Dødsvarsleren Fra Havet

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Dødsvarsleren Fra Havet MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Filozofická fakulta Ústav germanistiky, nordistiky a nederlandistiky Norský jazyk a literatura Jana Prušková DØDSVARSLEREN FRA HAVET Om draugen i norsk folketro og norsk litteratur BAKALÁŘSKÁ DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Vedoucí Bakalářské práce: Cand. philol. Nils Magne Knutsen 2008 PROHLÁŠENÍ Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně a použila pouze pramenů uvedených v seznamu literatury. Souhlasím, aby práce byla uložena na Masarykově univerzitě v Brně v knihovně Filozofické Fakulty a byla zpřístupněna ke studijním účelům. V Brně dne 30. 4. 2008 ………………………………………. 1 PODĚKOVÁNÍ Děkuji mému vedoucímu práce Cand. philol. Nils Magne Knutsenovi za jeho odborné vedení. Dále děkuji PhDr. Miluši Juříčkové, CSc., a Cand. philol. Thor Henriku Svevadovi za jejich cenné rady a připomínky, které mi byly přínosem při zpracování této bakalářské práce. TAKK Jeg vil først og fremst rette en stor takk til min veileder Cand. philol. Nils Magne Knutsen for all hjelp. Jeg takker også PhDr. Miluše Juříčková, CSc. og Cand. philol. Thor Henrik Svevad for støtte og hjelp med språket, og med å finne litteratur. Uten dere hadde ikke denne oppgaven vært mulig. 2 Innholdsfortegnelse 1 INNLEDNING............................................................................................................4 2 FOLKETROEN..........................................................................................................6 2.1 Draugen i folketroen...............................................................................................6 2.2 Utseendet på draugen..............................................................................................7 2.3 Hva er egentlig draugen?.........................................................................................8 2.4 Varsler om forlis.....................................................................................................9 2.5 Hvordan skal man kvitte seg med en draug?..........................................................10 2.6 Draugen og kirkegården........................................................................................11 2.7 Draugen: navnets opphav, en generell og en begrenset betydning.........................12 2.8 Andre vannvetter...................................................................................................14 3 FOLKEDIKTNING..................................................................................................15 3.1 Hva er et sagn?......................................................................................................15 3.2 Draugen i sagn......................................................................................................16 3.2.1 Draugen i Vallarhaugen...............................................................................17 3.2.2 Sagnet fra Lofoten om striden mellom sjødraugene og dødninger................18 3.2.3 Andre sagn om draugen...............................................................................21 3.3 Eventyret Tuftefolket på Sandflesa........................................................................22 3.4 Draugen i samiske sagn.........................................................................................23 4 DRAUGEN I LITTERATUREN..............................................................................27 4.1 Det kronologiske oversikten av draugen i litteraturen............................................27 4.2 Jonas Lie...............................................................................................................29 4.2.1 Den Fremsynte eller billeder fra Nordland...................................................29 4.2.2 Elias og draugen..........................................................................................30 4.3 Regine Normann og Ringelihorn...........................................................................32 4.3.1 Det røde gullbergslottet i Nordvesthavet......................................................33 4.4 Illustrasjoner av draugen.......................................................................................35 5 DRAUGEN I DAG....................................................................................................36 6 OPPSUMMERING...................................................................................................37 7 VEDLEGGLISTE.....................................................................................................38 8 RESUME...................................................................................................................43 9 KILDER....................................................................................................................44 3 1 INNLEDNING Jeg bestemte meg for å skrive denne oppgaven da jeg hadde lest et sagn om draugen. Jeg ville vite mer om draugen og norsk folketro. Jeg forsøkte å finne noen bøker, men det var bare korte kapitler om draugen. Det var ingen bok bare om draugen. Derfor bestemte jeg meg å samle informasjon for å skrive denne oppgaven. Jeg har funnet masse bøker på universitets- og folkebiblioteker i Tromsø og Kristiansand. Det hjalp meg mye med skrivingen. Det ville ikke være mulig å skrive denne oppgaven uten å besøke disse bibliotekene. Jeg hadde et problem med kilder. Jeg hadde mange sekundære kilder, men de var alt for generelle. Alle forfattere skrev bare noen sider om draugen. Jeg måtte lese mange bøker for å finne flere informasjon som jeg trengte. Min oppgave heter Dødsvarsleren fra havet. Om draugen i norsk folketro og norsk litteratur. Som tittelen sier, skriver jeg mest om folketroen og litteraturen. Med litteraturen mener jeg både folkediktning og litteratur som ble skrevet av bestemte forfattere. I folkediktning analyserer jeg flere sagn om draugen som ble skrevet ned. I litteraturen valgte jeg Jonas Lie og Regine Normann fordi de var viktige i norsk litteratur hver på sin måte. Jonas Lie var en av de fire store forfatterne innen norsk litteraturhistorie. Regine Normann skrev nordnorske eventyr, og bidra til at det kom også nordlige trekk i norske eventyr. Denne oppgaven er delt i fire deler. Det er Folketroen, Folkediktning, Draugen i litteraturen og Draugen i dag. Delen Folketroen gjelder gammel overtro. Jeg forklarer hva draugen egentlig er eller hvordan draugen ser ut. Jeg prøver også å vise hvorfor folk trodde på draugen, og hvordan denne troen har oppstått. I delen Folkediktning skriver jeg om de enkelte sagnene. Jeg valgte bare de viktigste eller de mest kjente fordi det ikke er mulig å skrive om alle sagn i denne oppgaven. Jeg viser at sagn vandrer fra sted til sted, og at flere av dem ble kjent i hele Europa. I Norge fikk de norske trekk. Her kommer draugen som en typisk norsk gjenganger. I delen Draugen i litteraturen skriver jeg først et oversikt over litteratur som vi kan finne om draugen. Det var ikke mulig å skrive om alt, derfor valgte jeg bare to forfattere. Som jeg sa før, er det Jonas Lie og Regine Normann. Jeg skriver litt om deres liv. Vi kan finne noen felles trekk i deres liv. Begge oppvokste i Nord-Norge og etterpå flyttet de til Kristiania der de begynte å skrive. De hentet inspirasjon for sin skrivingen i nord og sin 4 barndom. Både Regine Normann og Jonas Lie skrev kunsteventyr som vi kan finne draugen i. I den siste delen som heter Draugen i dag viser jeg at selv om det ikke er mange mennesker som tror på draugen i dag, er draugen ikke død. Folk bruker draugens navn for å kalle forskjellige ting. Selv om draugen representerer noe som ikke er veldig hyggelig, vet folk at det er noe som er typisk norsk og viktig for norsk kultur. Mitt mål er for det første å skrive oppgaven som gir nærmere informasjon om draugen. Jeg prøvde å finne informasjon som er objektive. Det var ikke lett fordi det gjelder folketroen, men jeg sammenlignet kilder, og valgte det som forekom i flere av dem. For det andre ville jeg vise med min oppgave at draugen er veldig viktig for norsk kultur som andre vesener fra folketroen. Men det viktigste er at draugen er litt forskjellig fra de andre vettene. Draugen står på en spesiell plass som er forskjellig fra plassen av vanlige vesener. Draugen er ikke noe havuhyre eller vettet fra havet. Forestillingen på draugen blir sterkt knyttet til hverdagsliv av kystfolk særlig i Nord-Norge. Draugen representerer redselen. Folk ble veldig opptatt av døden på havet og spørsmål som ble knyttet til det. Draugen ble skapt av dette. Folk ville ikke døde på havet fordi de ville komme i viet jord på kirkegården. Vi ser at det er kristendommen som spiller der en stor rolle. Her kommer draugen-gjengangeren som er ond og farlig uten begravelse i viet jord. Draugen har oppstått i omgivelser da det var vanlig at flere døde på havet. Fiskere hadde ikke så gode båter og utstyr som i dag. Det var ikke noe rart at fiskere ikke kom tilbake fra jobben. De ble ikke alltid funnet. Noengang ble du funnet i fjæra. De kunne være hodeløse eller hadde tang på seg. Slik har utseendet på draugen oppstått. Draugen ser ut som en død fisker med fiske klær på seg, uten hodet eller en tangvase istedenfor hodet. Det samme som de likene fra havet som ble funnet. Folk var redd for de døde, derfor har flere forestillinger om dem oppstått, og draugen var en av dem. 5 2 FOLKETROEN 2.1 Draugen i folketroen Jeg vil først snakke om draugen som et vesen i norsk folketro. Folketroen er en del av kulturhistorien til hver nasjon. Men hva er egentlig folketro? Jeg starter med en definisjon av Ørnulf Hodne. ...folketro er en rekke gamle forestillinger om naturmystiske
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