Around the laboratories

was established in 1956 as the CERN in June made important initial counterpart for socialist countries. contacts. UNITED STATES Czech physicists began working The nation's contribution to CERN, first at Serpukhov. Subsequently, yet to attain its cruising altitude, is Particle and nuclear through the CERN-JINR agreements paid through the Ministry of Foreign astrophysicists look to set up in the late 1960s, they began Affairs, but CERN-Czech relations participating in experiments at are closely supervised by the Ministry the future CERN, particularly the NA4 muon of Industry and Trade, which also scattering study which went on to provides special support funding for While many high-energy physicists produce landmark results on nucleon physicists working at CERN. The are planning giant colliding beams structure. science itself is covered by the machines as the vessels to sail Subsequent experiments with Academy and the universities as well beyond the familiar waters of the Czech participation at CERN include as through grants. A Czech-CERN Standard Model, others are testing UA2, UA4, Delphi, Isolde and heavy committee monitors activities at and alternate conveyances to explore the ion studies as well as the Atlas and related to CERN. most fundamental issues of particle Alice projects and their associated (*These regional meetings involve physics. research and development pro­ only a 'restricted' ECFA, rather than Studies of proton decay, neutrino grammes for LHC. At DESY, Czech the full committee.) masses and oscillations, dark matter, physicists are part of the H1 team at high-energy astronomy, microwave the HERA electron-proton collider. background fluctuations, large-scale International schools and workshops structure, and the physics of the early have been held in Czech centres. Members of the European Committee for Universe could move the field far In total, there are some 40 Czech Future Accelerators (ECFA) met in Prague in from the Standard Model shore. experimentalists, mainly based in September to appraise the position of physics Just as zoologists and geologists in the new Czech Republic. Czech hosts at the once explored new lands together, Academy institutes and in universi­ event included (left to right) President of the ties in Prague. There are also a Committee for Czech-CERN Cooperation Jiri high-energy physicists have been similar number of theorists. Niederle, University Rector I. Wilhelm, and joined by nuclear physicists and The Czech Republic is keen to Czech ECFA delegate Vladislav Simak, here astrophysicists who are interested in with Ivan Lehraus of CERN. expand its industrial contribution to the experiments because of the CERN, and an industry exhibition at relevance to their own disciplines. To recognize and nurture this growing interdisciplinary field, the American Physical Society's Divi­ sions of Astrophysics, Nuclear Physics, and Particles and Fields (DPF) sponsored a two-week sum­ mer study to examine emerging research opportunities. The study, modestly called "Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics and Cosmology in the Next Millennium", was held in Snowmass, Colorado from June 29 to July 14. The Snowmass series of summer studies have been important in planning the future of the US high- energy physics programme. The 1994 meeting was distinguished from previous ones by its broad interdisci­ plinary and international participation.

CERN Courier, December 1994 23 Around the laboratories

Fermilab plans to construct a neutrino beam aimed at a massive detector in a distant underground laboratory. One possibility would be the new Soudan II detector, 700 metres underground and 730 km away from Fermilab.

Over 400 physicists from 16 coun­ tries attended; nearly 20% of them from outside the US. Twenty working groups were organized around specific topics in neutrinos, cosmic rays, gravitational phenomena, low background experi­ ments, and cosmology. Interest in neutrinos and underground physics was heightened when participants found among their registration material a letter from Fermilab Director John Peoples announcing the interest of Fermilab's Physics Advisory Committee in opportunities for neutrino experiments at the Main Injector (the so-called NuMI pro­ gramme). In addition to its first use in improving collider luminosity, high- intensity Main Injector beams could be used for sensitive neutrino oscilla­ scenarios for future experiments. further information about neutrino tion experiments around the year The list includes the atmospheric masses and mixing, but current 2000. neutrino anomaly, the solar neutrino stellar collapse models and present Following the recommendation, deficit, the need for hot dark matter, a detector technology both limit their Fermilab plans to construct a neu­ possible signal for neutrinoless usefulness. trino beam aimed at a massive double beta decay, and a possible The high-energy neutrino detector in a distant underground signal for muon to electron neutrino astrophysics community moved a laboratory - for example a new 15 oscillations from the LSND experi­ step closer to a next generation kTon detector, 730 km away in the ment at Los Alamos. neutrino telescope. Francis Halzen Soudan laboratory. The approved E- Data from the gallium solar neutrino (Wisconsin) argued that the next 803 short-baseline experiment would experiments continue to support generation telescope should utilize a occupy an underground experimental earlier evidence from water cubic kilometre sensitive volume of hall in the same beam on the Cerenkov and chlorine experiments water or ice, and reviewed the status Fermilab site. Both long- and short- for neutrino oscillations, and place of the current generation of detectors baseline experiments could detect tighter constraints on mixing param­ known as BAND (Baikal, Amanda, the oscillations of muon neutrinos eters. In his summary talk, Wick Nestor, Dumand). While these huge into tau neutrinos, but in different Haxton (Washington) stressed the "prototype" detectors are still in regions of mixing angle and neutrino importance of such complementary various stages of development, the mass. E-803 is similar to, but more measurements and of calibrations techniques they have pioneered sensitive than, the CERN Chorus with radioactive sources. Powerful could be used for a much larger experiment, already in operation. new generation solar neutrino experi­ telescope. The cubic kilometre Long-baseline neutrino oscillation ments (SNO in Canada and detector could study extragalactic experiments are also under discus­ SuperKamiokande in Japan) are neutrino astronomy and search for sion at CERN, Brookhaven, and KEK already under construction, and neutrinos from WIMP annihilation. (Japan). The strong Fermilab support several others are being prototyped. Several temporary working groups for NuMI constitutes an important Heroic experiments to probe the full set up at Snowmass could eventually entry in the neutrino game. spectrum of primary solar neutrinos lead to the formation of an interna­ Boris Kayser (NSF) reviewed the are being developed by proponents tional collaboration. list of experimental hints of nonzero of the HeLAz and HERON detectors. Proponents of the Giant Air Shower neutrino mass to construct several Supernova neutrinos can provide Detector continued design work on •

24 CERN Courier, December 1994 CERN Courier contributions External The Editor welcomes contribu­ correspondents tions. These should be sent via electronic mail to Argonne National Laboratory, (USA) courier@cernvm.cern.ch D. Ayres Plain text (ASCII) is preferred. Brookhaven, National Laboratory, (USA) P. Yamin Illustrations should follow by mail (CERN Courier, 1211 CEBAF Laboratory, (USA) S. Corneliussen Geneva 23, Switzerland). Contributors, particularly Cornell University, (USA) D. G. Cassel conference organizers, con­

DESY Laboratory, (Germany) templating lengthy efforts P. Waloschek (more than about 500 words) Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, should contact the Editor (by (USA) e-mail, or fax +41 22 782 1906) J. Cooper, J. Holt beforehand. GSI Darmstadt, (Germany) G. Siegert

INFN, (Italy) A. Pascolini IHEP, Beijing, (China) Connections to Stockholm Qi Nading

JINR Dubna, (Russia) The 1994 Frank Prize at the Joint B. Starchenko Institute for Nuclear Research, KEK National Laboratory, (Japan) Dubna, went to Yu. Abov, L Pikelner S. Iwata and V. Alfimenkov for their discovery Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, (USA) of parity violation in neutron-neucleon B. Feinberg scattering. The Prize was instituted in Los Alamos National Laboratory, (USA) 1993 as a memorial to 1958 Nobel C. Hoffmann prizewinner llya Frank, after whom Novosibirsk, Institute, (Russia) S. Eidelman the JINR Laboratory of Nuclear Physics is named. The first recipient Orsay Laboratory, (France) Anne-Marie Lutz was Clifford Shull, who shared the PSI Laboratory, (Switzerland) Wear it's at 1994 Nobel prize with Bertram R. Frosch Brockhouse. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, (UK) Jacky Hutchinson Your chance to buy a piece of CERN history. Laetitia Veloso Saclay Laboratory, (France) Among the guests at the 1994 Nobel Elisabeth Locci da Silva models CERN's 40th Prize Awards in Stockholm was IHEP, Serpukhov, (Russia) anniversary t-shirt. Just the thing Jenny Van Hove. The theoretical Yu. Ryabov for laboratory summer wear or work of her late husband, former Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, (USA) for an offbeat gift. Only 20 Swiss CERN Research Director General M. Riordan francs, including postage and Leon Van Hove, was acknowledged TRIUMF Laboratory, (Canada) packing. Send cheques to M. K. Craddock in the Royal Swedish Academy of Christel Ranta, CERN/DSU, Sciences' citation of the Physics 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland. prize to Bertram Brockhouse and Clifford Shull for their role in develop­ ing neutron scattering techniques.

CERN Courier, December 1994 25 Around the laboratories

this next generation cosmic ray thrown into black holes, facility. Jim Cronin (Chicago) is experimentalists were concentrating leading the push for a 5000 square- on plans for the approved gravita­ kilometre array which might record Black hole tional-wave experiment known as 50 events per year above 1020eV, encyclopaedia LIGO. With construction under way based on a handful of events seen by in Oregon, and groundbreaking existing detectors. The origin of such planned in Louisiana, they have their Theorists first thought about ultra-high energy particles is a hands full. Theorists interested in what happens when throwing mystery because there is no ac­ gravity waves followed reports of encyclopaedias are thrown into cepted mechanism capable of gamma-ray bursts from the space black holes after Stephen accelerating to this energy, while working groups in the hope that the Hawking's remarkable discovery such particles also have only very mysterious bursts are the result of that black holes emit thermal limited range through the microwave neutron star or black hole coales­ radiation. This hints at profound background radiation. cence which would provide a discern­ links between thermodynamics, Advances in high energy gamma ible signal. gravitation, and quantum ray astronomy were summarized by The cosmology working groups mechanics, but it also gives rise Dick Lamb (Iowa State), who noted seemed confident that early-Universe to a puzzle, which hints of that this field is divided into low- theories will soon be put to the test chinks in the links. energy space-based and high-energy by observations of the cosmic back­ If a black hole is formed from ground-based communities. Closer ground radiation (CBR), large-scale the collapse of a pure quantum coordination of their efforts was a structure, and dark matter searches. state and evaporates com­ major topic of discussion. Chal­ Until recently just detecting CBR pletely into a thermal state, then lenges for the future include filling the fluctuations was a triumph, now one of the fundamental tenets of observational gap between 10 GeV experimentalists and theorists are quantum mechanics would be and 10 TeV and extending the reach setting targets for the accuracy and violated. This question is often of the EGRET and BATSE detectors angular coverage of future experi­ posed as "if one throws an (on board the Compton Gamma Ray ments required to test early-universe encyclopaedia into a black hole, Observatory) with a new generation scenarios. what happens to the information of even more sophisticated experi­ One strategy expressed by Paul contained in it?" While there is ments. Steinhardt (Pennsylvania) was that still considerable disagreement The low-background experiments the top three goals of CBR studies among theorists about the fate working group attracted the second should be: 1 - test inflation; 2 - test of the information, most feel that largest number of Snowmass partici­ inflation; and 3 - test inflation, with the resolution of the question pants (after neutrinos). Topics everything else of secondary impor­ will provide key information included searches for proton decay, tance. Many cosmologists agreed about fundamental physics. dark matter, double beta decay, and with this emphasis on inflation, with other rare/nonexistent phenomena. much effort directing into connecting Chris Stubbs (Santa Barbara) sum­ inflation theories with present-day marized the status of dark matter nated by two issues, one theoretical observations. searches. While all current evidence and the other experimental. On the Predicting the dark matter ingredi­ for dark matter originates from theoretical side the question of the ents of the primordial soup continues astronomical observations, the dark loss of information associated with to be as much an art as a science, matter problem has much broader black holes received the most atten­ with Joel Primack (Santa Cruz) physical significance. In fact, dark tion. The possibility that the resolu­ calling for a light neutrino seasoning, matter was a unifying theme underly­ tion of this question might involve a Michael Turner (Chicago) speaking ing many topics. There was consid­ fundamental change in our interpre­ up for bland, cold broth of axions, erable optimism that substantial tation of quantum mechanics keeps it and others calling for a dash of experimental progress would be a burning issue. While their theoreti­ cosmological constant or light made in the foreseeable future. cal friends were speculating what supersymmetric particles. Even The gravity sessions were domi- would happen if encyclopedias were those with strong tastes agreed that

26 CERN Courier, December 1994 People and things

upcoming large-scale structure Matthew Broderick and based on the On people surveys such as the Sloan Digital life of Richard Feynman. Sky Survey would be required before we can say if the Universe is a spicy mix of many particles, or if too many Maurice Jacob, distinguished theo­ CEBAF beams theorists have spoiled the primordial rist, one-time leader of CERN's soup. Theory Division and President of After delivering its first beams earlier Even after long, hard days in the the European and French Physical this year (September, page 42), the working groups there was still a little Societies, and now responsible for Continuous Electron Beam Accelera­ energy available for rest and recrea­ CERN's relations with Member tor Facility (CEBAF) superconducting tion. The volleyball prowess of the States, becomes a member of the accelerator in Newport News, Vir­ cosmologists was reconfirmed as French Legion d'Honneur. ginia, has attained 1.46 GeV, they easily took care of the recirculating the beam in two passes. gravitationalists to capture the Neville Smith, previously with AT&T The goal is 4 GeV or higher in five "Universe Cup". Bell Laboratories, has been ap­ passes. Preparations for higher While even from the top of Aspen pointed first scientific programme passes alternate with detector Mountain the next millennium was head of the Advanced Light Source commissioning. slightly over the horizon, the Colo­ at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. rado mountains did provide a most appropriate setting for this visionary Tom Roser becomes Head of the Sergei M. Polikanov 1926-94 summer study. The Organizing Accelerator Division in the Alternating Committee was chaired by Roberto Gradient Synchrotron Department at Sergei M. Polikanov died on Septem­ Peccei (UCLA). Fermilab provided Brookhaven, succeeding Bill Teng, ber 2 at the age of 67. He was a the usual excellent logistical support, now on sabbatical. member of the scientific staff of the including a Secretariat (under GSI Darmstadt heavy ion Laboratory. Cynthia Sazama) and a well- Feynman on film Bom in Moscow in 1926, Polikanov equipped computer centre. studied physics with prominent Watch out next year for the Holly­ teachers like L. D. Landau and I. E. By David Ayres (Argonne) and wood film Infinity' directed by actor Tamm and worked with G. N. Flerov Edward W. Kolb (Fermilab and the University of Chicago)

On 7 October CERN's Associate Director for Future Accelerators Lyn Evans (left) explains LHC preparations at CERN to Portuguese Minister Luis Valente de Oliveira (right) and Secretary of State for Science and Technology Manuel F. Thomaz.

CERN Courier, December 1994 27