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Photo by Ann Murray, University of Florida C Enter for Aquatic And Photo by Ann Murray, University of Florida Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. Used with permission. Propagation protocol for American Lotus Nelumbo lutea Willd. Jeff Sayre | KEY WORDS Nelumbonaceae, seed, bareroot production NOMENCLATURE USDA NRCS (2002) merican lotus (Nelumbo lutea Willd. [Nelumbonaceae]) is na- Ative to the eastern and central portions of the US ranging from Maine to Wisconsin and southward from Florida to Texas. Nelumbo lutea also occurs in native stands throughout Cen- tral America and into northern South America. Small native populations can still be found in the West Indian Archi- pelago and the extreme Southeastern portion of Ontario, Canada. Worldwide there are only 2 native species of Nelumbo. The genus is repre- sented by Nelumbo lutea (synonyms: Nelumbo pentapetala or Nelumbium luteum) and Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (synonyms: Nelumbo speciosa or Nelum- bium speciosum). Nelumbo nucifera, which has pinkish white flowers, is native to northern Australia, the Philippines, the Orient, Egypt, and the Volga River delta. All other lotus species are cultivated varieties of these 2 species. 15 NATIVEPLANTS | SPRING 2004 Nelumbo nucifera has been introduced scarified lotus seeds in a cup on my desk the seeds that float; floating seeds have into North and South America as an for several years—they germinated 6 d poorly developed or rotten embryos. ornamental plant. Escapees have become after being submerged in warm water. The hard seed coats must be scarified naturalized in lakes, ponds, and water- The leaves are orbicular in shape to allow the seeds to imbibe water (Figure ways. In some places, this introduced with crenulate margins. They range 1). The simplest approach is to scratch off species has become invasive. from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 ft) in diameter a small area of seed coat using medium- Common names for Nelumbo lutea with the petiole attached to the leaf at grade sandpaper. Most articles indicate include American lotus, water-chin- the center. The peltate, palmate leaves that if you scratch seeds too deeply and quapin, and yellow lotus. Common are slightly concave, giving the impres- reveal the creamy-white inner embryos, names for Nelumbo nucifera include sion of a shallow bowl. Unlike the leaves the seeds are killed.At our nursery, we reg- sacred lotus, Oriental lotus, and East of American white water lily (Nym- ularly nick seed coats with a grinding Indian lotus. This article will deal exclu- phaea odorata Ait. ssp. tuberosa (Paine) wheel and this technique always results in sively with our native North American Wiersma & Hellquist [Nymphaea- the creamy-colored inside portion of the species, Nelumbo lutea. ceae]), the leaves of N. lutea do not have seed being exposed. Although we do not a radial cut. Leaves arise directly from always have 100% germination, exposure the rhizome and can either be floating of the embryo does not appear damaging. NATURAL HISTORY on the water or raised 30 to 46 cm (1 to It is important to change the water daily as 1.5 ft) above the water. you wait for seeds to germinate. Nelumbo lutea is an emergent, obligate A number of American Indian tribes, species locally occurring in lake and including the Comanche, Dakota, Hu- Nursery Production pond margins. Some populations are ron, Meskwaki, Ojibwa, Omaha, and Once seeds have germinated and the found in headwater lakes of riparian cor- Potawatomi used various parts of the root begins to emerge (but before the ridors. American lotus prefers water lotus plant as a source of supplemental leaves are up), transplant them to a 10- depths from 60 cm to 2.1 m (2 to 7 ft). food. All parts of the plant were eaten. cm (4-in) pot filled with a loamy-clay. Most plants establish in shallower water The hard seeds were gathered and added We place pots in 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) of and grow out to deeper water. to soups or roasted like chestnuts and warm water in holding ponds. A seedling American lotus is a long-lived peren- the tubers and shoots were cooked and is not likely to bloom the first year. nial with cylindrical, spongy rhizomes eaten like a vegetable. Several American As the seedlings develop, gradually that produce thick tubers in the fall. It is Indian tribes treated lotus as a sacred increase the water depth but not so much listed as endangered in New Jersey and plant with mystical powers. that the emergent true leaves are sub- Pennsylvania, threatened in Michigan, Today, N. lutea is considered to have merged below the water surface. Gener- and extirpated in Delaware. little economic importance. The flow- ally, the fertility in the soil we use to fill Nelumbo lutea blooms from June to ers and dried seed heads are used in pots is sufficient for growth. At the end of September depending on geographic ornamental floral displays. In areas the growing season when leaves have location. The flowers open on a single where American lotus colonies have died back, we remove tubers from the stalk and are cream to yellow in color, grown large, they sometimes are con- containers and store them surrounded ranging from 7.6 to 20 cm (3 to 8 in) in sidered an economically-detrimental by moistened sphagnum peat in a cool diameter when fully open. The flowers species that restrict small boat naviga- (not freezing), dark storage room. Seed- usually open up in early to mid morning tion and hinder fishing. lings can be held in their containers in and close by early to mid afternoon. A sin- storage ponds as long as the water is gle bloom lasts from 3 to 4 d. Once the more than 1 m (3 ft) deep and the tops of petals fall off, a seedpod covered with SEED PROPAGATION the containers do not freeze. small holes is revealed. In a flower that was If seedlings are held, however, for successfully pollinated, most holes con- Propagating N. lutea by seeds or rhi- longer than 1 y in their pots, we incorpo- tain a single round, developing seed. The zome is a rather straightforward task, rate a controlled release fertilizer after new seeds are actually located in the woody as long as a few important steps are fol- leaves emerge in spring. Our preference is receptacle—the distinctive inverted cone lowed. American lotus can easily be Osmocote Exact tablets with 3% water (obconic) that looks like a showerhead. propagated from seeds. First, it is cru- soluble magnesium oxide (15N:9P2O5: The hard, brown seeds, about 1 cm (0.4 cial to use viable seeds. The easiest way 9K2O; 8 to 9 mo release rate; The Scott’s in) in diameter, are renowned for surviv- to determine the viability of lotus seeds Company, Marysville, Ohio) at the ing for decades, waiting for the proper is to throw them in a cup of water. approximate rate of 5 g per l (0.2 oz/qt) 16 conditions to germinate. I have stored Retain the seeds that sink and discard volume of medium. NATIVEPLANTS | SPRING 2004 PROPAGATION PROTOCOL FOR AMERICAN LOTUS (NELUMBO LUTEA WILLD.) Direct Seeding OUTPLANTING REFERENCE If you are installing American lotus seeds in a restoration site, the seeds Usually, seedlings are outplanted in fall USDA NRCS. 2002. The PLANTS database, version should be prepared for germination as of the same year they were sown or the 3.5. URL: http://plants.usda.gov (accessed 18 detailed above. Plant the seeds in water following spring. Plants derived from Jan 2004). Baton Rouge (LA): The National no deeper than 30 cm (12 in) taking extra cuttings, because they grow and fill con- Plant Data Center. care to make sure seeds are fully covered tainers quickly, can be outplanted dur- with substrate. As the plant matures, it ing the summer or fall of the year they will spread into deeper waters. were started. For ornamental ponds, container stock can be outplanted in spring or fall AUTHOR INFORMATION VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION if the pond has a natural mud bottom. More often, container plants remain in Jeff Sayre Propagating N. lutea from rhizomes containers and are used in fiberglass or Director, Ecologist requires several steps. For best results concrete fabricated ponds, divided or JFNew Native Plant Nursery start with dormant tubers (before new repotted as needed. 128 Sunset Drive runners form). Cut the tubers into Bareroot tubers, either from seeds or Walkerton, IN 46574 pieces, ensuring each section contains at cuttings, should be outplanted in the [email protected] least 1 bud. It is from these buds, or eyes, same manner as described for potting www.jfnewnursery.com that leaves will emerge. cuttings: ensure that the growing tip of Plant the rhizome pieces in wide, the shoot is 1.3 to 2.5 cm (0.5 in to 1 in) round pots that lack drainage holes. above the soil line. Avoid square pots because the growing tip of the rhizome is tender and can break off if it grows into a corner. Pot size depends on the size of the rhizome pieces. In general, expect to use a pot with a diameter ranging from 20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 in). Since N. lutea grows vigorously, no more than 1 piece should be planted in Photos by JF New Nursery each pot. Use extra care so that the grow- ing tip is not damaged during planting because at this sensitive stage, a damaged tip can result in rhizome death. The pot should be filled with a rich, loamy-clay soil and then topped with a thin layer of 0 1 in pea gravel. Correctly planted rhizome pieces have about 1.3 cm (0.5 in) of the growing tip visible above the pea gravel.
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