Natural Isolated Compound Used for Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
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www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 3 March 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882 NATURAL ISOLATED COMPOUND USED FOR TREATMENT OF COLORECTAL CANCER. Author’s – Prajakta Gaikwad1st*, Vaishali S. Payghan2nd, Lalita Dahiwade3rd, Suraj Jadhav4th, Santosh A. Payghan5th. Student1st, Asst. Professor2nd Professor3nd, Professor4nd, Professor5nd Department of Pharmaceutics Vasantidevi Patil Institute of Pharmacy, Kodoli Tal- Panhala, Dist – Kolhapur (MH) 416114 Abstract: We describe here the main natural ingredients used for cancer treatment and prevention, the historical features of their application and pharmacognosy. Two major applications of these compounds are described: such as cancer treatment and chemotherapy. Both natural and synthetic compounds, either derived from plants or animals or produced by antibiotics, and synthetic compounds, derived from natural extracts, are used. Other current critical aspects of cancer chemistry are also being discussed, focusing on genes and genes, as well as the latest cancer-changing concept: aneuploidy as the premium movens of cancer. Keyword - Colorectal Cancer, Alkaloid, Chitin, Polysaccharide. Introduction: play an important role in cancer treatment Evidence of cancer has been found in today with the large number of anticancer ancient fossils and in medical literature agents used clinically natural or found in from antiquity, from the time of Pharaoh in natural products from a variety of sources ancient Egypt to the ancient world. such as plants, animals and micro- Although it is difficult to interpret the organisms (also from the sea) (Fig. 1). diagnosis of doctors who live hundreds of Major cancer drug detection programs and years ago, we can assume that many of screening programs such as those promoted their explanations are related to cancer by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) have cases. Ancient medical literature reports played an important role in the that surgery was performed but doctors also development of natural cancer-causing recommended the use of certain natural chemicals. Over the past few years, the products, especially plant products, which availability of natural product drugs has represent an interesting comparison point increased with new technologies, such as with current knowledge. Natural products combination and advanced testing, as well IJCRT2103574 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org 4991 www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 3 March 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882 as their compatible methods. Vincristine, Alkaloids are a class of basic chemicals, irinotecan, etoposide and paclitaxel are naturally occurring to contain at least one ancient examples of genes associated with nitrogen atom. The group also included plants; actinomycin D, mitomycin C, other neutral-related factors [2] and weak bleomycin, doxorubicin and l-asparaginase structures. [3] Other synthetic compounds are drugs derived from bacterial sources, of the same structure can also be called and citarabine is the first drug from a alkaloids. marine source. To date, new generations of Classifications: taxis, anthracyclines, Vinca alkaloids, The nicotine molecule contains both camptothecins, and the novel category of pyridine (left) and pyrrolidine rings. epothilones have been developed. Some of Compared to other natural chemical them are used for clinical use, others are compounds, alkaloids are characterized by used for clinical trials. Other agents from excellent structural diversity. There is no marine resources (both plants and animals) parallelism. Initially, when genetic (e.g. trabectedin-ET-743, bryostatin-1, knowledge was in short supply, plant neovastat) also participated in clinical trials. extracts were relied upon. This category is All of these drugs are characterized by a now considered obsolete.Recent categories variety of mechanisms, including have been based on the similarity of carbon microtubules, inhibition of topoisomerases sequestration (e.g., however, they need to I or II, DNA alkylation, and impaired signal be relaxed in boundary cases; can be transplantation. This review describes the assigned to both classes. Alkaloids are key natural compounds used in cancer usually classified into the following major treatment and prevention. These factors groups: have been synthesized and updated with a 1. “True alkaloids” contain nitrogen in the focus on the latest information on cellular heterocycle and are derived communication factors and their cellular amino acids. Their human examples are targets, from DNA to microtubules. Other atropine, nicotine, and current critical aspects of cancer cancer morphine. This group also includes chemistry are also highlighted, as well as alkaloids other than the nitrogen these more recent cancer mutations: where heterocycle that contain terpene (e.g., not genetic cancer mutations but genetics Evonine). or peptide fragments (e.g. and / or aneuploidy are the onset of cancer. ergotamine). The piperidine alkaloids A natural product that acts as a drug against coniine and coniceine may be regarded as the CRC in a clinical setting: true alkaloids (rather than pseudoalkaloids: Alkaloid: see below) although they do not originate from amino acids. 2. "Protoalkaloids", which contain nitrogen (but not the nitrogen heterocycle) and also originate from amino acids.Examples include mescaline, adrenaline and ephedrine. 3. Polyamine alkaloids - derived from putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. 4. The alkaloids of Peptide and cyclopeptide. IJCRT2103574 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org 4992 www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 3 March 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882 5. Pseudoalkaloids - alkaloid-like chemicals quinine sulfate. Many alkaloids have a that do not come from amino acids. This bitter or toxic taste when ingested. Alkaloid group includes alkaloids such as terpene production in plants appears to have shifted and steroids, as well as purine alkaloids to a nutrient response by such as caffeine, theobromine, theacrine predators; however, some animals have and theophylline. Some authors classify it shifted their ability to release toxins from as pseudoalkaloids chemical compounds alkaloids. Some alkaloids can produce such as ephedrine and cathinone. Those are developmental defects in predatory animals derived from the amino acid phenylalanine, but cannot detoxify alkaloids. One example but derive a nitrogen atom not from an is the alkaloid cyclopamine, which is amino acid but by conversion. Some produced from maize leaves. In the 1950's, alkaloids do not have carbon up to 25% of lambs born from lambs that the skeletal aspect of their group. had been fed corn on the cob had serious Therefore, galanthamine and facial features. These ranged from homoaporphines do not contain traces of paralyzed jaws to cyclopia. After decades isoquinoline, but, more commonly, are of research, in the 1980's, the company caused by isoquinoline alkaloids. responsible for this disability was identified Features: as alkaloid 11 deoxyjervine, later called Many alkaloids contain oxygen in their cyclopamine. cellular structures; those compounds Applications: usually contain colorless crystals in the In medicine The use of alkaloid-containing existing conditions. Oxygen-free alkaloids, plants has a long history, so, when the first such as nicotine or coniine, are usually alkaloids were isolated in the 19th century, liquid, colorless, and oily. A head of a they quickly found the use of alternative sheep born from a sheep that ate the leaves therapies. are designed to enhance or of the corn lily plant. Cyclopia is caused by reverse the main effect of a drug and to the cyclopamine present in the plant. minimize unwanted side effects. [208] For colored alkaloids, such as berberine example, naloxone, an opioid receptor (yellow) and sanguinarine (orange). antagonist, is based on thebaine present in Many alkaloids are weak foundations, but opium. some, such as theobromine and 2. Polysaccharide: theophylline, are amphoteric. Many Polysaccharides polycarhydrate, the most alkaloids are soluble in water but are easily abundant carbohydrate found in food. They soluble in natural solvents, such as diethyl are many polymeric carbohydrates ether, chloroform or 1,2-dichloroethane. composed of monosaccharide units Caffeine, cocaine, [163] codeine and composed of glycosidic bonds. This nicotine are soluble in water (with ≥1g / L carbohydrate can react with water solubility), and (hydrolysis) using amylase enzymes such others, including morphine and yohimbine as catalyst, which produces sugar are very small amounts of water (0.1-1 g / (monosaccharides, or oligosaccharides). L). Alkaloids and acids form salts of They vary in structure from row to large various strengths. These salts are usually branches. Examples include starch soluble in water and ethanol and are polysaccharides, starch, glycogen and insoluble in most solvents. Variations galactogen and structural polysaccharides include scopolamine hydrobromide, soluble such as cellulose and chitin. in organic solvents, and wateroluble IJCRT2103574 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org 4993 www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 3 March 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882 Function: dissolve in water. They can be digested by Nutrient polysaccharides are common breaking down alpha connections sources of energy. Many organic matter can (glycosidic bonds). Both humans and easily digest starch into sugar; however, animals have amylases, so they can digest many