Mass Production of SNP Markers in a Nonmodel Passerine Bird Through RAD Sequencing and Contig Mapping to the Zebra Finch Genome

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Mass Production of SNP Markers in a Nonmodel Passerine Bird Through RAD Sequencing and Contig Mapping to the Zebra Finch Genome Avant propos Cette thèse en Écologie, biodiversité et évolution de l’École doctorale des Sciences écologiques, vétérinaires, agronomiques et bioingénieries (SEVAB) de l’Université Toulouse Paul Sabatier a été financée par une bourse de recherche ministérielle. Ces recherches ont également été financées par un projet de la Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité (FRB) et du National Geographic. Ce travail s’est déroulé au sein du laboratoire Évolution et Diversité biologique (UMR 5174 CNRS-UPS). Le manuscrit est composé de trois parties : (i) une introduction générale, (ii) quatre articles scientifiques et (iii) une discussion générale faisant le lien entre les différents résultats obtenus et proposant des pistes de recherches futures. 1 Remerciements Mes premiers remerciements s'adressent évidemment à mes deux directeurs de thèse. Merci à tous les deux de m'avoir permis de réaliser cette thèse et de m’avoir fait confiance tout au long de ce travail. Christophe, dès la L3, je te jalousais lorsque tu nous avais présenté tes recherches sous les tropiques, tu m'as finalement permis d'y prendre part et je t'en suis infiniment reconnaissant. Merci aussi pour tous les nombreux conseils, toujours pertinents, que tu m’as donné au cours de ces années. Tes fameux "Non mais Boris, sérieux, c'est quoi la question là ?" me manqueront et j’essaierai de m’en rappeler ! Borja, on s’est un peu moins côtoyé à cause de la distance mais chaque moment partagé avec toi était un plaisir. Merci de m’avoir accueilli par deux fois à Madrid, j’en garderai un très bon souvenir que ça soit au muséum où j’ai pu interagir un peu plus avec toi ou pendant les soirées mouvementées de Lavapiés, c’était super ! J’espère être un jour totalmente bilingue, j’y travaille mais ce n’est pas gagné ! J’aimerais remercier l’ensemble de l’équipe ZOBO : Jojo, Yanou, Joss, Thomas, Philipp, Borja et Christophe. Que ça soit à la Réunion, à Madrid, en Angleterre, derrière la paillasse, un écran ou encore un comptoir, c’était tout simplement super. De mes voyages à la Réunion, je garderai de nombreux souvenirs impérissables ! Et notamment de notre réveillon de Noël passé sous cette petite bâche, sous l’averse la plus longue et drue que je n’ai jamais connue. Ce riz-cassoulet-rhum sera sans conteste le repas de Noël dont je me rappellerai le plus longtemps ! Joss, nos pérégrinations dans ces foutus branchages calcinés et nos chasses aux Simulies resteront de très bons souvenirs aussi, c’était l’aventure, la vraie ! Jojo, j’aimerais aussi te remercier tout particulièrement pour ta disponibilité, ta gentillesse et les nombreux conseils que tu m’as donné pendant cette thèse, tu as toujours été très disponible, merci beaucoup ! (en espérant qu’on se retrouve bientôt autour d’une coche !) Et enfin Yanou, merci de n’avoir jamais perdu patience à cause des nombreuses questions naïves que je t’ai posé sur la génomique. Au bureau, ton enthousiasme pour les petites trouvailles quotidiennes a toujours été rafraichissant ! Philipp, tu m’as permis de mettre un pied dans le système Zosterops dès le M1, sans toi je n’aurai probablement pas fait cette thèse, merci ! Thomas, on ne s’est pas vu longtemps mais ces quelques sessions de baguage avec toi étaient géniales ! 3 Merci également aux membres de mon comité de thèse : Pierre-André et Guillaume qui m’ont permis de rester dans le droit chemin (ou remis dedans) par deux fois. Nos discussions m’ont beaucoup apportées ! PAC, ça fait deux essais manqués, j’espère que la troisième fois sera la bonne ! Merci à Benoit Pujol pour ses nombreux conseils sur l’utilisation des outils de génétique quantitative. Merci à Dominique Strasberg pour son accueil à la Réunion. Merci à Yann et Mickaël pour leur gentillesse et leur hospitalité, les sessions captures de mouches et de lézards avec vous étaient géniales. Merci à Charline et Ilona qui m’ont fourni mes premières vraies expériences d’encadrement, c’était un vrai plaisir que de travailler avec vous ! Merci à Nicole, Dominique P., Linda, Louise, Caroline et Fred B. pour votre aide avec les tâches administratives dans lesquelles je n’excelle pas vraiment ! Pierre, t’as toujours su me dépatouiller de mes problèmes informatiques au labo et tu as même sauvé mon ordi perso : merci beaucoup ! Amaia, Hélène, Sophie, Céline et Yves merci beaucoup pour votre bonne humeur et votre aide au labo, c’est un plaisir d’aller maniper lorsque vous êtes dans les parages ! Merci beaucoup aux personnes qui ont rendu mes séjours à Madrid agréables : Paloma, Guillermo, Pau, David, Annie, Marta, Sofia, Jorge, Ricardo, Patrick, Joaquin et Isabel. Je voudrais aussi remercier toutes les personnes qui ont rendu le quotidien agréable au labo : Joss, Guilhou, Zaza, Julien(s), Kiki, Robin, Jérome, Blaisou, Thieuma, Poussin, PJ, ToussTouss, Oliv’, Paulo, Lucie, Kévin, Jean-Baptiste, Christophe, Pierrick, Yves, Nico(s) et Cumcum ! D’abord, les collègues de bureau : Léa, déjà 6 ans qu’on se suit à la fac (même si tu as oublié la première année alors que tu étais certainement ma meilleure amie, snif), merci pour tes petites attentions et ta bonne humeur (presque) constante, merci aussi de n’avoir jamais été désagréable même quand tu étais énervée. Ces 3 ans au bureau sont passés à toute vitesse et c’est en grande partie grâce à toi ! Courage, c’est bientôt la fin ! Luc, merci pour ta gentillesse et ta générosité, derrière ton air de guerrier et tes menaces à la machette se cache un petit être sensible ! Arthur, tout va toujours bien avec toi, t’es une « vraie pate », tu rends le quotidien agréable c’était vraiment un plaisir (je ne sais pas à qui je vais piquer des stylos 4 maintenant). Jojo, Yanou, Léa, Luc et Arthur : j’en ai peur, ça va être très dur de faire aussi bien dans mon prochain bureau !! J’espère que vous me garderez en tant que membre d’honneur du CBur. Ensuite, un merci particulier à Thieuma sans qui les soirées au labo auraient été bien longues et parfois déprimantes. J’aurai sûrement dû mal à retrouver un compère de rugby et de ventriglisse comme toi ! Merci d’avoir toujours su être là mon meilleur copain de Toulouse, on va maintenant pouvoir reprendre ta formation ornitho et ma formation drop ! Kiki, je garderai un souvenir impérissable de tes bus géants de fin de thèse, merci beaucoup de m’avoir aidé à répondre à toutes les questions existentielles que je me suis posé pendant ces trois ans ! Olivia, merci pour ta bonne humeur constante au labo et en dehors ! Blaisou, t’as alimenté mes écouteurs ces deux dernières années, j’espère qu’on continuera à échanger autant ! Pierrick, ça fait du bien d’avoir des gens comme toi dans son entourage, j'espère que je serai un jour un chercheur comme toi, t’es un vrai modèle ! Merci aux autres camarades Toulousains qui m’ont permis de décompresser soirs et weekends : Ju, Toinou, Banban, Jérem, Charlotte ! Merci aussi à tous les copains d’ornitho pour les bons moments partagés et l'épisode décompression annuel à Ouessant. Vous avez su rester sages cette année et je vous en suis reconnaissant. Il va maintenant falloir penser à réserver pour 2015 ! Merci aussi à mes 4 fidèles compagnons d’ornitho et de bien d’autres choses : Coco, Louis, JC et Keke : je ne sais pas ce que je ferai sans vous ! Coco, on a probablement passé plusieurs centaines d’heures au téléphone pendant cette thèse, t’as toujours été à l’écoute de mes petits problèmes, t’es mon confident ! Merci pour tout ! Louis, depuis mon premier Ouessant en passant par nos nuits communes de travail en M2 jusqu’à aujourd’hui, t’as toujours su être là dans toutes les situations, merci ! On va maintenant pouvoir se consacrer à notre groupe de jazz ! Coco, Louis, à nous les gros burgers !! Keke, t’es sûrement le plus mature de la bande, c’est toujours ressourçant et apaisant de passer des moments avec toi, merci ! J’espère qu’on passera un peu plus de temps ensemble dans les années qui viennent ! Jean-Charles, mon garde du corps, merci d’être toujours là en cas de besoin et pour ton enthousiasme à toute épreuve ! Bientôt, à nous les soirées en Camargue ! Et fais gaffe à toi, car maintenant que j'ai fini tu sais ce qui t'attend ! Merci à ma Zaza qui m’aura soutenu jusqu’au bout sans jamais se plaindre de mon stress et de mes habitudes de toqué, tu vas pouvoir souffler et on va pouvoir profiter un peu de nous 5 maintenant ! Sans toi, cette dernière année de thèse (et pas que) aurait été bien moins simple agréable ! Tu es parfaite, merci pour tout ! Enfin, j’aimerai remercier mes parents sans qui rien n’aurait été possible. Merci de m’avoir soutenu tout au long de mes études sans jamais faillir, de m’avoir toujours laissé libre de mes choix et de m’avoir aidé à réaliser toutes mes envies ! Merci beaucoup ! J’aimerai aussi remercier mon grand père qui y est pour beaucoup dans ma formation naturaliste, c’est en grande partie grâce à toi si j’ai suivi cette voie ! 6 Table des matières Avant propos .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Remerciements ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 9 1 - Emergence de la diversité .......................................................................................................... 13 1.1 - Influence des facteurs neutres, sélectifs et historiques
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