Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assignment 2011
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Activity of Vancomycin Combined with Linezolid Against Clinical Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Strains
Basic research Activity of vancomycin combined with linezolid against clinical vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus strains Gulseren Aktas Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Corresponding author: Istanbul, Turkey Gulseren Aktas Department of Medical Submitted: 16 April 2019 Microbiology Accepted: 12 July 2019 Faculty of Medicine Istanbul University Arch Med Sci Istanbul, Turkey DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2020.96400 Phone: 090 212 Copyright © 2020 Termedia & Banach 4142000/32417 Fax: 090 212 4142037 E-mail: Abstract [email protected] Introduction: Because multi-drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria have been isolated frequently worldwide and are difficult to treat, alternative treatment choices are required. Combination antibiotherapies have a distinct advan- tage over monotherapies in terms of their broad spectrum and synergistic effect. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of vancomycin combined with linezolid against clinical vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) strains with high-level aminoglycoside resistance. Material and methods: A total of 30 randomly selected clinical VRE strains were studied. Susceptibility to agents tested was investigated using broth microdilution assay. The inoculum of strain was adjusted to approximately 5 × 105 CFU/ml in the wells. The results were interpreted in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. In vitro activities of anti biotics in combination were assessed using the broth microcheckerboard technique. The fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (FICIs) were inter- preted as follows: synergism, FICI ≤ 0.5; additive/indifference, FICI ≤ 0.5 – ≤ 4; antagonism, FICI > 4. Results: All strains were resistant to vancomycin and susceptible to linezolid. The MIC50,90 and MICrange values of antimicrobials were 512, 512, and 512–1024 µg/ ml for vancomycin; 2, 2, and 2–4 µg/ml for linezolid. -
WHO Drug Information Vol. 12, No. 3, 1998
WHO DRUG INFORMATION VOLUME 12 NUMBER 3 • 1998 RECOMMENDED INN LIST 40 INTERNATIONAL NONPROPRIETARY NAMES FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SUBSTANCES WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION • GENEVA Volume 12, Number 3, 1998 World Health Organization, Geneva WHO Drug Information Contents Seratrodast and hepatic dysfunction 146 Meloxicam safety similar to other NSAIDs 147 Proxibarbal withdrawn from the market 147 General Policy Issues Cholestin an unapproved drug 147 Vigabatrin and visual defects 147 Starting materials for pharmaceutical products: safety concerns 129 Glycerol contaminated with diethylene glycol 129 ATC/DDD Classification (final) 148 Pharmaceutical excipients: certificates of analysis and vendor qualification 130 ATC/DDD Classification Quality assurance and supply of starting (temporary) 150 materials 132 Implementation of vendor certification 134 Control and safe trade in starting materials Essential Drugs for pharmaceuticals: recommendations 134 WHO Model Formulary: Immunosuppressives, antineoplastics and drugs used in palliative care Reports on Individual Drugs Immunosuppresive drugs 153 Tamoxifen in the prevention and treatment Azathioprine 153 of breast cancer 136 Ciclosporin 154 Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and Cytotoxic drugs 154 withdrawal reactions 136 Asparaginase 157 Triclabendazole and fascioliasis 138 Bleomycin 157 Calcium folinate 157 Chlormethine 158 Current Topics Cisplatin 158 Reverse transcriptase activity in vaccines 140 Cyclophosphamide 158 Consumer protection and herbal remedies 141 Cytarabine 159 Indiscriminate antibiotic -
Par Drugs and Chemicals Limited
+91-8048372739 PAR DRUGS AND CHEMICALS LIMITED https://www.indiamart.com/pardrugs/ We are one of the leading Manufacturer of various Inorganic Molecules such as-Magnesium Hydroxide, Aluminium Hydroxide, Magnesium & Aluminum Silicates as well the blends of these molecules such as Magaldrate, Almagate, Hydrotalcite etc. About Us Par Drugs & Chemicals Private Limited incorporated in the year 1982 and proved its competency as the known Manufacturer of various Inorganice Molecules such as- Magnesium Hydroxide, Aluminium Hydroxide, Magnesium Trisilicate, Magnesium & Aluminum Silicates as well the blends of these molecules such as Magaldrate, Almagate, Hydrotalcite etcs. Our products stand high in terms of quality and low whereas price is concerned. Mr. F. V. Savani (Marketing Director) has enabled us to gain prominent position in industry. He ensures that the customer’s needs are efficiently fulfilled in an appropriate manner and they are served as per their demands. We do not compromises in terms of quality of our range and ensure that the customers are served accordingly. Our team ensures that products are manufactured in confirmation with the specific quality standards. Packaging of our range is done carefully so that products may reach the clients end in safe manner. Regular training sessions keep our employees aware of the changes taking place in industry and ensure that they also perform accordingly. Our well-equipped infrastructure has enabled us to carry our business operations in smooth and efficient manner. We have efficiently segregated -
Pharmacokinetics of Salicylic Acid Following Intravenous and Oral Administration of Sodium Salicylate in Sheep
animals Article Pharmacokinetics of Salicylic Acid Following Intravenous and Oral Administration of Sodium Salicylate in Sheep Shashwati Mathurkar 1,*, Preet Singh 2 ID , Kavitha Kongara 2 and Paul Chambers 2 1 1B, He Awa Crescent, Waikanae 5036, New Zealand 2 School of Veterinary Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (P.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-221-678-035 Received: 13 June 2018; Accepted: 16 July 2018; Published: 18 July 2018 Simple Summary: Scarcity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) to minimise the pain in sheep instigated the current study. The aim of this study was to know the pharmacokinetic parameters of salicylic acid in New Zealand sheep after administration of multiple intravenous and oral doses of sodium salicylate (sodium salt of salicylic acid). Results of the study suggest that the half-life of the drug was shorter and clearance was faster after intravenous administration as compared to that of the oral administration. The minimum effective concentration required to produce analgesia in humans (16.8 µL) was achieved in sheep for about 0.17 h in the current study after intravenous administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of sodium salicylate. However, oral administration of these doses failed to achieve the minimum effective concentration as mentioned above. This study is of significance as it adds valuable information on pharmacokinetics and its variation due to breed, species, age, gender and environmental conditions. -
Erythromycin Versus Tetracycline for Treatment of Mediterranean Spotted Fever
Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.61.10.1027 on 1 October 1986. Downloaded from Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1986, 61, 1027-1029 Erythromycin versus tetracycline for treatment of Mediterranean spotted fever T MUNOZ-ESPIN, P LOPEZ-PARtS, E ESPEJO-ARENAS, B FONT-CREUS, I MARTINEZ- VILA, J TRAVERIA-CASANOVA, F SEGURA-PORTA, AND F BELLA-CUETO Hospital de Sant Llatzer, Terrassa, Clinica Infantil del Nen Jesus, Sabadell, and Hospital Mare de Deu de la Salut, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain SUMMARY Eighty one children aged between 1 and 13 years participated in a randomised comparative trial of tetracycline hydrochloride and erythromycin stearate for treatment of Mediterranean spotted fever. Both therapeutic regimens proved effective, but in patients treated with tetracycline both clinical symptoms and fever disappeared significantly more quickly. Likewise, when those patients who began treatment within the first 72 hours of illness are considered the febrile period had a significantly shorter duration in the group treated with tetracycline. One patient was switched to tetracycline because there was no improvement of clinical manifestations, with persistence of fever, myalgias, and prostration, after receiving eight days of treatment with erythromycin. These results suggest that tetracyclines are superior to erythromycin in the treatment of Mediterranean spotted fever. copyright. Mediterranean spotted fever is an acute infectious were not included in the trial; neither were those disease caused by Rickettsia conorii. During the -
204684Orig1s000
CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH APPLICATION NUMBER: 204684Orig1s000 OFFICE DIRECTOR MEMO Deputy Office Director Decisional Memo Page 2 of 17 NDA 204,684 Miltefosine Capsules 1. Introduction Leishmania organisms are intracellular protozoan parasites that are transmitted to a mammalian host by the bite of the female phlebotomine sandfly. The main clinical syndromes are visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). VL is the result of systemic infection and is progressive over months or years. Clinical manifestations include fever, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and bone marrow involvement with pancytopenia. VL is fatal if untreated. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome®) was FDA approved in 1997 for the treatment of VL. CL usually presents as one or more skin ulcers at the site of the sandfly bite. In most cases, the ulcer spontaneously resolves within several months, leaving a scar. The goals of therapy are to accelerate healing, decrease morbidity and decrease the risk of relapse, local dissemination, or mucosal dissemination. There are no FDA approved drugs for the treatment of CL. Rarely, CL disseminates from the skin to the naso-oropharyngeal mucosa, resulting in ML. ML can also develop some time after CL spontaneous ulcer healing. The risk of ML is thought to be highest with CL caused by the subgenus Viannia. ML is characterized in the medical literature as progressive with destruction of nasal and pharyngeal structures, and death may occur due to complicating aspiration pneumonia. There are no FDA approved drugs for the treatment of ML. Paladin Therapeutics submitted NDA 204, 684 seeking approval of miltefosine for the treatment of VL caused by L. -
Antibiotic Use in Pregnancy and Lactation What Is and Is Not Known About Teratogenic and Toxic Risks
Reviews Antibiotic Use in Pregnancy and Lactation What Is and Is Not Known About Teratogenic and Toxic Risks Gerard G. Nahum, MD, CAPT Kathleen Uhl, USPHS, and CAPT Dianne L. Kennedy, USPHS OBJECTIVE: Over ten million women are either pregnant icol, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, levofloxacin, and or lactating in the United States at any time. The risks of rifampin) to “undetermined” (clindamycin, gentamicin, medication use for these women are unique. In addition and vancomycin). Assessments were based on “good to normal physiologic changes that alter the pharmaco- data” (penicillin G and VK), “fair data” (amoxicillin, chlor- kinetics of drugs, there is the concern of possible terato- amphenicol, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, levofloxacin, and genic and toxic effects on the developing fetus and rifampin), “limited data” (clindamycin and gentamicin), newborn. This article reviews the risks and pharmacoki- and “very limited data” (vancomycin). Significant phar- netic considerations for 11 broad-spectrum antibiotics macokinetic changes occurred during pregnancy for the that can be used to treat routine and life-threatening penicillins, fluoroquinolones and gentamicin, indicating infections during pregnancy and lactation. that dosage adjustments for these drugs may be neces- sary. With the exception of chloramphenicol, all of these DATA SOURCES: Information from the U.S. Food and antibiotics are considered compatible with breastfeed- Drug Administration (FDA) product labels, the Teratogen ing. Information Service, REPROTOX, Shepard’s Catalog of Teratogenic Agents, Clinical Pharmacology, and the peer- CONCLUSION: Health care professionals should con- reviewed medical literature was reviewed concerning the sider the teratogenic and toxic risk profiles of antibiotics use of 11 antibiotics in pregnant and lactating women. -
Antimicrobial Activity of Cationic
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CATIONIC ANTISEPTICS IN LAYER-BY-LAYER THIN FILM ASSEMBLIES A Thesis by CHARLENE MYRIAH DVORACEK Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May 2009 Major Subject: Mechanical Engineering ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CATIONIC ANTISEPTICS IN LAYER-BY-LAYER THIN FILM ASSEMBLIES A Thesis by CHARLENE MYRIAH DVORACEK Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Chair of Committee, Jaime Grunlan Committee Members, Michael Benedik Xinghang Zhang Head of Department, Dennis O'Neal May 2009 Major Subject: Mechanical Engineering iii ABSTRACT Antimicrobial Activity of Cationic Antiseptics in Layer-by-Layer Thin Film Assemblies. (May 2009) Charlene Myriah Dvoracek, B.S., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Jaime Grunlan Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly has proven to be a powerful technique for assembling thin films with a variety of properties including electrochromic, molecular sensing, oxygen barrier, and antimicrobial. LbL involves the deposition of alternating cationic and anionic ingredients from solution, utilizing the electrostatic charges to develop multilayer films. The present work incorporates cationic antimicrobial agents into the positively-charged layers of LbL assemblies. When these thin films are exposed to a humid environment, the antimicrobial molecules readily diffuse out and prevent bacterial growth. The influence of exposure time, testing temperature, secondary ingredients and number of bilayers on antimicrobial efficacy is evaluated here. Additionally, film growth and microstructure are analyzed to better understand the behavior of these films. -
Lecture 6 OTC GERD/Heartburn Meghji
Lecture 6 OTC GERD/Heartburn Meghji GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE: ALARM SYMPTOMS & WHEN TO REFER: • “A condition that develops when the reflux • Chest pain: radiating pain to shoulders, neck, arm, SOB, sweating of stomach contents causes troublesome • Vomiting: continuous/recurrent symptoms and/or complications” • GI blood loss: hematemesis, melena WHY CHECK FOR ALARM SX? (Montreal Classification) • Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), especially solids Symptoms could be due or lead to: • Most common symptoms for mild GERD: • Odynophagia (severe pain on swallowing) • Cardiac disease o Heartburn (burning sensation along • Unexplained weight loss > 5% • PUD esophagus) • Unexplained cough, wheezing, choking, hoarseness • Malignancy o Regurgitation (acid/bile that rises to • Age > 50 years old with new symptoms • Functional dyspepsia the back of the throat) • Severe symptoms (frequency, rating) • Biliary disease • Features: • Nocturnal symptoms • Other o May wax and wane • Failure of 2 week H2RA/PPI therapy o Worse when lying down, bending over, or after a meal NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TX: GOALS OF THERAPY: • Avoid foods/beverages that worsen or trigger symptoms • Treat symptoms CAUSE IS MULTIFACTORIAL: • Eat small meals and chew food well (reduce/eliminate) • Relaxation/decreased integrity of the • Avoid exercise after meals • Reduce or prevent recurrence lower esophageal sphincter • Don’t lie down for 2-3 hours after eating • Prevent structural damage and • Increased lower abdominal pressure • Avoid tight clothing thus complications (e.g. ulcers) -
Final Decisions & Reasons for Decisions by Delegates of the Secretary to the Department of Health
Final decisions & reasons for decisions by delegates of the Secretary to the Department of Health 29 June 2017 (ACMS and ACCS meetings – March 2017) Notice under subsections 42ZCZS/42ZCZX of the Therapeutic Goods Regulations 1990 (the Regulations) The delegates of the Secretary to the Department of Health hereby give notice of delegates’ final decisions for amending the Poisons Standard (commonly referred to as the Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons - SUSMP) under subsections 42ZCZS/42ZCZX of the Therapeutic Goods Regulations 1990 (the Regulations). This notice also provides the reasons for each decision and the date of effect (implementation date) of the decision. The delegates’ final decisions and reasons relate to: · scheduling proposals initially referred to the March 2017 meeting of the Advisory Committee on Medicines Scheduling (ACMS#20); · scheduling proposals initially referred to the March 2017 Joint meeting of the Advisory Committees on Chemicals and Medicines Scheduling (ACCS-ACMS#15); · scheduling proposals initially referred to the March 2017 meeting of the Advisory Committee on Chemicals Scheduling (ACCS#19); and · scheduling proposals considered as delegate-only matters, i.e. not referred to an expert advisory committee. Scheduling proposals referred to the expert advisory committees. Pre-meeting public notices On 22 December 2016 and 3 February 2017, under subsection 42ZCZK of the Therapeutic Goods Regulations 1990 (the Regulations), the delegate published pre-meeting public notices on the TGA website which specified the proposed amendments to the current Poisons Standard. The notices also invited public comment on the scheduling proposals referred to the expert advisory committees. The pre-meeting consultation periods were open for public comment for 20 business days and closed on 10 February 2017 and 3 March 2017, respectively. -
Reseptregisteret 2013–2017 the Norwegian Prescription Database
LEGEMIDDELSTATISTIKK 2018:2 Reseptregisteret 2013–2017 Tema: Legemidler og eldre The Norwegian Prescription Database 2013–2017 Topic: Drug use in the elderly Reseptregisteret 2013–2017 Tema: Legemidler og eldre The Norwegian Prescription Database 2013–2017 Topic: Drug use in the elderly Christian Berg Hege Salvesen Blix Olaug Fenne Kari Furu Vidar Hjellvik Kari Jansdotter Husabø Irene Litleskare Marit Rønning Solveig Sakshaug Randi Selmer Anne-Johanne Søgaard Sissel Torheim Utgitt av Folkehelseinstituttet/Published by Norwegian Institute of Public Health Område for Helsedata og digitalisering Avdeling for Legemiddelstatistikk Juni 2018 Tittel/Title: Legemiddelstatistikk 2018:2 Reseptregisteret 2013–2017 / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2013–2017 Forfattere/Authors: Christian Berg, redaktør/editor Hege Salvesen Blix Olaug Fenne Kari Furu Vidar Hjellvik Kari Jansdotter Husabø Irene Litleskare Marit Rønning Solveig Sakshaug Randi Selmer Anne-Johanne Søgaard Sissel Torheim Acknowledgement: Julie D. W. Johansen (English text) Bestilling/Order: Rapporten kan lastes ned som pdf på Folkehelseinstituttets nettsider: www.fhi.no The report can be downloaded from www.fhi.no Grafisk design omslag: Fete Typer Ombrekking: Houston911 Kontaktinformasjon/Contact information: Folkehelseinstituttet/Norwegian Institute of Public Health Postboks 222 Skøyen N-0213 Oslo Tel: +47 21 07 70 00 ISSN: 1890-9647 ISBN: 978-82-8082-926-9 Sitering/Citation: Berg, C (red), Reseptregisteret 2013–2017 [The Norwegian Prescription Database 2013–2017] Legemiddelstatistikk 2018:2, Oslo, Norge: Folkehelseinstituttet, 2018. Tidligere utgaver / Previous editions: 2008: Reseptregisteret 2004–2007 / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2004–2007 2009: Legemiddelstatistikk 2009:2: Reseptregisteret 2004–2008 / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2004–2008 2010: Legemiddelstatistikk 2010:2: Reseptregisteret 2005–2009. Tema: Vanedannende legemidler / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2005–2009. -
(19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub
US 20050181041A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2005/0181041 A1 Goldman (43) Pub. Date: Aug. 18, 2005 (54) METHOD OF PREPARATION OF MIXED Related US. Application Data PHASE CO-CRYSTALS WITH ACTIVE AGENTS (60) Provisional application No. 60/528,232, ?led on Dec. 9, 2003. Provisional application No. 60/559,862, ?led (75) Inventor: David Goldman, Portland, CT (US) on Apr. 6, 2004. Correspondence Address: Publication Classi?cation LEYDIG VOIT & MAYER, LTD (51) Int. Cl.7 ....................... .. A61K 31/56; A61K 38/00; TWO PRUDENTIAL PLAZA, SUITE 4900 A61K 9/64 180 NORTH STETSON AVENUE (52) US. Cl. ............................ .. 424/456; 514/179; 514/2; CHICAGO, IL 60601-6780 (US) 514/221 (73) Assignee: MedCrystalForms, LLC, Hunt Valley, (57) ABSTRACT MD This invention pertains to a method of preparing mixed phase co-crystals of active agents With one or more materials (21) Appl. No.: 11/008,034 that alloWs the modi?cation of the active agent to a neW physical/crystal form With unique properties useful for the delivery of the active agent, as Well as compositions com (22) Filed: Dec. 9, 2004 prising the mixed phase co-crystals. Patent Application Publication Aug. 18, 2005 Sheet 1 0f 8 US 2005/0181041 A1 FIG. 1a 214.70°C z.m."m.n... 206.98°C n..0ao 142 OJ/g as:20m=3: -0.8 -1.0 40 90 1:10 2110 Temperture (°C) FIG. 1b 0.01 as:22“.Km: 217 095 24221.4 39Jmum/Q -0.8 35 155 255 255 Temperture (°C) Patent Application Publication Aug.