University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by PAUL ROGER HOOPES 1967 the UNIVERSITY of OKLAHOMA
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This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 67-15,892 HOOPES, Paul Roger, 1937- SOCIOPOLITICAL CHANGE IN THE "URBAN LITORAL" OF ARGENTINA. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D„ 1967 Political Science, general University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by PAUL ROGER HOOPES 1967 THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE SOCIOPOLITICAL CHANGE IN THE ’’URBAN LITORAL” OF ARGENTINA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY PAUL ROGER HOOPES Norman, Oklahoma 1967 SOCIOPOLITICAL CHANGE IN THE "URBAN LITORAL" OF ARGENTINA APPRO/VED DISSERTATION COMMITTEE TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................... iv LIST OF TA B L E S ....................................... viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.................................. xii Chapter I. SOCIOPOLITICAL CHANGE IN THE "URBAN LITORAL" OF A R G E N T I N A .............................. 1 II. THE FRAMEWORK AND PROCEDURES FOR ANALYSIS . 15 III. THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT ................ 42 IV. THE FUNNEL OF SOCIAL CLASS INTERESTS .... 83 V. THE FUNNEL OF POLITICAL GROUP INTERESTS . 106 ■ VI. THE FUNNEL OF GOVERNING I N T E R E S T S ... 136 VII. ALIENATION AND PARTICIPATION . 154 VIII. ATTITUDES AND BELIEF S Y S T E M S ............... 199 IX. THE RECEIVING POLITICAL SYSTEM ............. 230 X. THE RESPONDING POLITICAL S Y S T E M ........... 257 XI. THE CHANGING SOCIETY AND POLITICAL SYSTEM (CONCLUSION) .............................. 283 APPENDIX A ........................................... 317 APPENDIX B ........................................... 322 APPENDIX C ........................................... 327 APPENDIX D ........................................... 332 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................... 334 ill ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The analysis of sociopolitical change in the "urban Litoral" of Argentina is a vast undertaking too great for any one person to execute definitively. However, the researcher was not alone in his efforts; the selfless assistance and co-operation of tens and even hundreds of persons have made an impossibility relatively more feasible than otherwise would have been the case. For the counsel and help of all those persons who have contributed to this research the researcher is greatly indebted. Foremost, the researcher acknowledges his debt of gratitude to Dr. Richard D. Baker, assistant professor of political science at The University of Oklahoma, who consented to serve as adviser to this dissertation study in its early formation some two years ago. Since then. Dr. Baker has reviewed the design of the project at various stages and has critically read the study as it was developed chapter by chapter and as it appeared in its final draft. His criticism and corrections are largely responsible for the improved content of the dissertation, although the researcher alone assumes full responsibility for the errors and defects that still remain in it. Next, grateful acknowledgment is due Professor A. J. Kondonassis, chairman of the Department of Economics at The University of Oklahoma, iv who has also been the director of the NDEA Latin American Affairs Program under which the researcher has studied these past three years. The researcher has benefited greatly from the efficient administration of the Latin American Affairs Program by Professor Kondonassis, and special appreciation is expressed to Dr. and Mrs. Kondonassis and their two children for personal favors which they have extended to the researcher and his wife. Third, the researcher recognizes the efforts and guidance of Professor Rufus G. Hall, Jr., professor of political science at The University of Oklahoma, in advising him in his program of academic study in the 1964-1965 and 1965-1966 school years. To all those serving on his Dissertation Committee the researcher pays his respects: to Dr. Richard D. Baker; to Dr. A. J. Kondonassis; to Dr. Oliver Earl Benson, professor of political science and director of the Bureau of Government Research at The University of Oklahoma, who took time from his busy schedule to note and to comment on the methods used in the study; to Dr. Harry Holloway, University of Oklahoma associate professor of political science; and to Dr. Fred B. Silberstein, University of Oklahoma associate professor of sociology. Apart from the members of the Dissertation Committee, several University of Oklahoma professors who have instructed and aided the researcher are to be thanked : Dr. Ed F. Crim, Jr., professor of eco nomics, who has advised the researcher on statistical problems; Dr. Max L. Moorhead, professor of history, who has instructed the researcher in Latin American history; Dr. Gerald H. Anderson, assistant professor V of economics, who has directed the researcher in special study of Latin American economics; Dr. John Paul Duncan, professor of poli tical science, who has instructed the researcher in médiéval, nine teenth-century, and contemporary political theory; and Dr. John W. Wood, associate professor of political science, who has variously aided and befriended the researcher. In the early phases of this study, the researcher received valuable suggestions from Dr. Kenneth F. Johnson, now chairman of Latin American Studies at The University of Southern California, who also gave permission for some of his methods and research material to be used in this study. Dr. Johnson has not only inspired this study in its preliminary development but has continued to offer his criticism and assistance up to its completion. Such effort on the part of an academician who is not directly associated with the graduate program of the researcher merits special commendation. The researcher also exchanged correspondence concerning research problems with Professor Gino Germani who, until recently, was asso ciated with the Center of Comparative Sociology at the Di Telia Institute in Buenos Aires, Argentina and was a professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Buenos Aires. On the other side of the hemisphere, the researcher wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the following Argentines, parti cularly, for having contributed considerably to the content of this dissertation: Ana Rosa Centeno and Horacio Lopez, professors of public law at the National University of the Litoral; Ren^ H. vi Balestra, head of the Public Law Division of the Institute of Public Law and Social Sciences, National University of the Litoral; Torcuato S. Di Telia, professor of sociology at the University of Buenos Aires; Carlos Alberto Floria, professor of political science at the Univer- sidad del Salvador (University of the Savior) in Buenos Aires; Jorge Edgard Molina, head of the Regional Extension Section (Santa Fe) of the Extension Department, National University of the Litoral in Santa Fe; Abelardo Mario Garcia Sarubbi, director of the Office of the Commission of the Parana-Santa Fe Underground Tunnel in Santa Fe; Mariano Barbasola, auditor of the daily newspaper La Capital of Rosario; Alfredo J. Parodi, undersecretary of the Honorable Concejo Délibérante (Honorable Deliberating Counsel) of Rosario; Isaac Efron, director of the Estanislao S. Zeballos Public Library of the National University of the Litoral in Rosario; Virgilio Albanese, editor-in-chief of the daily newspaper La Tribuna of Rosario; Rodolfo Puiggros, critical historian of the political parties of Argentina and public lecturer; Arnoldo Rosenfeld and Nestor J. Castagnola, graduate students in eco nomics at the National University of the Litoral; plus the many persons who granted interviews to and otherwise aided the researcher. Vll LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Occupation of Subject (or Husband of Subject) and Father of Subject .......................... 25 2. Levels of Instruction of Subject (or Husband of Subject) and Father of S u b j e c t ............. 25 3. Quotas Adhered to in Sampling Argentine Subjects for Interviewing Purposes, Septem ber 14-December 14, 1966 38 4. Numbers of Subjects Used in this Study by City and Socioeconomic Status ............. 39 5. Cumulative Amounts of Track Laid in Argentina (1862-1916) through Various Presidential Administrations ................................ 51 6. Comparative Figures of Kilometers of Track for Twelve Latin American Countries in 1960 .. 51 7. Surface Cultivated in Hectares for Three Provinces: 1872, 1888, and 1895 ....... 56 8. Number and Population of the Urban Centers in the Litoral Provinces with more than 2000 Inhabitants.............. 61 9. Comparative Percentages of Population between 0-4 and 5-14 Years in Selected South American Coun t r i e s ................................. 61 10. Total Population and Number of Foreigners per 100 Inhabitants (1869-1959) ................. 63 11. Principal Nationalities per every 100 Immi grants (Net Immigrants Arriving by Ship: 1 8 5 7 - 1 9 5 8 ) .............................. 63 12. Percentage of Economically and Not Economically Active in Argentina in 1963 by Age Groups . 66 viii Table Page 13. The Economically Active in Population in 1961 in Numbers and Percentages by Branch of Economic Activity ............................ 67 14. GNP in Constant Figures (1960-1966) .......... 78 15. GNP in Current Figures (1960-1966) .......... 78 16. Number of Industrial Establishments and Workers in the "Urban Litoral" ( 1 9 6 6 ) .............. 80 17. Number of Farms and Agricultural Workers in the "Rural Litoral" (1966) 81 18. The Socioeconomic Composition of Sociopolitical Groupings