Technological Roles of Microorganisms in Fish Fermentation: a Review
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Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/bfsn20 Technological roles of microorganisms in fish fermentation: a review Yanshun Xu , Jinhong Zang , Joe M. Regenstein & Wenshui Xia To cite this article: Yanshun Xu , Jinhong Zang , Joe M. Regenstein & Wenshui Xia (2021) Technological roles of microorganisms in fish fermentation: a review, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 61:6, 1000-1012, DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1750342 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1750342 Published online: 15 Apr 2020. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 334 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=bfsn20 CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION 2021, VOL. 61, NO. 6, 1000–1012 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1750342 REVIEW Technological roles of microorganisms in fish fermentation: a review Yanshun Xua,b, Jinhong Zanga,b, Joe M. Regensteinc, and Wenshui Xiaa,b aState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; bSchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; cDepartment of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Fermentation is an important way to process and preserve fish. It not only gives the product a Fermented fish; unique flavor and texture, but it also contributes to increased nutritional value and better func- microorganisms; texture; tional properties. The production of fermented fish relies on naturally occurring enzymes (in the flavor; biogenic amines muscle or the intestinal tract) as well as microbial metabolic activity. This review focuses on the role of microorganisms on texture change, flavor formation, and biogenic amines accumulation in fermented fish. In addition, the production conditions and the major biochemical changes in fer- mented fish products are also introduced to help understand the factors influencing the quality of fermented fish. Moreover, prospects for further research of fermented fish are discussed. Introduction Today it is more a means of transformation and diversifica- tion of sensory demands (Waisundara, Jayawardena, and There has always been a close relationship between human Watawana 2016). Fermented fish products are especially beings, their food and the fermentative activities of microor- popular in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Many of these coun- ganisms. Traditional fermented food is one of the intan- tries have their own unique types of fermented products gibles of human history (Marco et al. 2017). Among them, based on differences in raw materials, environmental condi- fermented fish products have been part of different cultures tions, microorganisms and dietary traditions (Zang et al. for centuries. Fish fermentation first emerged as a means to 2019). Fermentation of fish has thrived in some regions of preserve fresh fish, because they are extremely perishable, Europe as a local delicacy such as Hakarl in Iceland especially in hot and humid coastal areas (Tanasupawat and (Rajauria et al. 2016), Surstromming€ in Sweden (Miller et al. Visessanguan 2014). 2013) and Rakfisk in Norway (Amilien and Hegnes 2004). Fermented fish products not only contribute significantly Fermented fish products are important in Africa. Examples to the protein intake of a large number of people around of the most well-known fermented fish are Lanhouin, the world, but are also an important source of minerals Momone and Feseekhin, which are sold as whole or sliced (mainly calcium and iron), and some B-group vitamins. fish (El Sheikha and Montet 2014; Kindossi et al. 2016; During the fermentation process, the enzymatic activity of Sanni, Asiedu, and Ayernor 2002). Asians were pioneers in the raw material and the metabolic activity of microorgan- the development of fermented fish products, which were isms can change the nutritive and bioactive characteristics of exported from the Orient to Europe and North American. fish matrices and produce beneficial effects on human health Various different types of fermented fish products including (Zang et al. 2019). For example, the beneficial aspects from whole fish or fish pieces, sauces and pastes can be found in the consumption of fermented fish products include antioxi- Asian markets (Daroonpunt et al. 2016; Ly, Mayrhofer, and dant (Majumdar et al. 2016; Najafian and Babji 2018), anti- Domig 2018; Zang, Xu, Xia, Jiang, et al. 2018). hypertensive (Fujita, Yamagami, and Ohshima 2001; Most fermented fish products are produced on a small Ichimura et al. 2003; Itou et al. 2004), antiproliferative scale according to family tradition and local geographic con- (Martınez-Alvarez et al. 2016), anti-cancer (Koo et al. 2016; ditions with a specific microbiome at each stage of fermen- Lee et al. 2004) and anticoagulant (Singh et al. tation, resulting in a variety of product qualities. To 2014) properties. standardize the final product, the use of the most dominant Due to the unique flavor, texture and preservation char- native microorganisms as selected starter cultures is receiv- acteristics of fermented fish, the demand for fermented fish ing more attention. High quality fish products are obtained products continues to increase globally. However, the pres- more reliably by controlling the growth of microorganisms ervation role of fish fermentation is largely outdated due to and the conversion of enzymes. However, the role of micro- the introduction of a cold chain and development of other organisms in the fish fermentation process has not been preservation technology, especially in western countries. fully elucidated. This paper mainly focuses on reviewing the CONTACT Yanshun Xu [email protected]; Jinhong Zang [email protected] State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China. ß 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION 1001 research on the roles of microorganisms in fish fermenta- content of salt-soluble and water-soluble proteins in fer- tions as well as the influence of fermentation conditions. mented silver carp sausage decreased gradually, while the content of free amino acids and non-protein nitrogen increased gradually during fermentation. These results are Fermentation conditions consistent with that reported by Nie, Lin, and Zhang (2014) Fermented fish products are often produced according to that as fermentation progressed, salt-soluble and water-sol- family tradition and geographic preferences and large differ- uble proteins in grass carp sausages inoculated with ences exist in production methods. In general, most of the Lactobacillus plantarum ZY40 and Pediococcus pentosaceus traditional fermented products involve salting, drying and GY23 were degraded, while a-amino nitrogen, trichloro- occasionally smoking, and marinating. There are several fac- acetic acid (TCA)-soluble peptides and free amino tors, such as raw materials, fermentation temperature, time, acids increased. humidity, salt concentrations and other conditions, that Myosin heavy chains (MHCs) were more susceptible to affect the fermentation efficiency. Among them, controlling proteolysis than actin, which had also been previously fermentation temperature has been shown to be the simplest observed (Riebroy et al. 2004; Zeng et al. 2013b). and most effective method to affect microbial growth and Lipolysis and lipid oxidation are also two other important reduce the production of biogenic amines (BA) (Ormanci biochemical reactions during fermentation. The total concen- and Colakoglu 2017). Natural fermentation has been tration of free amino acids, conjugated dienes (CD) and thio- reported to be best controlled at low temperatures (3–7 C), barbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) increased during or ambient temperature (28–38 C) (Anihouvi et al. 2007; fish fermentation (Gao, Wang, Jiang, et al. 2016). There were Paludan-Muller€ et al. 2002; Skåra et al. 2015). In addition, slight changes in neutral lipids (NL) in low-salt fermented fish the temperature is commonly controlled according to the while a decrease was observed in a Ghanaian fermented fish optimum growth temperature of the starter cultures. For product (Yankah, Ohshima, and Koizumi 1993). The small dif- example, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including Lactobacillus ferences in lipolysis were presumed to be due to the different plantarum CCRC10069, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis fermentation procedures and the different raw materials. CCRC 12315 and Lactobacillus helveticus CCRC 14092 have Furthermore, the proportion of phospholipids (PL) decreased been used for the production of fermented mackerel mince significantly with a concomitant increase in free fatty acids at 37 C (Yin, Pan, and Jiang 2002). Silver carp sausages fer- (FFA) during low-salt fermentation of fish. Similarly, a deple- mented with Pediococcus pentosaceus at 23–30 C showed tion in phosphatidyl inositol (PI), phosphatidyl choline (PC), the greatest consumer acceptance (Xu et al. 2010c). sphingomyelin (SL) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and Furthermore, fermentation using mixed starter cultures has increased phosphatidic acid (PA) and lysophosphatidyl choline mostly been done at 25 C (Zang, Xu, Xia, Jiang, et al. (LPC) were observed in salted fermented Bouri fish muscle