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An Annotated Checklist of Dicotyledonus Angiosperms in Darjeeling Himalayas and Foothills, West Bengal, India

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An Annotated Checklist of Dicotyledonus Angiosperms in Darjeeling Himalayas and Foothills, West Bengal, India Journal on New Biological Reports ISSN 2319 – 1104 (Online) JNBR 9(2) 94 – 208 (2020) Published by www.researchtrend.net An annotated checklist of Dicotyledonus Angiosperms in Darjeeling Himalayas and foothills, West Bengal, India Jayanta Kumar Mallick Wildlife Wing, Forest Department, Govt. of West Bengal (Retd.), India Corresponding author: [email protected] | Received: 1 July 2019 | Accepted: 9 May 2020 | How to cite: Mallick J K. 2020. An annotated checklist of Dicotyledonus Angiosperms in Darjeeling Himalayas and foothills, West Bengal, India. J New Biol Rep 9(2): 94- 208. ABSTRACT The flora of Darjeeling Himalayas and foothills is dominated by dicotyledonous Angiosperms. The present checklist enumerates more than 2,350 species and varieties under 866 genera and 138 families. Specieswise 15 dominant families are Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Ericaceae, Urticaceae, Ranunculaceaea, Scrophulariaceae, Primulaceae, Malvaceae, Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, Vitaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Acanthaceae. 15 families having generic abundance are Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Apocynaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Urticaceae, Acanthaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rutaceaae, Apiaceae and Ranunculaceaea. Majority of the families have only a few genera and few species among them are gregarious. Middle hills have the highest generic and specific diversity followed by those in the upper hills and lower hills. This region is also the abode of many endemic and exotic elements. A good number of species have become rare, threatened or endangered due to anthropogenic factors. Key words: Species diversity, taxonomy, life forms, status, threats, conservation. Darjeeling-Kurseong and Chola including the INTRODUCTION foothills (terai) of the eastern Himalayas in two Darjeeling Himalayas and foothills provide a districts- Darjeeling [Geographical area:2,092.5km2 mosaic of diverse landscapes that harbour and (27°01‘48.00‖N, 88°09‘36.00‖E); Forest sustain rich dicotyledonous angiosperms, which is area:710.4164km2] and Kalimpong [Geographical exceptionally different from the rest of West area:1,053.60km2 (27°03‘36.00‖N, Bengal plains. An effort has been made here to 88°28‘12.00‖E); Forest area:532.7683km2]. highlight this wide range of common, less Darjeeling district comprises of three forest common, rare as well as the recently discovered divisions- 1. Darjeeling: 267.6687km2 species of trees, shrubs and herbs occurring in the (fragmented), 2. Kurseong: 163.5277km2 Darjeeling Himalayas and foothills of Darjeeling (fragmented), 3. Wildlife I: 279.22km2 [(i) and Kalimpong districts. Singalila National Park:78.60km², altitude 2,200- 3,636msl (26°31-27°31N, 87°59‘- 88°53‘E), (ii) MATERIALS AND METHODS Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary [38.88km², 1067-2600 Study area msl (26°56‘N-27°00‘N, 88°18‘E-88°20‘E)], (iii) The study area (Figure 1) is located along the Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary [158.04km², 200- mountain ranges of Singalila, Donkhya or 1000 msl (26°55‘33‘‘-26°47‘54‘‘N, 88°33‘31‘‘- 94 Jayanta Kumar Mallick JNBR 9(2) 94 – 208 (2020) __________________________________________________________________________________________ 88°23‘36‘‘E)], Jorepokhri Wildlife Sanctuary Chilauni, Malata, Thali, Kawala etc. Climbers and [0.04km², 2300 msl (26°70‘- 26°79‘, 88°21‘- epiphytes are common here. 88°31‘)] and Kalimpong has two forest divisions- 5. Group 11B : NORTHERN MONTANE WET Kalimpong: 372.8766km² (fragmented), Wildlife TEMPERATURE FORESTS (Hills 1,650m- II: Neora Valley National Park [159.8917km², 500- 3,000m. altitude) 3,150msl (26°52‘3‘‘-26°7‘35‘‘N, 88°45‘-88°55‘E)] Sites: Selimbong, Kankibong, Little Rangit, Lopchu, Mahaldiram, Chattakpur, Dhobijhora, Forest type groups Upper Babukhola, Phuguri, Paglajhora, and Lower 1. Group 1B: NORTHERN TROPICAL WET Bbukhola forests blocks. EVERGEREEN FORESTS (Plains up to 150m. Species: Kawla, Lkhar, Pipli, Oaks (buk & phalat), altitude) Rani Champ, Abies densa, Tsuga brunoniana, Acer Sites: Bagdogra range of Kurseong division spp. The principal species found here are Pipli Species: Sal, Nageshwar, Jam, Kainjal, Lator, (Bucklandia populnea), Utis, Saur, Katus, Kapasi, Malagiri, Lali Arkula, Mowa, Khankpa, Sinkoli, Buk, Phalant, 2. Group 2B: NORTHERN SUB-TROPICAL Champ, Kawla, Malta, Magnolia, Latasaea and SEMI-EVERGEREEN FORESTS Machilius spp. along with Jhigni, Chiwri, Sites: Sumbong, Peshok Araliaceous, spp. Ilex spp., Thali and Kharane, The Species: Champ, Panisaj, Gokul, Angare ground flora includes Kimbu, Kagate, Asare, 3. Group 3C: NORTH INDIA MOIST Thotne, Chuletro, Maling, Lycopodium, Basak and DECIDUOUS FORESTS Chirata. Sites: Terai areas. 6. Group 12C: EAST HIMALAYAN MOIST Species: Sub-montane belt consisting of Sal with TEMPERATURE FORESTS (Hills 1,500m- Champ, Chilauni, Chikrassi, Gamar, Lali, Lasune, 1,800m). Panisaj, Paccasaj interspersed with riverian forests Sites: Rimbik of Khair, Sissco, Simul, Toon etc. representing Species: The species commonly found are Mowa, succession from riverian to climax sal. Chilauni, Katus, Panisaj, Lampate, Phaleado, Saur, 4. Group 8B: NORTHERN SUB-TROPICAL Tarsing, Angare, Melo, Kapasi, Utis, Toon and BROAD-LEAVED WET HILL FORESTSHills Malagiri along with Kutmero, Jhingni, Lek (300m-1,650m altitude). Chilauni, Malata, Thali, Kawala etc. Climbers and Sites: Sim, Upper Sumbong, Upper Reyong, epiphytes are common here. Majua, Lower Babukhola, Mirik, Paglajhora, Kuhu, 7. Group 14C : SUB-ALPINE FORESTS (Hills and Latpanchar 3,000m-3,660m) Species: The species commonly found are Mowa, Sites: Sandakapu, Sabarkum, Phalut Chilauni, Katus, Panisaj, Lampate, Phaleado, Saur, Species: Important spp. are Putli, Lekh Kapasi, Tarsing, Angare, Melo, Kapasi, Utis, Toon and Lekh Pipli, Kapasi, Arupate, Sindure Katus Malagiri along with Kutmero, Jhingni, Lek (Castanopsis spp.), Birch (Betula utilis), Rhododendrons, Salix, Berberies. Fig.1. Map of study areas. Map of Darjeeling district (left) and Kalimpong district (right). 95 Jayanta Kumar Mallick JNBR 9(2) 94 – 208 (2020) __________________________________________________________________________________________ Data collection Literature survey The primary data were collected through field Historically, documentations on the floral assemblage observations. The secondary data were collected from in Darjeeling are available since mid-nineteenth published and unpublished documents like Working century, particularly after infrastructural and Management plans, books, reports, research developments in 1840, construction of a sanatorium, papers and articles. introduction of tea cultivation and creation of Lloyd Botanic Garden (1878), responsible for introduction RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and acclimatization of a large number of exotic plants (Sen 1962). Though Buchanan-Hamilton (1820) Due to a wide range of altitudinal variation- 130 Roxburgh (1820-1824, 1832), Wallich (1820-1832), (Siliguri) - <3,660 msl at Sandakphu–Phalut (average D. Don (1821, 1825) and Griffith (1848) had referred 2,134 msl) with a sharp physiographic contrast to the Darjeeling Himalaya, the first specific scientific between the plains and the mountainous regions and publication was a note on Tonglu flora by J.D. Hooker the climatic zones ranging from tropical (terai) to (1849) followed by his further contributions during subalpine (above 3,000 msl, often remaining snow 1872-1897, among others. The literature was also covered for 1-4 months) within a distance of about 75 enriched by C.B. Clarke on Tonglu and Sandakphu km between the foothills and the upland ridges and (1876, 1885), J.S. Gamble (1875, 1878), King and deep valleys, the study area represents an unique Pantling (1898), A.M. and J.M. Cowan (1929), and ecosystem, where a great variety of habitats, changing after independence by Hara (1966, 1971), Hara et al. vertically from tropical to sub-tropical through (1978, 1979, 1982), Ohasi (1975), Bhujel (1984, temperate and sub-alpine forests, has resulted in 1996), Bhujel and Das (1996, 2002), Biswas and highest floral assemblage with respect to number of Chopra (1956), Shebbeare (1957), Biswas (1966), species and diversity level in the State, indicating a Chaudhuri (1960, 1965, 1969, 1970, 1992, 1993), positive correlation between floral richness and Sharma and Ghosh (1970), Pradhan and Rai (1983- extent-cum-quality of the forest cover, depending on 1985), Das (1984, 1986, 1987, 1995, 2004), Das et al. the scale of anthropogenic impacts. (1985), Das and Chanda (1986, 1987, 1990), Das and Whereas Kandel et al. (2019) have recorded Lama (1992), Das (1995, 1998), Das and Panda 3,860 species, 1175 genera and 179 families of dicots (1997) Grierson & Long (1983, 1984, 1987, 1991, in Kangchenjunga Landscape, Eastern Himalayas, the 1999), Hara (1966, 1971), Hara et al. (1978, 1979, present checklist records more than 2,350 species and 1982), Maiti and Guhabakshi (1981), Matthew (1981), varieties under 866 genera and 138 families (arranged Noltie (1994, 2000), Samanta (1998), Samanta and alphabetically in Table 1) from Darjeeling Himalayas Das (1995), Yonzon (1976), Yonzone et al. (1970) and foothills. among others. Maximum works have been done Specieswise 15 dominant families are during the 21st century (see references). Botanical Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Survey of India also initiated the floristic explorations Ericaceae, Urticaceae, Ranunculaceaea, in Darjeeling since 1983. Scrophulariaceae, Primulaceae, Malvaceae, An exclusive account of this wealth is still Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, Vitaceae, Euphorbiaceae
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