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The global prosecution of core crimes under international law

Soler, C.

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Download date:28 Sep 2021 THE GLOBAL PROSECUTION OF CORE CRIMES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW

ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT

ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. ir. K.I.J. Maex

ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel

op vrijdag 22 december 2017, te 14:00 uur

door

Christopher Soler geboren te Sliema, Malta

Promotiecommissie

Promotor: Prof. mr. dr. H. G. van der Wilt Universiteit van Amsterdam

Overige Leden: Dr. M. Aksenova University of Copenhagen

Prof. dr. R.C.P. Haentjens Universiteit van Amsterdam

Prof. dr. P.A. Nollkaemper Universiteit van Amsterdam

Prof. dr. G.K. Sluiter Universiteit van Amsterdam

Prof. dr. E. van Sliedregt University of Leeds

Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

When I was in my fifth year of studies at the Faculty of Laws of the University of Malta, around March 1998, I submitted the title of my proposed thesis in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Laws which is necessary to practice the legal profession in Malta. The ICC Statute had not yet been signed. I recall that many classmates felt I was wasting a year of my life studying an area (branch) of law which hardly existed and which, in their words, had no prospects at all. I was told, in good faith by many, to focus on branches of law by virtue of which I could forge a career in Malta, namely maritime law, financial services and/or company law. My instinct, back then, was right. International criminal law flourished. After attending to the September 1997 Valletta Conference and to the June-July 1998 Rome Conference as a member of Non C’e` Pace Senza Giustizia, besides proceeding to write my thesis entitled ‘Human Rights Violations As Crimes Under International Law’, in 1999 I also obtained a Master of Laws (LL.M.) with distinction in international criminal law from the University of Sussex, United Kingdom. I owe a lot to my lecturers Professor Richard Vogler, Dr. Emily Haslam and Professor Paul Omar. If I ever had concerns as to whether I should pursue my studies in international criminal law, they quelled them. I studied in a favourable environment at the beautiful university campus in Falmer and in the charming seaside city of Brighton, to which I am still attached, together with classmates of mine, some of whom, like Japanese scholar Tomoya Obokata, are now distinguished jurists.

After obtaining the warrant to practice the legal profession on the 27th June 2000, I was lucky enough to be able to spend various years working as defence counsel in trials by jury, high-profile criminal cases, extradition proceedings and constitutional cases before many courts, including Malta’s Criminal Court, Malta’s Court of Criminal Appeal (both in its inferior and in its superior jurisdiction), Malta’s Constitutional Court, before criminal courts in Italy, Tunisia, the United States of America and, last but not least, the European Court of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in Strasbourg, France. To this effect, I thank all my colleagues (Maltese lawyers) who, having had faith and belief in my abilities, delegated various tasks to me, including the representation of our clients before such courts. To date, as a result of my lecturing duties at the University of Malta, my deep association with criminal law and human rights law never subsided. At the very end of 2010, with the encouragement of Rector Emeritus of the University of Malta, Professor Juanito Camilleri, and of the Chancellor of the University of Malta, Professor David Attard, now Judge at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, I decided to approach a prestigious university in The Netherlands to further my studies in international criminal law. Grossly enabled by the financial contribution of the University of Malta, of which I am the Director of Legal Services to date and which I thank for sponsoring my doctoral research, I chose to study in The Netherlands, the fatherland of international law.

I express appreciation to Professor Alfred Vella, the Rector of the University of Malta. Professor Vella was kind enough to allow me both to pursue my Ph.D. studies and to permit that I chair two important working groups under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the EU Council, namely COJUR (Public International Law) and COJUR-ICC (International Criminal Court) between January and June 2017. In pursuance of the above engagements, a word of thanks is due to the Government of Malta for appointing me both to chair such workshops and also as its delegate to the Assembly of State Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in its 15th session held in The Hague between the 16th and 24th November 2016. My quasi- judicial role as Chairperson of one of the three Chambers of the Refugee Appeals Board in terms of the Refugees Act, Chapter 420 of the Laws of Malta, a function I have performed since August 2013, has increased my awareness about the distressing human tragedies that underlie the consummation of serious crimes of concern to the international community. These experiences, whilst broadening my horizons, have complemented my research, particularly by exposing the social dimension and the human element which are at the epicentre of the corpus juris of international criminal law. Indeed, human beings can only be free by being humble servants of the law. Hence I endorse the legal maxim legum servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus.

In this opus there have been some special people who include Professor Kevin Aquilina, Professor Andrew Muscat, Professor Stephen Calleya, Adjunct Professor David Donat Cattin, Dr. Ivan Mifsud, Dr. Omar Grech and Dr. David Friggieri, whereas Ms. Martine van Trigt and Dr. Kim Bierhoff were always supportive in my operational and administrative needs at the University of Amsterdam, particularly in so far as the dissemination of relevant information, liaison with my supervisor and coordination for my oral defence ceremony were concerned. Likewise Ms. Daniela Agius Cachia and Ms. Denise Jones have assisted me in

various secretarial, administrative and logistical matters which were coordinated at the University of Malta, whereas Senior IT Officer I Mr. Roderick Spiteri kindly provided his technical expertise when I required help with my computers and laptops. Professor Aquilina illuminated me with his constructive critique of my work, especially from a structural and a methodological viewpoint, whereas Professor Muscat guided me wisely when I received negative remarks from my tutor. Professor Calleya’s perspectives on international relations and international affairs were thought-provoking in the context of the second Part of my thesis. Adjunct Professor David Donat Cattin, whose friendship dates back to our student days at the European Law Students’ Association, is a minefield of information and a staunch human rights defender. We share the same ideas and vision on the plague of impunity. My colleagues Omar and Ivan offered their advice throughout these years, whereas David provided guidance from Brussels on EU-related matters. I am grateful to those who showed a keen interest and listened to me when I described my project, occasionally offering words of encouragement. These include Professor Giuseppe Cataldi, Professor Giuseppe Giliberti, Professor Salvatore Zappala`, Associate Professor Joao Casqueira Cardoso, Dr. Michele Corleto, Ms. Irene ter Stege, Ms. Zahra Mousavi, Ms. Nienke de Lange, Ms. Liselot Egmond and Ms. Antonietta Trapani. Moreover, Assistant Professor Rosanne van Alebeek provided sound guidance for the purposes of the oral defence of my thesis. Mr. Michiel Egeler deserves special credit for courageously translating the summary of my Ph.D. from English to Dutch. A word of thanks is hereby directed to the members of staff at the libraries where I conducted my research, namely the University of Amsterdam, the University of Malta, the University of Sussex (United Kingdom), the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies in Russell Square, London, the Universita` La Sapienza of Rome, the University of Maribor, Slovenia (particularly Professor Dusan Lesjak), and the International Maritime Law Institute which is housed at the University of Malta. I am most grateful to Mr. Frank Bakker, publisher at T.M.C. Asser Press, for expressing the intention of T.M.C. Asser Press to publish a commercial edition of my thesis. This is something I look forward to. T.M.C. Asser Instituut contributes significantly to the dissemination and understanding of international criminal law. As an ultimate beneficiary of its informative ‘International Crimes Database’ website, I express words of praise to the T.M.C. Asser Instituut. Likewise, ‘DomCLIC’ came in very handy when I compiled Part IV of my thesis. In pursuance thereof, I thank The Hague Justice Portal, and the other partners involved in ‘DomCLIC’, for their priceless project.

I am very indebted to Professor Harmen van der Wilt for accepting to be my tutor, for guiding me so steadily, and for being frank with me when I went astray. Having been scolded by him occasionally was so important. It equipped me with sheer determination. On the other hand, his frequent words of praise filled me with the resilience which is so necessary for a Ph.D. candidate in a prestigious university such as the Universiteit van Amsterdam, a fascinating hub of intelligent academics, colleagues and friends. He has been focused, generous and understanding. I speak of him as a true gentleman and a brilliant legal mind. I cherish every moment spent with him and I am honoured to have been a recipient of his wisdom and a beneficiary of his sound guidance. He will always be a friend and colleague I will respect and look up to. His insights have been unparalleled to the extent that I can safely say that, without my tutor, I would certainly never have brought my ship home.

Thank you to my sister Sara and to my in-laws for triggering a smile on my face when I was too immersed in an ocean of lingering thoughts relating to my Ph.D., even and especially on Sundays. I have been truly blessed to have the parents I have, William and Natalie, nee` Woods. They have been inspirational role models. From my decision to become a lawyer at the tender age of 11 to date, they have served as a bastion of respect and empowerment. They also financed my studies in the United Kingdom. Their unlimited love, which I will always reciprocate, was the light at the end of the tunnel. It popped up like an advert on a website when the going got very tough. My mother has always been there for me in an impeccable way, whereas my father, who is an accomplished architectural historian, has done the same, moreover being instrumental in compiling the bibliography of this work. Thinking about my parents automatically reminds me of the saying ‘you can’t light a candle to the sun’. Last but not least, a massive thank you goes to my wife Christine, nee` Dyer, and our children Daniel and Nina. My nuclear family was patient enough to endure my love affair with international criminal law throughout this journey of mine. I just hope that our beloved children, to whom I dedicate this thesis, can live in a better world which manages to suppress, or at least curtail, that phenomenon which poses a great threat to international peace and security, this being violent crime which remains unpunished. It is with this mindset, in this spirit and amidst such ethos, that I wrote my thesis. I can only hope that it could be tantamount to a modest contribution to the dynamic and stimulating field of international criminal law, the importance of which I shall strive to convincingly assert.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Table of Acronyms and Abbreviated Sources iv-ix Table of Cases x-xl Table of Instruments xli-xlvi

Part I: Introduction

Chapter 1: Methodological framework and thesis questions 2 1.1 Motivation and objective 2-4 1.2 Field of application 4-5 1.3 Structure, methodology and thesis questions 5-7

Chapter 2: Preliminary observations on the systems of enforcement 8 2.1 The vertical system of enforcement: A useful frame of reference 8-12 2.2 The horizontal system of enforcement: From a ‘ius prosequi’ to ‘mandatory prosecutions’? 12-13

Part II: The Characterisation and Prosecution of Core Crimes: Some Underlying Assumptions

Chapter 3: Multi-level prosecutions of serious crimes of concern to the international community 15-18

Chapter 4: Why do we need to understand the concept of core crimes? 19 4.1 The salient features of core crimes 19-21 4.2 Why are core crimes the most serious crimes of concern to the international community? 21-27

Chapter 5: What is required to intrude into the sovereignty of a defaulting State in order to investigate 28-29 and prosecute core crimes? 5.1 The principles of human security and international harm 29-32 5.2 Why do group (collective) crimes breach human security and why are they so harmful? 32-36 5.3 Interventions designed to prevent and punish core crimes by prosecuting core crimes 36-37 5.4 The conceptual genesis of the responsibility to protect 37-39 5.5 The transformation of the concept of the responsibility to protect into a legal principle 39-43

Chapter 6: The overarching contextual (juridical) elements 44 6.1 Genocide 44-46 6.2 Crimes against humanity 46-51 6.3 War crimes 51-53 6.4 Aggression 53-54

Chapter 7: The juridical consequences of core crimes: Individual criminal responsibility and State 55-57 aggravated responsibility

Chapter 8: Detecting the determining and distinguishing factors 58 8.1 Core crimes versus transnational organized crimes 58-67 8.2 Core crimes versus domestic crimes 67-68 8.3 Core crimes versus international crimes 68-71 8.4 Concluding remarks 72

Part III: The Vertical System of Enforcement

Chapter 9: The salient features of the vertical system of enforcement 74 9.1 The meaning of verticality 74 9.2 Distinguishable models of the vertical system of enforcement 75-79 9.3 The line of demarcation between a preference and a necessity 79-82

Chapter 10: The State obligation to cooperate under international law 83 10.1 The nature of the general obligation of an ICC State Party to cooperate 83-89 10.2 The obligations of non-State Parties under the United Nations Security Council Resolution 89-95 regime 10.3 The consequences of a breach of the State’s obligation to cooperate 96-106

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Chapter 11: The identification of new juridical avenues intended to incentivise State cooperation 107-112 11.1 The pre-conceived plot devised to guarantee structural impunity 112 A. The nature and scope of the plot 112-115 B. Why and how can the plot make a difference? 115-119 C. How can the plot be proved? 119-120 11.2 The ability to act 120-121 11.3 The duty to act 121-122 A. Tracing the duty by analogy and by implication 122-124 B. The agency relationship and the delegation principle 124-128 C. The due diligence principle 128 11.4 Piercing the institutional veil 128-130 11.5 Aiding and abetting by omission as a sui generis form of ex post facto criminal liability 130-135 (i). Can aiding and abetting by omission subsist? 135-139 (ii). Can aiding and abetting by omission subsist ex post facto? 139-140 A. The physical elements of the crime 140-143 B. The mental elements of the crime 143-145 11.6 Contribution to a group crime by omission as a sui generis form of ex post facto criminal 145-147 liability A. The physical elements of the crime 147-148 B. The mental elements of the crime 148-151 11.7 Perverting the course of justice: Lex desiderata 151-154

Chapter 12: Inherent limitations of the vertical system of enforcement 155-158 12.1 Grounds for refusal emerging directly from admissibility challenges 158-160 A. Genuine willingness or ability to prosecute 160-168 B. Ne bis in idem 168-180 C. Postponement of the execution of a request for surrender 180-182 12.2 Competing requests and conflicting obligations 182-184 12.3 Specific requirements under national law 184-185 A. Abuse of process 185-191 12.4 Diplomatic privileges and immunities 191-199 A. Immunities rationae personae 199-206 B. Immunities rationae materiae 207-208 (i). Bilateral immunity agreements 209-211 12.5 The rule of speciality 211-213

Chapter 13: The ensuing ‘jurisdictional joint venture’, a division of labour par excellence 214-215

Part IV: The Horizontal System of Enforcement

Chapter 14: Aut dedere aut judicare 217 14.1 The nature, scope and status of the aut dedere aut judicare rule 217-237 14.2 The execution of the aut dedere aut judicare rule in domestic courts 237-248 14.3 Limitations of the aut dedere aut judicare rule 248-249 14.4 Emerging alternatives to the aut dedere aut judicare formulae 250-257 14.5 The fractional re-characterisation of the aut dedere aut judicare rule 257-262

Chapter 15: The reliance of the horizontal system of enforcement on the corpus juris relating to 263-265 extradition

Chapter 16: The impact of customary international law and the general principles of law on the 266 horizontal system of enforcement

Chapter 17: Pitfalls within the horizontal system of enforcement 267-274 17.1 The non-extradition of nationals 274-279 17.2 The military offence exemption 279-280 17.3 The political offence exemption 280-288 17.4 The double criminality rule 288-292 17.5 The exclusion of the cause of the criminal action by reason of amnesty 292-299 17.6 Plea bargaining 299-300

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17.7 Human rights general exceptions to extradition 300-303 A. The right to a fair trial 303-307 B. The ne bis in idem rule 307-318 C. The prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or 318-326 punishment D. Death row and the death penalty 327-332 (i). International refugee law: A new and reliable measuring tape? 332-333 17.8 Diplomatic privileges and immunities 333-334 A. Immunities rationae personae 334-336 B. Immunities rationae materiae 336-344

Chapter 18: A call for restrictive interpretations of grounds for refusal of extradition 345

Chapter 19: Concurrent State obligations 346

Chapter 20: The self-assumption of jurisdiction: An abuse of power or a necessary evil? 347-349

Part V: Conclusion

Chapter 21: The obligation of States to prevent, prosecute and punish core crimes 351-359

Chapter 22: The development of functional international constitutionalism 360-361

Chapter 23: The exercise of kompetenz-kompetenz in the determination of presumptive jurisdiction 362

A. International courts 362-364 B. Domestic courts 364-366

Chapter 24: The proliferation of judicial panels and judicial partnerships 367-368

Chapter 25: Concluding observations and final remarks 369-375

Summary 377-382

Samenvatting 384-390

Bibliography 392-465

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TABLE OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATED SOURCES

Blogs: EJIL Talk! The Blog of the European Journal of International Law iLawyer A Blog on International Justice

Institutions: ACIL Amsterdam Centre for International Law ACJHR African Court of Justice and Human Rights ACmmHPR African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights ACtHPR African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights AI Amnesty International AIDP Association Internationale de Droit Penal ASIL American Society of International Law ASP Assembly of State Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court BIICL British Institute of International and Comparative Law BWCC Bosnian War Crimes Chamber CAR Special Criminal Court CILRAP Centre for International Law Research and Policy CoE Council of Europe EAC Extraordinary African Chambers ECCC Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea ECFI Court of First Instance of the European Communities ECJ Court of Justice of the European Union ECtHR European Court of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms EPPO European Public Prosecutor’s Office ESPO Ethiopian Special Prosecutor’s Office ETSPSC East Timor Special Panels for Serious Crimes EU European Union FIDH Federation Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l’Homme FRA European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights GULC Georgetown University Law Center HAIL The Hague Academy of International Law HCSS Hybrid Court for South Sudan HRC Human Rights Committee HRW Human Rights Watch IACmmHR Inter-American Commission on Human Rights IACtHR Inter-American Court of Human Rights IBA International Bar Association ICC International Criminal Court ICD of the HC of Kenya International Crimes Division of the High Court of Kenya ICD of the HC of Uganda International Crimes Division of the High Court of Uganda ICJ International Court of Justice ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICT of Bangladesh International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh) ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda IDI Institut de Droit International IHT Iraqi High Tribunal ILA International law Association ILC International Law Commission KRP Kosovo Regulation 64 Panels KSC Kosovo Specialist Chambers

iv

MEDAC Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies OAS Organization of American States OLAF European Anti-Fraud Office OTP Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court PCIJ Permanent Court of International Justice PRI Peace Research Institute SCSL Special Court for Sierra Leone STL Special Tribunal for Lebanon SWCC Serbian War Crimes Chamber T.M.C. Asser Instituut TMC AI TBA Texas Bar Association UN United Nations UNAFEI United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention and the Treatment of Offenders UNC United Nations Charter UNCHR United Nations Commission on Human Rights UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNSC United Nations Security Council UNTAET United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor UvA University of Amsterdam

Journals: AHRLJ African Human Rights Law Journal AHRLR African Human Rights Law Reports AJICL Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law AJIL American Journal of International law AJLS African Journal of Legal Studies AJPIL Austrian Journal of Public and International Law ALJ Australian Law Journal APSR American Political Science Review ASR African Studies Review AUILR American University International Law Review AULR Auckland University Law Review BCICLR Boston College International and Comparative Law Review BJIL Berkeley Journal of International Law BUILJ Boston University International Law Journal BYIL British Yearbook of International Law CgJIL Chicago Journal of International Law ChJIL Chinese Journal of International Law CILJ Cornell International Law Journal CJEL Columbia Journal of European Law CJTL Columbia Journal of Transnational Law CLF Criminal Law Forum CLJ Cambridge Law Journal CLP Current Legal Problems CLR California Law Review CLR Criminal Law Review CLSC Crime, Law and Social Change DJCIL Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law EILR Emory International Law Review EJCCLCJ European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice EJIL European Journal of International Law EJLS European Journal of Legal Studies EUCLR European Union Constitutional Law Review

v

FILJ Fordham International Law Journal FYIL Finnish Yearbook of International Law German LJ German Law Journal GIP Graduate Institute Publications GJIL Goettingen Journal of International Law GrJIL Georgetown Journal of International Law GLJ Georgetown Law Journal GYIL German Yearbook of International Law HILJ Harvard International Law Journal HJIL Houston Journal of International Law HJJ Hague Justice Journal HRB The Human Rights Brief HRQ Human Rights Quarterly ICJR International Criminal Justice Review ICLQ International and Comparative Law Quarterly ICLR International Criminal Law Review IDJHRL Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Rights Law ILJ Indiana Law Journal ILR Israel Law Review IRRC International Review of the Red Cross ISSJ International Social Science Journal IYIL Italian Yearbook of International Law JCL Journal of Criminal Law JCS Journal of Conflict Studies JHR Journal of Human Rights JICJ Journal of International Criminal Justice JITE Journal of Institutional and Theoratical Economics JSJ Journal of Social Justice LCP Law and Contemporary Problems LJIL Leiden Journal of International Law LLAICLR Loyola of Los Angeles International Law and Comparative Law Review McGLJ McGill Law Journal MJECL Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law MJIL Michigan Journal of International Law MLJ Missisippi Law Journal MnnJIL Minnesota Journal of International Law MPYUNL Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law NEJICL New England Journal of International and Comparative Law NELR New England Law Review NILR Netherlands International Law Review NJIHR Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights NJIL Nordic Journal of International Law NlJIL Netherlands Journal of International Law NQHR Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights NYIL Netherlands Yearbook of International Law NYUJILP New York University Journal of International Law and Politics NZJPIL New Zealand Journal of Public International Law OJLS Oxford Journal of Legal Studies RBDI Revue Belge de Droit International RDI Rivista di Diritto Internazionale RIDP Revue Internationale de Droit Penal SAJC South African Journal of Criminal Justice SCJIL Santa Clara Journal of International law SJIL Stanford Journal of International Law SJLTA Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas

vi

TILJ Texas International Law Journal TJLR Thomas Jefferson Law Review TLR Texas Law Review UCLALR University of California Los Angeles Law Review ULR Utrecht Law Review UMHRL University of Minnesota Human Rights Library UMJLR University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform UPLR University of Pennsylvania Law Review UPLR University of Pennsylvania Law Review UTFLR University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review UTLR The University of Tulsa Law Review UTLR University of Tulsa Law Review VJIL Virginia Journal of International Law WILJ Wisconsin International Law Journal YJIA Yale Journal of International Affairs YJIL Yale Journal of International Law YLJ Yale Law Journal

Miscellaneous: Ad-Dawlah al-Islamiyah Daesh fil ‘Iraq wa ash-Sham Basic Principles & Guidelines 2005 Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violation of International Humanitarian Law DINA Direccion de Intelligencia Nacional Doc. Document EAW European Arrest Warrant Ed. Editor Edn. Edition Eds. Editors FARC Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia fn. footnote fns. footnotes Framework Decision on the EU Council Framework Decision 2002/584 of the 13th June 2002 on the European Arrest Warrant European Arrest Warrant and the Surrender Procedures Between Member States 2000/584/JHA ICD International Crimes Database ILC Yearbook Yearbook of International Law Commission KRC Kampala Review Conference of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Ltd. Limited NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NGO Non-governmental organisation No. Number NY New York p. page para. paragraph paras. paragraphs PiCT Project on International Courts and Tribunals pp. pages RPE Rules of Procedure and Evidence RUF Revolutionary United Front S-G Secretary-General TRIAL Track Impunity Always UCK Kosovo Liberation Army

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UNITA The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola Vol. Volume YIHL Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law

Publishers: AIP Amnesty International Publications A-P JHR Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights Ashgate Ashgate Publishing Limited BEP Berkeley Electronic Press BLSR Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository Brill Koninklijke Brill N.V . CAP Carolina Academic Press CllUP Cornell University Press CMP Cameron May Publishing Limited CP Clarendon Press CPL Cavendish Publishing Limited CUP Cambridge University Press D & H Dunker & Humblot GmbH EE Edward Elgar Publishing Limited FP The Foundation Press Giuffre` Giuffre` Editore S.p.A. GPO Government Printing Office GUP Goettingen University Press HHRJ Harvard Human Rights Journal HP Hart Publishing, Bloomsbury Intersentia Intersentia Publishers JHUP John Hopkins University Press JW & SL John Wiley & Sons Limited KLI Kluwer Law International LHPS Long House Publishing Services Longman Longman Publishing Group Maklu Maklu Publishers MNP Martinus Nijhoff Publishers MS Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG MUP Manchester University Press OPI Oceana Publications Inc. OUP Oxford University Press PB Penguin Books PE Pearson Education Limited PULP Pretoria University Law Press RLP Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Round Hall Round Hall Limited S & M Sweet & Maxwell Sijthoff A.W. Sijthoff International Publishing Company B.V. Springer Springer-Verlag SUP Stanford University Press T & F Taylor & Francis Group TMC AP T.M.C. Asser Press TOAEP Torkel Opsahl Academic E-Publisher TP Transnational Publishers Incorporation TRAL Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited Vathek Vathek Publishing WK Wolters Kluwer YUP Yale University Press

viii

States: BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina CAR Central African Republic DRC Democratic Republic of Congo FRG Federal Republic of Germany UK United Kingdom USA United States of America

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TABLE OF CASES

African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights

Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme et des Libertes v Chad, Communication No.74/92, 18th October 1995.

Various Communications v Mauritania, Communication Numbers 54/91, 61/91, 96/93, 98/93, 164/97, 210/98, 11th May 2000.

African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights

Tanganyika Law Society et al v United Republic of Tanzania, Application No. 009/2011, 14th June 2013.

American-Mexican General Claims Commission

Laura M.B. Janes et. al. (United States of America) v United Mexican States, 4 R.I.A.A. 82 (1926), 16th November 1925.

Youmans (United States of America v Mexico), General Claims Commission, 4 R.I.A.A. 82 (1926), 23rd November 1926.

British Military Court

The Trial of Franz Schonfeld and Nine Others, British Military Court, Essen, Case No. 66, 11th - 26th June 1946.

The Trial of Werner Rohde and Eight Others, British Military Court, Wuppertal, Germany, Case No. 31, 29th May - 1st June 1946.

Court of Justice of the Economic Community of States of West Africa

Hissene Habre v Republic of Senegal, Case No. ECJ/CCJ/JUD/06/10, 18th November 2010.

Court of First Instance of the European Communities

Kadi v Council and Commission, Case T-315/01, Second Chamber, Extended Composition, [2005] ECR II- 3649, 21st September 2005.

Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission, Case T-306/01, [2005] ECR II- 3533, 21st September 2005.

Court of Justice of the European Union, including Opinions of Advocates-General

Advocaten voor de Wereld VZW v Leden van de Ministeraad, Case C/303-05, ECR I-3633, 3rd May 2007.

Appeal of SGL Carbon AG, Case C-328/05 P, ECRI-3921, 10th May 2007.

Aranyosi and Caldararu, Joined Cases C-404/15 and C-659/15 PPU, 5th April 2016.

Ciprian Vasile Radu, Grand Chamber, Case C-396/11, 29th January 2013.

Criminal Proceedings Against Huseyin Gozutok and Klaus Brugge, Joined Cases C-187/01 and C-385/01, Opinion of Advocate-General Ruiz Jarabo Colomer, 19th September 2002.

x

Criminal Proceedings Against Huseyin Gozutok, Case C-187/01, 11th February 2003.

Criminal Proceedings Against Jurgen Kretzinger, Case C-288/05, ECR I-6441, 18th July 2007.

Criminal Proceedings Against Klaus Brugge, Case C-385/01, ECR I-1345, 11th February 2003.

Criminal Proceedings Against Maria Pupino, Case C-105/03, ECR I-5285, Opinion of Advocate General Kokott, 11th November 2004.

Filomeno Mario Miraglia, Case C-469/03 [2005] ECR I-2009, 10th March 2005.

Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy, Case C-6 and 9/90 [1991] ECR I-5357, 19th November 1991.

Giuseppe Francesco Gasparini, Case C-467/04, 28th September 2006.

Gyorgy Katz v Istvan Roland Sos (Opinion of Advocate General Kokott), Case C-404/07, 10th July 2008.

Isabelle Lancray SA v Peters und Sickert KG, Case C-305/88, ECR I-2725, 3rd July 1990.

Kraaijenrbrink Case C-367/5, paras. 26-36, 18th July 2007.

Leone Emile Gaston Carlos Debaecker and Berthe Plouvier v Cornelis Gerrit Bouwman, Case 49/84, ECR 1779, 11th June 1985.

Peter Klomps v Karl Michel, Case No. 166/80, ECR 1593, 16th June 1981.

Toshiba Corporation and Others v Urad pro ochranu hospodarske souteze, Case C-17/10, 14th February 2012.

Varec SA v Belgian State, Case C-450/06, 11th February 2008.

Van Esbroeck, Case C-436/04, 2006 E.C.R. I-2333, 9th March 2006.

Van Gend en Loos (NV Algemene Transporten Expeditie Onderneming v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1, Case 26/62, 5th February 1963.

Domestic Courts

A and Others (Appellants) (FC) and Others v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Respondent) (Conjoined Appeals) [{2005} UKHL 71], House of Lords, United Kingdom, 8th December 2005.

A (Khaled Nezzar) v Ministere Public de la Confederation, B and C {Office of the Attorney-General of Switzerland}, Federal Criminal Court, Switzerland, Case No. BB.2011.140, 25th July 2012.

A, represented by Jacques Michod, Marc Bonnant and Magali Buser, lawyers v Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland, and B and C, both represented by Damien Chervaz, lawyer, Swiss Federal Court, File No. BB.2011.140, 25th July 2012.

Abbas Hijazi et al v Ariel Sharon, Chambre de mises en accusation, Pre-Trial Chamber of the Belgian Court of Appeal, Section A, 26th June 2002.

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The State {Duggan} v Tapley, Supreme Court of Ireland, [1952] I.R. 62.

xxi

The State of The Netherlands (Ministry of Security and Justice) v Jean Claude I., Court of Appeal of The Hague, Case No. 200.182.281/01, 5th July 2016.

The State v Ebrahim, Supreme Court, Appellate Division, South Africa, Case No. 279/89, [1991] ZASCA 3, 26th February 1991.

The State v Johannes Velde van der Merwe et. al., Plea and Sentencing Agreement in the High Court of South Africa (Transvaal Provincial Division), Case No. 392/2007, 17th August 2008.

The State v Sergeant Stacey Koon, Officer Theodore J. Briseno, Officer Timothy E. Wind, Officer Laurence Powell, Rodney King case, District Court for the Central District of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, 29th April 1992.

The State v Wouter Basson, Constitutional Court of South Africa, Case CCT 30/03, 9th September 2005.

Trujillo Oroza v Bolivia, Constitutional Court, Tribunal Constitucional, Bolivia, Resolucion 1190/2001-R, 12th November 2001.

Tubarimo Aloys v The Government, Supreme Court of Rwanda, Case No. RS/INCONST/Pen.0002/08/CS, 29th August 2008.

Tuck v Robson, Divisional Court, United Kingdom, 1 A11 ER 1171, 1 WLR 741, 1970.

Union Progresista de Fiscales de Espana et al v Pinochet, Criminal Chamber of the Spanish Audiencia Nacional, Plenary Session, 5th November 1998.

United States of America v Burns, Supreme Court of Canada, 2001 1 S.C.R. 283, 15th February 2001.

United States of America v Humberto Alvarez-Machain, United States Supreme Court, Case No. 91-712, 504 US 655, 670 (1992), 15th June 1992.

United States of America v James-Robinson, US District Court for the Southern District of Florida, Case No. 81-47-Cr-EBD, 515 F. Supp. 1340 (DC Fla 1981), 1344 fn. 6, 11th June 1981.

United States of America v Jurado-Rodriguez, United States of America District Court, New York, Case No. 94-10485, 907 F. Suppl., 15th November 1995.

United States of America v Manuel Antonio Noriega, United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, 746 F. Supp. 1506, 1533, 8th June 1990.

United States of America v Marino-Garcia, United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit, Case No. 81/5551, 679 F 2d 1371 (11th Circuit, 1982) 1382 , 9th July 1982.

United States of America v Rezaq (Omar Mohammed Ali) 134 F.3d 1121 D.C. Cir. 1998, District Court for the District of Columbia Circuit, 6th February 1998.

United States of America v Yousef, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, S12 93 Cr. 180, 927 F.Supp. 673 SDNY 1996, 29th May 1996.

United States of America v Yunis, United States District Court, District of Columbia, Crim. A. 87 0377, 681 F.Supp. 896 D.C. Cir. 1988, 12th February 1988.

Venezia v Ministero di Grazia e Giustizia, Italian Constitutional Court, Corte Costituzionale Italiana, Case No. 223, 27th June 1996.

xxii

Vincent Brown aka Vincent Bajinja, Charles Munyaneza, Emmanuel Nteziryayo & Celestin Ugirashebuja v The Government of Rwanda and the Secretary of State for the Home Department, High Court of Justice on Appeal from the City of Westminster Magistrates Court {District Judge Evans} and in the matter for judicial review, EWHC 770, Case CO/6247/2008, 8th April 2009.

Wijngaarde et al v Bouterse, District Court of Amsterdam, Interlocutory Order of 3rd March 2000.

Wijngaarde et al v Bouterse, Gerechtshof Amsterdam, Court of Appeal of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, LJN AA8395, Order of 20th November 2000.

Wijngaarde et al v Bouterse, Hoge Raad, Supreme Court of The Netherlands, Case No. 00749/01 (CW 2323), 18th September 2001.

Wladyslaw Sobanski v George Boudarel, Cour de Cassation, Chambre Criminelle, Criminal Chamber of the Court of Cassation of France, Case No. 98-85902, 1st April 1993.

Zennaro, Corte Costituzionale, Constitutional Court, Italy, Case No. 69, 8th April 1976.

Zentai v Honourable Brendan O’Connor, (No.3) [2010] FCA 691, Federal Court of Australia, paras. 224, 225, 297, 2nd July 2010.

East Timor Special Panels for Serious Crimes

The Deputy General Prosecutor for Serious Crimes v Wiranto et.al. The Special Panels for Serious Crimes, Dili District Court, Legal Ruling Concerning the Applicability of Ne Bis in Idem at the Arrest Warrant Stage of the Proceedings, Case No. 05/2003, 5th May 2005.

Extraordinary African Chambers

The General Prosecutor v Hissene Habre, Trial Chamber, 30th May 2016.

The General Prosecutor v Hissene Habre, Appeals Chamber, 27th April 2017.

Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea

The Prosecutor v Kaing Guek Eav alias Duch, Case No. 001/18-07-2007-ECCC/SC, 3rd February 2013.

European Commission of Human Rights

Bamber v United Kingdom, Application no. 13183/87, 14th December 1988.

Gradinger v Austria, Application No. 15963/90, 10th May 1993.

Kotälla v the Netherlands, Application no. 7994/77, 6th May 1978.

Treholt v. Norway, Application no. 14610/89, 9th July 1991.

European Court of Human Rights

Achour v. France, Grand Chamber, Application no. 67335/01, (2006-IV), 29th March 2006.

Affaire Grande Stevens et autre contre Italie, Deuxieme Section (Second Section), Application Numbers 18640/10, 18647/10, 18663/10, 18668/10, 18698/10, 4th March 2014.

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Ahorugeze v Sweden, Application No. 37075/09, Fifth Section, 27th October 2011.

Akkoc v Turkey, First Section, Application Numbers 22947/93 and 22948/93, 10th October 2000.

Al-Adsani v United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Application No. 35763/97, Reports 2000-XI, 21st November 2001.

Al Jedda v United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Application No. 27021/08, 7th July 2011.

Al Nashiri v Poland, Former Fourth Section, Application No. 28761/11, 24th July 2014.

Al Skeini and Others v United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Application No. 55721/07, 7th July 2011.

Anguelova v Bulgaria, First Section, Application No. 38361/97, 13th June 2002.

Armani da Silva v United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Application Number 5878/08, 30th March 2016.

Assenov and Others v Bulgaria, Application No. 90/1997/874/1086, 28 EHRR 652, 28th October 1998.

Babar Ahmad and Others v United Kingdom, Fourth Section, Application Numbers 24027/07, 11949/08, 36742/08, 66911/09 and 67354/09, 10th April 2012.

Bachmaier v Austria, First Section, 2nd September 2004.

Boman v Finland, Fourth Section, Application No. 41604/11, 17th February 2015.

Cahuas v. Spain, Fifth Section, Application no. 24668/03, 10th August 2006.

Chahal v United Kingdom, Application No. 22414/93, Reports 1996-V, 1831, 15th November 1996.

Ciorcan and Others v Romania, Third Section, Application Numbers 29414/09 and 44841/09, 27th January 2015.

Cruz Varas et al v Sweden, Application No. 15576/89, Series A 201, 20th March 1991.

Cyprus v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Application No. 25781/94, 10th May 2001.

Dombo Beheer BV v The Netherlands, Application No. 14448/88, Series A No. 274-A, (1994) 18 EHRR 213, 27th October 1993.

Dougoz v Greece, Application No. 40907/98, Reports 2001-II, 6th March 2001.

Dungveckis v Lithuania, Fourth Section, Application No. 32106/08, 12th April 2016.

Eckle v Federal Republic of Germany, Application No. 8130/78, Serie A 51, 5 EHRR 1, 1982, 15th July 1982.

Einhorn v France, Third Section, Application No. 71555/01, 16th October 2001.

Erikson v Italy, First Section, Application No. 37900/97, Decision as to Admissibility, 26th October 1999.

Franz Fischer v Austria, Third Section, Application No. 37950/97, 29th May 2001.

Glantz v Finland, Fourth Section, Application No. 37394/11, 20th May 2014.

Goktan v France, Application No. 33402/96, Second Section, para. 50, 2nd July 2002.

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Hauser-Sporn v Austria, First Section, Application No. 37301/03, 7th December 2006.

Hill v United Kingdom, Application no. 19365/02, 18 March 2003.

Hirsii Jamaa and Others v Italy, Grand Chamber, Application No. 27765/09, 23rd February 2012.

Horciag v Romania, Second Section, Application No. 70982/01, 15th March 2005.

Husayn (Abu Zubaydah) v Poland, Former Fourth Section, Application No. 7511/13, 24th July 2014.

Hutchinson v United Kingdom, Application No. 57592/08, Grand Chamber, 17th January 2017.

Ilhan v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Application No. 22277/93, 34 EHRR 36, 27th June 2000.

Iovchev v Bulgaria, Application No. 41211/98, 2nd February 2006.

Ireland v United Kingdom, Application No. 5310/71, 18th January 1978.

Ismailov and others v Russia, First Section, Application No. 2947/06, 24th April 2008.

Jaloud v The Netherlands, Grand Chamber, Application No. 47708/08, 20th November 2014.

James Clifton Murray v The Netherlands, Grand Chamber, Application No. 10511/10, 26th April 2016.

John Murray v United Kingdom, Application No. 18731/91, 8th February 1996.

Jones and Others v United Kingdom, Fourth Section, Application Numbers 34356/06 and 40528/06, 14th January 2014.

Jorgic v Germany, Fifth Section, Application No. 74613/01, 12th July 2007.

Kafkaris v Cyprus, Grand Chamber, Application No. 21906/04, 12th February 2008.

Kelly and Others United Kingdom, Third Section, Application No. 30054/96, 4th May 2001.

Kononov v Latvia, Former Third Division, Application No. 36376/04, 24th July 2008.

Kudła v. Poland, Grand Chamber, Application no. 30210/96, paras. 92-94, (2000-XI), 26th October 2000.

Kurt v Turkey, Application No. 15/1997/799/1002, Reports 1998-III, No. 74, 25th May 1998.

Kuznetsov v Ukraine, Fourth Section, Application No. 39042/97, 29th April 2003.

Laszlo Magyar v Hungary, Grand Chamber, Application No. 73593/10, 20th May 2014.

M.E. v Denmark, Second Section, Application No. 58363/10, 8th July 2014.

Mahmut Kaya v Turkey, First Section, Application No. 22535/93, 28th March 2000.

Mamatkulov and Abdurasulovic v Turkey, First Section, Application No. 46827/99 and 46951/99, 6th February 2003.

Mamatkulov and Askarov v Turkey, Application No. 46827/99 and 46951/99, 4th February 2005.

Margus v Croatia, Grand Chamber, Application No. 4455/10, 27th May 2014.

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McCann and Others v United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Application No. 18984/91, 27th September 1995.

Miaden Naletilic v Croatia, Fourth Section, Decision as to the Admissibility of Application No. 51891/99, 4th May 2000.

Miklis v Deputy Prosecutor General of Lithuania, Court of Appeal, Administrative Court, United Kingdom, 4 All ER 809 [2006], 11th May 2006.

Mocanu and Others v Romania, Grand Chamber, Application Numbers 10865/09, 45886/07 and 32431/08, 17th September 2014.

Modinos v Cyprus, Application Number 15070/89, 22nd April 1993, pp. 19-20.

Mohammed Ali Hassan Al-Moayad v Germany, Fifth Section, Decision as to the Admissibility of Application No. 35865/03, 20th February 2007.

Nachova et al v Bulgaria, Grand Chamber, Application Numbers 43577/98 and 43579/98, 6th July 2005.

Nikitin v Russia, Second Section, Application No. 50178/99, 20th July 2004.

Nivette v. France, First Section, Application no. 44190/98, (2001-VII), 3rd July 2001.

Nzapali v The Netherlands, Third Section, Application No. 6107/07, 17th November 2005.

Ocalan v Turkey, First Section, Application No. 46221/99, 12th March 2003.

Ocalan v Turkey (No. 2), Grand Chamber, Application Numbers 24069/03, 197/04, 6201/06, 10464/07, 18th March 2014.

Oliveira v Switzerland, Grand Chamber, Application No. 25711/94, 84/1997/868/1080, 30th July 1998.

Oneryildiz v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Application No. 48939/99, 30th November 2004.

Othman (Abu Qatada) v United Kingdom, Fourth Section, Application No. 8139/09, 17th January 2012.

Pedersen and Baadsgaard v Denmark (No.2), Grand Chamber, App. No. 49017/99, 2004-XI, 42 EHRR486 GC, 17th December 2004.

Peers v Greece, Second Section, Application No. 28524/95, Reports 2001-III, 19th April 2001.

Poitrimol v France, Grand Chamber, Application No. 14032/88, 23rd November 1993.

Poltoratskiy v Ukraine, Fourth Section, Application No. 38812/97, 29th April 2003.

Ponsetti and Chesnel v France, Third Section, Application No. 36855/97 and 41731/98, 14th September 1999.

Rekvenyi v Hungary, Application No. 25390/94, 1991-III, 20th May 1999.

Remetin v Croatia, First Section, Application No. 29525/10, 11th December 2012.

Saadi v Italy, Grand Chamber, Application No. 37201/06, ECHR 2008, 28th February 2008.

Sailer v Austria, First Section, Application No. 38237/97, 6th June 2002.

Satik and Others v Turkey, First Section, Application No. 31866/96, 10th October 2000.

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Sawoniuk v United Kingdom, Third Section, Application no. 63716/00, (2001-VI), 29th May 2001.

Schutte v Austria, First Section, Application No. 18015/03, 26th July 2007.

Sevtap Veznedaroglu v Turkey, Second Section, Application No. 32357/96, 33 EHRR 1412, 11th April 2000.

Shestopalov v Russia, Third Section, Application No. 46248/07, 28th March 2017.

Soering v United Kingdom, Application No. 14038/88, Series A, Vol. 161, 7th July 1989.

Stanford v. United Kingdom, Application no. 73299/01, 12th December 2002.

Tejedor Garcia v Spain, Grand Chamber, Application No. 25420/94, (142/1996/761/962), 16th December 1997.

Tepe v Turkey, Second Section, Application No. 27244/95, 9th May 2003.

Tomasi v France, Grand Chamber, Application No. 12850/87, Series A No. 241-A, 27th August 1992.

Trabelsi v Belgium, Former Fifth Section, Application No. 140/10, 4th September 2014.

V. v United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Application no. 24888/94, para. 72, ECHR 1999-IX, 16th December 1999.

Velikova v Bulgaria, Fourth Section, Application No. 41488/98, 18th May 2000.

Vinter and Others v United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Application Numbers 66069/09, 130/10, 3896/10, 9th July 2013.

W.F. v Austria, Third Section, Application No. 38275/97, 30th May 2002.

Wemhoff v Federal Republic of Germany, Application No. 2122/64, Series A 7, 1968, 1 EHRR 55, 27th June 1968.

Wynne v. United Kingdom, Third Section, Application no. 67385/01, 22nd May 2003.

Zarb v Malta, Fourth Section, Application No. 16631/04, 4th July 2006.

Zigarella v Italy, First Section, Application Number 48154/99, ECHR, 2002-IX (extracts), 3rd October 2002.

Zolotukhin v Russia, Grand Chamber, 14939/03, 10th February 2009.

Human Rights Committee

AP v Italy, Application No. 204, Case No. 204/1986, UN Doc. CCPR/COP/2, 2nd November 1987.

A.R.J. v Australia, Communication No. 692/1996, 28th July 1997.

Bautista de Arellana v Colombia, Communication No. 563/1993, United Nations Document CCPR/C/55/D/563/1993, (1995), 27th October 1995.

Cecilia Rosana Nunez Chipana v Venezuela, Communication No. 110/1998, CAT/C/21/D/110/1998, para. 8, 10th November 1998.

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Chipana v Venezuela, Communication No. 110/1998, 10th November 1998.

Chisanga v Zambia, Communication No. 1132/2002, 18th October 2005.

Chitat Ng v Canada, Comm. No. 46/191, UN Doc. CCPRC/4/D/46/1991 [1994], 7th January 1994.

Comments on Nigeria, Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.65 (1996), 24th July 1996.

Concluding Observations on Guatemala, Doc. CCPR/CO/72/GTM, 2001, 3rd April 1996.

Daniel Monguya Mbenge v Zaire, Communication No. 16/1977, UN Doc. CCPR/C/OP/2, U.N. Doc. Supp. No. (A/38/40) at 134 (1983), 25th March 1983.

Glen Ashby v Trinidad and Tobago, Communication No. 580/1994, CCPR/C/54/D580/1994, 21st March 2002.

Hugo Rodriguez v Uruguay, Communication No. 322/1988 (1994), Doc. CCPR/C/51/D/322/1988, 23rd July 1988.

Khan v Canada (1994), Communication No. 15/1994, UN Doc. A/50/44 at 46 (1994), 4th July 1994.

Kindler v. Canada, Communication No. 470/1991, United Nations Doc. CCPR/C/48/D/470/1991 (1993), 1991, 2 SCR 779, 11th November 1993.

Reid v Jamaica, Communication No. 250/1987, 20th July 1990.

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

Consuelo Herrera et al v Argentina, Report No. 28/92, Cases 10.147, 10.181, 10.240, 10.262,10.309 and 10.311, 2nd October 1992.

Domingues v United States of America, Report No. 62/02, Case 12.285, 22nd October 2002.

Inter-American Court of Human Rights

Almonacid-Arellano et al v Chile, (Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs), Series C No. 154, 26th September 2006.

Chumbipuma Aguirre and Others v Peru, Barrios Altos, Series C No. 75, 14th March 2001.

Gomes Lund et al (Guerrilha Do Araguiaia) v Brazil, (Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs), 24th November 2010.

Gelman v Uruguay (Merits and Reparations), 24th February 2011.

Goiburu et al v Paraguay, Series C No. 153, 22nd September 2006.

Ivcher Bronstein v Peru (Competence), Series C, No. 54, 24th September 1999.

La Cantuta v Peru (Merits, Reparations and Costs), Series C No. 162, 29th November 2006.

Maritza Urrutia v Guatemala, Series C No. 103, 27th November 2003.

Miguel Castro-Castro Prison v Peru, Series C No. 160, 25th November 2006.

Myrna Mack Chang Case, Series C, No. 101, 25th November 2003.

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Nicholas Blake v Guatemala, Series C. No. 36, 24th January 1998.

Paniagua Morales et al v Guatemala (Panel Blanca), (Series C No. 37), 8th March 1998.

Rodriguez Vera et al (The Disappeared from the Palace of Justice) v Colombia, 14th November 2014.

Velasquez Rodriguez v Honduras, Series C No. 4, 29th July 1988.

Villagran-Morales et al. v Guatemala, Case of the ‘Street Children’, 19th November 1999.

International Criminal Court

Situation in the Central African Republic (ICC-01/05):

Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (ICC-01/05-01/08) Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba, Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute on the Charges of the Prosecutor Against Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, ICC-01/05-01/08, Pre-Trial Chamber II, 15th June 2009.

Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Pre-Trial Chamber III Decision on the Admissibility and Abuse of Process Challenges, ICC-01/05-01/08, 24th June 2010.

Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo; Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08 OA 3, Corrigendum to Judgment on the appeal of Mr Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo Against the Decision of Trial Chamber III of 24th June 2010 entitled ‘Decision on the Admissibility and Abuse of Process Challenges’, 19th October 2010.

Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, ICC-01/05-01/08, Trial Chamber III, 21st March 2016.

Situation in Darfur, Sudan (ICC-02/05):

Ahmad Muhammad Harun and Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman [‘Ali Kushayb’] (ICC-02/05-01/07) Prosecutor v Harun et al, Case No. ICC-02/05-01/07, Decision on the Prosecution Application Under Article 58(7) of the Statute, 27th April 2007.

Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (ICC-02/05-01/09) Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Al Bashir, Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest Against Omar Hassan Al Bashir, Situation in Darfur, Sudan, ICC-02/05-01/09-3, Pre-Trial Chamber I, 4th March 2009.

Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, Decision Pursuant to Article 87(7) of the Rome Statute on the Failure by the Republic of Malawi to Comply with the Cooperation Requests Issued by the Court with Respect to the Arrest and Surrender of Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, Pre-Trial Chamber I, ICC-02/05- 01/09, 12th December 2011.

Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir, Situation in Darfur, Sudan, Decision on the Cooperation of the DRC Regarding Omar Al Bashir’s Arrest and Surrender to the Court, ICC-02/05-01/09, Pre-Trial Chamber II, 9th April 2014.

Prosecutor v Al Bashir, Decision following the Prosecutor’s request for an order further clarifying that the Republic of South Africa is under the obligation to immediately arrest and surrender Omar Al Bashir, (ICC- 02/05-01/09-242), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 13th June 2015.

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Situation in the Cote d’Ivoire (ICC-02/11):

Simone Gbagbo (ICC-02/11-01/12) Prosecutor v Simone Gbagbo, ICC-01/11-01/11-212, Decision on the OPCD requests in relation to the hearing on the admissibility of the case, Pre-Trial Chamber I, 2nd October 2012.

Prosecutor v Simone Gbagbo, Decision on Cote d’Ivoire’s challenge to the admissibility of the case against Simone Gbagbo, ICC-02/11-01/12, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I, 11th December 2014.

Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (ICC-01/04):

Decision to Convene a Status Conference, ICC-01/04-9, Pre-Trial Chamber I, 17th February 2005.

Decision on the Applications for the Participation in the Proceedings of VPRS-1, VPRS-2, VPRS-3, VPRS-4, VPRS-5 and VPRS-6, ICC-01/04-101, Pre-Trial Chamber I, 17th January 2006.

Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for Warrants of Arrest, Article 58, Situation in the DRC, Case No. ICC-01/04, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I, 10th February 2006.

Judgment on the Prosecutor’s Appeal Against the Decision of the Pre-Trial Chamber I Entitled ‘Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for Warrants of Arrest, Article 58, Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Case No. ICC-01/04, Appeals Chamber, 13th July 2006.

Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (ICC-01/04-01/07) Prosecutor v Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07-T-33, 11th February 2008.

Prosecutor v Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, ICC- 01/04-01/07, Pre-Trial Chamber I, 30th September 2008.

Reasons for the Oral Decision on the Motion Challenging the Admissibility of the Case, Katanga and Ngudjolo Chui, ICC-01/04-01/07, Trial Chamber II, 16th June 2009.

Prosecutor v Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Judgment on the Appeal of Mr. Germain Katanga Against the Oral Decision of Trial Chamber II of 12 June 2009 on the Admissibility of the Case, ICC Appeals Chamber, ICC-01/04-01/07 OA 8, 25th September 2009.

Prosecutor v Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Judgment on the Appeal of Mr Katanga Against the Decision of the Trial Chamber II of 20 November 2009 Entitled ‘Decision on the Motion of the Defence for Germain Katanga for a Declaration on Unlawful Detention and Stay of Proceedings’, Case No. ICC-01/04- 01/07 OA 10, Dissenting Opinion of Judge Erkki Kourula and Judge Ekaterina Trendafilova in the Situation in the DRC, 28th July 2010.

Germain Katanga (ICC-01/04-01/07) Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07, Decision on the Evidence and Information Provided by the Prosecution for the Issuance of a Warrant of Arrest for Germain Katanga, 5th November 2007.

Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, ICC-01/04-01/07-1497, Judgment on the Appeal of Mr Germain Katanga against the Oral Decision of Trial Chamber II of 12th June 2009 on the Admissibility of the Case, Appeals Chamber, 25th September 2009.

Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, Trial Chamber II, ICC-01/04- 01/07, 7th March 2014.

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Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, Jugement Rendu en Application de l’Article 74 du Statut, Katanga, ICC- 01/04-01,07-3436, Anx. I, Judge Christine van den Wyngaert, Trial Chamber II, 7th March 2014.

Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (ICC-01/04-01/06) Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for Warrants of Arrest, Article 58, ICC-01/04-01/07, 10th February 2006.

Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest, Article 58, No. ICC-01/04-01/06-8-US Corr, 10th February 2006, para. 29, unsealed, pursuant to Decision ICC-01/04-01/06-37 dated 17th March 2006.

Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment on the Prosecutor’s Appeal Against the Decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I entitled ‘Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for Warrants of Arrest’, Case No. ICC-01/04, Article 58, 13th July 2006.

Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, ICC Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the Appeal of Mr. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo Against the Decision on the Defence Challenge to the Jurisdiction of the Court Pursuant to Article 19(2) of the Statute of 3rd October 2006 (Public Document), ICC-01/04-01/06(OA4), 14th December 2006.

Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, ICC-01/04-01/06-803-Ten, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I, 29th January 2007.

Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, Case No. ICC-01/04- 01/06, Trial Chamber I, 14th March 2012.

Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment on the Appeal of Mr. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo Against his Conviction, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06, A5, 1st December 2014.

Bosco Ntanganda (ICC-01/04-118) Prosecutor v Bosco Ntanganda, Case No. ICC-01/04-118, 10th February 2006.

Callixte Mbarushimana (ICC-01/04-01/10) Prosecutor v Callixte Mbarushimana, Decision on the Defence Challenge to the Validity of the Arrest Warrant, 28th January 2011, ICC-01/04-01/10-50.

Prosecutor v Callixte Mbarushimana, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, ICC-01/04-01,10-465-Red, Pre-Trial Chamber I, 16th December 2011.

Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, ICC-01/04-02/12 Prosecutor v Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, ICC-01/04-02/12, Jugement rendu en application de l’article 74 du Statut, ICC Trial Chamber II, 18th December 2012.

Situation in Libya (ICC-01/11-01/11):

Saif Al Islam Gaddafi and Al-Senussi (ICC-01/11-01) Prosecutor v Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, Decision on the Postponement on the Execution of the Request to Surrender of Saif Al-Islam Pursuant to Article 95 of the Rome Statute, ICC-01/11-01/11, 1st June 2012.

Prosecutor v Saif Al-Islam and Abdullah Al-Senussi, Case No. ICC-01/11-01/11, Public Redacted Version of the Corrigendum to the ‘Defence Response to the Application on Behalf of the Government of Libya Pursuant to Article 19 of the ICC Statute, Defence Response, 31st July 2012.

xxxi

Prosecutor v Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, Decision requesting further submissions on issues related to the admissibility of the case against Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, 7th December 2012, ICC-01/11- 01/11-239.

Public Redacted Version of the Response to the Libyan Government’s Further Submissions on Issues Related to Admissibility of the Case Against Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, Gaddafi and Al-Senussi, Situation in Libya, ICC- 01/11-01/11-281-Red2, 18th February 2013.

Prosecutor v Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Al-Senussi, Decision on the Admissibility of the Case Against Saif Al- Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, ICC-01/11-01/11-344-Red, Pre-Trial Chamber I, 31st May 2013.

Prosecutor v Saif-Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, Decision on the Request for Suspensive Effect and Related Issues, ICC-01/11-01/11 OA 4, 18th July 2013.

The Prosecutor v Saif Al-Islam and Abdullah Al-Senussi, Decision on the Admissibility of the Case Against Abdullah Al-Senussi, ICC-01/11-01/11, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I, 11th October 2013.

Prosecutor v Saif Al Islam Gaddafi, Gaddafi and Al-Senussi, Judgment on the appeal of Libya against the decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I of 31st May 2013 entitled ‘Decision on the admissibility of the case against Saif Al Islam Gaddafi and Al-Senussi, ICC-01/11-01/11 OA4, ICC Appeals Chamber, 21st May 2014.

Judgment on the Appeal of Abdullah Al-Senussi against the decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I of 11th October 2013 entitled ‘Decision on the Admissibility of the Case against Abdullah Al-Senussi’, Gaddafi and Al- Senussi, ICC-01/11-01 OA6, ICC Appeals Chamber, 24th July 2014.

Situation in the Republic of Kenya (ICC-01/09):

Decision Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorization of an Investigation into the Situation in the Republic of Kenya, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber II, Case No. ICC-01/09, 31st March 2010.

Decision Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorization of an Investigation into the Situation in the Republic of Kenya, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber II, Case No. ICC-01/09, Dissenting Opinion of Judge Hans- Peter Kaul, 31st March 2010.

Decision Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorization of an Investigation into the Situation in the Republic of Kenya, Situation in the Republic of Kenya, ICC-01/09-19, Pre-Trial Chamber II, 31st March 2010.

Prosecutor v Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali (ICC-01/09- 02/11) Prosecutor v Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali, ICC Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the Appeal of the Republic of Kenya Against the Decision of Pre-Trial Chamber II of 30 May 2011 entitled ‘Decision on the Application by the Government of Kenya Challenging the Admissibility of the Case Pursuant to Article 19(2)(b) of the Statute’, ICC-01/09-02/11 OA, 30th August 2011.

Prosecutor v Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, ICC-01/09-02/11 Prosecutor v Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Judgment on the Prosecutor’s Appeal Against Trial Chamber V(b)’s Decision on Prosecutor’s Application for a Finding of Non-Compliance Under Article 87(7) of the Statute, Appeals Chamber, ICC-01/09-02/11 OA 5, 19th August 2015.

Prosecutor v Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Second Decision on Prosecution’s Application for a Finding of Non- Compliance under Article 87(7) of the Statute, Trial Chamber V (B), ICC-01/09-02/11, 19th September 2016.

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William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang ICC-01/09-01/11 Prosecutor v Ruto, Kosgey and Sang, Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for Summons to Appear for William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11-2, Dissenting Opinion of Judge Hans-Peter Kaul, Pre-Trial Chamber II, 15th March 2011.

Prosecutor v William Samoei Ruto,Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang , Decision on the Confirmation of Charges Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11, Pre-Trial Chamber II, 23rd January 2012.

Prosecutor v Ruto and Sang, Judgment on the Appeal of the Prosecutor Against Decision of Trial Chamber V(a) of 18 June 2013 entitled ‘Decision on Mr. Ruto’s request for Excusal from Continuous Presence at Trial’, ICC Appeals Chamber, ICC-01/09-01/11 OA5, 25th October 2013.

Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Others (ICC-01/09-02/II-274) Prosecutor v Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Others, Judgment on the Appeal of the Republic of Kenya Against the Decision of Pre-Trial Chamber II of 30th May 2011 entitled ‘Decision on the Application by the Government of Kenya Challenging the Admissibility of the Case Pursuant to Article 19(2)(b) of the Statute’, ICC-01/09-02/II-274,OA, 30th August 2011.

Situation in Uganda (ICC-02/04):

Dominic Ongwen (ICC-02/04) Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for Warrants of Arrest Under Article 58 in relation to the situation in Uganda, Pre-Trial Chamber II, 8th July 2005.

Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen (ICC-02/04-01/05) Prosecutor v Joseph Kony et al, Decision on Prosecutor’s Application for Leave to Appeal in Part Pre-Trial Chamber’s II Decision on the Prosecutor’s Applications for Warrants of Arrest Under Article 58, ICC-02/04- 01/05, 19th August 2005.

Prosecutor v Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo, Dominic Ongwen, Decision on the Admissibility of the Case Under Article 19(1) of the Statute, Pre-Trial Chamber II, ICC-02/04-01/05, 10th March 2009.

International Court of Justice

Australia v France, Nuclear Tests Case, ICJ Reports 1974, 20th December 1974.

Belgium v Senegal, Questions Relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite, 20th July 2012.

Belgium v Spain, Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company Limited case, ICJ Reports 1961, Order of 10th April 1961.

Belgium v Spain, Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company Limited case, ICJ Reports (1970), 5th February 1970.

Bosnia and Herzegovina v Yugoslavia {Serbia and Montenegro}, Case Concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Preliminary Objections (1996) ICJ Rep 4 at 31, 11th July 1996.

Bosnia and Herzegovina v Yugoslavia {Serbia and Montenegro}, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, ICJ case 91, 26th February 2007.

Djibouti v France, Statement of Alain Pellet, Counsel for France, Public Sitting of 25th January 2008.

Djibouti v France, Certain Questions on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, 4th June 2008.

xxxiii

Democratic Republic of Congo v Belgium, Arrest Warrant of April 11, 2000, Yerodia case, ICJ Reports 2002, 14th February 2002.

Democratic Republic of Congo v France, Case Concerning Certain Criminal Proceedings in France, Order No. 129 of the 16th November 2009 authorising the submission of written pleadings by not later than the 17th May 2010.

Democratic Republic of Congo v France, Case Concerning Certain Criminal Proceedings in France, Order of 16th November 2010 by means of which the case was removed from the List.

Democratic Republic of Congo v Rwanda, Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of Congo, ICJ Reports 2006, Judgment of the 3rd February 2006.

Ethiopia v South Africa; Liberia v South Africa, South West Africa Cases, ICJ Rep. 250, 298, 18th July 1966.

Federal Republic of Germany v Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v The Netherlands, North Sea Continental Shelf cases, Merits, {1969}, ICJ Rep. 3, 20th February 1969.

Germany v United States of America, Le Grand Case, ICJ Reports 2001, 27th June 2001.

Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 {South West Africa Case}, Advisory Opinion, 21st June 1971.

Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 136, 9th July 2004.

Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion 1996, ICJ Rep. 226, 258, 8th July 1996.

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v Malta, Continental Shelf Case, 1985 ICJ Rep.13, 3rd June 1985.

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v United Kingdom, Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie, Provisional Measures, ICJ Reports, 1992, Order of 14th April 1992.

Lichtenstein v Guatemala, Nottebohm case, ICJ 1855 22 ILR 349, 6th April 1955.

Nicaragua v United States of America, Nicaragua Case, 1986, ICJ Rep. 14, 100, 27th June 1986.

Portugal v Australia, East Timor Case, 1995, ICJ Rep. 90, 102, 30th June 1995.

Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, 1951-ICJ Reports, 28th May 1951.

United States of America v Iran, United States of America Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, , Hostages Case, 1980 ICJ Rep. 3, 24th May 1980.

International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)

Chief Prosecutor v Moulana Abul Kalam Azad, Second Chamber, Case No. 05 (2012), 22nd January 2013.

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

Jean Bosco Barayagwiza v Prosecutor, Decision on the Prosecutor’s Request for Review or Reconsideration, Appeals Chamber, Case No. ICTR-97-19AR72, 31st March 2000.

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Jean Bosco Barayagwiza v Prosecutor, Appeals Chamber, Case No. ICTR-97-19-AR72, 3rd November 2009.

Nahimana, Barayagwiza and Ngeze, Appeals Chamber, Case No. ICTR-99-52-A, 28th November 2007.

Ntakirutimana and Ntakirutimana, Appeals Chamber, Case No. ICTR-96-10-A and ICTR-96-17-A, 13th December 2004.

Prosecutor v Akayesu, Trial Chamber, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, 2nd September 1998.

Prosecutor v Fulgence Kayishema, Decision on the Request by Human Rights Watch for Leave to Appear as Amicus Curiae in the Proceedings for Referral of the Indictment Against Fulgence Kayishema to Rwanda: Rule 11bis and 74 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Trial Chamber III, Case No. ICTR-2001-67-I, 8th November 2007.

Prosecutor v Gacumbitsi, Appeals Chamber, Case No. ICTR-2001-64-A, Separate Opinion of Judge Schomburg on the Criminal Responsibility of the Appellant for Committing Genocide, 7th July 2006.

Prosecutor v Kajelijeli, Trial Chamber II, Case No. ICTR-98-44A-T, 1st December 2003.

Prosecutor v Kambanda, Trial Chamber I, Case No. ICTR-97-23-S, 4th September 1998.

Prosecutor v Kamuhanda, Trial Chamber, Case No. ICTR-99-54A-T, 22nd January 2003.

Prosecutor v Kanyabashi, Trial Chamber II, Case No. ICTR-96-15-T, Decision on the Defence Motion on Jurisdiction, 18th June 1997.

Prosecutor v Kayishema and Ruzindana, Trial Chamber, Case No. ICTR-95-1-T, 21st May 1999.

Prosecutor v Hategekimana, Decision on Request for Referral, Trial Chamber III, 19th June 2008.

Prosecutor v Muhimana, Trial Chamber III, Case No. ICTR-95-1B-T, 28th April 2005.

Prosecutor v Munyakazi, Trial Chamber III, Decision on Prosecutor’s Request for Referral of the Indictment to the Republic of Rwanda, Rule 11bis of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, 28th May 2008.

Prosecutor v Muvunyi, Trial Chamber II, Case No. ICTR-2000-55A-T, 12th September 2006.

Prosecutor v Nahimana et al, Appeals Chamber, Case No. ICTR-99-52-A, 28th November 2007.

Prosecutor v Ntagerura et al, Appeals Chamber, Case No. ICTR-99-46-A, 7th July 2006.

Prosecutor v Ntuyahaga, Decision on the Prosecutor’s Motion to Withdraw the Indictment, Trial Chamber I, Case No. ICTR-98-40-T, 18th March 1999.

Prosecutor v Ntuyahaga, Trial Chamber, Decision on the Prosecutor’s Motion to Withdraw the Indictment, Case No. 98-40-T, 18th March 1999.

Prosecutor v Pauline Nyiramasuhuko et al, Appeals Chamber, Case No. ICTR-98-42-A, 14th December 2015.

Prosecutor v Rutaganira, Trial Chamber, Case No. ICTR-95-1C-T, 14th March 2005.

Prosecutor v Semanza, Trial Chamber, Case No. ICTR-97-20-T, 15th May 2003.

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International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

In re Republic of Macedonia, Decision on the Prosecutor’s Request for Deferral and Motion for Order to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Trial Chamber I, Case No. IT-02-55-MISC.6, 4th October 2002. Prosecutor v Aleksovski, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-95-14/1-T, 25th June 1999.

Prosecutor v Blagojevic and Jokic, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-02-60-T, Judgment on Motions for Acquittal Pursuant to Rule 98bis, 5th April 2004.

Prosecutor v Blagojevic and Jokic, Trial Chamber I, Case No. IT-02-60-T, 17th January 2005.

Prosecutor v Blagojevic and Jokic, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-02-60-A, 9th May 2007.

Prosecutor v Blaskic, Decision on the Objection of the Republic of Croatia to the Issuance of Subpoena Duces Tecum, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-95-14-PT, 18th July 1997.

Prosecutor v Blaskic, Appeals Chamber Judgment on the Request of the Republic of Croatia for Review of the Decision of the Trial Chamber II of 18th July 1997, Case No. IT-95-14-AR 108bis, 29th October 1997.

Prosecutor v Blaskic, ICTY Trial Chamber Case No. IT-95-14-T, 3rd March 2000.

Prosecutor v Blaskic, Appeal Chamber, Case No. IT-95-14-A, 29th July 2004.

Prosecutor v Boskovski and Tarculovski, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-04-82-T, 10th July 2008.

Prosecutor v Brdanin, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-99-36-A, 3rd April 2007.

Prosecutor v Brdanin, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-99-36-R77, ‘Decision on Motion for Acquittal Pursuant to Rule 98bis’, 19th March 2014.

Prosecutor v Brdanin, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-99-36-T, 1st September 2004.

Prosecutor v Delalic et al, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-96-21-T, 16th November 1998.

Prosecutor v Delalic et al, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-96-21-A, 20th February 2001.

Prosecutor v Dokmanovic, Decision on the Motion for Release by the Accused, Trial Chamber II, Case No. ICTY-95-13a-PT, 22nd October 1997.

Prosecutor v Dordevic, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-05-87/1-T, 23rd February 2011.

Prosecutor v Dragan Nikolic, Case No. IT-94-2-PT, Decision on Defence Motion Challenging the Exercise of Jurisdiction by the Tribunal, 9th October 2002.

Prosecutor v Dragan Nikolic, Case No. IT-94-2-AR73, Appeals Chamber, Decision on Interlocutory Appeal Concerning Legality of Arrest, 5th June 2003.

Prosecutor v Furundzija, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-95-17/1-T, 10th December 1998.

Prosecutor v Furundzija, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-95-17/1-A, 21st July 2000.

Prosecutor v Galic, Appeals Chamber, IT-98-29-A, 30th November 2006.

Prosecutor v Gotovina and Markac, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-06-90-A, Dissenting Opinion of Judge Carmel Agius, 16th November 2012.

xxxvi

Prosecutor v Gotovina and Markac, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-06-90-A, 16th November 2012.

Prosecutor v Hadzihasanovic, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-01-47-T, 15th March 2006.

Prosecutor v Hadzihasanovic, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-01-47-A, 22nd April 2008.

Prosecutor v Halilovic, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-01-48-T, 16th November 2005.

Prosecutor v Haradinaj, Balaj and Brahimaj, Case No. IT-04-84-PT, Decision on Motion to Amend the Indictment and on Challenges to the Form of the Amended Indictment, 25th October 2006.

Prosecutor v Jelisic, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-95-10-T, 14th December 1999.

Prosecutor v Jelisic, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-95-10-A, 5th July 2001.

Prosecutor v Karadzic and Mladic, Consideration of the Indictment Within the Framework of Rule 61 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Case No. IT-95-5-R61 and IT-95-18-R61, 11th July 1996.

Prosecutor v Karadzic, Public Redated Version of Judgment Issued on 24 March 2016, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T, paras. 575, 576, fn. 1849, 1850 and fn. 1851, 24th March 2016.

Prosecutor v Kordic and Cerkez, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-95-14/2-T, 26th February 2001.

Prosecutor v Krnojelac, Appeals Chamber ,Case No. IT-97-25-A, 17th September 2003.

Prosecutor v Krstic, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-98-33-T, 2nd August 2001.

Prosecutor v Krstic, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-98-33-A, 19th April 2004.

Prosecutor v Kunarac, Kovac and Vukovic, Trial Chamber, Case No.IT-96-23-T and IT-96-23-T/1-T, 22nd February 2001.

Prosecutor v Kunarac, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-96-23, 22nd February 2001.

Prosecutor v Kvocka and Others, Trial Chamber I, Decision on the Defence Motion Regarding Concurrent Procedures Before International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and International Court of Justice on the Same Questions, Case No. IT-98-30/1, 5th December 2000.

Prosecutor v Kvocka et al, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-98-30/1-T, 2nd November 2001.

Prosecutor v Kvocka et al, Appeals Judgment, Case No. IT-98-30/1-A, 28th February 2005.

Prosecutor v Limaj, Bala and Musliu, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-03-66-T, 30th November 2005.

Prosecutor v Lukic and Lukic, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-98-32/1-T, 20th July 2009.

Prosecutor v Lukic and Lukic, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-98-32/1-A, 4th December 2012.

Prosecutor v Martic, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the Prosecutor’s Motion to Request Leave to File a Corrected Amended Indictment, 13th December 2002.

Prosecutor v Milosevic, Decision on Preliminary Motions, Case No. IT-99-37-PT, Trial Chamber III, 8th November 2001.

Prosecutor v Milutinovic et al., Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-05-87-T, 26th February 2009.

xxxvii

Prosecutor v Momir Nikolic, Trial Chamber I, Case No. IT-02-60/2-S, 2nd December 2003.

Prosecutor v Mrksic and Sljivancanin, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-95-13/1-A, 5th May 2009.

Prosecutor v Mrksic and Sljivancanin, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-95-13/1-T, 27th September 2007.

Prosecutor v Naletilic and Martinovic, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-98–34-T, 31st March 2003.

Prosecutor v Nikolic, Trial Chamber, Decision on Defence Motion Challenging the Exercise of Jurisdiction by the Tribunal, Case No. IT-94-2-PT, 9th October 2002.

Prosecutor v Ojdanic and Others, Decision on Dragoljub Ojdanic’s Motion Challenging Jurisdiction – Joint Criminal Enterprise, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-99-37-AR72, 21st May 2003.

Prosecutor v Oric, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-03-68-T, 30th June 2006.

Prosecutor v Perisic, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-04-81-A, 28th February 2013.

Prosecutor v Popovic et al, Trial Chamber II, Case No. IT-05-88-T, 10th June 2010.

Prosecutor v Sainovic et al, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-05-87-A, 23rd January 2014.

Prosecutor v Simic, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-95-9-A, 28th November 2006.

Prosecutor v Stanisic and Simatovic, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-03-69-A, 9th December 2015.

Prosecutor v Strugar, Trial Chamber II, Case No. IT-01-42-T, 31st January 2005.

Prosecutor v Tadic, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, 2nd October 1995.

Prosecutor v Tadic, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-94-1-T, Decision on the Defence Motion on the Principle of Non Bis in Idem, 14th November 1995.

Prosecutor v Tadic, Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-94-1-T, Opinion and Judgment, 7th May 1997.

Prosecutor v Tadic, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-94-1-A, 15th July 1999.

Prosecutor v Vasiljevic, Trial Chamber II, Case No. IT-98-32-T, 29th November 2002.

Prosecutor v Vasiljevic, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-98-32-A, 25th February 2004.

Prosecutor v Zigic, Appeals Chamber, Decision on Interlocutory Appeal by the Accused Zoran Zigic Against the Decision of the Trial Chamber I dated 5th December 2000, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-98-30- 1/AR73.5, 25th May 2001.

International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg

United States of America v Alfred Krupp et al, Military Tribunal III-A, Case No. 10, 30th June 1948.

United States of America v Carl Krauch et al, The I.G. Fabren Case, Military Tribunal VI, Case No. 6, 30th July 1948.

United States of America v Erhard Milch, Military Tribunal II, Case No. 2, 26th March 1947.

xxxviii

United States of America v Ernst von Weizsacker et al, The Ministries Case, Military Tribunal IV, Case No. 11, 11th April 1949.

United States of America v Friedrich Flick et al, Military Tribunal IV, Case No. 5, 22nd December 1947.

United States of America v Josef Altstotter et al, The Justice Case, Military Tribunal III, Case No. 3, 4th December 1947.

United States of America v Karl Brandt et al, Military Tribunal I, The Medical Case, Case No. 1, 19th August 1947.

United States of America v Oswald Pohl et al, Military Tribunal II, Nuremberg, Case No. 4, 11th August 1948.

United States of America v Otto Ohlendorf et al, The Einsatzgruppen case, Military Tribunal II-A, Case No. 9, 10th April 1948.

United States of America v Ulrich Greifelt et al, The Rusha Case, Military Tribunal I, Case No. 8, 10th March 1948.

United States of America v Wilhelm List et al, The Hostage Case, Military Tribunal 5, Case No. 7, 19th February 1948.

United States of America v Wilhelm von Leeb et al, The High Command Case, Military Tribunal V, Case No. 12, 27th October 1948.

Iraqi High Tribunal

The Public Prosecutor in the High Iraqi Court et al v Saddam Hussein Majeed et al, Case No. 29/c/2006, Appeals Commission, 26th December 2006.

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

Earl Pratt and Ivan Morgan v The Attorney-General of Jamaica and The Superintendent of Prisons, St. Catherine’s, Jamaica, Privy Council Appeal No. 10 of 1993, 2nd November 1993.

Permanent Court of International Justice

Certain Questions Relating to Settlers of German Origin in the Territory Ceded by Germany to Poland, Advisory Opinion, [1923] PCIL Series B, No. 6 [34], 10th September 1923.

France v Turkey, S.S Lotus Case, Rep. Series A, no. 10, 7th September 1927.

Treatment of Polish Nationals and Others Persons of Polish Origin of Speech in the Danzig, 1931, Series A/B, No. 44, 4th February 1932.

Special Court for Sierra Leone

Prosecutor v Morris Kallon, Trial Chamber, SCSL-2003-07-PT, Amicus brief on the Legality of Amnesties in International Law, 27th October 2003.

Prosecutor v Kallon and Kamara, SCSL-2004-15-AR72 (E), SCSL-04-PT-16-060-I, Decision of the Appeals Chamber on the Challenge to Jurisdiction, Lome` Accord Amnesty, 13th March 2004.

Prosecutor v Norman, Fofana and Kondewa, Case No. SCSL-04-14-T, Decision on the First Accused’s Motion for Service and Arraignment on the Consolidated Indictment, 29th November 2004.

xxxix

Prosecutor v Taylor, Appeals Chamber Judgment, Decision on Immunity from Jurisdiction, Case No. SCSL- 2003-01-I, 31st May 2004.

Prosecutor v Taylor, SCSL-2003-1-I, Trial Chamber II, 26th April 2011.

Prosecutor v Taylor, SCSL-03-01-T, Sentencing Judgment, Trial Chamber II, 30th May 2012.

Prosecutor v Taylor, SCSL-03-01-A, Appeals Chamber, 26th September 2013.

Special Tribunal for Lebanon

Interlocutory Decision on the Applicable Law: Terrorism, Conspiracy, Homicide, Perpetration, Cumulative Charging, Case No. STL-11-01/1, Appeals Chamber, 16th February 2011.

United Nations Committee Against Torture

Guengueng and Others v Senegal, Communication No. 181/2001, 17th May 2006.

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TABLE OF INSTRUMENTS

National Legislation

Argentina Article 118 of the Constitution Decree 2741/90 issued by the then President of Argentina Carlos Menen on the 29th December 1990, pardoning the military juntas who were sentenced on the 9th December 1985 The Law of Due Obedience, Ley de Odeniencia Debida, Law number 23521 of 1987 The Full Stop Law, Ley de Punto Final, Law number 23492 of 1986

Australia Section 268.117 (1) of the International Criminal Court (Consequential Amendments) Act of 2002

Austria Section 64(1) sub-paragraph 6 of the Criminal Code, Strafgesetzbuch

Belgium Articles 21 and 22 of the preliminary title of the Belgian Code of Criminal Procedure Article 12bis of the law of 2001 Article 6 (1)(1bis) of the Law of 1878, the Code of Criminal Procedure as amended in 2003, entitled Loi relative aux violations graves du droit international humanitaire

Brazil Article 7 (Part II) (a), Section 2 (b) of the Criminal Code

Canada Section 8 (b) of the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act of 2000

Croatia Article 10(2)of the Law on the Application of the Statute of the International Criminal Court of 2003

Cyprus Section 14 of the Prison Law of 1996

Costa Rica Article 7 of the Penal Code as amended by Law 8272 of 2003

Denmark Genocide Act of 1955 Amendment to General Extradition Act, 2002 Article 8(1)(5) of the Criminal Code, Straffeloven

El Salvador Decree 486 of 1993, General Amnesty Law for Consolidation of Peace, repealing Article 6 of the National Reconciliation Act

France The Napoleonic Code, the French Civil Code, known as Code Napoleon, of 1804 Article 121-7, 222-1, 226-1 of Criminal Code, the Code Penal The New Penal Code, known as the Nouveau Code Penal, of 1992 Law Number 95-1 of 1995 Law Number 96-432 of 1996 Law number 99-115 of 1999 amending Article 689 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure

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Germany Paragraph 153(f) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, Strafprozessordnung Law to Implement the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 1998, Entwurfeines Gesetzeszur Ausfuehrung des Roemischen Statuts des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofesvom, 1998 Section 1 of the Code of Crimes Against International Law of 2002

Italy Article 8(1)(ii), 8(2) and 8(3) of the Law No. 69 of 2005

Malta Articles 54A-I of the Criminal Code, Il-Kodici Kriminali, Chapter 9 of the Laws of Malta

Mauritania Article 1 of Amnesty Law No. 93-23 of 1993

Netherlands Article 280 of the Wetboek van Strafvordering, the Dutch Code of Penal Procedure International Criminal Court Cooperation Act Section 2(1)(a) of the International Crimes Act of 2003 Article 68 of the Penal Code

New Zealand Section 8(1)(c) of the International Crimes and International Criminal Court Act of 2000 Section 30(2) of the New Zealand Extradition Act 1999

Paraguay Article 320 of the Penal Code, Law No. 1160/97

Portugal Article 5 of the Criminal Law Relating to Violations of International Humanitarian Law of 2004

Rwanda Organic law number 8196 of the 30th August 1996 on the organization of proceedings for violations constituting genocide or crimes against humanity, committed as of 1st October 1990 (Loi organique numero 8196 du 30/08/1996 sur l’organisation des pousuites des infractions constitutives du crimes de genocide ou de crimes contre l’umanite, commises a partir du 1er octobre 1990).

Russian Federation Article 15, Section 4 of the Constitution

Scotland Section 1(2)(b) of the International Criminal Court Act of 2001

Spain Organic Law of Judicial Power, Ley Organica del Poder Judicial, of 1985

South Africa Section 4(2)(b) and (c) of the Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act of 2006

Trinidad and Tobago Section 8 of the International Criminal Court Act of 2006

United Kingdom Human Rights Act of 1998

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Sections 51(2)(b) and 58(2)(b) of the International Criminal Court Act of 2001 Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act of 2011

United States of America Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Article 6 of the Constitution Alien Tort Statute of 1789 Article 18, Section 2339 of the United States Code American Servicemembers’ Protection Act of 2002

Uruguay Law on the Expiration of the Punitive Claims Against the State, Ley de Caducidad de la Pretension Punitiva del Estado, known as the Expiry Law, of 1986

Resolutions of the Organs of the United Nations

United Nations General Assembly UNGA Resolution 177 of 21st November 1947 UNGA Resolution 1487 (XV) of 20th September 1960 UNGA Resolution 2198 (XXI) of 16th December 1966 UNGA Resolution 2840 (XXVI) of 18th December 1971 UNGA Resolution 3074 (XXVIII) of 3rd December 1973 UNGA Resolution 3314 (XXIX) of 14th December 1974 UNGA Resolution 52/160 of 15th December 1997 UNGA Resolution 55/25 of 15th November 2000 UNGA Resolution 60/147 of 16th December 2005 UNGA Resolution 71/248 of 19th December 2016

United Nations Security Council UNSC Resolution 731 of 21st January 1992 UNSC Resolution 748 of 31st March 1992 UNSC Resolution 827 of 25th May 1993 UNSC Resolution 955 of 8th November 1994 UNSC Resolution 1315 of 14th August 2000 UNSC Resolution 1422 of 12th July 2002 UNSC Resolution 1487 of 12th June 2003 UNSC Resolution 1593 of 31st March 2005 UNSC Resolution 1638 of 11th November 2005 UNSC Resolution 1674 of 28th April 2006 UNSC Resolution 1757 of the 30th May 2007 UNSC Resolution 1918 of 26th July 2010 UNSC Resolution 1970 of 26th February 2011 UNSC Resolution 1973 of 17th March 2011 UNSC Resolution 2015 of 24th October 2011 UNSC Resolution 2316 of 9th November 2016

Statutes, Rules, Regulations and Other Legal Instruments

Elements of Crimes of the International Criminal Court Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court Statute of the International Court of Justice Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone

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Statute of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor Regulation 2000/15 on the Establishment of Panels with Exclusive Jurisdiction Over Serious Criminal Offences

Treaties, Conventions and Agreements

1648 Westphalian Peace Treaties 1907 General Treaty of Peace and Amity 1907 Hague Convention XII 1919 Versailles Treaty 1922 German-Polish Upper Silesian Convention 1929 Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States 1945 Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis 1945 United Nations Charter 1946 Constitution of the International Labour Organization 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1949 Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea 1949 Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field 1949 Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Concerning the Abolition of the Death Penalty 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1952 European Communities Convention 1952 Arab League Agreement 1954 International Law Commission Draft Code of Offences Against the Peace and Security of Mankind 1955 UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners 1957 European Convention on Extradition 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas 1958 European Communities Convention 1959 European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1962 Benelux Treaty on Extradition and Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters 1963 Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1967 Protocol to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1968 Convention on the non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity 1969 Inter-American Convention on Human Rights 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1970 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft 1970 European Convention on the International Validity of Criminal Judgments 1971 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 Extradition Treaty between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America 1971 Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation 1973 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents

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1973 International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid 1974 European Convention on the non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity 1974 United States of America Supplementary Extradition Treaty with Canada 1975 Additional Protocol to the 1957 European Convention on Extradition 1975 United States of America Supplementary Extradition Treaty with Spain 1976 Extradition Treaty between Canada and the United States of America 1977 European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism 1977 Two Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions 1978 Extradition Treaty Between the United States of America and Germany 1979 Convention Against the Taking of Hostages 1980 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material 1981 African (Banjul) Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 United States of America Extradition Treaty with Costa Rica 1983 Extradition Treaty United States of America – Italy 1983 United States of America Extradition Treaty with Jamaica 1984 Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights 1984 United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1985 Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture 1985 United States of America Supplementary Extradition Treaty with United Kingdom 1986 United States of America Supplementary Extradition Treaty with Germany 1987 United States of America Supplementary Extradition Treaty with Belgium 1987 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism 1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation 1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf 1988 Protocol on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation 1989 Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries 1990 Charter of Paris for a New Europe 1990 Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime 1990 Commonwealth Scheme for the Rendition of Fugitive Offenders 1990 Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 Between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and French Republic on the Gradual Abolition of Check at the Common Borders 1990 United Nations Model Treaty on Extradition 1991 Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection 1992 Extradition Treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Republic of India 1994 Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel 1994 Economic Community of West African States Convention on Extradition 1994 Irish Extradition (Amendment) Act 1996 European Union Convention Relating to Extradition Between Member States 1996 International Law Commission Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind 1996 European Union Convention Relating to Extradition Between Member States 1997 Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communities and Certain Related Acts 1998 European Convention on the Protection of the Environment Through Criminal Law 1999 Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism

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1999 Lome` Peace Accord 1999 Organization of African Unity Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism 2000 European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights 2000 Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the 2000 United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime 2000 United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime 2001 Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime 2001 Protocol Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition, Supplementing the 2000 United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime 2002 Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism 2002 Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Criminal Court 2002 London Scheme for Extradition Within the Commonwealth 2002 Agreement Between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone on the Establishment of a Special Court for Sierra Leone. 2003 United Kingdom Extradition Act 2003 United Nations Convention Against Corruption 2004 Negotiated Relationship Agreement between the International Criminal Court and the United Nations 2005 Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings 2006 Agreement between the International Criminal Court and the European Union on Cooperation and Assistance 2007 Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community 2007 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2008 Malabo Protocol Establishing the African Court of Justice and Human Rights 2012 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2016 Agreement Between the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia and the Government of Colombia

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