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FC1186 EVID4 Final Report

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FC1186 EVID4 Final Report General Enquiries on the form should be made to: Defra, Procurements and Commercial Function (Evidence Procurement Team) E-mail: [email protected] Evidence Project Final Report Note In line with the Freedom of Information Project identification Act 2000, Defra aims to place the results of its completed research projects in the public domain wherever possible. 1. Defra Project code FC1186 (C3390) The Evidence Project Final Report is designed to capture the information on 2. Project title the results and outputs of Defra-funded Susceptibility of European Crustaceans to EC Directive- research in a format that is easily listed pathogens publishable through the Defra website An Evidence Project Final Report must be completed for all projects. 3. Contractor This form is in Word format and the organisation(s) boxes may be expanded, as appropriate. ACCESS TO INFORMATION The information collected on this form will be stored electronically and may be sent to any part of Defra, or to individual researchers or organisations outside Defra for the purposes of reviewing the 54. Total Defra project costs £ 342,330 project. Defra may also disclose the (agreed fixed price) information to any outside organisation acting as an agent authorised by Defra to 5. Project: start date ................ 1/4/2009 process final research reports on its behalf. Defra intends to publish this form on its website, unless there are strong end date ................. 31/3/2012 reasons not to, which fully comply with exemptions under the Environmental Information Regulations or the Freedom of Information Act 2000. Defra may be required to release information, including personal data and commercial information, on request under the Environmental Information Regulations or the Freedom of Information Act 2000. However, Defra will not permit any unwarranted breach of confidentiality or act in contravention of its obligations under the Data Protection Act 1998. Defra or its appointed agents may use the name, address or other details on your form to contact you in connection with occasional customer research aimed at improving the processes through which Defra works with its contractors. EVID4 Evidence Project Final Report (Rev. 06/11) Page 1 of 23 6. It is Defra‟s intention to publish this form. Please confirm your agreement to do so. ...................................................................................... YES x NO (a) When preparing Evidence Project Final Reports contractors should bear in mind that Defra intends that they be made public. They should be written in a clear and concise manner and represent a full account of the research project which someone not closely associated with the project can follow. Defra recognises that in a small minority of cases there may be information, such as intellectual property or commercially confidential data, used in or generated by the research project, which should not be disclosed. In these cases, such information should be detailed in a separate annex (not to be published) so that the Evidence Project Final Report can be placed in the public domain. Where it is impossible to complete the Final Report without including references to any sensitive or confidential data, the information should be included and section (b) completed. NB: only in exceptional circumstances will Defra expect contractors to give a "No" answer. In all cases, reasons for withholding information must be fully in line with exemptions under the Environmental Information Regulations or the Freedom of Information Act 2000. (b) If you have answered NO, please explain why the Final report should not be released into public domain Executive Summary 7. The executive summary must not exceed 2 sides in total of A4 and should be understandable to the intelligent non-scientist. It should cover the main objectives, methods and findings of the research, together with any other significant events and options for new work. EC Council Directive 2006/88 lists three crustacean diseases: White Spot Disease (WSD) caused by the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Yellowhead disease (YHD) caused by Yellowhead Virus (YHV) and Taura syndrome (TS) caused by Taura syndrome virus (TSV). WSD is currently listed as „non-exotic‟ within the EU based upon its reported occurrence in penaeid shrimp farms in the Mediterranean (Stentiford and Lightner, 2011). Very little previous work has been conducted on the susceptibility of non-tropical crustacean hosts to the listed pathogens. Furthermore, few guidelines exist for the confirmation of „susceptibility‟ per se, or the definition of „relative susceptibility‟ of given host species. In the context of animal and product trading, this has led to knowledge gaps in risk assessments concerned with potential transboundary movement of infectious disease agents in live animals and commodity. The current study has provided a framework for the assessment of susceptibility in decapod crustacean hosts to the listed pathogens (WSSV, TSV and YHV) and has tested this framework on a range of commercially- and ecologically-important crustacean hosts found within UK lakes, rivers and seas (Stentiford et al. 2009). Further, it has defined the profile of disease in those hosts deemed to be susceptible and has made this information available via publication in peer- reviewed articles (Bateman et al. 2012a). Disease challenge protocols for non-model crustacean hosts (crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp) collected from natural habitats were developed and optimised through the current project. Protocols included viral challenge to cold water lobsters (Nephrops norvegicus), brackish water crabs (e.g. Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis) and freshwater crayfish (e.g. white clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes). These protocols are available for use in future studies of this type. All crustacean hosts tested herein were considered susceptible to infection with WSSV, though the outcome of infection ranged considerably from asymptomatic carrier (e.g. the shore crab Carcinus maenas), to highly susceptible (e.g. juvenile life stages of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus). We were able to define the pathological profile of WSSV infection and disease in these hosts and to compare this to the OIE defined profile for infection and disease associated with WSSV in farmed penaeid shrimp. Hosts were classified for the first time into relative levels of susceptibility (Bateman et al. 2012a). Three crustacean host species (signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, shore crab C. maenas, and lobster H. gammarus) were considered as potentially susceptible to infection with TSV though in all cases, infection did not progress to disease, defining all of these hosts as asymptomatic EVID4 Evidence Project Final Report (Rev. 06/11) Page 2 of 23 carriers for TSV. Further work will be required to define the pathological profile of TSV infection within these hosts and to confirm long-term carrier capacity. Environmental manipulation (temperature) designed to test potential for shift from asymptomatic carrier status to disease, was tested in a low-susceptible host (C. maenas). Here, ambient elevated temperatures for extended time periods following exposure to WSSV via injection did not have a significant effect on disease induction, suggesting that at least for some UK species, temperature is not the limiting factor in pathogenesis of WSSV. In other hosts (H. gammarus), exposure to WSSV at low (winter) temperatures led to infection, with higher temperatures required for induction of disease. These trials support the notion that the outcome of exposure (to WSSV) differs considerably between host species and further that susceptible hosts are found across marine, brackish and freshwater habitats within the UK. To assist with knowledge gaps in Import Risk Assessments (IRA) for tropical shrimp commodity products, an exposure trial using lobsters (H. gammarus) to supermarket shrimp originating in Asia and Latin America demonstrated the presence and viability of WSSV in these products. Feeding bioassays to lobsters led to infection following a single feed on WSSV positive shrimp tails. This is the first demonstration of infection of a temperate water crustacean following consumption of low viral load supermarket shrimp commodity (Bateman et al. 2012b). Data provided here provides direct evidence for widespread WSSV-contamination of tropical shrimp in UK supermarkets and the potential for this product to infect local crustacean fauna. Several areas for future research have been identified from the current work programme. These include 1. To decipher the genetic basis for relative resistance to WSSV between different hosts and to utilise this data when assessing risk of trade. 2. To understand the role of commodity products in the translocation of crustacean pathogens into the UK/Europe, and inform IRAs on the consequence of their diversion into aquatic habitats (e.g. in angling baits). 3. To investigate the susceptibility of UK hosts to other OIE listed pathogens likely present in commodity arising from tropical locations. 4. To understand the interaction of exotic pathogens with native pathogens already infecting local host species. 5. To investigate the potential for passage of WSSV (and other viruses) from UK host to UK host within the context of consequence assessment for the establishment of these pathogens in UK waters. Project Report to Defra 8. As a guide this report should be no longer than 20 sides of A4. This report is to provide
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