he said, “are the keys to ASA of 17,500 mph and orbiting the Earth every 90 minutes. But this time, our future as a people, to our standard of living, to our quality of life as well N : you’re building your house at those speeds. Oh yeah, did I mention you’re as to our ability to continue the American tradition of exploring frontiers.” also living in the house while you’re building it? Now that’s a challenge. redit C Well, that is exactly what has been happening over the past 10 years mage on the International Space Station (ISS). Fifteen nations from five major I space agencies have been working together to design and build what Cosmonaut Yury Lonchakov, Expedition 18 flight engineer, participates in a session of extravehicular activity (EVA) to perform maintenance on the International Space Station. has been coined “one of the greatest engineering feats of all time.” Recently recognized by the National Aeronautics Association with To prepare for the project, space shuttles flew to Mir from 1995 to Station work gave us an opportunity to harness that expertise and push the 2009 Collier Trophy “for the design, development, and assembly 1998 with U.S. astronauts serving on board the Russian station as ourselves to the next level as an aerospace firm.” of the world’s largest spacecraft, an orbiting laboratory that promises researchers for as long as six months. new discoveries for mankind and sets new standards for international Boeing also integrates vehicle elements provided by the international cooperation in space,” the ISS is an undertaking in a class by itself. It A Russian Proton rocket launched the first ISS module from Baikonur partners. International partner components include: a Canadian- shatters the mold as an engineering, scientific, management, and Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on November 20, 1998. The module was built 55-foot-long robotic arm and mobile servicing system used for diplomatic achievement. a Russian-built and United States-funded unit called Zarya. The second assembly and maintenance tasks on the space station; a pressurized module, Unity, was built by the United States and was launched aboard European laboratory called Columbus and logistics transport vehicles; “Nothing this complex has ever been attempted before – plain and NASA’s Space Shuttle Endeavour from Kennedy Space Center on a Japanese laboratory called Kibo, with an attached exposed exterior simple,” said Joy Bryant, vice president and program manager for December 4, 1998. The two were joined together in orbit. platform for experiments, as well as logistics transport vehicles; Boeing’s International Space Station program. and two Russian research modules, an early living quarters called Innovation has been a key factor in every aspect of the ISS As the largest spacecraft ever built, its “wingspan” is larger than a 747, the Zvezda Service Module with its own life support and habitation Russian cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Maxim Suraev (out of frame), both development. Breakthroughs in round-the-clock multinational virtual yet it travels at Mach 25. Its pressurized cabin area is the size of a five- Expedition 22 flight engineers, participate in a session of extravehicular activity systems, logistics transport vehicles and Soyuz spacecraft for crew (EVA) as maintenance and construction continue on the International Space design and construction took advantage of the latest communications bedroom house but stores three times as much, because all surfaces return and transfer. Station. During the spacewalk, Kotov and Suraev prepared the Mini-Research and design software, forever changing international technical – top, bottom, and sides - are utilized in the weightlessness of space. Module 2 (MRM2), known as Poisk, for future Russian vehicle dockings. collaboration. Quality and attention to detail had to be perfect. Physical “GO FOR RESEARCH” Over the next four issues of Ad Astra, we will tell the amazing story of the Fifteen separate cultures, values, and sources of expertise pulled tolerances, for example, could not exceed three one thousandths of an International Space Station. Starting with this overview, we will highlight together to create our largest adventure into space to date. At its peak, inch or risk an air leak. Since the major components could not be fit The International Space Station is, in every sense, now an orbiting the many successes as well as the many challenges of one of NASA’s, no the development effort involved more than 100,000 dedicated people checked first on the ground, there was simply no room for error. laboratory and, as NASA literature puts it, “It’s GO for research.” – mankind’s, most ambitious projects. Keep an eye out for the next three across the United States and around the world. The complex assembly The ISS has integrated over 20,000 kg of hardware and software, Boeing is NASA’s prime contractor for the design, development, installments in the series including an in-depth look at how engineers phase spanned about a decade and provided no opportunity to pre- supporting over 200 unique research investigations by more than 1,500 integration, testing delivering, and now sustaining all the U.S.-built and astronauts overcome obstacles 220 miles above Earth with limited assemble or fit-check interfaces on the ground. Despite this, all hardware scientists – all while ISS assembly and construction was still underway. elements of the ISS. The U.S elements include three connecting logistical opportunity, bringing 15 nations together with a common goal, and software has been integrated and activated on-orbit flawlessly. modules, or nodes; a laboratory module; truss segments; four solar “There are great expectations and initiatives underway for even more as well as the impact of the International Space Station on the future of “Hardware integration has been one of our biggest challenges,” said array modules; three mating adapters; a cupola; and an unpressurized improved scientific return now that ISS assembly is complete,” added space exploration. Mark Mulqueen, vehicle director for Boeing’s International Space Station logistics carrier. Boeing developed the thermal control system; Bryant. program. “Given the cost and effort involved in launching a piece of life support system; guidance, navigation, and control system; In 2005, the U.S. Congress authorized NASA to establish the American WHERE DID IT All START? hardware into space, there simply has been no room for error. This is an data handling systems; power systems; and communications and segments of the station as a National Laboratory, and encouraged area where meticulous requirements planning and thorough coordination tracking systems. Inhabited space stations go back as far as the early 1970s when The NASA to open research opportunities to other federal entities, as well was essential. The fact that these large, complicated pieces have come Soviet Union launched the world’s first space station, Salyut 1, in 1971 - a “Boeing and its heritage firms have had a leading role in every U.S. as private researchers. The full capability of initial ISS resources are together flawlessly on-orbit is a testament to the great teams of engineers decade after launching the first human into space. The United States was crewed spacecraft to date,” added Bryant. “The International Space in place – and the crew complement has grown from two or three working across the globe.” not far behind with the launch of its Skylab in 1973.
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