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The Monotypic Genus Bulborrhizina Belongs to Bulbothrix Sensu Lato (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) Author(S): Paul M

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The Monotypic Genus Bulborrhizina Belongs to Bulbothrix Sensu Lato (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) Author(S): Paul M The monotypic genus Bulborrhizina belongs to Bulbothrix sensu lato (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) Author(s): Paul M. Kirika, Steven D. Leavitt, Pradeep K. Divakar, Ana Crespo, Grace W. Gatheri, George Mugambi, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch Source: The Bryologist, 118(2):164-169. Published By: The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1639/0007-2745-118.2.164 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. The monotypic genus Bulborrhizina belongs to Bulbothrix sensu lato (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) Paul M. Kirika1,2, Steven D. Leavitt3,4, Pradeep K. Divakar5, Ana Crespo5, Grace W. Gatheri1, George Mugambi6 and H. Thorsten Lumbsch3,7 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Kenyatta University, P. O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; 2 Botany Department, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; 3 Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, U.S.A.; 4 Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, 1025 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A; 5 Departamento de Biologı´a Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040 Spain; 6 Department of Biological Sciences, Karatina University, P. O. Box 1957-10101, Karatina, Kenya ABSTRACT. The phylogenetic position of the monotypic genus Bulborrhizina is studied using molecular data from three loci (mtSSU, nuLSU and ITS) alignedwithsequencesfrom95othersamplesof parmelioid lichens. Bulborrhizina africana clusters within the predominantly paleotropical Bulbothrix ‘clade II’ with strong support. However, its relationships within this clade remain uncertain. The morphological characters used to circumscribe Bulborrhizina are interpreted as adaptations to the habitat of this species in semi-arid regions of eastern Africa. A formal synonymy of the genus Bulborrhizina with either Bulbothrix or Parmelinella is postponed until sequences of the type species of Bulbothrix become available that will allow us to identify which of the two clades of species currently placed in Bulbothrix represents Bulbothrix s.str. KEYWORDS. Generic concept, lichens, molecular systematics, parmelioid lichens, phylogeny, taxonomy. ¤¤¤ The classification of genera in parmelioid lichens has phylogenetic studies; however, recently we were able been thoroughly revised on the basis of phylogenetic to elucidate that Pseudoparmelia Lynge is a distinct hypotheses inferred from molecular data resulting in genus related to Relicina (Hale & Kurok.) Hale and a broad consensus system (Crespo et al. 2010; Thell Relicinopsis Elix & Verdon (Buaruang et al. 2015). et al. 2012). This is remarkable given that the generic Bulborrhizina africana was described as a new classification of parmelioid lichens has been vigor- genus and species for a single collection from semi- ously debated (Hale 1984; Hawksworth 1994; Nimis arid regions of eastern Mozambique (Kurokawa 1998; Rambold & Triebel 1999). Despite the progress 1994) and until recently was only known from the in understanding phylogenetic relationships among type locality. The species occurs at the base of shrubs clades of parmelioid lichens, there are a number of and on soil in semi-arid habitats. It has loosely remaining questions, especially regarding the deli- adnate, divaricate thalli composed of linear lobes mitations of some of the mostly tropical genera in which are canaliculate below and with marginal the Parmelia and Parmelina clades (Crespo et al. bulbate appendages. The genus was considered to be 2010). Additionally, a few genera of parmelioid closely related to Cetrariastrum Sipman (including lichens have not yet been studied using molecular Everniastrum Hale ex Sipman), a genus currently markers, including Bulborrhizina Kurok. and Parmo- classified as a subgenus of Hypotrachyna Hale tremopsis Elix & Hale. The genus Pseudoparmelia (Divakar et al. 2013), since both genera have linear Lynge had not been included in molecular elongate lobes. Bulborrhizina was said to differ in having a pale straw-yellow lower surface in contrast 7 Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] to a black to brown or rarely pale lower surface in DOI: 10.1639/0007-2745-118.2.164 Cetrariastrum; further, Bulbothrix Hale was said to The Bryologist 118(2), pp. 164–169 Published online: June 9, 2015 0007-2745/15/$0.75/0 Copyright E2015 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. Kirika et al.: Phylogenetic position of Bulborrhizina 165 have marginal bulbate rhizines in contrast to the africana thallus free from visible damage or con- slender rhizines found in Cetrariastrum. Kurokawa tamination using the USB PrepEase Genomic DNA (1994) also noted the similarities to the bulbate Isolation Kit (USB, Cleveland, OH) and following appendages in Bulborrhizina with bulbate cilia found the manufacturer’s recommendations. We generated in Bulbothrix and Relicina, but the structures were sequence data from two nuclear ribosomal markers, interpreted as fundamentally different since the cilia the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), and in the two latter genera are not anchoring the thallus. a fragment of the large subunit (nuLSU), in addition Molecular data have shown that Bulbothrix and to a fragment of the mitochondrial small subunit Relicina are only distantly related, with Bulbothrix (mtSSU). PCR amplifications were performed using belonging to the Parmelina clade, whereas Relicina Ready-To-Go PCR Beads (GE Healthcare, Pitts- belongs to the Parmelia clade (Crespo et al. 2010). burgh, PA, USA) using primers ITS1F (Gardes & Further, Bulbothrix was found to be non-mono- Bruns 1993) and ITS4 (White et al. 1990) for the ITS phyletic, falling into two separate clades, one of them region, AL2R (Mangold et al. 2008) and LR3 (Larena (clade II) being sister to Parmelinella Elix & Hale et al. 1999) for nuLSU rDNA, and mrSSU1 and (Divakar et al. 2006, 2010). mrSSU3R (Zoller et al. 1999) for mtSSU rDNA. PCR On a recent field trip in southeastern Kenya, we conditions were as described previously (Leavitt et collected fresh material of the monotypic genus al. 2012). Products were visualized on 1% agarose gel Bulborrhizina, representing a new record of the and cleaned using ExoSAP-IT (USB, Cleveland, OH, species for Kenya and only the second known USA). Cycle sequencing of complementary strands population of B. africana. With the fresh material was performed using BigDye v3.1 (Applied Biosys- of Bulborrhizina available, we generated DNA tems, Foster City, CA, USA) and the same primers sequence data from three loci to investigate whether used for PCR amplifications. Sequenced PCR or not Bulborrhizina is a distinct lineage and to products were run on an ABI 3730 automated identify the closest relatives of this enigmatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems) at the Pritzker lichen—a species with linear elongate lobes, cur- Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution rently classified in Hypotrachyna subg. Cetrariastrum at the Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA. (Sipman) Divakar et al., or species with bulbate cilia Sequence editing and alignment. New Bulbor- as found in the two Bulbothrix clades or the genus rhizina africana sequences were assembled and Relicina. edited using Sequencher v4.10 (Gene Codes Corpo- ration, Ann Arbor, MI). Multiple sequence align- MATERIALS AND METHODS ments for each locus were performed using the Taxon sampling. We included a total of 96 program MAFFT v7 (Katoh et al. 2005; Katoh & Toh specimens representing all major groups in the 2008). For the nuLSU sequences, we used the G-INS-i Hypotrachyna and Parmelina clades (Crespo et al. alignment algorithm and ‘200PAM/K52’ scoring 2010; Supplementary Table S1). In summary, matrix, with an offset value of 0.3, and the remaining representatives of the following genera were in- parameters were set to default values. ITS sequences cluded: Bulbothrix sensu lato (Divakar et al. 2006), were aligned using the L-INS-i alignment algorithm Hypotrachyna, including representatives for each and ‘200PAM/K52’ scoring matrix, with an offset subgenus (Divakar et al. 2013), Myelochroa, Parme- value of 0.6, and the remaining parameters were set to lina, Parmelinopsis and Remototrachyna (Divakar et default values. We used the E-INS-i alignment al. 2010). Bulborrhizina africana was sampled from algorithm and ‘200PAM/K52’ scoring matrix, with a robust population recently found in southeastern the remaining parameters were set to default values Kenya at Yambyu dam area, Mwingi County, Eastern for the mtSSU sequences. We used the program Province, 0u519S, 38u059E, 980m, P. Kirika 4819 & Gblocks v0.91b (Talavera & Castresana
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