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Heritage Tourism and the Built Environment

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Heritage Tourism and the Built Environment H E RI T A G E T O URISM A ND T H E BUI L T E N V IR O N M E N T By SUR A I Y A T I R A H M A N A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences (Centre for Urban and Regional Studies) University of Birmingham MARCH 2012 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. A BST R A C T The aims of this research are to examine and explore perceptions of the built environmental impacts of heritage tourism in urban settlements; to explore the practice of heritage tourism management; and to examine the consequences of both for the sustainability of the heritage environment. The literature review explores the concepts of heritage management, the heritage production model, the tourist-historic city, and sustainability and the impact of tourism on the built environment. A theoretical framework is developed, through an examination of literature on environmental impacts, carrying capacity, sustainability, and heritage management; and a research framework is devised for investigating the built environmental impacts of heritage tourism in urban settlements, based around five objectives, or questions. The research methodology is explained. Fieldwork took place in Ludlow, Shropshire from 2006 to 2010. It included an analysis of the national and local planning policy framework; and the phenomenon of the small English heritage town, of which Ludlow is a prime example. Linked surveys were undertaken in Ludlow of visitors, business providers, and managers of heritage tourism. The study establishes (a) WKDWWKHFRQFHSWRIµSHUFHLYHGLPSDFWV¶RIKHULWDJHWRXULVP on the built environment is a stronger analytical and management tool than the concept of carrying capacity; and (b) that XQGHUVWDQGLQJ VWDNHKROGHUV¶ SHUFHSWLRQV of the built environmental impacts of heritage tourism provides empirical evidence that can contribute a new dimension to debates RQ WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI µKHULWDJH¶ ,W DOVR F WDNHV forward the typology of the built environmental impacts of tourism as developed by Hunter and Green, using empirical data to show what different stakeholders think about the relative importance of different aspects of heritage. A C K N O W L E D G E M E N TS The writing of a dissertation can be a lonely and isolating experience, yet it is obviously not possible without the personal and practical support of numerous people. Above all, I would like to thank my beloved husband, Khairul Faizi and my son, Airil Hafiy for their support, love and great patience at all times. My gratitude towards my family especially my parents, brothers, uncle and aunty had given me their courage and strength throughout my studies. This thesis would not have been possible without the help and support of my principal supervisor, Professor Jon Coaffee, and I thank him for his advice and guidance in helping me to accomplish this research. My second supervisor, Mr Chris Watson has been my great mentor and motivator and has been supportive on both an academic and a personal level, for which I am extremely grateful. I would like to thank also my former supervisors Dr Bob Prosser and Mrs Jane Lutz for sharing their knowledge of the heritage tourism field and for their supervision in the early years of the research. In addition to my supervisors, I would like to acknowledge other academic staff and the administrative staff of the Centre for Urban and Regional Studies who were always helpful in providing advice and support. My research was made more efficient and much more extensive through the use of the Library at the University of Birmingham, especially its electronic resources; and the Library in Ludlow, Shropshire. ii I appreciate very much the financial support for this research which I received from University Science Malaysia and the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia. I was also fortunate to be granted a Pat Cam Award by the Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, towards field work expenses in Ludlow. I am most grateful to everyone in Ludlow who contributed their views, thoughts and suggestions in accomplishing the journey of this research, especially the managers of tourism and related services, the business providers and the visitors who took part in my surveys. I appreciated the warm welcome I received from the local community and the friendliness of people who shared with me their knowledge of and enthusiasm for Ludlow and its history. It was Dr Bob Prosser who introduced me to Ludlow, and to local historian the late Dr David Lloyd. Sadly, David Lloyd died in 2009. I am thankful for what I could learn from him, both personally and through his writing about the history and development of Ludlow. I would like to thank my fellow research students in the Centre for Urban and Regional Studies for providing a stimulating and welcoming academic and social environment. I also thank my former lecturers at University Science Malaysia who inspired and encouraged me to pursue PhD studies in this field. My warmest thanks go to my best friend Nuur Fadzilah for being a good listener, for her spiritual support and valued friendship. A million thanks to my fellow friends for their motivation and support especially Eti, Hana, Irma, Sally, Kina and Jung Chen. Lastly, thanks to my colleagues and friends in the United Kingdom, Malaysia and elsewhere as well as to those whom I did not mention here, for their support and encouragement throughout. iii A BBR E V I A T I O NS AONB Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty DCMS Department for Culture, Media and Sport DCLG Department for Communities and Local Government DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs DTLR Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions EH English Heritage EHTF English Historic Towns Forum (now Historic Towns Forum) EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ETB English Tourist Board (now Visit England) CEA Cumulative Effects Assessment CLG Communities and Local Government HTF Historic Towns Forum IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union LAC Limits of Acceptable Change LDF Local Development Framework NHPP The National Heritage Protection Plan NNRs National Nature Reserves NMR National Monument Report OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PAF Small Users Postcode Address File PCC Perceptual Carrying Capacity iv PPS 4 Planning Policy Statement 4 - Planning for Sustainable Economic Growth (replaces Planning Policy Guidance 4) PPS 5 Planning Policy Statement 5 - Planning for the Historic Environment (replaces Planning Policy Guidance 15 RSS Regional Spatial Strategies SIA Social Impact Assessment SPI Statement of Community Involvement SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Software) SSSIs Sites of Special Scientific Interest SNPP Statements of National Planning Policy TIC Tourist Information Centre VIM Visitor Impact Management VERP Visitor Experience and Resource Protection WHC World Heritage Committee WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council WTO World Trade Organisation WCED World Commission on Environment and Development WWF World Wildlife Fund v T A B L E O F C O N T E N TS ABSTRACT ACKNOWLED*(0(17««««««««««««««««««««««««««LL ABBREVIATIONS««««««««««««««««««««««««««««LY 7$%/(2)&217(176««««««««««««««««««««««««««YL /,672)),*85(6««««««««««««««««««««««««««««[L /,672)7$%/(6««««««««««««««««««««««««««««[LY 1.0 IN T R O DU C T I O N .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 What is the Research about? ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 How the idea of the Research started ....................................................................... 4 1.3 Research Aims, Objectives and Strategy ................................................................. 5 1.4 The O rganisation of the Thesis ............................................................................... 10 2.0 T H E C O N C EPT O F H E RI T A G E M A N A G E M E N T ............................................... 13 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 13 2.2 The importance of Heritage..................................................................................... 13 2.3 The Concept and Definition of Heritage ................................................................ 15 2.4 A Heritage Production Model ................................................................................. 18 2.5 The Tourist-Historic City ........................................................................................ 21 2.6 The Heritage Management Concept ....................................................................... 24 2.7 Heritage Values versus Value Systems ................................................................... 26 2.8 Who Owns the Heritage? ......................................................................................... 27 2.9 The Key Actors in Heritage Management
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