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Identifying Success Factors in Crowdsourced Geographic Information Use in Government

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Identifying Success Factors in Crowdsourced Geographic Information Use in Government Identifying success factors in crowdsourced geographic information use in government Identifying success factors in crowdsourced geographic information use in government © 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / International Development Association or The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 www.worldbank.org This work is a product of independent consultants working in collaboration with The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights & Permissions The World Bank supports the free online communication and exchange of knowledge as the most effective way of ensuring that the fruits of research, economic and sector work, and development practice are made widely available, read, and built upon. It is therefore committed to open access, which, for authors, enables the widest possible dissemination of their findings and, for researchers, readers, and users, increases their ability to discover pertinent information. The material in this work is made available under a Creative Commons 3.0 By IGO License. You are encouraged to share and adapt this content for any purpose, including commercial use, as long as full attribution to this work is given. More information about this license can be obtained at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202- 522-2422; e-mail: [email protected] Attribution Please cite the work as follows: GFDRR. 2018. Identifying success factors in crowdsourced geographic information use in government. Washington, DC: GFDRR. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0. Acknowledgments This report was written by Mordechai (Muki) Haklay, UCL, Vyron Antoniou, Hellenic Army Geographic Directorate, Sofia Basiouka, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sport, Robert Soden, World Bank, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction & Recovery (GFDRR), Vivien Deparday, World Bank, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction & Recovery (GFDRR). Matthew Ryan, University of Southampton, and Peter Mooney, National University of Ireland, Maynooth. We would like to thank Madeleine Hatfield of Yellowback for editing. We would also want to thank Kate Chapman, Nicolas Chavent, Nama Budhathoki, Mikel Maron, Alex Barth, Celine Jacquin, Emir Hartato, Fraser Shilling, Andrew McKenna, Jim McAndrew, Abigail Baca, Yantisa Akhadi, Kate Logan, Amanda Malcolm, Sam Droege, Cristina Capineri, Antonello Romano, Liam Lysaght, Andrea Giacomelli, Alessandro Campanaro, Erin Korris, Linda See, Guillaume Touya, Ana-Maria Raimond, Elizabeth McCartney, Erica Hagen, Simon Roberts, Mark Iliffe, Svetla Borovska, Anthony Klemm, Tomas Straupis, Mark Herringer, Joaquín Huerta, Kiru Pillay, Bibiana McHugh, for their contribution to the case studies. Any errors or omissions that remain are solely the responsibility of the authors. Funding for this report was provided by the GFDRR Innovation Lab. Table of contents Part A: Policy summary 9 9 Introduction 10 Volunteered geographic information in government 11 Identifying factors of success in VGI projects 14 Summary of findings Part B: Main report 16 16 Introduction 18 Learning from the past 21 Research methodology 24 Analysis 25 1. Incentives/drivers 26 2. Scope and aims 27 3. Participants, stakeholders and relationships 28 4. Inputs 29 5. Technical and organizational aspects 31 Adopting VGI in government 35 Summary and way forward CROWDSOURCED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION USE IN GOVERNMENT Appendix: Case studies 37 42 1. Mosquito Alert project in Spain 44 2. StatCan crowdsourcing 46 3. Monitoring Insects with Public Participation (MIPP) in Italy 48 4. Global Healthsites Mapping Project 50 5. North American Bird Phenology Program 52 6. Foul & Filthy Rivers, China 54 7. Farma Valley Community Map, Italy 56 8. Community river monitoring volunteer project, Scotland 58 9. Malawi flood preparedness 60 10. Food insecurity mapping, Bangladesh 62 11. Syria Tracker Crisis Map 64 12. iCitizen, South Africa 66 13. Community Mapping for Exposure in Indonesia 69 14. Haiti disaster response 72 15. Mapping of South Sudan 74 16. Crowdsourcing The National Map, National Map Corps, US 77 17. Crowdsourced flood resilience in Jakarta, Indonesia 80 18. Twitter use in Italian municipalities 83 19. National Biodiversity Data Centre Ireland 85 20. Towns Conquer gamification and Instituto Geográfico Nacional toponyms database, Spain 87 21. US National Park Service – Places Project 89 22. USGS’s “Did you feel it?” 92 23. US Census Bureau – Building an OSM community of practice 94 24. New York City open data initiative 96 25. Imagery to the Crowd, State Department Humanitarian Information Unit, US 99 26. Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team mapping in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 101 27. Mapping schools and health facilities in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal 103 28. Informal settlement mapping, Map Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya 105 29. Skandobs, Scandinavian predator tracking system, Norway and Sweden 107 30. Corine Land Cover 2006 (CLC2006) in OpenStreetMap, France 109 31. FixMyStreet for municipality maintenance information, UK 111 32. FINTAN vernacular placenames project, Ordnance Survey and Maritime and Coastguard Agency, UK 113 33. Boston StreetBump, US 115 34. California Roadkill Observation System (CROS), US 117 35. Crowdsourcing satellite imagery in Somalia 119 36. Portland TriMet, transportation planner, Oregon, US 121 37. The Base Adresse National (BAN) Project 123 38. Citizen participation in urban planning, Kirtipur, Nepal 8 CROWDSOURCED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION USE IN GOVERNMENT 125 39. Land tenure in Tanzania 127 40. Open for Business, UK 129 41. International Hydrographic Organization’s Crowdsourced Bathymetry Database (CBD) 131 42. Disaster Management, Early Warning and Decision Support Capacity Enhancement Project in Indonesia 134 43. Summer Camp Guide 136 44. Ramani Huria 138 45. Natural Resources Canada-OpenStreetMap Synergy 140 46. Participatory mapping and decision support tools for disaster risk reduction, the Philippines 142 47. Government open data usage in Lithuania 144 48. Xalapa collaborative transport mapping 146 49. FloodTags 148 50. Open Cities, Sri Lanka References and sources 151 Part A: Policy summary This policy brief summarizes the findings of the research report “Identifying success factors in crowdsourced geographic information use in government” produced by the World Bank Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) in partnership with scholars from University College London (UCL). This brief explains the report’s context, methodology, main findings and recommendations. Introduction The adoption of crowdsourced geographic data, no longer be a reason for the lack of government or volunteered geographic information (VGI), adoption of VGI. Nonetheless, significant challenges as a valuable source of spatial data is growing at remain for governments seeking to take full all levels of government. VGI is crowdsourced advantage of the benefits that crowdsourcing offer. geographic information provided by a wide range of participants with varying levels of education, This research used a case study approach to 1 knowledge and skills.<sup> </sup> Despite some initial concerns understand factors that have contributed to the about data quality during early development of VGI success of government VGI efforts, some of which approaches, extensive research now demonstrates include supportive organizational or legal contexts, that the reliability and accuracy of VGI is suitable for the presence of local champions, and project design 2 official or government use.<sup> </sup> Such concerns should elements. The 50 case studies of government PART A: POLICY SUMMARY 9 10 CROWDSOURCED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION USE IN GOVERNMENT involvement with VGI spanned multiple sectors, including disaster risk management, urban planning, Box 1: USGS activities and environmental conservation. This report argues that, while there are no “one size fits all” approaches The US Geological Survey (USGS) is an example of an to successful project implementation, a number of organization with a set of well-established crowdsourcing common lessons can be gleaned from analysis of projects. These include base mapping with The National prior examples. Map Corps, collecting data on bird migration with the North American Bird Phenology Program, and the “Did you feel it?” Volunteered geographic project that documents public experience of earthquakes. information in government National Map Corps project volunteers are asked to collect Government organizations, from the local to and edit data about human-made structures and provide the national level, rely on geographic data for accurate and authoritative spatial map data for the USGS many of their operations, from planning new National Geospatial Program’s web-based ‘The National Map’. infrastructure development to maintaining order Volunteers edit 10 different structure types in all 50 states, and responding to emergencies.
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