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UNITED STATES Particle and Nuclear Astrophysicists Look to the Future

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UNITED STATES Particle and Nuclear Astrophysicists Look to the Future Around the laboratories was established in 1956 as the CERN in June made important initial counterpart for socialist countries. contacts. UNITED STATES Czech physicists began working The nation's contribution to CERN, first at Serpukhov. Subsequently, yet to attain its cruising altitude, is Particle and nuclear through the CERN-JINR agreements paid through the Ministry of Foreign astrophysicists look to set up in the late 1960s, they began Affairs, but CERN-Czech relations participating in experiments at are closely supervised by the Ministry the future CERN, particularly the NA4 muon of Industry and Trade, which also scattering study which went on to provides special support funding for While many high-energy physicists produce landmark results on nucleon physicists working at CERN. The are planning giant colliding beams structure. science itself is covered by the machines as the vessels to sail Subsequent experiments with Academy and the universities as well beyond the familiar waters of the Czech participation at CERN include as through grants. A Czech-CERN Standard Model, others are testing UA2, UA4, Delphi, Isolde and heavy committee monitors activities at and alternate conveyances to explore the ion studies as well as the Atlas and related to CERN. most fundamental issues of particle Alice projects and their associated (*These regional meetings involve physics. research and development pro­ only a 'restricted' ECFA, rather than Studies of proton decay, neutrino grammes for LHC. At DESY, Czech the full committee.) masses and oscillations, dark matter, physicists are part of the H1 team at high-energy astronomy, microwave the HERA electron-proton collider. background fluctuations, large-scale International schools and workshops structure, and the physics of the early have been held in Czech centres. Members of the European Committee for Universe could move the field far In total, there are some 40 Czech Future Accelerators (ECFA) met in Prague in from the Standard Model shore. experimentalists, mainly based in September to appraise the position of physics Just as zoologists and geologists in the new Czech Republic. Czech hosts at the once explored new lands together, Academy institutes and in universi­ event included (left to right) President of the ties in Prague. There are also a Committee for Czech-CERN Cooperation Jiri high-energy physicists have been similar number of theorists. Niederle, University Rector I. Wilhelm, and joined by nuclear physicists and The Czech Republic is keen to Czech ECFA delegate Vladislav Simak, here astrophysicists who are interested in with Ivan Lehraus of CERN. expand its industrial contribution to the experiments because of the CERN, and an industry exhibition at relevance to their own disciplines. To recognize and nurture this growing interdisciplinary field, the American Physical Society's Divi­ sions of Astrophysics, Nuclear Physics, and Particles and Fields (DPF) sponsored a two-week sum­ mer study to examine emerging research opportunities. The study, modestly called "Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics and Cosmology in the Next Millennium", was held in Snowmass, Colorado from June 29 to July 14. The Snowmass series of summer studies have been important in planning the future of the US high- energy physics programme. The 1994 meeting was distinguished from previous ones by its broad interdisci­ plinary and international participation. CERN Courier, December 1994 23 Around the laboratories Fermilab plans to construct a neutrino beam aimed at a massive detector in a distant underground laboratory. One possibility would be the new Soudan II detector, 700 metres underground and 730 km away from Fermilab. Over 400 physicists from 16 coun­ tries attended; nearly 20% of them from outside the US. Twenty working groups were organized around specific topics in neutrinos, cosmic rays, gravitational phenomena, low background experi­ ments, and cosmology. Interest in neutrinos and underground physics was heightened when participants found among their registration material a letter from Fermilab Director John Peoples announcing the interest of Fermilab's Physics Advisory Committee in opportunities for neutrino experiments at the Main Injector (the so-called NuMI pro­ gramme). In addition to its first use in improving collider luminosity, high- intensity Main Injector beams could be used for sensitive neutrino oscilla­ scenarios for future experiments. further information about neutrino tion experiments around the year The list includes the atmospheric masses and mixing, but current 2000. neutrino anomaly, the solar neutrino stellar collapse models and present Following the recommendation, deficit, the need for hot dark matter, a detector technology both limit their Fermilab plans to construct a neu­ possible signal for neutrinoless usefulness. trino beam aimed at a massive double beta decay, and a possible The high-energy neutrino detector in a distant underground signal for muon to electron neutrino astrophysics community moved a laboratory - for example a new 15 oscillations from the LSND experi­ step closer to a next generation kTon detector, 730 km away in the ment at Los Alamos. neutrino telescope. Francis Halzen Soudan laboratory. The approved E- Data from the gallium solar neutrino (Wisconsin) argued that the next 803 short-baseline experiment would experiments continue to support generation telescope should utilize a occupy an underground experimental earlier evidence from water cubic kilometre sensitive volume of hall in the same beam on the Cerenkov and chlorine experiments water or ice, and reviewed the status Fermilab site. Both long- and short- for neutrino oscillations, and place of the current generation of detectors baseline experiments could detect tighter constraints on mixing param­ known as BAND (Baikal, Amanda, the oscillations of muon neutrinos eters. In his summary talk, Wick Nestor, Dumand). While these huge into tau neutrinos, but in different Haxton (Washington) stressed the "prototype" detectors are still in regions of mixing angle and neutrino importance of such complementary various stages of development, the mass. E-803 is similar to, but more measurements and of calibrations techniques they have pioneered sensitive than, the CERN Chorus with radioactive sources. Powerful could be used for a much larger experiment, already in operation. new generation solar neutrino experi­ telescope. The cubic kilometre Long-baseline neutrino oscillation ments (SNO in Canada and detector could study extragalactic experiments are also under discus­ SuperKamiokande in Japan) are neutrino astronomy and search for sion at CERN, Brookhaven, and KEK already under construction, and neutrinos from WIMP annihilation. (Japan). The strong Fermilab support several others are being prototyped. Several temporary working groups for NuMI constitutes an important Heroic experiments to probe the full set up at Snowmass could eventually entry in the neutrino game. spectrum of primary solar neutrinos lead to the formation of an interna­ Boris Kayser (NSF) reviewed the are being developed by proponents tional collaboration. list of experimental hints of nonzero of the HeLAz and HERON detectors. Proponents of the Giant Air Shower neutrino mass to construct several Supernova neutrinos can provide Detector continued design work on • 24 CERN Courier, December 1994 CERN Courier contributions External The Editor welcomes contribu­ correspondents tions. These should be sent via electronic mail to Argonne National Laboratory, (USA) [email protected] D. Ayres Plain text (ASCII) is preferred. Brookhaven, National Laboratory, (USA) P. Yamin Illustrations should follow by mail (CERN Courier, 1211 CEBAF Laboratory, (USA) S. Corneliussen Geneva 23, Switzerland). Contributors, particularly Cornell University, (USA) D. G. Cassel conference organizers, con­ DESY Laboratory, (Germany) templating lengthy efforts P. Waloschek (more than about 500 words) Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, should contact the Editor (by (USA) e-mail, or fax +41 22 782 1906) J. Cooper, J. Holt beforehand. GSI Darmstadt, (Germany) G. Siegert INFN, (Italy) A. Pascolini IHEP, Beijing, (China) Connections to Stockholm Qi Nading JINR Dubna, (Russia) The 1994 Frank Prize at the Joint B. Starchenko Institute for Nuclear Research, KEK National Laboratory, (Japan) Dubna, went to Yu. Abov, L Pikelner S. Iwata and V. Alfimenkov for their discovery Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, (USA) of parity violation in neutron-neucleon B. Feinberg scattering. The Prize was instituted in Los Alamos National Laboratory, (USA) 1993 as a memorial to 1958 Nobel C. Hoffmann prizewinner llya Frank, after whom Novosibirsk, Institute, (Russia) S. Eidelman the JINR Laboratory of Nuclear Physics is named. The first recipient Orsay Laboratory, (France) Anne-Marie Lutz was Clifford Shull, who shared the PSI Laboratory, (Switzerland) Wear it's at 1994 Nobel prize with Bertram R. Frosch Brockhouse. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, (UK) Jacky Hutchinson Your chance to buy a piece of CERN history. Laetitia Veloso Saclay Laboratory, (France) Among the guests at the 1994 Nobel Elisabeth Locci da Silva models CERN's 40th Prize Awards in Stockholm was IHEP, Serpukhov, (Russia) anniversary t-shirt. Just the thing Jenny Van Hove. The theoretical Yu. Ryabov for laboratory summer wear or work of her late husband, former Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, (USA) for an offbeat gift. Only 20 Swiss CERN Research Director General M. Riordan francs, including postage and Leon Van Hove,
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