Renforcer Les Liens : Un Engagement Partagé Pour La Sécurité Ferroviaire

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Renforcer Les Liens : Un Engagement Partagé Pour La Sécurité Ferroviaire R E N F O R C E R LES LIENS : UN ENGAGEMENT PARTAGÉ POUR LA SÉCURITÉ FERROVIAIRE Examen de la Loi sur la sécurité ferroviaire Novembre 2007 Publié par le : Secrétariat sur l’Examen de la Loi sur la sécurité ferroviaire Ottawa, Canada K1A 0N5 Ce rapport est disponible sur le site Web www.tc.gc.ca/tcss/RSA_Review-Examen_LSF Cette publication a été financée par Transports Canada. Les opinions formulées dans le présent document sont celles des auteurs et ne reflètent pas nécessairement le point de vue du Ministère. ISBN 978-0-662-05408-5 No de cat. T33-16/2008 © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, représenté par le Ministre des Transports (2007) Ce matériel peut être reproduit à des fins non commerciales à condition de citer la source du document. Références photographiques : chapitres 1-10 : Transports Canada; Annexe B : CP Images TABLE DES MATIÈRES 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................1 1.1 Raison d’être de l’Examen de la Loi sur la sécurité ferroviaire de 2006 . 2 1.2 Portée . .3 1.3 Déroulement.............................................................................4 1.3.1 Consultations des intervenants . .4 1.3.2 Recherches......................................................................6 1.3.3 Formulation de recommandations........................................7 1.4 Principaux défis qui se posent à l’industrie du transport ferroviaire et à l’organe de réglementation.......................................8 1.5 Remerciements . 11 2. ÉTAT DE LA SÉCURITÉ FERROVIAIRE AU CANADA . .12 2.1 Accidents de 1989 à 2006 . 13 2.2 Catégories d’accidents ............................................................... 14 2.2.1 Accidents en voie principale . 15 2.2.2 Accidents hors voie principale............................................ 16 2.2.3 Accidents survenus aux passages à niveau ou à des intrus......... 16 2.2.4 Accidents et incidents mettant en cause le transport des marchandises dangereuses . 18 2.3 Normalisation des accidents . 19 2.4 Comparaison de la sécurité ferroviaire au Canada et aux États-Unis . 20 3. RÉGIE........................................................................................21 3.1 Rôles et responsabilités des organisations ...................................... 21 3.1.1 Ministères et organismes fédéraux . 21 3.1.2 Provinces . 24 3.1.3 Compagnies de chemin de fer . 24 3.1.4 Syndicats . 25 3.1.5 Autres intervenants......................................................... 26 3.2 Responsabilisation au sein de Transports Canada . 26 3.2.1 Pouvoirs des inspecteurs de la sécurité ferroviaire . 30 3.3 Consultations – Transparence et communications . 33 3.4 Collaboration avec d’autres ordres de gouvernement....................... 38 3.4.1 Accords ........................................................................ 42 4. CADRE DE RÉGLEMENTATION . .44 4.1 Législation fédérale touchant la sécurité ferroviaire . 44 4.2 Lois provinciales sur la sécurité ferroviaire . 47 4.3 Questions soulevées par la Loi sur la sécurité ferroviaire . 49 4.3.1 Objectifs de la Loi sur la sécurité ferroviaire .......................... 49 4.3.2 Application de la Loi sur la sécurité ferroviaire . 51 4.3.3 Conditions fondamentales d’exploitation . 53 4.3.4 Règles et règlements . 55 4.3.5 Renforcement de la procédure d’établissement des règles .......... 58 4.3.6 Rôle de l’Association des chemins de fer du Canada dans l’établissement des règles . 63 4.3.7 Procédure d’extension de l’application d’une règle à d’autres compagnies de chemin de fer . 64 4.3.8 Pouvoirs de contrainte . 65 4.3.9 Examen des ordres.......................................................... 67 4.3.10 Dispositions périmées ...................................................... 69 5. SYSTÈMES DE GESTION DE LA SÉCURITÉ . 70 5.1 Le concept de SGS . 70 5.2 Mise en œuvre des systèmes de gestion de la sécurité ....................... 74 5.3 Culture de sécurité . 76 5.3.1 Changement de culture dans l’industrie du transport ferroviaire . 77 5.3.2 Participation des employés à la santé et la sécurité au travail . 80 5.3.3 Un instrument d’évaluation de la « culture de sécurité » . 82 5.3.4 Changement de culture au sein de Transports Canada............. 83 5.4 Surveillance des systèmes de gestion de la sécurité ferroviaire............ 85 5.5 Évaluations des risques.............................................................. 89 6. COLLECTE, ANALYSE ET DIFFUSION D’INFORMATIONS...................................................................93 6.1 Responsabilités relatives à la collecte, à l’analyse et à la diffusion d’informations . 94 6.1.1 Transports Canada ......................................................... 95 6.1.2 Provinces et industrie . 96 6.2 Données insuffisantes . 96 6.3 Collecte des données................................................................103 6.4 Analyse des données . 109 6.5 Diffusion d’informations ..........................................................113 7. QUESTIONS DE VOISINAGE . .116 7.1 Nouveaux aménagements à proximité des propriétés ferroviaires......117 7.1.1 Procédure actuelle des nouveaux aménagements . .117 7.2 Sécurité des passages à niveau ....................................................122 7.2.1 Fermetures de passages à niveau . .125 7.2.2 Nouveaux passages à niveau . 127 7.2.3 La sécurité aux passages à niveau existants ..........................128 7.2.4 Passages obstrués...........................................................131 7.2.5 Programme d’amélioration des passages à niveau..................132 7.2.6 Projet de Règlement sur les passages à niveau . 135 7.3 Sensibilisation des collectivités par les compagnies de chemin de fer . .137 7.4 Les intrusions et l’éducation du public . 143 7.4.1 Intrusions....................................................................143 7.4.2 Éducation du public.......................................................146 8. PROTECTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET INTERVENTIONS.............................................................149 8.1 Législation sur l’environnement . .150 8.1.1 Transports Canada ........................................................150 8.1.2 Environnement Canada..................................................152 8.1.3 Provinces et territoires . .152 8.2 Accidents : état de préparation et intervention ..............................154 8.2.1 Accidents concernant les marchandises dangereuses . .156 8.2.2 Accident de la rivière Cheakamus......................................158 8.2.3 Accident du lac Wabamun...............................................160 8.2.4 Vers l’établissement d’un nouveau protocole.........................162 8.2.5 Normes d’intervention d’urgence et environnementale . .165 8.3 Autres questions d’environnement..............................................168 8.3.1 Emploi des pesticides . .168 8.3.2 Déversements dans les gares de triage . 169 8.3.3 Émissions dans l’atmosphère . .170 8.3.4 Fuites de grains et autres « détritus » .................................170 8.3.5 Nuisance acoustique . 171 8.3.6 Plans de gestion de l’environnement ..................................171 8.3.7 Incendies causés par les compagnies de chemin de fer . .172 9. QUESTIONS D’ORDRE OPÉRATIONNEL . .176 9.1 Gestion de la fatigue . 177 9.2 Consignateurs d’événements et de conversations dans le poste de conduite . 183 9.3 Contrôle de la circulation ferroviaire...........................................184 9.4 Ingénierie . 186 9.5 Formation des équipes d’exploitation..........................................187 9.6 Dynamique des trains . 188 9.7 Tests de dépistage de la consommation d’alcool et de drogues . 192 10. INNOVATIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ET TECHNOLOGIQUES ..194 10.1 Nouvelles technologies – Recherche et développement....................194 10.2 Le rôle du gouvernement . 197 10.3 Interface entre l’être humain et la technologie ...............................205 11. RESSOURCES . .207 11.1 Compagnies de chemin de fer ....................................................207 11.1.1 Recrutement et rétention.................................................207 11.1.2 Formation ...................................................................208 11.1.3 Culture de signalement ...................................................209 11.1.4 Investissements . .209 11.2 Transports Canada . 210 11.2.1 Consultations ...............................................................212 11.2.2 Cadre de réglementation .................................................212 11.2.3 Collecte, analyse et diffusion d’informations . 213 11.2.4 Sensibilisation du public . .214 11.2.5 Protection de l’environnement ..........................................215 11.2.6 Recherche et développement.............................................215 11.2.7 Harmonisation avec les États-Unis . 216 12. RENFORCEMENT DES RELATIONS ....................................218 ANNEXES A. Mandat : Examen de la Loi sur la sécurité ferroviaire . .223 B. Biographies des membres du Comité consultatif . .227 C. Chronologie des consultations publiques, des réunions et des visites de lieu . .228 D. Études de recherche.........................................................................232 E. Profil des compagnies de chemin de fer . .233 F. Recommandations . 239 G. Liste des mémoires et des présentations...............................................249 H. Glossaire des sigles . 253 I. Secrétariat sur l’Examen de la Loi sur la sécurité ferroviaire . 256 FIGURES 2.1 : Nombre total d’accidents ferroviaires déclarés (1989-2006) . 13 2.2 : Répartition des accidents
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