DOCSLIB.ORG

The Case of Marine Environmental Management in Somalia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The Stability/Sustainability Dynamics: The Case of Marine Environmental Management in Somalia QASIM HERSI FARAH A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillments for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Environmental Studies York University Toronto, Ontario October 2016 QASIM HERSI FARAH, 2016 Abstract Since January 1991, Somalia has been a war-torn society without law and order machinery. After a decade of chaos, in January 2001, an interim government formed in Djibouti was brought to Mogadishu, albeit it failed to function. Two similar others followed; one in 2004 and the other in 2007. In 2012, a federal government was elected by 275 members of parliament, but it is yet to govern most of the country’s regions. Consequently, over 25 years, there has been sociopolitical and economic instability which jeopardised Somalia’s environment and security (land and marine). Now, who are the actors of socio-political and economic instability, and can marine sustainability be achieved in the absence of stability? This doctoral study identifies, defines, examines and analyzes each of the state and non- state actors/networks operating in Somalia, at the international, regional, national, provincial, and local levels. I investigated who are they and what are their backgrounds/origins? What are their objectives and strategies? What are their capacities and economic status? What are their motives and manoeuvres? and what are their internal and external relationships? I categorised each one of them based on these scales: instability, potential stability or stability. I adopted a multi-dimensional approach which aims at tackling both marine environmental degradation and insecurity in the Somali basin, while establishing a community-based policy as a milestone for the formulation of a national/provincial policy. The study finds out that the competing multifaceted and multipurpose (economic, political or social gains) networks deliberately or inadvertently destroy the country’s environment and contribute to instability. Yet, in the country’s post-conflict situation, environmental traditional- based policy and socio-legal systems can be practiced at the grassroots level. I then proposed the roles to be played by individuals, local communities, provincials, and national, as well as regional, and international communities in the implementation of this bottom-up approach policy. While showing the relationship between environmental sustainability and sociopolitical stability, I argue that marine problems are borderless and as such, need global attention. I shed light on how war- torn states and post-conflict countries can establish vital means of environmental sustainability by applying community-based policy, implemented through self-help programs. ii Identification Terms: Marine, Seawaters, Environment, Networks of Stability/Potential Stability/Instability, Political, Social, Sociopolitical, Economic, Exclusive Economic Zone, Illegal Fishing, Foreign Trawlers, Jurisdiction, Judiciary, Executive, Legislative, Warlords, Faith-Lords, Money-Lords, Al-Shabaab, Backgrounds, Manoeuvers, Motives, Relationships, Minor-Groups, Typology, Negotiation, Management, Puntland, Somaliland, Jubbaland, Galmudug, Southwest Somalia, Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya. iii Dedicated to: My Mother Salada Adam and, My Children: Abdulfatah, Abdulhalim, Hanaan, and Hasiina iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My first gratitude and a special debt are due to my Supervisor, Professor Mark Winfield who helped me both morally and academically in the accomplishment of this dissertation. Then, I should extend my gratitude to the rest of my Committee: Professor Anna Zalik and Professor Don Dippo as well as to the Deans of the Faculty of Environmental Studies and the Faculty of Graduate Studies. Outside York University, I am indebted to Madam Ubah Hassan Ugaas, the mother of my two daughters; Hanaan and Hasiina, who endeavoured to give me space and time to concentrate on completing this huge work. A deep and high appreciation is also due to my two sons; Abdulfatah and Abdulhalim who successfully managed themselves without my presence and parenthood, despite living in a hardship situation. They are really self-raised and self-trained children. v Table of Contents Title: Page No. Abstract ii Dedication iv Acknowledgement v Chapter One General Introduction to Somalia…………………………………………… 1 Introduction 1.1: Somalia: from Central Authoritative System to Unstable Fiefdoms……… 2 1.2: Clan system in Somalia…………………………………………………… 6 1. 3: Maritime Geography and Climate in Somalia…….. 11 1. 4: Somalia’s Economy in the Context of Socio-political Instability… . 14 1. 5: Measuring the Economic Impacts on the Civil War in the Context of Instability. 18 1. 6: The Marine Ecological Situation in Somalia………. 22 1. 7: Conclusion ………….. 27 Chapter Two: Theoretical Approach 2.1: Introduction…………….. 29 2.2: Research Question………….. 30 2.3: Contemporary Literature on Resource Management and the Case of Somalia 30 2.4: Stability/Instability Dynamics in Marine Environmental Degradation in Somalia. 36 2. 5: The importance of locally based approaches….. 39 Policy Network Analysis: A Brief Introduction…. 41 2.6: Application of Policy Network Analysis at three levels in the case of Somalia. 46 2. 8: Research Methods….. 50 2.9: Conclusion 52 Chapter Three: International/Regional Scale Analysis on Foreign Networks of Stability, Potential Stability, and Instability in Somalia: Who are they? What are their Objectives and Strategies? What are their Capacities? 3.1. Introduction 54 vi 3.2AMISOM 55 3.2.1: Background and Geographical Scope 3.2.2: Capacity and Economy……. 56 3.2.3: Motives…. 57 3.2. 4: Manoeuvres…… 59 3.2. 5: Relationships…… 59 3.2.6: Typology ….. 61 3.3: Ethiopia 3. 3.1: Background and Geographical Scope…… 62 3. 3.2: Capacity and Economy…. 64 3. 3.3: Manoeuvres …. 66 3. 3. 4: Motives…. 67 3. 3. 5: Relationships…. 68 3.3. 6: Typology … 70 3.4: Kenya 3.4.1. Background and Geographical Scope…. 71 3.4.2: Capacity and Economy… 72 3.4.3: Manoeuvres … 73 3.4. 4: Motives…. 76 3.4. 5: Relationships… 79 3.4.6: Typology … 80 3.5: Western Intelligence Forces: CIA, FBI, MI5, MI6 81 3.5.1: Background and Origin 3.5. 2: Capacity and Economy 82 3.5.3: Manoeuvres 83 3.5. 4: Motives 84 3.5. 5: Relationships 86 3.5.6: Typology 87 3.6: Turkey 3.6.1. Background and Origin 88 vii 3.6.2. Capacity and Economic Status (Legal, Administrative/executive and Revenue) 89 3.6.3: Manoeuvres 89 3.6. 4: Motives 90 3.6. 5: Relationships 91 3.6.6: Typology 92 3.7: NATO 92 3. 7.1: Background and Origin 3.7. 2: Administrative and Economic Capacity 93 3.7.3: Motives 94 3.7. 4: Relationships 95 3.7.5: Typology 95 3.8: Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) 97 3.8. 1: Background 97 3.8. 2: Manoeuvres 98 3.8. 3: Relationships 98 3.8. 4: Typology 99 3.9: Clandestine Regional State Networks 99 3.9. 1: General Background 99 3.9. 2: Regional Networks’ Manoeuvres and Motives 101 3.9. 3: International Networks’ Manoeuvres and Motives 102 3.9. 4: Relationships 103 3.9. 5: Typology 103 3.10: IIUUUO Fishing 105 3.11: Oil Exploiters 107 3.12: The Role of the Somali Diaspora 110 3.13. Conclusion 112 Table/Diagram 113 4: Chapter Four: Status and Role of the National Institutional and Non-Institutional Networks of Stability, Potential Stability and Instability 4.1. Introduction 114 viii 4.2.: Legislative Branch/Parliament 114 4.2. 1: Background and Origin 4. 2. 2: Administrative Capacity 115 4.2. 3: Economic Base 116 4.2. 4 : Manoeuvres/Activities 118 4.2. 5 : Motives…. 120 4. 2. 6: Relationships….. 122 4.27: Typology …. 123 4.3 Executive Branch 4.3.1.: Background and Origin…. 124 4.3. 2: Executing Administrative Capacity….. 124 4. 3. 3: Economic Base…. 128 4.3. 4: Manoeuvres/Activities…. 129 4.3. 5: Motives…. 132 4.3. 6: Relationships…. 134 4. 3. 7: Typology…. 136 4. 4: Judiciary Branch 4. 4. 1: Background and Origin 4. 4. 2: Administrative Capacity ….. 137 4. 4. 3: Economic Base…… 139 4. 4. 4: Manoeuvres/Activities…… 139 4. 4. 5: Motives……………… 141 4. 4. 6: Relationships…. 142 4. 4. 7: Typology……………. 144 4. 5: Money-lords………… 145 4. 5. 1: Background 145 4. 5. 2: Manoeuvres/Activities …….. 146 4. 5. 3: Motives……………… 147 4. 5. 4: Exceptions……. 148 4. 5. 5: Relationships……….. 148 ix 4. 5. 6: Typology………. 148 4. 6: Faith-lords 4.6. 1: Introduction 149 4.6.2: Faith-lord Warmongers 149 4.6.2.1: Background 4.6.2. 2: Manoeuvres 150 4.6.3. Ala-Sheikh………….. 150 4.6.3.1: Background 4. 6. 4. Al-Ittahad…………. 150 4.6.4.1: Background 4.6.4.2: Manoeuvres 151 4.6.4.3: Consequence………….. 152 4.6.4: Typology….. 152 4.6.5. Al-Shabab………… 154 4.6.5.1: Background 4.6.5.2: Manoeuvres……………. 154 4.6.5. 3: Economic Base……. 155 4.6.5.4: Motives 155 4.6.5.5: Strategies……… 156 4.6.5.6: Typology… 156 4.6.7. Ahlu-Sunnah wal-Jama’…………. 157 4.6. 7. 1: Background………….. 157 4.6.7. 2: Manoeuvres………… 157 4. 6. 7. 3: Motives……………… 158 4.6.7.4.: Typology…………… 158 4. 6. 8. Al-Islah as the Key Faith Peacemakers 159 4.6.8.1: Background 159 4.6.8.2: Manoeuvres………….. 159 4.6.8.3: Relationships….. 160 4.6.8.4: Typology 161 x 4. 7: Warlords 4.7. 1: Background………….. 161 4.7.2: Economic Base………….. 161 4.7.3: Typology……… 162 4.8. Parasite Networks………… 163 4.8.1: Relationship among the Insecurity Networks of Instability …. 163 4.8.2: Typology…………………….. 165 4. 9: The Key Network Actors of Fishing Companies and Coast-Guards……. 166 4. 9.1. Somali National Fishing Company (SNFCO)… 166 4.9. 2: Somali Marine Resource Development and Conservation Centre (SMRDCC) 167 4.10.
Recommended publications
  • Project Document', 'Budget' and 'Locations' Mandatory Fields Are Marked with an Asterisk* Project Document 1

    Project Document', 'Budget' and 'Locations' Mandatory Fields Are Marked with an Asterisk* Project Document 1

    For 'new-line' in text fields pres [ALT] and [ENTER] keys on keyboard (do not insert spaces to create line shift) Please do not change the format of the form (including name of page) as this may prevent proper registration of project data. For new proposals, please complete the tab for 'Project Document', 'Budget' and 'Locations' Mandatory fields are marked with an asterisk* Project Document 1. COVER (to be completed by organization submitting the proposal) (A) Organization* Norwegian Church Aid (B) Type of Organization* UN Agency International NGO Local NGO International NGO (C) Project Title* Emergency Education Support in Gedo Region For standard allocations, please use the CAP title. (D) CAP Project Code SOM-12/E/48222 Not required for Emergency Reserve proposals outside of CAP (E) CAP Project Ranking High Required for proposals during Standard Allocations (F) CHF Funding Window* Standard Allocation 2 (Oct 2012) (G) CAP Budget $ - Must be equal to total amount requested in current CAP (H) Amount Request* $ 245,390.00 Equals total amount in budget, must not exceed CAP Budget (I) Project Duration* 12 months No longer than 6 months for proposals to the Emergency Reserve (J) Primary Cluster* Education (K) Secondary Cluster Only indicate a secondary cluster for multi-cluster projects (L) Beneficiaries Direct project beneficiaries. Men Women Total Specify target population Total beneficiaries 18 12 30 disaggregated by number, and gender. If desired more detailed Total beneficiaries include the following: Internally Displaced People information
  • Electronic Communication and an Oral Culture: the Dynamics of Somali Websites and Mailing Lists

    Electronic Communication and an Oral Culture: the Dynamics of Somali Websites and Mailing Lists

    ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION AND AN ORAL CULTURE: THE DYNAMICS OF SOMALI WEBSITES AND MAILING LISTS BY ABDISALAM M. ISSA-SALWE A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THAMES VALLEY UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY CENTRE FOR INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND TECHNOLOGY THAMES VALLEY UNIVERSITY SUPERVISORS: DR. ANTHONY OLDEN, THAMES VALLEY UNIVERSITY EMERITUS PROFESSOR I M LEWIS, LSE, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON EXAMINERS: PROFESSOR CHRISTINE MCCOURT, THAMES VALLEY UNIVERSITY DR. MARTIN ORWIN, SOAS, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON NOVEMBER 2006 TO MY WIFE HAWO, MY CHILDREN MOHAMED-NASIR, MOHAMUD, ALI, HAFSA-YALAH, HAMDA, SHARMARKE AND YUSUF-HANAD ACKNOWLEDGMENT Foremost, I would like to thank to the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (CARA) who helped in funding my studies. I would like to thank my thesis advisors, Dr. Tony Olden (Thames Valley University) and Emeritus Professor I M Lewis (London School of Economics) for their continuous encouragement, optimism and confidence in me to make it possible to write this dissertation. Both Dr. Olden and Emeritus Professor Lewis put an enormous amount of time and effort into supervision. Likewise, this study has been enhanced through the incisive comments of Dr Stephen Roberts (Thames Valley University). I also appreciate the advice of Dr Mohamed D. Afrax and Abdullahi Salah Osman who read and commented on the manuscript of this dissertation. I am also thankful to Ahmed Mohamud H Jama (Nero) who allowed me to have useful material relevant to my research; Dr. Ebyan Salah who solicited female correspondents to reply to the research questionnaires. I am also grateful to Said Mohamed Ali (Korsiyagaab) and Ismail Said Aw-Muse (PuntlandState.com) who gave me permission to use their websites statistics.
  • Survey of Public Perceptions on Local Elections in Puntland

    Survey of Public Perceptions on Local Elections in Puntland

    A SURVEY OF PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS ON DEMOCRATIZATION AND LOCAL COUNCIL ELECTIONS IN PUNTLAND JULY 2021 Puntland Development & Research Center www.pdrcsomalia.org Copyright © 2021 Puntland Development & Research Center. All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Puntland Development Research Center (PDRC) would like to thank the Ministry of Interior, Federal Affairs and Democratization for their collaboration during this survey. In addition, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and appreciation to Nugal University, Somali National University (Badhan), and East Africa University for their role in identifying a team of students who ably supported the data collection for this survey. Critical to the success of this survey include the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) who provided technical and financial support to the survey. Finally, I would like to express my utmost gratitude to PDRC research team (Abdinasir Mohamed Yusuf, Muctar Hirsi Mohamed, and Fardows Ahmed Gambol) for their tireless efforts in bringing the survey work to completion. Ali Farah Ali Executive Director Puntland Development Research Center Garowe, Puntland State of Somalia ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Background and Objectives .................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Methodology ..........................................................................................................................................
  • Making Moral Worlds: Individual and Social Processes of Meaning-Making in a Somali Diaspora Anna Jacobsen Washington University in St

    Making Moral Worlds: Individual and Social Processes of Meaning-Making in a Somali Diaspora Anna Jacobsen Washington University in St

    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) 1-1-2011 Making Moral Worlds: Individual and Social Processes of Meaning-Making in a Somali Diaspora Anna Jacobsen Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Recommended Citation Jacobsen, Anna, "Making Moral Worlds: Individual and Social Processes of Meaning-Making in a Somali Diaspora" (2011). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 592. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/592 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Anthropology Dissertation Examination Committee: John R. Bowen, chair Geoff Childs Carolyn Lesorogol Rebecca Lester Shanti Parikh Timothy Parsons Carolyn Sargent Making Moral Worlds: Individual and Social Processes of Meaning Making in a Somali Diaspora by Anna Lisa Jacobsen A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2011 Saint Louis, Missouri Abstract: I argue that most Somalis living in exile in the Eastleigh neighborhood of Nairobi, Kenya are deeply concerned with morality both as individually performed and proven, and as socially defined, authorized and constructed. In this dissertation, I explore various aspects of Somali morality as it is constructed, debated, and reinforced by individual women living in Eastleigh.
  • S/2003/223 Security Council

    S/2003/223 Security Council

    United Nations S/2003/223 Security Council Distr.: General 25 March 2003 Original: English Letter dated 25 March 2003 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia addressed to the President of the Security Council On behalf of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia, and in accordance with paragraph 11 of Security Council resolution 1425 (2002), I have the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Panel of Experts mandated to collect independent information on violations of the arms embargo on Somalia and to provide recommendations on possible practical steps and measures for implementing it. In this connection, the Committee would appreciate it if this letter together with its enclosure were brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council and issued as a document of the Council. (Signed) Stefan Tafrov Chairman Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia 03-25925 (E) 210303 *0325925* S/2003/223 Letter dated 24 February 2003 from the Panel of Experts to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia We have the honour to enclose the report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia, in accordance with paragraph 11 of Security Council resolution 1425 (2002). (Signed) Ernst Jan Hogendoorn (Signed) Mohamed Abdoulaye M’Backe (Signed) Brynjulf Mugaas 2 S/2003/223 Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia pursuant to Security Council resolution 1425 (2002) Contents Paragraphs Page Abbreviations ................................................................. 5 Summary ..................................................................... 6 Introduction ......................................................... 1–13 11 Background to the current instability in Somalia ..........................
  • Report on Minority Groups in Somalia

    Report on Minority Groups in Somalia

    The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Phone: + 45 35 36 66 00 Website: www.udlst.dk E-mail: [email protected] Report on minority groups in Somalia Joint British, Danish and Dutch fact-finding mission to Nairobi, Kenya 17 – 24 September 2000 Report on minority groups in Somalia Table of contents 1. Background ..................................................................................................................................5 2. Introduction to sources and methodology....................................................................................6 3. Overall political developments and the security situation in Somalia.......................................10 3.1 Arta peace process in Djibouti...............................................................................................10 3.2 Transitional National Assembly (TNA) and new President ..................................................10 3.2.1 Position of North West Somalia (Somaliland)...............................................................12 3.2.2 Position of North East Somalia (Puntland)....................................................................13 3.2.3 Prospects for a central authority in Somalia ..................................................................13 3.3 Security Situation...................................................................................................................14 3.3.1 General...........................................................................................................................14
  • Ethiopia, the TPLF and Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor Paulos Milkias Marianopolis College/Concordia University

    Ethiopia, the TPLF and Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor Paulos Milkias Marianopolis College/Concordia University

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarWorks at WMU Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU International Conference on African Development Center for African Development Policy Research Archives 8-2001 Ethiopia, The TPLF and Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor Paulos Milkias Marianopolis College/Concordia University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive Part of the African Studies Commons, and the Economics Commons WMU ScholarWorks Citation Milkias, Paulos, "Ethiopia, The TPLF nda Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor" (2001). International Conference on African Development Archives. Paper 4. http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive/4 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for African Development Policy Research at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Conference on African Development Archives by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ETHIOPIA, TPLF AND ROOTS OF THE 2001 * POLITICAL TREMOR ** Paulos Milkias Ph.D. ©2001 Marianopolis College/Concordia University he TPLF has its roots in Marxist oriented Tigray University Students' movement organized at Haile Selassie University in 1974 under the name “Mahber Gesgesti Behere Tigray,” [generally T known by its acronym – MAGEBT, which stands for ‘Progressive Tigray Peoples' Movement’.] 1 The founders claim that even though the movement was tactically designed to be nationalistic it was, strategically, pan-Ethiopian. 2 The primary structural document the movement produced in the late 70’s, however, shows it to be Tigrayan nationalist and not Ethiopian oriented in its content.
  • Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa

    Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa

    UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa This simulation, while focused around the Ethiopia-Eritrea border conflict, is not an attempt to resolve that conflict: the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) already has a peace plan on the table to which the two parties in conflict have essentially agreed. Rather, participants are asked, in their roles as representatives of OAU member states, to devise a blueprint for preventing the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict from spreading into neighboring countries and consuming the region in even greater violence. The conflict, a great concern particularly for Somalia and Sudan where civil wars have raged for years, has thrown regional alliances into confusion and is increasingly putting pressure on humanitarian NGOs and other regional parties to contain the conflict. The wars in the Horn of Africa have caused untold death and misery over the past few decades. Simulation participants are asked as well to deal with the many refugees and internally displaced persons in the Horn of Africa, a humanitarian crisis that strains the economies – and the political relations - of the countries in the region. In their roles as OAU representatives, participants in this intricate simulation witness first-hand the tremendous challenge of trying to obtain consensus among multiple actors with often competing agendas on the tools of conflict prevention. Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn
  • Transcript of Oral History Interview with Ali K. Galaydh

    Transcript of Oral History Interview with Ali K. Galaydh

    Ali Khalif Galaydh Narrator Ahmed Ismail Yusuf Interviewer February 10, 2014 Shoreview, Minnesota Ali Khalif Galaydh -AG Ahmed Ismail Yusuf -AY AY: I am Ahmed Ismail Yusuf. This is an interview for the Minnesota Historical Society Somali Oral History Project. I am with Ali Khalif Galaydh. We are in Shoreview, Minnesota. It is February 10, 2014. Ali Khalif Galaydh is a talented Somali politician, educator on a professorial level, and at times even a businessman. As a professor he taught at the Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota and the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University. He was a fellow at Weatherhead Center of International Affairs and Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University. In Somalia he had several titles, but the highest office was when he became the fourth-ever Somali prime minister in 2000. In Somali circles Ali is also known for his intellectual prowess and political versatility. Ali, welcome to the interview—third time again. AG: Thank you very much, Ahmed. AY: Okay, I want to start from where were you born and when were you born, even though we don’t actually acknowledge that at all. AG: Somalis normally don’t celebrate birthdays, so there is now quite an always heated discussion about who is older than who. But in my case, my father was in the British Merchant Marine, and he therefore recorded when I was born. There was no birth certificate, but I was born October 15, 1941. AY: Wow, so you do have the recorded date, at least.
  • Interview with the Late Abdullahi Qarshe (1994) at the Residence of Obliqe Carton in Djibouti

    Interview with the Late Abdullahi Qarshe (1994) at the Residence of Obliqe Carton in Djibouti

    Interview with the late Abdullahi Qarshe (1994) at the Residence of Obliqe Carton in Djibouti Mohamed-Rashid Sheikh Hassan mrsh: Let us start with the basics. When and where were you born? aq: I was born in Moshe, Tanzania, in 1924. mrsh: People know you as Abdullahi Qarshe, but what is your real name? aq: Oh, yes, that is true. My real name is Mahmud Muhammad, and Qarshe was the nickname of my father. He was a businessman and trader in the livestock business in East Africa. He was regarded as a frugal man and was fortunate in business. We were five brothers and one sister. We lived in a big house on the outskirts of Moshe. mrsh: Tell us more about the background of your family and the rea- son your father moved to Tanzania. aq: My father emigrated from Sanaag region in what was at that time called British Somaliland. In those days, emigration (tacabbir) was pop- ular. Men used to travel for work and a better life, but it was not an easy task. Those who emigrated to East Africa, my father included, went through southern Somalia first of all, then proceeded to Tanza- nia. They had to travel by road or foot through harsh and unfriendly territories. Some of the migrants died along the way, and my father was one of the fortunate who survived. In the Sanaag region, my father’s family lived in the Maydh district. They were involved in the fish industry and the exportation of live- stock and animal hides, as well as timber, to the Gulf countries.
  • SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland En Puntland

    SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland En Puntland

    COMMISSARIAAT-GENERAAL VOOR DE VLUCHTELINGEN EN DE STAATLOZEN COI Focus SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland en Puntland 30 juni 2020 (update) Cedoca Oorspronkelijke taal: Nederlands DISCLAIMER: Dit COI-product is geschreven door de documentatie- en researchdienst This COI-product has been written by Cedoca, the Documentation and Cedoca van het CGVS en geeft informatie voor de behandeling van Research Department of the CGRS, and it provides information for the individuele verzoeken om internationale bescherming. Het document bevat processing of individual applications for international protection. The geen beleidsrichtlijnen of opinies en oordeelt niet over de waarde van het document does not contain policy guidelines or opinions and does not pass verzoek om internationale bescherming. Het volgt de richtlijnen van de judgment on the merits of the application for international protection. It follows Europese Unie voor de behandeling van informatie over herkomstlanden van the Common EU Guidelines for processing country of origin information (April april 2008 en is opgesteld conform de van kracht zijnde wettelijke bepalingen. 2008) and is written in accordance with the statutory legal provisions. De auteur heeft de tekst gebaseerd op een zo ruim mogelijk aanbod aan The author has based the text on a wide range of public information selected zorgvuldig geselecteerde publieke informatie en heeft de bronnen aan elkaar with care and with a permanent concern for crosschecking sources. Even getoetst. Het document probeert alle relevante aspecten van het onderwerp though the document tries to cover all the relevant aspects of the subject, the te behandelen, maar is niet noodzakelijk exhaustief. Als bepaalde text is not necessarily exhaustive.
  • Somalia: Al-Shabaab – It Will Be a Long War

    Somalia: Al-Shabaab – It Will Be a Long War

    Policy Briefing Africa Briefing N°99 Nairobi/Brussels, 26 June 2014 Somalia: Al-Shabaab – It Will Be a Long War I. Overview Despite the recent military surge against Somalia’s armed Islamist extremist and self- declared al-Qaeda affiliate, Al-Shabaab, its conclusive “defeat” remains elusive. The most likely scenario – already in evidence – is that its armed units will retreat to small- er, remote and rural enclaves, exploiting entrenched and ever-changing clan-based competition; at the same time, other groups of radicalised and well-trained individ- uals will continue to carry out assassinations and terrorist attacks in urban areas, in- cluding increasingly in neighbouring countries, especially Kenya. The long connec- tion between Al-Shabaab’s current leadership and al-Qaeda is likely to strengthen. A critical breakthrough in the fight against the group cannot, therefore, be achieved by force of arms, even less so when it is foreign militaries, not the Somali National Army (SNA), that are in the lead. A more politically-focused approach is required. Even as its territory is squeezed in the medium term, Al-Shabaab will continue to control both money and minds. It has the advantage of at least three decades of Salafi-Wahhabi proselytisation (daawa) in Somalia; social conservatism is already strongly entrenched – including in Somaliland and among Somali minorities in neigh- bouring states – giving it deep reservoirs of fiscal and ideological support, even with- out the intimidation it routinely employs. An additional factor is the group’s proven ability to adapt, militarily and politically – flexibility that is assisted by its leadership’s freedom from direct accountability to any single constituency.