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Renewable Energy Renewable Energy U3A SCIENCE GROUP An introduction to Renewable Energy Energy – Renewable Energy – and a little of Cornwall Tuesday 12th December 2017 Dr Adam Feldman Renewable Energy Group College of Engineering, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus Renewable Energy for U3A Science Group – Truro Dec 2017 1 RE at University of Exeter, Cornwall 2 My route to RE engineering 3 What is Renewable Energy? 4 The 7 sources of Renewable Energy 5 What is Energy? 6 What is our requirement for Energy? 7 Drivers for Renewable Energy 8 Introduction to technologies 9 Some barriers 10 Some answers Adam Feldman Renewable Energy at the University of Exeter Camborne School of Mines (CSM) Began researching geothermal renewable energy in 1977 The Cornish Hot Dry Rocks Project In 1992 Camborne School of Mines merged with the University of Exeter Adam Feldman Renewable Energy at the University of Exeter In 2003 the University of Exeter introduced its undergraduate degree in Renewable Energy The first university to introduce a specialised RE degree anywhere in the world In September 2017 the 15th cohort of students began their studies Adam Feldman Renewable Energy at the University of Exeter Our main areas of research include - Marine Renewable Energies Wave Energy, Tidal Energy and some aspects of Offshore Wind Solar Energy Photovoltaics, Solar-Concentration and aspects of Solar-Thermal Renewable Energy Policy Smart -Grids and Renewable Heat Policy Power Electronics Inverter technologies for RE, Power-Networking Energy Storage Technologies Hydrogen Fuel Cells, Flow Batteries Adam Feldman Adam Feldman Adam Feldman Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon 2000 – 2008 Royal Lancaster Infirmary and Westmorland Hospitals University Hospitals Morecambe Bay NHS Trust and Lancaster University Medical School Adam Feldman Adam Feldman So, what is … RENEWABLE ENERGY ? Adam Feldman Renewable Energy is … The sources of energy that are continually being replenished ... …. on a human timescale Adam Feldman Renewable Energy Sources Are sustainable and replenished as fast as they are consumed 1 Solar 2 Wind 3 Wave 4 Hydro 5 Biomass 6 Tidal 7 Geothermal Adam Feldman Renewable Energy Sources Are sustainable and replenished as fast as they are consumed 1 Solar Have all ultimately derived 2 Wind from the energy of the sun .... 3 Wave Nuclear Fusion within the 4 Hydro sun 5 Biomass Adam Feldman How big is overall solar resource? Each year .... 5.4 million EJ (5.4 x 1024J) of solar radiant energy arrives at the Earth’s atmosphere Adam Feldman Engineering Notation FACTOR PREFIX SYMBOL 10 deca da 102 hecto h 103 kilo k 106 mega M 109 giga G 1012 tera T 1015 peta P 1018 exa E Adam Feldman Engineering Notation FACTOR PREFIX SYMBOL 10-1 deci d 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro μ 10-9 nano n 10-12 pico p 10-15 femto f 10-18 atto a Adam Feldman How big is overall solar resource? Each year .... 5.4 million EJ (5.4 x 1024J) of solar radiant energy arrives at the Earth’s atmosphere Boyle G. et al (2012) Renewable Energy; Power for a Sustainable Future, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press; pp 14-15. Adam Feldman How big is overall solar resource? Approximately 30% of solar energy is immediately reflected back into space .... The remaining 70% 3.8 million EJ / year is available to planet Earth – Boyle G. et al (2012) Renewable Energy; Power for a Sustainable Future, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press; pp 14-15. equivalent to approximately 6,500 times the current world human Primary Energy Consumption of circa 588 EJ / year. NB. Current fossil-fuel and nuclear energy consumption ... circa 470 EJ / year. And the remaining 120 EJ / year essentially consists of biomass and hydro (circa 50 EJ / year) plus approx 80 EJ / year of geothermal, wind and solar . IEA (International Energy Agency) https://www.iea.org/ IEA Headline Energy Data http://www.iea.org/statistics/ Adam Feldman Adam Feldman Renewable Energy Sources Are sustainable and replenished as fast as they are consumed 1 Solar 2 Wind 3 Wave All from solar radiant energy = solar nuclear fusion 4 Hydro 5 Biomass 6 Tidal ? 7 Geothermal ? Adam Feldman Renewable Energy Sources Are sustainable and replenished as fast as they are consumed Tidal derives from energy being Tidal stored in the ... kinetic energy and gravitational pull between Earth, Moon and Sun Adam Feldman Renewable Energy Sources Are sustainable and replenished as fast as they are consumed Geothermal energy is derived from 3 sources of heat ... 1. Central body of the Earth Geothermal 2. Decay of radioactive isotopes 3. And a solar ‘heat-battery’ effect within the top few metres of the Earth crust Adam Feldman How big is overall Geothermal Heat resource? It is estimated that something of the order of 1031 Joules * of Geothermal Heat is contained within the Earth This is circa 3x1024kWh or 3x1015TWh or 2.5x1020toe Or equivalent to around 2.2x1010Years of the world’s current energy consumption - 22 Billion Years - * Fridleifsson,, Ingvar B.; Bertani, Ruggero; Huenges, Ernst; Lund, John W.; Ragnarsson, Arni; Rybach, Ladislaus (2008-02-11). O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin. ed (pdf). The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change. Luebeck, Germany. pp. 59–80. http://iga.igg.cnr.it/documenti/IGA/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf Adam Feldman Origin of Geothermal Heat 1 20-30% of currently existing geothermal heat is the residual heat-energy collected within the core and body of the Earth at the time of its formation some 4.6 billion years ago - The planetary accretion energy - The conversion of kinetic energy to heat, as matter impacted into the growing Earth under the effect of gravity. Adam Feldman Geothermal Energy Sources 1 How hot is it at the centre of the earth? At the centre of the planet Earth (the inner core) the temperature is estimated at up to 7000 Kelvin with a pressure of 360 GPa (around 3.6 million atmospheres) Adam Feldman Origin of Geothermal Heat 2 70-80% of currently existing geothermal heat is due to radio-active decay of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes within the Earth’s structure. The most significant of these radioactive isotopes are Thorium-232 232Th Uraneum-238 238U Uraneum-235 235U Potassium-40 40K Adam Feldman Origin of Geothermal Heat 2 The majority of current geothermal heat-energy is derived from decay of radioactive isotopes in the Earth mantle and crust. Igneous rocks, the GRANITES and BASALTS have the greatest concentrations. Adam Feldman Origin of Geothermal Heat 3 The 3rd source of ‘geothermal’ heat- energy is in-fact solar sunshine again. The top 15m or so of the crust acts as a huge ‘solar-storage battery’. This beautiful graph from Dimplex, one of the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP manufacturers shows the typical seasonal pattern in the UK. (Four lines; winter, spring, summer and autumn are shown.) Adam Feldman Let’s just step back a moment What is ENERGY ? Adam Feldman ENERGY is a scientific word we use to describe a ‘system’s ability to do work’ • For a car to move • For a plane to fly • For a light-bulb to make light • For a phone to communicate • For a sound system to make noise • For a cooker to heat and cook • For a TV, computer or absolutely anything electrical to work • For a hospital to carry out any modern treatments • For mines to extract materials • For farms to produce food • To manufacture just about anything ... and so on … and so on We measure ENERGY in Joules The old fashioned unit of Energy is the Calorie, which is still sometimes used, for example to describe the energy content of food 1 Joule of energy is the amount of energy used to push 1 Newton of Force through a distance of 1 metre 1 Newton of Force is approximately the same as a weight of 100 grams, the weight of an average apple! So 1 Joule is approximately the energy that happens when an apple falls through a distance of 1 metre Adam Feldman Another term, POWER, is used to describe the rate at which Energy is being produced or used In other words how many Joules per second The modern unit of POWER is the WATT Adam Feldman The unit of POWER is the Watt Power expressed in Watts, is the number of Joules of energy that are used or produced by a device or machine every 1 second. • 1 Watt is 1 Joule of energy every 1 second • 500 Watts is 500 Joules of energy every 1 second • 1kW (1 kilowatt ) is 1000 Joules (1 kJ) of energy every 1 second • 1MW (1 megawatt ) is 1 million Joules (1 MJ) of energy every second • 1GW (1 gigawatt ) is 1 billion Joules (1 GJ) of energy every 1 second • 1mW (1 milliwatt ) is 1 thousandth of a Joule (1 mJ) every 1 second • 1µW (1 microwatt ) is 1 millionth of a Joule (1 µJ) every 1 second Adam Feldman Unit of Energy – the Joule James Prescott JOULE 1818 – 1889 Lancashire Brewer Described the mechanical equivalent of heat Adam Feldman Unit of Power – the Watt James WATT 1736 – 1819 Glasgow Engineer Massively improved, popularised and manufactured the atmospheric steam engine. Adam Feldman Just to get some perspective on Power, lets contemplate how much Power (energy per second) is used by • A light bulb • A pocket calculator • A laptop computer • A heating ring on a cooker • A motor car • A jumbo jet • An average UK house • A hospital • A big UK city Adam Feldman Essentially human energy use can be divided into 3 areas • Heating • Electricity Generation • Transport Fuels 1 Very, very roughly /3 of human energy demand currently goes to each of these 3 areas Adam Feldman We use Sankey Diagrams to illustrate energy flows through societies, systems, machines ….
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