MISSOURI Historical Review

The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI THE COVER: The New Madrid Earthquake of 1811 was a factor in the slow develop­ ment of the Southeast Missouri Lowlands, according to Dr. Leon Parker Ogilvie in his article appearing in this issue of the REVIEW. Thirty-seven years after the earth­ quake, the English-born artist, Henry Lewis, sketched the community. A litho­ graph from Lewis' sketch of New Madrid appeared in Das Illustrirte Mississippithal, published in the 1850s. In 1923 a second printing of the book was prepared by H. Schmidt and C. Giinther of Leipzig and Otto Lange of Florence. It is from a copy of the 1923 edition that the cover illustra­ tion has been reproduced. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVffiW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communi­ cations, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. VOLUME LXIV The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $40 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes NUMBER 2 no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. JANUARY 1970 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1968-71 T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Second Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Third Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Fourth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Fifth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1970

WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1971

LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1972

GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Four members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the fifth member, compose the Finance Com­ mittee. ELMER ELLIS, Columbia, Chairman WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield nmraiTOTOffip^ffip

NEW SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS

The State Historical Society of Missouri is always interested in obtaining new members. For more than seventy years thousands of Missourians who have be­ longed to the Society have been responsible primarily for building its great research collections and libraries. They have given it the support which makes it the largest organization of its type in the United States. The quest for interested new members goes on continually, and your help is solicited in obtaining them. In every family, and in every community, there are individuals who are sincerely interested in the collection, preservation and dissemination of the his­ tory of Missouri. Why not nominate these people for membership? Annual dues are only $2.00, Life Memberships $40.00.

Richard S. Brownlee Director and Secretary State Historical Society of Missouri Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201

M iii CONTENTS

THE GENESIS OF THE VARIETY THEATRE: The Black Crook Comes to St. Louis. By John Russell David 133

GOVERNMENTAL EFFORTS AT RECLAMATION IN THE SOUTHEAST MISSOURI LOWLANDS. By Leon Parker Ogilvie 150

THE COLUMBIA FEMALE ACADEMY: A PIONEER IN EDUCATION FOR WOMEN.

By John Crighton 177

TOWN GROWTH IN CENTRAL MISSOURI. Part II. By Stuart F. Voss 197

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society Holds Annual Meeting 218

Views from the Past: Advertisements of Yesteryear 220

News in Brief 222

Errata 224

Local Historical Societies 225

Gifts 239

Missouri History in Newspapers 242

Missouri History in Magazines 247

Graduate Theses Relating To Missouri History 249

Editorial Policy 250

In Memoriam 251

BOOK REVIEW 253

BOOK NOTES 255

"MISSOURI RAH MISSOURI" 260

ROSE WILDER LANE Inside Back Cover iv The Genesis of the Variety Theatre The Black Crook Comes to St. Louis

BY JOHN RUSSELL DAVID*

Early in the summer of 1866 Henry C. Jarrett and Harry Palmer, world-famed managers and speculators, returned from Europe. They had been searching for some attraction which would gain the favor of American theatregoers. After careful consideration, they decided that a ballet troupe would be just the right drawing card. As Jarrett explained the venture sometime later: Legs are staple articles, and will never go out of fashion while the world lasts. They top the list of the Beauties of Nature, and we will father an array of them that will make even the surfeited New Yorker open his eyes and his pocket and hold his breath in astonishment.1 Upon their arrival in New York, Jarrett and Palmer made ar­ rangements to present their ballet troupe at New York's Academy of Music. Before the production opened, however, the Academy burned to the ground, and the ambitious managers then contacted William Wheatley, manager and lessee of Niblo's Garden in down­ town Manhattan. Jarrett and Palmer told Wheatley of the attraction

*John Russell David is currently an instructor in American Studies at Wydown Junior High School in Clayton, Missouri. Mr. David received his B.A. from Washington University, St. Louis, and the M.A. in History from Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois. i Joseph Whitton, "The Naked Truth!" An Inside History of The Black Crook (Philadelphia, 1897), 1-2. 133 134 Missouri Historical Review

they had secured in Europe and offered him the opportunity to join them in the production of a spectacular drama, in which their ballet troupe would be introduced using the stage of Niblo's. Once Wheatley had agreed to the proposition, the promoters planned to locate a manuscript which would satisfy their needs. Jarrett and Palmer desired a script containing a minimum amount of dialogue. The plot would simply act as "... a clothes line, as it were, on which to hang the pretty dresses, besides affording abun­ dant opportunities for scenic display."2 The play was found when Wheatley was contacted by Charles M. Barras. Barras, a New York journalist and dramatic critic, had recently completed a manu­ script entitled The Black Crook.3 Charles Barras conceived the idea of writing The Black Crook in 1865. The ideas he incorporated were not original; they repre­ sented a conglomerate of passages taken from operas, dramas and comedies.4 William Wheatley purchased the rights to The Black Crook from Barras for $3,000, intending that the several acts should merely form pendants for the brilliance of the ballet spectacles following each act. When the bargain was finally concluded between Jarrett, Palmer and Wheatley, the former two gentlemen agreed to supply the company; the latter, the scenery and effects, carpenters, scenic painters and costumers. The production cost $55,000, at that time an unusual amount, but the net profits of $660,000 in little more than a year easily compensated the investors for the play's initial costs. In the first few months alone, Barras garnered $60,000 in royalties from hopeful managers seeking to win fame and fortune with The Black Crook in their own hometowns.5 The plot of The Black Crook was a mixture of the melodramas of the period, Goethe's Faust, and Weber's Der Freischutz. A rich count (Wolfenstein) falls in love with a poor girl (Amina), the fiancee of a starving artist (Rudolphe), whom he throws into a dungeon. In the meantime, the Black Crook (Hertzog) makes a pact with the Arch Fiend. For every soul this aging sorcerer de­ livers, he is granted a year of life. Hertzog then manages to tempt the imprisoned Rudolphe with tales of buried treasure and a vision of his betrothed. Freed of bondage, Rudolphe sallies forth to ac-

2 ibid., 10. 3 Memphis Daily Bulletin, November 18, 1867. 4 Myron Matlaw, ed., The Black Crook and other Nineteenth Century Plays (New York, 1967), 321. 5 Ibid. The Genesis of the Variety Theatre 135 quire the treasure and to punish the Count. By accident he saves the metamorphosed Fairy Queen, who then becomes Rudolphe's guardian angel, helps him defeat the Count, and saves him from the Black Crook, who then loses his pact with the Devil and is borne off to hell.6 Neither the story nor the frequently trite dialogue was of much importance to the viewer. What made the play successful was its theatricality and lavish production: cascading water falls, displays of fire, caverns, grottos, brilliant transformations of color and light­ ing and most important of all, the ballet extravaganzas. While the newspaper reviews praised the "magnificent spec­ tacle" and pronounced The Black Crook a combination of "youth, grace, beauty and elan . . ."; they fulminated against a ballet troupe that wore ". . . no clothes to speak of."7 The New York Times added that "Such dancing has never been seen here; such unembarrassed disporting of human organism has never been indulged in before."8 The New York Herald was perhaps the most explosive in its editorial columns: Nothing in any other Christian country, or in modern times has approached the indecent and demoralizing ex­ position. We can imagine that there might have been in Sodom and Gomorrah such another place and scene, such another theater and spectacle on the Broadway of those doomed cities just before fire and brimstone rained down upon them and buried them in the ruins.9 Condemned by critics and theologians alike, The Black Crook was sought by managers everywhere who hoped to take advantage of the public's curiosity and taste for a brush with wickedness. One of the managers successful in bringing The Black Crook to his city was George J. Deagle of St. Louis, Missouri. Little is known of Deagle's early life in New York where he was born Feb­ ruary 25, 1822. Drifting westward, Deagle came to St. Louis in the early fifties. B. D. M. Eaton, an old friend and acquaintance, recalled that Deagle was first employed in St. Louis as a steam­ boat "barker." Steamboating, then at its peak, often employed "barkers" for the various packet companies and independent steam­ ers. Such men encouraged investment in and travel upon these

6 Ibid., 325-374. 7 New York Times, September 12, 1866. 8 Ibid., September 17, 1866. 9 From a collection of clippings concerning The Black Crook in the New York Public Library at Lincoln Center. 136 Missouri Historical Review

George Deagle

vessels. George Deagle was reputed to have been one of the best in his trade.10 In 1859 Deagle opened a local saloon in St. Louis called Tam­ many Hall. The saloon was ornate, complete with five looking glasses, handsome bar and fixtures, silver cutlery, glassware and cooking utensils. Deagle enjoyed a profitable business until the local sheriff closed down Tammany Hall. When John Leusenderfer, the lessor, was asked the reason for the Tammany's closing, he re­ plied that he ". . . was sorry to see the kind of people around there [Deagle's] which there was at the time."11 In 1860 Deagle and Jack Looney, a prominent saloon keeper and boxing promoter, opened the Canterbury Hall on the north­ east corner of Sixth and Green streets.12 Newspaper advertisements record the Canterbury as a Music Hall featuring "songs, dances, Negro minstrelsy, comic singing, farces and instrumentals."13 Shortly thereafter, it became clear that Deagle had set his sights upon the operation of his own theatre. By June of 1861 Deagle gave up his interests in the Canterbury along with ". . . five painted drop curtains, sixteen painted scene wings, all gas fix-

10 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 8, 1908. ii William Leusenderfer vs. George Deagle, St. Louis Cir. Ct., 1865 12 New York Dramatic Mirror, May 23, 1908. 13 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, November 29, 1861. The Genesis of the Variety Theatre 137 tures, ... all liquors and Cigars . . . plus all appurtenances of his residence."14 In the winter of 1861 Deagle became the sole lessee of the Varieties Theatre at Fifth and Market.15 The Missouri Democrat reviewed the theatre as the largest and most beautiful music hall in the world. Every evening the Varieties Theatre featured "Negro ministrelsy, Ballet, opera, farce, dancing, singing, music pantomine, and instrumental music and in short, everything pertaining to the theatre, circus, opera and concert hall . . . ."16 During the Civil War under Deagle's management17 the Varieties Theatre offered a program of continuous entertainment. Every act was a "separate piece of entertainment."18 The theatre was complimented for its comfortable roominess, and for displaying nothing that was "stale, fait [sic'] or objectionable."19 The Varieties Theatre was near the principal street railroads and transportation thoroughfares of the city. Despite these plaudits for the Varieties Theatre supplied by the local press, Deagle's management during the Civil War was considered a community disgrace by the lovers of legitimate drama. Former Lieutenant Governor Charles P. Johnson, of Missouri, a devoted follower of the legitimate stage, described Deagle's pro­ prietorship during the Civil War: Then a change to the worse occurred. The stage ex­ hibitions were of the most reckless and abandoned kind. Songs, broadly indecent, appealing to the lowest instincts, dances, vulgar and wildly grotesque, recitations as vile as anything in Joe Miller's or George Buchanan's suppressed books. During the war soldiers were here and the bar flourished and the audience was supplied by the beer jerkers.20

14 George Deagle to Edgar Moffatt, Deed of Trust, Recorder of Deeds Office in St. Louis, Missouri, Book No. 259, June 20, 1861, 76-77. 15 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, December 9, 1861. iQIbid. 17 Grant M. Herbstruth, "Benedict DeBar and the Grand Opera House in St. Louis, Missouri from 1855 to 1879" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, State University of Iowa, 1954). A complete history of the Varieties Theatre both before and after George Deagle's management is found in this study. 18 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, January 28, 1862. 19 Ibid. 20 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 2, 1896. The term beer jerker derived its origins from the manner in which a waitress "jerked" a glass of beer from the counter, slipping change into her pockets, all without spilling a drop of the precious brew. Often coarse, flabby and vulgar in dress, such women were usually classified as professional pickpockets and associated with organized bands of thieves. 138 Missouri Historical Review

The Varieties Theatre, erected in 1852, later became De Bar's Opera House when it was pur­ chased in 1873 by Ben De Bar. It was demolished in 1881 and the Grand Opera House was built on the site.

Mo. Hist. Soc.

Following the war Deagle made the decision to transform his Varieties Theatre into a legitimate playhouse. His success during the war had enabled him to accumulate the necessary capital for expensive performances and lavish spectaculars.21 On April 14, 1867, Deagle set in motion the arrangements for presenting The Black Crook in St. Louis. The Varieties Theatre was in a topsy-turvy state, and forty to fifty men were assigned the construction of a new stage. The old stage was torn away to ac­ commodate the new machinery employed in the creation of The Black Crook's many scenes of beauty and fantasy. An excavation of some twenty feet was made to store the necessary machinery used in The Black Crook's presentation. Forty-five men were re­ quired to operate the equipment. The Missouri Democrat described the scene: Everywhere are ropes and huge pulleys that creak and groan beneath the load of fairies and sea nymphs. Here the coral groves are raised from the bottom of the sea to soft Lydian airs . . . pulled by brawny arms.22

121 Ibid., March 16, 1878. 22 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, April 22, 1867 The Genesis of the Variety Theatre 139

Under the direction of the stage manager Ben Sherwood, the men worked "like bees" toiling and perspiring in the flies and machinery. In one section the newspaper reporter watched the operation of four huge wooden wheels resem­ bling treadmills; in another area a huge sheet of plate glass, measuring ten feet in height and seven feet in length, was being lifted into place. The glass was used in the trans­ formation scene along with real water rippling "in those caves where sea nymphs sleep/'23 George Deagle announced to the newspapers that he would spare no expense in seeing that the people of St. Louis enjoyed The Black Crook as no theatre Helping the Scene Painter public had ever witnessed it. The new stage required 3,000 feet of lumber and was divided into small sections which could, it was rumored, be changed for various scenes in less than one minute.24 Some 9,000 yards of canvas were required along with 11,000 feet of rope, 2,500 gas burners, eight calcium lights and tin foil and gauze costing over $4,500. One scene alone, the Transformation Scene,25 utilized sixty-six tons of iron and framework; when completed, the entire complement of sets and scenery weighed 110 tons.26 The wardrobe for The Black Crook was lavish. Deagle's only regret was that he could not obtain all that was requisite from

23 Ibid. 24 St. Louis Missouri Republican, April 25, 1867. 25 W. J. Lawrence, "The Rise of Spectacle in America," Theatre Magazine, XXVI (January, 1917) , 44. The transformation scene usually represented the ethereal world of heavenly spirits. The slowly developing stage scene was made up of gauze "rises" with ballet girls in picturesque poses upon pedestals. The scene then transformed itself into a Satanic blaze of underworld fires created by igniting chemical compounds offstage. The scene was first employed in Planchis' The Isiand of Jewels in the London Lyceum in 1848. 26 St. Louis Missouri Republican, April 25, 1867. 140 Missouri Historical Review

American business houses. From London he purchased lame cloth, 150 pieces of gold and silver lame from Dedlock and Company. Sixteen burnished steel suits of armor for the production were manufactured in Paris.27 It was expected that the influx of green­ backs would easily repay Deagle for his reputed investment of $47,000.28 The first performance of The Black Crook in St. Louis on the evening of April 24, 1867, was a huge success. The performance lasted until one o'clock the next morning. At the final curtain the capacity crowd rose to its feet, clapping, stomping and shouting itself hoarse in praise of Deagle, Sherwood, and Thomas C. Noxon, the designer of The Black Crook's elaborate scenery.29 Black Crook neckties and music shortly became the order of the day in St. Louis following the play's opening performance. A special notice appeared in the local press from an aspiring physician who informed his public ". . . that all those who are desirous of visiting these gorgeous spectacles, should first visit Dr. J. Lindo- man and get their corns taken out at his office."30 Black Crook saloons were opened rapidly, and the Chicago and Alton Railroad announced that it would run a special train from Springfield to St. Louis in order to accommodate theatre patrons. Meanwhile, other theatre managers in the city had already begun to exploit the wave of enthusiasm surrounding The Black Crook. On May 18, 1867, Jake Esher presented a Saturday night burlesque on The Black Crook entitled The Black Book. Having re­ cently opened his new variety theatre on the corner of Fifth and Franklin, Esher attracted capacity crowds who cheered his pro­ duction. Esher made the price of admission to his theatre more at­ tractive by giving away hams, linen coats, hats, two silver watches, a silver goblet, a photographic album and two dollars in green­ backs.31 Fred Wilson produced a burlesque on The Black Crook en­ titled Hamlet in Black at his popular little minstrel house on Fifth Street, while Ben De Bar, the veteran theatre manager in St. Louis, managed to produce a burlesque on The Black Crook which the Missouri Democrat promptly pronounced as "lamentably flat."32

27 Ibid. 28 ibid. In the age of P. T. Barnum any figure would be suspect. 29 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, April 25, 1867. 30 St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 5, 1867. 31 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, June 20, 1867. 32 Ibid., June 1, 1867. The name of the burlesque on The Black Crook pro­ duced by Ben De Bar is not available. RULES AND REGULATIONS

OF TUK VARIETIES THEATRE, ST. LOUIS, MO.

GEO. J. DEAGLE, Manager. J. G. BURNETT, Stage Manager.

1. Gentlemen, At the time of rehearsal or |icrlbrmaucc, will not. wear their hat* in the Green I loom, or talk vtwifcrously. 11m Green Koom is a place appropriated lor the «piiet ami orderly meeting of the company, who arc to lie ml let I thence, and tiumv imlij, hy the call Imy, to attend on the stage. The Stage Manner is not to lie applied to in that piaffe, on any matter of business, or with any jierwuial complaint. 2. The will for rehearsals will lie put up in tho Green Room, or usual place for such notices, previous to 0 o'clock in the evening, ami no plea that such cull was not seen will lie received. All rehearfuilH must lie attended. For aliscncc from caeh scene, a line of twenty live cent*; whole rehearsal, live dollars. 3. Ladies and gentlemen, prevented hy indis|Kisition from attending rehearsal, must give notice to the Prompter P.EFORK the hour of lieginning. 4. If any Performer shall lie unahle, from ill new, to ap|>ear at night, the written ccrtilieatc of a respectable Physician, must lie sent to the Manager at leant four hours liclbre the commencement of the performance. Any ucglcctr.of the aliovo will empower the Manager to cancel the engagement 5. In all cases of sickness, the Manager reserves to himself the right of payment or stoppage of salary during the absence of the sick jwrson. 0». Any person appearing intoxicated on the stage, or unahle from that cause, to perform their duty in any department, shall forfeit a week's salary, and lie liable to lie discharged. 7. Performers, Musicians, or Employees, alttcnting themselves trom their duties in any department of the Theatre, without consent of the Manager, shall forfeit such sum as shall lie deemed equivalent to the oft'oncc. 8. A Performer introducing his own language, or improper jest* not in the author, or swearing in his part, shall i iii'luii •' • dollar. !>. Every gentleman engaged in the Theatre shall provide himself with such silk or cotton tights and stockings, wigs, feathers, swords, shoes and lioots, as may IKJ appropriate and necessary to the costmno he is wearing. If the costume lie of the present period, the w/utlc of it must IKJ provided hy the Performer. 10. Performer* taking ljcncfits must first submit their programme to the Manager for approval, and will not be allowed to accept of auxiliary aid without his consent. Rencfits win lio announced only two days in advance (unless by consent of the management). For a breach of this rule the party will forfeit all claim to tlio benefit. 11. No iKjrson permitted on any account to atldremt t/ic atulicnce, without the consent of tho Manager. Any violation of thin article will *tt1/jcct t/*j*irty to forfeiture of a toed?* mdttry, or ditcharge by tf* Manager. 12. A Performer refusing a part allotted him or her by the Manager, (not conflicting with his or hor engage­ ment,) will forfeit his or her salary during tho run of tho piece, and on any night of its representation during the season, and be liable to be discharged by the Manager. 13. A Performer rehearsing from a liook or jMirt at tho last rohoaraal of a now piece, and after proper time has been givon for study, forfeits dno dollar. 14. A Performer restoring what is cut out by the Manager, will forfoit ono dollar. 15. Performers will not be allowed to go into the audience part of tho Theatre, during portbrmancc, without the consent of the Stage Mainagcr. 16. No intoxicating drinks of any kind will IKJ allowed on tho Stage, in the Green Room or Dressing Rooms. 17. No mendier of the Company will lie allowed to intnidueo any jwrson Udiind the scenes, into tho Green Ibiom or any of the Dressing Ifcsims, without the consent of the Stage Manager. IS. All dresses will IKJ regulated and arranged on the morning of tho performance; and no apiical will IKJ IKjrmittod against tho decision of the Stage Manager. 19. No Prompter, Performer or Musician will IKJ permitted to copy any manuscript or music lielonging to the Theatre, without permission of tho Manager, under penalty of fifty dollars. 20. All persons engaged in this Theatre must keep tho Stage Manager advised of their place of residem-c. 21. The Ixjadcrof the Orchestra, Nfaster Carpcntor, and all heads of department*, are required to make weekly ro|iort» to tho Stage Manager of all ollbnccs against tlioso Rule* and Regulations, ami he in turn will reiwrt to the Manager. 22. Any mcmlicr of tho Company having a complaint or request to inako other than pertains to tlio business lieing transacted on tho Stage at the time, must do so in writing, and leave it at tho Rox OIHcc, addrcwed to the Manager. 23. Any new rulo which may IKJ found necessary shall IKJ considered as part of these Rules and Regulations, after it is publicly made known iu tho Green Room. 142 Missouri Historical Review

By mid-May of 1867 both the Missouri Republican and Missouri Democrat complimented Deagle on the established success of The Black Crook. Unlike New York the response given The Black Crook by St. Louis was less critical. Deagle's Saturday matinees attracted both women and children, the "public having discovered that there was nothing to bring a blush to the cheeks of youth."33 The theatre receipts in St. Louis for March, April and May in 1867 bear witness to the popularity of The Black Crook. In a month's time the receipts of the Varieties Theatre quintupled. Months De Bars Varieties Olympic Wilsons March $8,366 $10,858 $2,189 $4,108 April $8,372 $ 5,004 $ $6,573 May $6,390 $25,945 $ $7,98834 A production like The Black Crook attracted representatives from the entire range of the social spectrum. Prior to the opening performance of the play, however, Deagle had announced his in­ tention to have his theatre patronized by the "best classes of our citizens."35 Without the support of St. Louis' wealthy elite the success of his theatre would be in jeopardy. The private boxes of the first and second circles, priced respectively at ten and six dollars, were designed to insure social differentiation.36 "Beer, cigars and improper characters" were banished from every portion of the house.37 The Rules and Regulations of the Varieties Theatre, dated 1867, are proof of Deagle's sincerity in reforming the operation of his theatre and in regulating the actions of his employees both on and off the stage.38 Despite these preparations the bulk of Deagle's audiences was composed of representatives from the surrounding countryside. Cries of "down in front" from the country folk as they leaned over the balconies were frequently heard throughout the theatre. Munch­ ing apples and strewing peanuts, these inhabitants of the cheap- priced gallery seats cheered their sword-wielding stage champions on to victory.39 Residents of the city resented being crowded from the theatres by their unrefined rural cousins. St. Louisans were

33 ibid., May 13, 1867. 34 St. Louis Dispatch, January 23, 1868. 35 St. Louis Missouri Republican, April 19, 1867. 36 ibid., April 20, 1867. 37 ibid., April 25, 1867. 38 The Rules and Regulations of the Varieties Theatre from the David Theatre Collection dated 1867. Evidence is not available to substantiate the existence of a list of rules and regulations for Deagle's Varieties Theatre before 1867. 39 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, May 13, 1867. The Genesis of the Variety Theatre 143

Training Ballet Dancers

grateful that the strawberry season would soon be upon them and their country neighbors departed.40 Certainly The Black Crook was ignored by large numbers of Roman Catholics who considered the play immoral. The Missouri Democrat in a special tribute wrote: We believe that certain members of a numerous sec­ tion have set their faces against this play. We ask why We shall hint to them that there is nothing in this play more worthy of condemnation than altar pieces in Catholic churches all over Rome, . . . .41 Nonetheless, some of St. Louis' local clergy believed that their presence at The Black Crook would help prevent parishioners from being corrupted. On occasion such ventures proved embarrassing for the religious sleuths. Outside a performance of The Black Crook by Deagle's traveling company in Louisville, Kentucky, two min­ isters, disguised rather poorly in false whiskers, were arrested by the police on charges of vagrancy.42 The Black Crook's success has been attributed to its being the progenitor of what actress-critic Olive Logan called "the leg busi-

40 ibid. 41 Ibid., April 29, 1867. 42 Louisville Daily Democrat, September 22, 1867. 144 Missouri Historical Review ness."43 Unquestionably the appearance of the ballet dancers in flesh-colored tights did lead to minor social convulsions in several cities where The Black Crook was performed. Nevertheless, The Black Crook had not originated burlesque in this country, nor can it even be credited with being the first of the leg-displaying enter­ tainments of which Miss Logan so disparagingly wrote. In 1851 and 1852 New York audiences were enchanted with the beauty of Lola Montez while St. Louis audiences were thrilled with the ap­ pearance of Kate Vance in her flesh-colored tights strapped to the back of a horse in Mazeppa, a popular equestrian drama of that day.44 The Black Crook's claim to being the first musical comedy in America has also been disputed by modern scholarship. The ballet was not the first substantial one in America, and neither the first to use an European company nor the first combined ballet and drama.45 Much of The Black Crook's success must be attributed to its incorporation of specialty numbers within the context of a loosely constructed plot. These specialty numbers placed between the acts of The Black Crook provided diversions for the audience as well as a refreshing touch of spontaneity. By November of 1867 Deagle added a "Garde Imperial" to The Black Crook, one hundred and fifty children clad in French uniforms representing chasseurs, cav­ alry, Zouaves and a drum corps. By October of 1867 a New York production of The Black Crook added two ballets and a mechanical donkey. In a Memphis production of The Black Crook in 1868, "olio" specialties were placed in the first scene of the third act. This portion of the play was generally changed at each performance. It was a variety show consisting of acrobats, song and dance men, a ventriloquist, and of course, the ladies corps de ballet. Worked into the script as a show within the play the specialties bolstered the popularity of the spectacle with their varied offerings.46 In a St. Louis production of The Black Crook some years later at the Theatre Comique, the play had been expanded to include a tight-

43 Olive Logan, The Mimic World and Public Exhibitions: Their History, Their Morals, and Effects (Philadelphia, 1871), 561. 44 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, October 4, 1863. Miss Vance made frequent appearances as Mazeppa in St. Louis' Varieties Theatre. She appeared in that role again on February 4, 1864, and on January 27, 1865, at the Varieties Theatre. 45 Julian Mates, "The Black Crook Myth," Theatre Survey, The American Journal of Theatre History, VII (May, 1966), 36. 46 Seldon Faulkner, "The New Memphis Theatre of Memphis, Tennessee" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, State University of Iowa, 1957), 91. The Genesis of the Variety Theatre 145 rope performer, a trapeze act and a contortionist.47 The Black Crook with its vast array of variety entertainment answered to what could be called a permanent need of the human spirit, the desire for amusement without any con­ tributory effort on one's own part. Conceivably, therefore, variety entertainment created a greater sense of relaxation than drama because of the specta­ tor's more passive attitude. As one theatre critic analyzed the playgoer's desire for stage pres­ entations in the post-Civil War Fencing Scene from The Black Crook era: What he [the playgoer] wants is something to please his eye and tickle his ear, something to strangle his cares and cut the throat of his troubles, something to make him laugh and forget he has a note to pay tomorrow, with no money to meet it.48 Following the war many patrons of the Varieties Theatre de­ plored Deagle's frequent programming of tragedies and demanded presentations of a lighter vein. The Missouri Democrat complained: "We have been filled to bursting with blood and intrigue and crime."49 Along the same lines the Missouri Democrat requested that Deagle use his stock company for more comic productions: "Let no more Hamlets be foisted upon the St. Louis public."50 Similar demands in nearby cities were taking place during the post-Civil War period. A study of the New Memphis Theatre from 1855 to 1880 shows that both minstrel and variety perform­ ances in the post-war period far outweighed the number of serious dramatic presentations.51

47 Theatre Comique Programs, St. Louis Public Library Theatre Program Collection. 48 Whitton, "The Naked Truth!", 32. 49 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, October 7, 1867. 50 Ibid., October 15, 1867. 51 Faulkner, "The New Memphis Theatre of Memphis, Tennessee," 91. 146 Missouri Historical Review

The Black Crook was symptomatic of the theatre's move in the direction of variety entertainment and its accommodation to a rapidly growing nation where people were in a hurry for short­ cuts to pleasure. The inclusion of variety acts was merely the theatrical counterpart of literature's short story and the church's ten minute sermon. The Black Crook's plot certainly required no great span of deep concentration. Elegant writing was not a part of the play's appeal. Joseph Whitton, author of a book on The Black Crook, has written that stylish writing, with its "daintily picked words and smooth flowing sentences is all well enough in its place; but that place is not in the drama of this prosy, money-grabbing age."52 More importantly, The Black Crook hastened the growth of other variety theatres. Charles Krone, a long time resident and actor in St. Louis, noted that following the war, song and dance men began to invade the St. Louis stage in ever greater numbers.53 The success of The Black Crook had shown managers from coast to coast the great harvest to be reaped from a variety style of enter­ tainment. Amidst the excitement accorded The Black Crook and its imi­ tators, however, there were expressions of dismay and disgust. Some saw The Black Crook's success as a positive sign of society's deca­ dence. America was in the throes of a cultural decline on the order of that of Greece and Rome. Others suggested that The Black Crook was the result of the growing laxity created by the "demoralizing tendencies of a great social convulsion."54 America was too pre­ occupied with things effeminate, the "concomitant of a national prosperity."55 Though much has been made of The Black Crook's immorality, a more basic consideration of the play's significance was discussed in an article by the St. Louis Home Journal entitled, "Stage Litera­ ture of the 19th Century." The Journal conceived the problem of America's stage literature to be one not of immorality, but of an absence of an American school of comedy. The Journal argued that the public seemed to show no preference for immorality but ". . . will always reward with its patronage what is talented and

52 Whitton, "The Naked Truth!", 32. 53 Charles A. Krone, "Recollections of an Old Actor," Missouri Historical Society Collections, IV (1913), 224. 54 Louisville Daily Journal, October 11, 1867. 55 ibid. The Genesis of the Variety Theatre 147 what is amusing."36 Therefore, the Journal continued, the public's taste was not at fault in patronizing The Black Crook and similar productions, but rather the neglect of the stage by American wits.57 Though county papers, lecturers, comic papers and daily journals applied themselves to humor, few efforts were being made to bring regional material to the stage. The Journal concluded that the American people attended immoral plays not because the produc­ tions suited them, but because they could get nothing better. In the future it was hoped that the stage would grasp the secret of Negro minstrelsy's success and "Let American types of character be the staple of entertainment."58 On July 15, 1867, The Black Crook was presented for the last time at Deagle's Varieties Theatre after a run of well over eighty- three performances. Although thousands of people had flocked to St. Louis for the performances of The Black Crook, and although

56 "Stage Literature of the 19th Century," St. Louis Home Journal, I (De­ cember, 1867), 4. 57 Barnard Hewitt, Theatre U.S.A. 1665 to 1957 (New York, 1959), 159-160. Recent scholarship has modified the view of this writer. By mid-nineteenth cen­ tury American characters including the rural Yankee, the noble redskin and the tough city lad were part of the dramatic scene. However, Hewitt noted that the theatre ". . . did not attract our best writers." 50 "Stage Literature of the 19th Century," 4.

Scene from The Black Crook 148 Missouri Historical Review the receipts had been large, particularly in May of 1867, it was re­ ported by the Missouri Republican that manager Deagle lost heavily in the venture.59 Perhaps the general depression of business in St. Louis during the summer of 1867 may explain in part the failure of The Black Crook to bring Deagle complete financial success. The St. Louis Dispatch reported that the depression was so severe that even the gambling interests were suffering.60 Moreover, George Deagle presented The Black Crook during the hottest months of the summer; and attendance had suffered. Many stayed away from the city to harvest their crops, while some feared the outbreak of a city-wide cholera epidemic.61 A lack of patronage by the respectable classes who regarded the Varieties Theatre as yet unproven in its venture as a legitimate theatre may also explain Deagle's financial difficulties. Many of the wealthy elite refused to attend any theatre, particularly a variety house, which was situated in a questionable area of the city.62 Despite these problems The Black Crook awakened in St. Louis, as in other cities, the desire for more spectacular produc­ tions, specialty or variety acts, and material celebrating American types of character. Solomon Franklin Smith, for years a talented actor and manager in St. Louis, wrote in his autobiography of the changes taking place in the city's theatrical affairs: In latter years the legitimate drama seems to have been crushed out by what may be termed Black Crookery and White Fawnery, consisting of red and blue fires, a fine collection of French legs, calcium lights, and grand trans­ formation scenes. Negro minstrelsy itself, a modulated form of the drama, has had a hard struggle to maintain its ground, and has only done so by burlesquing the bur­ lesques of the theatres. Theatres did I say They seem to have nearly all vanished and in their places we have 'Acad­ emies of Music', 'Olympics', 'Varieties', 'Gaieties', 'Athen­ aeums', and 'Opera Houses'.63 The Black Crook and other well-known productions of a similar vein developed the habit of broadening or contracting their per-

59 St. Louis Missouri Republican, July 14, 1867. One cannot with any degree of accuracy pronounce George Deagle's presentation of The Black Crook a financial success. Such a conclusion could not be made without a reference to the original outlay of capital. That information is not available. 60 St. Louis Dispatch, August 15, 1867. 61 St. Louis Missouri Republican, July 20, 1867. 62 "Stage Literature of the 19th Century," 4. 63 Solomon Franklin Smith, Theatrical Management in the West and South for Thirty Years (New York, 1868) , 237-238. The Genesis of the Variety Theatre 149 formances as specialty acts were made available. The success of these hastened the growth of entertainment exclusively devoted to variety performances. The popularity of these specialty acts in the post-Civil War period evolved into that popular entertainment form known as the variety theatre.

Advice to Insomniacs

Linn Unterrified Democrat, February 21, 1907. Yesterday a friend who had heard that I sometimes suffer from insomnia told me of a sure cure. "Eat a pint of peanuts and drink two or three glasses of milk before going to bed," said he, "and I'll warrant you'll be asleep within half an hour." I did as he suggested, and for the benefit of others who may be afflicted with insomnia, I feel it to be my duty to report what happened, so far as I am able to recall the details. First, let me say, the friend was right. I did go to sleep very soon after my retirement. Then a friend with his head under his arm came along and asked me if I wanted to buy his feet. I was negotiating with him when the dragon on which I was riding slipped out of his skin and left me floating in midair. While I was considering how I should get down, a bull with two heads peered over the edge of the well and said he would haul me up if I would first climb up and rig a windlass for him. So as I was sliding down the mountainside the brakeman came in, and I asked him when the train would reach my station. "We passed your station four hundred years ago," he said, calmly folding the train up and slipping it into his vest pocket. At this juncture the clown bounded into the ring and pulled the centerpole out of the ground, lifting the tent and all the people in it up, up, up, while I stood on the earth below watching myself go out of sight among the clouds above. Then I awoke and found I had been asleep almost ten minutes.—Health Clinic. Governmental Efforts at Reclamation in the Southeast Missouri Lowlands

HY IKON PARKER OG1I.YIE'

The Southeast Missouri Lowlands consists of seven counties: Dunklin, Mississippi, New Madrid, Pemiscot, Scott, Stoddard and the eastern part of Butler. The area marks the northern limits of the Lower Mississippi AHuvial Plain that stretches southward to the Gulf of Mexico. Except for a few hills or ridges the region is relatively flat, and has the lowest average elevation of any area of the state. The region is noted for its high per acre yield of cotton. Today it is the leading commercial agricultural area of the state, and the most fertile agricultural section. Yet in the state's early history, the region largely was bypassed by settlers as they moved westward. Its transformation from the least developed section of the state to the most productive agricul-

*Leon Parker Ogilvie is an associate professor of History at Francis T. Nicholls State College, Thibodaux, Louisiana. He has received a B.S. from Cen­ tral Missouri State College, Warrensburg, a M.A. from Louisiana State University. Baton Rouge, and a Ph.D. from the University of Missouri, Columbia. 150 Governmental Efforts at Reclamation 151 tural region constituted an important development both locally and for the state as a whole. In addition, the area's history of local drainage reclamation illustrates the reluctance of both national and local governments to undertake extensive internal improvements, and the shortcomings of uncoordinated efforts to solve the problem of flooding and overflow. One factor that accounts for the area's slow development was the New Madrid Earthquake of 1811.1 Considerable misunder­ standing of that phenomenon existed at the time of its occurrence and many myths still persist. Thus, many people think that the swamplands resulted from the earthquake, although it had little effect on the local terrain. Congressional action in 1815 granted public land elsewhere to the victims of the earthquake which was indicative of the unfavorable publicity resulting from the disaster. The New Madrid Earthquake did slow somewhat the popula­ tion growth of the Lowlands. Louis Houck, relying on contemporary accounts, has suggested that after the earthquake population de-

i For a discussion of the earthquake see: Myron L. Fuller, The New Madrid Earthquake (Cape Girardeau, Mo., 1958) ; Otto Kochtitzky, The Story of a Busy Life (Cape Girardeau, 1957) , 41-58; N. S. Shaler, "Earthquakes of the Western United States," Atlantic Monthly, XXIV (November, 1869) , 549-550.

Charles Alexandre Lesueur sketched the east half of New Madrid in 1826, fifteen years after the earthquake.

'•iH

Dept. of the Interior, Nat'l. Park Service Jefferson Nat'l. Expansion Memorial, St. Louis 152 Missouri Historical Review

clined rapidly.2 Certainly, such accounts did not help attract new settlers or allay fears of the danger of future tremors. Typical of post-earthquake reporters was Thomas Nuttall, who wrote: . . . people have been discouraged from settling in con­ sequence of earthquakes, which, besides the memorable one of 1811, are very frequently experienced, two or three oscillations being sometimes felt in a day.3 Timothy Flint, who lived in New Madrid in 1819, maintained that the earthquake resulted in general disillusionment: New Madrid, again dwindled to insignificance and decay; the people trembling in their miserable hovels at the distant and melancholy rumbling of the approaching shocks. . . . When I resided there, this district, formerly so level, rich, and beautiful, had the most melancholy of all aspects of decay, the tokens of former cultivation and habitancy which were now mementos of desolation and desertion. Large and beautiful orchards, left unenclosed, houses uninhabited, deep chasms in the earth obvious at frequent intervals—such was the face of the country . . . .4 Reports concerning the New Madrid Earthquake and the con­ tinuation of earth tremors were soon reflected in guides and gazet­ teers about Missouri and the adjacent area. Two guides in particu­ lar stressed the disastrous effect of the tremors. One of these, authored by Timothy Flint, asserted that as a result of the earth­ quake the entire area had been inundated, and many lakes created. Furthermore, although published two decades after the earthquake, his book maintained that gentle shocks were continuing.5 Alphonse Wetmore's Gazetteer of the State of Missouri contrasted the riches of the area's soil with the destruction resulting from the earthquake: The soil of New Madrid is peculiar only in its richness and level, alluvial character. By the ravages of the earth­ quakes of 1811 and 1812 at least one half of the present

2 Louis Houck, A History of Missouri (Chicago, 1908), III, 179-180. It is unlikely that the area as a whole decreased in population. 3 Thomas Nuttall, Journals of Travel into the Arkansas Territory During the Year (Philadelphia, 1821), reprinted in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels, 1748-1846 (Cleveland, 1905), XIII, 77; also see William Faux, Memorable Days in America: Being a Journal of a Tour to the United States (London, 1823), reprinted in Thwaites, Early Western Travels, XI, 181; Edwin James, Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains (Lon­ don, 1823), reprinted in Thwaites, Early Western Travels, XVII, 88-89. 4 Timothy Flint, Recollections of the Last Ten Years (Boston, 1826), 227- 228. 5 Timothy Flint, The History and Geography of the Mississippi Valley (Cin­ cinnati, 1832), 308-309. Governmental Efforts at Reclamation 153

; „^~0sf^vV>^>v

; : H. Si •' ^•rf'lv'Mr'^i •i.-.-j. JR.. „ v*-.T •5,v-;%v; .'i--S#W

4#«^

Lesueur sketched Tyawapatia (Tywappity) Bottom, also known as Commerce Town, during his 1826 travels.

county has been sunk from one to four feet, leaving that portion (a large part of which was previous to 1811, the most fertile land in the west) now covered with water.6 It was, however, not the earthquake alone that focused un­ favorable attention on the Lowlands. The area already had a repu­ tation for being unhealthy, a region in which an agricultural so­ ciety supposedly would be difficult to establish. To Amos Stoddard, the land between the mouth of the Arkansas River and the Tywap­ pity bottoms (the northern boundary of the New Madrid district of the Louisiana Territory) was more insalubrious than any other part of Upper Louisiana. He wrote:

The mephitic exhalations from the swamps and low grounds must necessarily poison the air, they produce in- termittents and some bilious fevers though they have never been considered very malignant. Indeed the sick have suf­ fered more from the want of medicine than from the ob­ stinate nature of the endemics, and more mortality has

6 Alphonse Wetmore, Gazetteer of the State of Missouri (St. Louis, 1837), 130. 154 Missouri Historical Review

occurred from old age and accidents than from prevalent diseases.7 Although Stoddard maintained that epidemic diseases were un­ known, there was a tendency in later publications to emphasize the negative aspects of health conditions. Thus, Nathan Parker's Mis­ souri As It Js, published in 1867, said of the submerged lands: ... as the waters are dried up from the swamps, there is a sediment, stench and poison left on them that cause dis­ ease and death not only to those that live on the borders, but likewise to inhabitants that live in the vicinity. A great portion of these swamps are not susceptible for the habita­ tion of man except a numberless group of islands inter­ spersed . . . .8 Nevertheless, the most significant factor in limiting the growth of Southeast Missouri was not the earthquake and the distorted propaganda which followed, but rather the actual existence of a large body of land with severe drainage problems. While the earthquake led to additional emphasis on the swamps, those who wrote about the area were aware of the existence of the problem before 1811. Stoddard, for example, writing in 1812 of his prior experience in the Louisiana Territory, said that approximately one-half of the land between the St. Francis and Mississippi rivers was covered or frequently inundated with swamps and ponds. He predicted that except for cattle range this land would never be useful for agricultural purposes unless the swamps were drained.9 The unfavorable view of the Lowlands increased after the earthquake. Estwick Evans was the harshest critic of the New Madrid country. The swamps were, he asserted, "incapable of cultivation," and would, "ever render the climate of this part of the country insalubrious."10 In his estimation, "much of the Louisiana Purchase is not worth a cent."11 Timothy Flint, who spent more

7 Amos Stoddard, Sketches, Historical and Descriptive of Louisiana (Phila­ delphia, 1812), 210. However, early-day American residents during the Spanish period, who were attempting to attract other Americans, claimed in 1779 that all residents were in perfect health and that the climate was excellent. Letter from Samuel Stillman, Jr., et al. to Messrs. Turnbull and Company, Ft. Pitt, April 14, 1789, from Louis Houck, The Spanish Regime in Missouri (Chicago, 1909), I, 280-283. 8 Nathan Parker, Missouri As It Is in 1867 (Philadelphia, 1867), 30. 9 Stoddard, Sketches, II, 208-209. 10 Estwick Evans, A Pedestrious Tour of Four Thousand Miles Through the Western States and Territories During the Winter and Spring of 1818 (Concord, N. H., 1819) , reprinted in Thwaites, Early Western Travels (Cleveland, 1904), VIII, 300. ii Ibid., 303. Governmental Efforts at Recla7iiation 155 time in the area than any contemporary writer on the subject, em­ phasized the destruction resulting from the earthquake more than he did the swamps. Yet he wrote: A large extent of this great state, in its southeast angle, commencing above New Madrid, and extending down the great swamp, and the alluvial region a considerable dis­ tance back from the Mississippi is low, swampy, full of lakes, and many places subject to be inundated.12 Clearly the predominant note of the journals, gazetteers and works of general interest was basically unfriendly, especially when con­ trasted with their comments about other areas.13 The development of the area was closely linked with efforts at reclamation which would improve lands that frequently over­ flowed, improve land transportation between dry areas, and give the entire area a more favorable image. Since the federal govern­ ment owned most of the land, considerable attention was paid by Missourians to its attitude toward land reclamation. For more than twenty years Congress periodically considered the disposal of swamplands. In 1826 the United States Senate approved Thomas Hart Benton's resolution to have the General Land Office report on the quantity and location of public lands in Illinois and Mis"- souri which were unfit for cultivation because of their wet condi­ tion.14 A subsequent report by the General Land Office included little precise information and concluded that insufficient induce­ ments existed to reclaim such an extensive swamp.15 Congress took no action on this report. In 1834, Secretary of the Treasury Levi Woodbury was

12 Flint, The History and Geography, 286. For other views that the area was of limited economic value see: James, Long's Expedition, 121; and Robert Baird, View of the Valley of the Mississippi or the Emigrant's and Traveller's Guide to the West (Philadelphia, 1834), 238. 13 The maps of Missouri at the State Historical Society of Missouri, Colum­ bia, reflect this image of the area as one of swampland with many large lakes. A map published in 1824 by A. Finley shows the swamp extending from the southern part of Cape Girardeau County into western Scott and northwest New Madrid counties. Increasingly, in addition to swampland, a number of large lakes were indicated in the area. The T. G. Bradford map of 1838, while show­ ing somewhat less extensive swampland, included thirteen lakes. A map pub­ lished by J. H. Colton in 1855 shows many large lakes; most of Dunklin and Pemiscot counties not covered with lakes was indicated as swamp country. Prac­ tically all of the lakes in the state were shown by these maps to be in the south­ east corner of the state. 14 Journal of the Senate, U. S. 19th Cong., 1st Sess. (1826), 217, 224. 15 Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office Relating to Pub­ lic Lands in Missouri and Illinois Which are Unfit for Cultivation, U. S. 19th Cong., 2nd Sess., Senate Document 59 (1827) ,10. 156 Missouri Historical Review

directed to study the probable cost of constructing a levee on the west bank of the Mississippi, and the amount, location and quality of land still in the possession of the federal government that would be reclaimed by such action. The Secretary merely sent circular letters requesting information from the various land registrars in the area involved. Those registrars sending replies from the St. Francis River Basin agreed that both levee construction and recla­ mation were feasible. Typical of the replies, one registrar declared that a series of canals beginning three miles south of Cape Girar­ deau and eventually connecting the Castor and Little rivers with the Mississippi would cost less than $100,000. Another registrar wrote that creating an adequate levee system from Cape Girardeau to Helena, Arkansas, at the mouth of the St. Francis River would cost perhaps $500,000. He also proposed a canal system connecting isolated areas with the Mississippi River at a cost of $250,000. If built at the northern limits of the area, he thought this system would intercept flood waters entering the district and would provide, for all land needing it, sufficient drainage.16 In 1837 Captain W. B. Guion of the army engineers reported unfavorably concerning a proposal to attempt to make the St. Francis River a navigable stream.17 He stated that at places the stream, although no more than three feet in depth, was as much as twenty miles wide. Petitions came from residents of Wayne County, which then included portions of the Lowlands, urging that a second survey be made of the area.18 The Arkansas legislature also sought a new study of adjacent inundated lands within that state for the expressed purpose of determining the practicality of reclamation projects.19 The House Committee of Public Lands, as recipient of such memorials, ignored Captain Guion's study and reported that the St. Francis Basin could be drained of excessive waters at a compara- tivelv small cost. The committee based its conclusions on the re-

16 Levees-Mississippi and Other Rivers, U. S. 24th Cong., 1st Sess., House Executive Document 11 (1835), 4, 8, 18-20, 24. 17 Swamp Lands in Missouri and Arkansas, U. S. 29th Cong., 1st Sess., House Report 86 (1846). Captain Guion's report of January 17, 1837, was included in this study. Apparently Guion's survey had resulted from a report of the House Committee on Public Lands in 1836 which had recommended the federal gov­ ernment sponsor work in the area. Gary Lane McDowell, "Local Agencies and Land Development by Drainage: The Case of 'Swampeast' Missouri" (unpub­ lished Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1965), 98, 481-482. is Journal of the Senate, U. S. 25th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1838), 240. 19 Inundated Lands—Mississippi and Arkansas, U. S. 25th Cong., 2nd Sess., House Report 387 (1838) . Governmental Efforts at Reclamation 157

SOUTHEAST MISSOURI

LOWLANDS

O 5 10

This general map has been prepared by using the following sources: R. A. Campbell, Campbell's New Atlas of Missouri ... (St. Louis, 1873) ; Otto Kochtitzky, The Story of a Busy Life (Cape Girardeau, Missouri, 1957) ; and, the 1824 map of Missouri by A. Finley and the 1855 map of Missouri by J. H. Colton, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia. 158 Missouri Historical Review

ports received in 1834 from local land registrars. While admitting that it had only limited information concerning the affected area, the committee expressed the view that construction of a complete levee system for the St. Francis and Mississippi rivers would not be required for adequate drainage. The construction of a levee three miles south of Cape Girardeau at the head of the Mississippi Low­ lands was considered sufficient to prevent the entry of overflowed waters from the Mississippi River. For the Missouri portion of the St. Francis Basin, the report recommended that a series of canals linking the various waterways between the Mississippi and St. Francis rivers be constructed to the Mississippi River to drain away excessive water. Figuring the total cost of reclaiming the area in Missouri at $281,000, the committee set the amount at $400,000 in the event it had underestimated the cost or that additional levee construction became necessary.20 From the viewpoint of health, commerce, and the general welfare of the country, the committee believed that the reclama­ tion project was desirable. However, such work could not begin, it stated, until the federal government determined its policy on internal improvements. The committee felt that the federal govern­ ment had the power and the moral responsibility to undertake such work, and, if it refused to do so, the land should be given to the states for the expressed purpose of reclamation. It suggested that if neither plan was followed, the swamplands should be opened to sale, with the money thus realized being used for reclamation of unsold acreage. Overall, it called for the adoption of the most prac­ tical plan, and, with this in mind, urged the War Department im­ mediately to study and report to the next Congress the most prac­ tical plan for reclamation of the inundated lands of the Mississippi River Valley.21 Although not adopted by Congress, the committee's study came closer to calling for a national approach to reclamation than did any succeeding federal congressional body. Both economic depression and the general tendency of Jacksonian Democrats to oppose internal improvements doomed a national effort to improve the overflowed lands in the Mississippi Valley. Thereafter, reports, memorials from the Missouri General Assembly, and petitions per­ taining to overflowed lands in Southeast Missouri favored either

20 Ibid., 2-4. The committee estimated the reclamation cost for the entire course of the lowlands of the Mississippi Valley at $2,267,000. 21 Ibid., 8-10. Governmental Efforts at Reclamation 159 ceding the land to the state for reclamation or directly to the counties in which it was located.22 Early in 1847 Missouri, anticipating the cession of swamp­ lands to either the state or the counties, established boards of in­ ternal improvements in each county. These consisted of members of the county courts empowered to take steps to drain and re­ claim swamps, marshes and inundated lands. Each county had the power to receive, hold, manage, sell, lease or dispose of lands received from the national government, and to use the funds obtained from sales of such land. The act permitted two or more counties to cooperate in reclamation and, in addition, a commis­ sioner to be selected by each county court could act in cooperation with commissioners appointed by Arkansas.23 A swampland convention convened at Bloomfield in Stoddard County on September 1, 1847.24 Delegates attended from nine Mis­ souri counties, including St. Louis, and from two counties in Arkansas. Of the 166 delegates, sixty-nine were from the host county. Perhaps the most important individual at the convention was United States Representative James Bowlin of St. Louis, who became an important figure in the congressional decision to cede swampland to the states. The convention adopted a memorial to Congress stating that local inhabitants had for many years looked in vain to the federal government for adoption of a liberal policy concerning swamplands. Merely establishing a levee on the Mississippi, the delegates agreed, would be insufficient to prevent floods because streams, such as the St. Francis River, dumped large amounts of water into the region from adjacent highlands. In their opinion, the solution to the water problem lay in removal of obstruction in such streams, the construction of at least one canal from the interior to the Mississippi River, and the concentration of scattered waters into the area's

22 Journal of the House of Representatives, U. S. 25th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1838), 919; Congressional Globe, VI, U. S. 25th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1838), 393; Congres­ sional Globe, VII, U. S. 25th Cong., 3rd Sess. (1838), 91; Laws of the State of Missouri Passed at the First Session of the Eleventh General Assembly . . . (Jef­ ferson City, 1841), 313-314; Laws of Missouri, Twelfth General Assembly (Jeffer­ son City, 1843), 389; Laws of Missouri, Thirteenth General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1845), 395-396; Laws of Missouri, Fifteenth General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1849), 652-653. 23 Laws of Missouri, Fourteenth General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1847), 66-67. 24 "Convention to Take into Consideration the Improvement of the Swamp Lands of the Southeast Part of Missouri and the Northeast Part of Arkansas, Bloomfield, Missouri, 1847," Journal in State Historical Society of Missouri, Co­ lumbia. 160 Missouri Historical Review

streams and lakes by a number of small drains or canals.25 This action indicates that delegates from interior portions of the area dominated the convention, for a levee system would still have left them isolated. The memorialists concluded; If it is the policy of the government to retain title to these lands, it is her duty, as your memorialists humbly conceive, by every benevolent and patriotic consideration, and might be shown to be greatly to her advantage, im­ mediately to reclaim them and fit them for market, and in­ cidentally advance the happiness and prosperity of this section of the Union immeasurably. Otherwise, your me­ morialists pray your honorable body to cede these lands at once to the States within which they lie, on the expressed condition that they shall be appropriated to reclaiming them, and improving the navigation of the St. Francis, Little River and Black River which flows through them.26 The convention instructed representatives and senators from Mis­ souri and Arkansas to seek congressional legislation ceding all re­ maining public swampland to the two states. They also endorsed cooperation between Missouri and Arkansas in any reclamation project. A few months prior to the Bloomfield convention, the Gen­ eral Assembly had established a special commission, selected from residents of Southeast Missouri, to survey a feasible route for a levee along the Mississippi to protect inhabitants living in the river towns from New Madrid to the Arkansas boundary. In addi­ tion, the commission was ordered to map out a feasible route for a canal to link the Mississippi River and "Lake Neibormy" near Bloomfield.27 The commission estimated the cost of the levee at $47,282. Its members agreed that since the project concerned the Mississippi River, construction costs should be borne by the federal govern­ ment, but questioned whether such work would ever be done by national agencies, "or will she [the federal government] by extend­ ing a paternal care over the welfare of Missouri, donate to her all the inundated and swamplands within her limits, to aid in carrying into full effect something like a liberal system of internal im­ provements/'28

25 ibid., 2-3. 26 Ibid., 4. 27 Laws of Missouri, Fourteenth General Assembly (1847), 227-228. 28 "Report of the State Commissioners of Their Survey of the Levee and Canal in New Madrid County," Journal of the Senate, Mo. 15th General Assem­ bly (Jefferson City, 1848), Appendix, 199. Governmental Efforts at Reclamation 161

The commissioners thought that a canal built from the juncture of the Castor and Little rivers to the Mississippi would sufficiently drain the interior as far west as Stoddard County at an expenditure of approximately $41,000. They were uncertain of the cost beyond that point because an "ocean of water" extending at least eight miles in width and thirty miles in length had prevented additional in­ vestigation. Local inhabitants had informed the commissioners that the body of water was called Lake Neibormy and had an average depth of not more than two and one-half feet. The depth of the water was said to have increased at least two feet during the previ­ ous fifteen years because of obstacles in the streams.29 The commissioners clearly believed that at a comparatively small cost it would be possible to drain millions of acres, but ex­ pressed a conviction that it was in the self-interest of the national government to cede the lands to Missouri. Even if this did not occur, it was the responsibility of "the state through philanthropic considerations and motives of charity," to appropriate money to construct both the levee and canal.30 They also emphasized the commercial trading advantages concomitant with adequate drain­ age. Perhaps based on the findings of the commissioners, the state incorporated The New Madrid and Stoddard Canal Company in 1849 with a capital stock of $100,000. Its board of directors, con­ sisting of five individuals from each of the two counties, had the power to survey, locate, construct and control a canal from Point Pleasant, near the Mississippi River, to Bloomfield, and to collect tolls from users.31 The General Assembly asked federal assistance for the company on the grounds that a canal would promote local development by draining surplus waters into the Mississippi and by providing transportation facilities to the interior. Also, the state requested a federal grant to the company of public land for six miles on both sides of the contemplated canal.32 No action was initiated by the national government, however, and the company seems not to have acquired any capital to start construction. Nevertheless, Congress did begin to map out a general policy toward swamp and overflowed land. In 1849 it ceded to Louisiana, a state already active in its own construction of a levee system, all remaining public land within its borders designated as either swamp

29 ibid., 199-200. so ibid., 201. 31 Laws of Missouri, Fifteenth General Assembly (1849), 174-176. 32 ibid., 666. 162 Missouri Historical Review or overflowed land.33 The following year Congress ceded all re­ maining land of this type to the states within which it lay. The an­ nounced purpose of the legislation was to enable each state to con­ struct the necessary levees and drainage projects to recover land "unfit for cultivation."34 By terms of the act, the secretary of the interior was to designate the land to be ceded to states, but a ruling by the commissioner of the General Land Office permitted states to appoint commissioners to make the selection.35 States could dispose of such land as they pleased but had to apply any returns from sales, as needed, to reclamation projects.36 Eventually fifteen states obtained 63,983,742 acres from the na­ tional government under the provisions of the act of 1850. Missouri received 3,346,936 acres, primarily in Southeast Missouri.37 Histor­ ians of land policy have tended to view the swampland cessions as one of the greatest give-aways in American history. Benjamin Hib- bard has asserted that Congress passed the legislation on the as­ sumption that only a few million acres would be involved. Instead, through a liberal interpretation of what constituted "unfit for culti­ vation," and, especially, persistent and extensive frauds, the amount rapidly expanded.38 Paul Gates has more recently stated that state and local governments were even more subject than Congress to speculative pressure, and that the distribution and sale of swamp­ lands were the most poorly managed of all.39 Original proponents of the legislation had urged the cession on seemingly ethical principles. Among the supporters were Represent­ ative James Bowlin of St. Louis, whose congressional district in­ cluded Southeast Missouri, and Senator Thomas Hart Benton. Bowl- in used a report of the Public Lands Committee favorable to such legislation and much additional information pertaining to the swamps of Southeast Missouri in arguing for passage of the bill. Bowlin argued that the health and general welfare of the people

33 u. S. Statutes at Large, IX, 352-353. All Missouri Congressmen, Demo­ crats, voted for the proposal. Congressional Globe, XX, U. S. 30th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1849), 591-592. 34 u. S. Statutes at Large, IX, 519-520. 35 Journal of the Senate, Mo. 16th General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1851) , Appendix, 242-244. The above includes the statement of J. Butterfield, Com­ missioner of the General Land Office, November 21, 1850. 36 u. S. Statutes at Large, IX, 519. 37 Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, U. S. Depart­ ment of Interior (Washington, 1926) , 22. 38 Benjamin Hibbard, A History of the Public Land Policies (New York, 1924), 274-276. 39 Paul Gates, "The Role of the Land Speculator in Western Development," in Vernon Carstensen, ed., The Public Lands (Madison, Wise, 1963) , 363. within and surrounding the affected area required such action, and that the government itself would gain in­ creased revenue from taxation of such land when it became suitable for cultivation. He doubted that the federal government would itself take steps to improve the swamplands be­ cause states having none would op­ pose expenditures for such purposes and also because a question existed Edward Bates concerning the constitutionality of such action.40 Senator Benton argued similarly, and called attention to his earlier resolution in 1826 concerning swamplands.41 Despite some questions concerning the meaning of words such as "over­ flowed" and "unfit for cultivation," and the exact amount of land involved in the transaction, the bill passed and was signed by Presi­ dent Millard Fillmore on September 28, 1850. Although not all Missourians favored the legislation, it had the support of Missouri's Democratic representatives, and probably of the state in general. Prophetically, Edward Bates, a former Missouri congressman and later Abraham Lincoln's attorney-general, who had been president of a River and Harbor Improvement Convention in Chicago in 1847, saw possible dangers in state ownership. In writing to the convention held at Bloomfield in 1847, he had en­ dorsed the idea of draining the swamplands, but warned: From my experience of more than thirty years in Mis­ souri, and my observation of the inefficient management of such things by public officers in other States, I am by no means satisfied that either the State or interested counties, acting by their ordinary legal officers would be the safest agents for carrying out a project so great and so variant from their common duties. An error at the start in this im­ portant particular, may waste the first means appropriated, repress the zeal of the . . . friends of the measure, and put back the noble work for another lifetime.42 Of Southeast Missouri newspapers published at that time,

40 Swamp Lands in Missouri and Arkansas, U. S. 31st Cong., 1st Sess., House Report 108 (1850), 4-5, 8-11. 41 Congressional Globe, XXII, U. S. 31st Cong., 1st Sess. (1850), 1849-1850. 42 "Bloomfield Convention, 1847," 7. 164 Missouri Historical Review copies exist only of the The Western Eagle, a Whig newspaper pub­ lished at Cape Girardeau. That newspaper had preferred federal sponsorship of internal improvements, and so commented caustical­ ly that: The wild beasts and reptiles, together with the frogs, should forthwith call a grand council and pass a resolution of thanks to Congress, for continuing to them their dwell­ ing place in perpetuation; for if it is left with Missouri and Arkansas to drain these swamps, they will never be dis­ turbed. Such legislation is miserable Tom-foolery. It is the duty of Congress to drain these submerged lands, and it was the duty of the Representatives in Congress from both states to contend for appropriation of money.43 Asserting that Missouri simply did not have money to drain the swamps, the editor denounced those who voiced constitutional scruples against federal aid but who were indifferent to a land give­ away. The all-Democratic, Missouri congressional delegation voted for the legislation.44 No doubt this was a factor, conceivably a major factor, in the bitter denunciation of the legislation by the local Whig paper. However, one student found that in Illinois both Whig and Democratic newspapers supported cession of swampland to the state.45 It is important to note that The Western Eagle main­ tained that the local Democratic newspaper enthusiastically sup­ ported the land grant.46 The Western Eagle asserted that neither the state of Missouri nor private companies were likely to undertake land drainage so long as the California gold rush lasted and millions of acres not needing reclamation remained available. The editor thought that companies might undertake such a project when migration lessened to other points, perhaps in another two hundred years.47

43 Cape Girardeau Western Eagle, September 27, 1850. 44 Congressional Globe, XXII, U. S. 31st Cong., 1st Sess. (1850), 1832, 1850. There was no announced vote in the Senate. 45 Margaret Beattie Bogue, "The Swamp Land Act and Wet Land Utilization in Illinois, 1850-1860," Agricultural History, XXV (October, 1951) , 170. 46 Cape Girardeau Western Eagle, October 11, 1850. In the 1850 Con­ gressional election, Bowlin was defeated by the Whig candidate, John F. Darby. Bowlin carried Mississippi and Scott counties but lost to Darby in New Madrid. There is no evidence that would link the outcome to the swampland problem. In general, 1850 was a good year for Whigs in the state. The Missouri delegation had been wholly Democratic during the previous Congress, but in 1851 con­ sisted of three Whigs and two Democrats. State of Missouri, Official Manual, 1935-1936 (Jefferson City, n.d.), 178. 47 Cape Girardeau Western Eagle, October 11, 1850. Governmental Efforts at Reclamation 165

That newspaper did, however, call upon every county contain­ ing swampland to hold public meetings to draft memorials to the state legislature urging state action to drain the swamps and, if necessary, to borrow money. Those who had for years sought state ownership of the land should now come forth with a suitable drainage proposal. Unless local residents insisted on action, the rest of the state would simply ignore the Southeast Missouri Lowlands.48 If The Western Eagle denounced the cession for purely partisan reasons, its owners surely were disappointed when Southeast Mis­ souri did take action. At the first session of the General Assembly after the cession of the swampland, Governor Austin A. King discussed the reclama­ tion problem, but left it to the legislature to draft a program.49 He thought that if the state should decide to reclaim the land, the cost should eventually be borne by the lands so benefited. Perhaps King's residence in Ray County in Northwest Missouri contributed to his willingness to oppose any internal improvements in the Low­ lands which might impair the state's credit. He doubted if a very considerable part of the swamplands could ever be reclaimed, re­ gardless of the amount of capital and science used. Even so, basing his opinion on the study by the commissioners, King declared that much Southeast Missouri land would benefit from a proper program of reclamation, but that this would cost the state a considerable amount of money. After investigating all possibilities, the legisla­ ture might decide that it would be best to turn the land over to the counties in which it laid, and to establish in each a board of internal improvements to arrange reclamation programs. In the latter case, according to King, the state would never be forced to make appropriations for swampland improvement. The legislature, nevertheless, rejected the governor's advice and attempted area-wide development. State Representative Robert A. Hatcher of New Madrid County, later the first United States congressman from the Lowlands, and State Senator Robert White from the Lowlands served as chairmen of legislative committees on swamplands that pushed through a bill to establish a special recla­ mation district consisting of all counties in Southeast Missouri possessing swamp or overflowed lands. The bill provided for a nine- man board of swamp commissioners, consisting of one representa­ tive, selected by the governor, from each county. This board, in

48/fcjd., November 22 & 29, 1850. 49 Journal of the Senate, Mo. 16th General Assembly (1851), 32-33. 166 Missouri Historical Review

Courtesy Mrs. Jasamyn S. Garrett A Pemiscot County Bayou cooperation with the governor, was to select a competent engineer and then supervise his study of the swamp counties in an effort to devise a safe, expedient and economical plan for reclamation.™ If the board of swamp commissioners approved the engineer's plan, they were to seek sealed bids for all work undertaken. No board member could in any way be associated with any company partici­ pating in the reclamation work. The state legislature granted $50,000 to the board, but limited expenditures to $5,000 unless the engineer's report should indicate that much of the land could be adequately reclaimed by the remainder of the sum allocated.r>1 Hoping that much of the swampland could be sold, the General Assembly established a land office at Benton, in Scott County, to handle disposal of all such lands donated by the federal govern­ ment. The law provided for appointment by the governor of a reg­ istrar and a receiver of the land, and fixed their compensation at two per cent each of all income from sales. All land was to be of­ fered initially at public auction after extensive public notice, with the land going to the highest bidder above the minimum cash price of $1.25 per acre. Land not sold at public auction could then be

50 IMWS of Missouri, Sixteenth General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1851) 234; Cape Girardeau Western Eagle, January 31, 1851. 51 Laws of Missouri, Sixteenth General Assembly (1851) , 234-235; Journal of the Senate, Mo. 16th General Assembly (1851), Appendix, 239. offered for private entry at the same minimum price. In addition, no individual could buy more than 2,000 acres in the district. The leg­ islation attempted to protect pre­ emptive rights of those settlers squatting on farms designated as swampland by offering them the land at the minimum price.52 In comparison with other states, it would seem that Missouri exer­ cised considerable thought in es­ Strauss Portrait tablishing its program. The price of Austin A. King $1.25 per acre was unrealistic, how­ ever, when other public lands within the state could be purchased for less under the graduation principle, whereby unsold public land was gradually reduced below the $1.25 per acre price. Although the maximum-purchase limit indicated an awareness of the danger of concentrated land holdings, this provision was weakened by grant­ ing to counties in Southeast Missouri, except Mississippi County, the right to transfer to either the Cairo and Fulton or the Iron Mountain railroads unlimited acreage in return for stock of those companies at a rate of not less than one dollar per acre. Such grants, however, could not be made unless a majority of the voters in the respective counties should petition the county court to take such action.53 Except for Southeast Missouri, the state turned over all swamp­ land directly to the counties in which it was located because very little acreage was involved. Such counties were to bear all reclama­ tion costs and could sell such land on any terms approved by their county courts. The county courts were authorized to borrow money

52 ibid., 236-238. 53 Local Laws and Private Acts of the State of Missouri Passed at the Ad­ journed Session of the Eighteenth General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1856) , 353. For the relationship of swampland grants to the development of local transporta­ tion see: Leon Parker Ogilvie, "The Development of the Southeast Missouri Lowlands" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia 1967), 32-51, 106-107. Trie graduation principle was based on the belief that land considered less desirable, as evidenced by it remaining in the public domain although eligible for purchase, should be sold at reduced rates. Under provisions of the act, public land that had remained unsold after the land had been on the market for ten years could be placed on sale at $1 per acre—a reduction of 25 cents per acre. Public lands which had been on the market for longer periods sold for still lower sums. For example, land which had been on the market for thirty or more years could be purchased for 12i/2 cents per acre. 168 Missouri Historical Review for purposes of reclamation, and all funds from the sale of such lands beyond costs of reclamation were to become part of a county's common-school fund.54 Exactly how much the commission, created by the legislature in 1851, achieved remains unknown, but by 1853 the legislature was ready to surrender all swamp and overflowed lands in Southeast Missouri directly to the counties in which it was located, thus virtu­ ally duplicating the program that had been applied to all other counties.55 In his message to the General Assembly in 1853, Gover­ nor King spoke of county courts that had opposed the commission's efforts to select swampland. He also noted that he had not heard from the commission itself concerning its progress in reclamation.50 Limited public documents indicate that representatives from the Lowlands disagreed among themselves on the advisability of con­ tinuing joint county efforts, and that some representatives from other parts of the state favored eliminating reclamation aid to the area in order to save money or because they thought it unfair to limit the program to Southeast Missouri. Some may have thought that money already spent had not been equitably distributed among the counties involved.57 Thus, after a two-year experiment of sorts, the state withdrew from a coordinated regional scheme of reclamation which it would have partially underwritten. In making this decision in 1853, the legislature agreed to permit two or more counties to pursue reclama­ tion work as a unit. Counties uniting in such projects were to have full power to issue and sell land scrip to finance drainage work.

54 Laws of Missouri, Sixteenth General Assembly (1851) , 238-240. 55 Laivs of Missouri, Seventeenth General Assembly (Jefferson Citv, 1853), 108-109. 56 Journal of the Senate, Mo. 17th General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1852) , 138. Only three counties reported precise acreage. "Report of E. B. Ewing, Secre­ tary of State pertaining to Swamp Lands," Journal of the House of Representa­ tives, Mo. 17th General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1852), Appendix, 26. McDowell has shown that while the commissioners did not accomplish much, they had at least two meetings, conducted surveys, issued contracts and spent the $50,000 appropriation. McDowell, "Local Agencies," 187-188. 57 The material pertaining to this subject is very sketchy, and must be used cautiously. See especially the Jefferson City Jefferson Inquirer, February 19 & 26, 1853. Also see: Journal of House of Representatives, Mo. 17th General Assem- blv (1852), 524, 535-536, 538-539; Journal of the Senate, Mo. 17th General Assem­ bly (1852), 318, 378, 380, 401, 448-449. The original bill would have exempted Dunklin, Ripley and Stoddard counties from the special swampland commission. The representative from Stoddard County proposed the legislation. A representa­ tive from Franklin County then proposed that all the counties involved receive their swampland, and it was this proposal which eventually carried. Three rep­ resentatives from Southeast Missouri voted against the surrender, and four voted in its favor. Journal of the House of Representatives, Mo. 17th General Assembly (1852), 539. Governmental Efforts at Reclamation 169

Such scrip would entitle a holder to a swampland certificate grant­ ing the acreage stated, and could be sold by a county for not less than one dollar per acre.58 The next session of the General Assembly attempted to clarify procedures involving swamplands. It made clerks of the county courts in most Southeast Missouri counties ex-officio receivers of the public land and empowered them to arrange for its sale. In addition, a superintendent of public works was to be elected in each county. The superintendent was to control the method by which reclamation work was to be accomplished and to obtain money for such work from land sales.59 Greater restrictions were also placed on the selling of land. While the county court retained its right to sell swamplands, it now was ordered to provide public notice of any intended auction for at least ninety days in every township through frequent adver­ tisements in commonly read newspapers. No individual could ac­ quire more than one thousand acres, and apparently the minimum price remained $1.25. Preemptors could now purchase a maximum of 160 acres at $1.00 per acre. County courts were also empowered to issue bonds to finance reclamation.60 Additional clarification and strengthening of county control oc­ curred in the legislative act of 1868. All land given to the state by federal action in 1850 was declared "the absolute property of such counties." The act required a sixty-day public notice before any disposal of land, and the minimum price for land sold through De­ cember 31, 1870, was to be $1.25 per acre without regard to the state of drainage. No limit was placed on the amount an individual could purchase. In order to perfect title to swamplands issued earlier by the various county courts, the clerk of each county was to furnish a record of all land sales, including the date sold, price per acre and names of purchasers. The state registrar would then issue patents.61 While not prohibiting joint cooperation between counties, no provision was made for such action. Clearly the county was meant to be the unit of reclamation.

58 Laws of Missouri, Seventeenth General Assembly (1853) , 108-109. 59 Laws of Missouri, Eighteenth General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1855), 154-158. In 1857 a Board of Internal Improvements replaced the Superintendent of Public Works in Mississippi County. Laws of Missouri, Nineteenth General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1857), 441. 60 Laws of Missouri, Eighteenth General Assembly (1855), 156-157, 360-361. In Stoddard County, the minimum price was reduced to fifty cents per acre for actual settlers, with 160 acres the maximum amount available at that price. 61 Laws of Missouri, Twenty-fourth General Assembly, Adjourned Session (Jefferson City, 1868) , 69-72. 170 Missouri Historical Review

VIany reasons account for the failure of cooperative efforts among counties. Undoubtedly, members of county courts resented having their authority curbed by an independent board. Judging from the votes in the state legislature with regard to ending the program, and views expressed in the earlier convention held at Bloomfield in 1847, it is probable that the needs of counties border­ ing the Mississippi differed from those of the isolated interior, thus sharply curtailing their ability to agree on any general reclamation project. Counties such as Mississippi and Scott were most interested in controlling the Mississippi River by a levee system. Those in the interior, especially Stoddard County, sought means to drain over­ flowed lands in their midst which prevented adequate transporta­ tion. The reluctance of the state legislature to provide sufficient fi­ nancial support from the beginning surely lessened the enthusiasm of some who had apparently thought the state government would actively intervene. If many felt that an appropriation of $50,000 would be sufficient to provide for a detailed engineering study and for the actual reclamation of much of the swamplands, they soon realized that a much larger amount would be required. They were unwilling to make this additional appropriation. Finally, Missouri's difficulty in acquiring patents from the General Land Office at the very time when initial excitement over the cession was at its peak, and therefore offered the best possible hope for a genuine reclamation program, undoubtedly contributed to so little being achieved. Neither the state nor the counties could proceed effectively when the exact, or even a close approximation of the quantity or location of the land they were to receive re­ mained unknown. In general, swampland grants in all states, including Missouri, exceeded congressional expectations because administrators inter­ preted them broadly. Their indefinite wording contributed to this, as did extensive frauds in their administration. Moreover, since state agents appointed to choose the land were paid according to how much they selected, they were inclined to choose as much acreage as possible.62 They laid claim in some cases to swampland which had already been paid for by private parties and to acreages occupied by preemptors. In Southeast Missouri several exceptions to the general pattern

62 Hibbard, Public Lands, 274-281. Governmental Efforts at Reclamation 171 of excessive land claims should be noted. Missouri's Governor Sterling Price listed many problems with regard to swampland cession in his annual message to the General Assembly in 1854.63 He stressed the difficulties arising from the General Land Office's continued sale of public land that at the same time was being se­ lected by state agents as swampland. He also noted the conflicts arising from claims of preemptors, who had improved the land on which they lived and who by law were entitled to buy it at mini­ mum price. Generally, the minimum price for swampland was as high as the minimum price for other public land. After the passage of the Graduation Act of 1854, which reduced the price of unsold public land after it had been on the market for a time, much of the swampland was more costly than other public surveyed lands in Southeast Missouri. Governor Price condemned the cupidity of private individuals who sought to void some of the state selections. He referred specifically to organized bodies of men engaged in schemes to acquire at reduced prices under the Graduation Act large tracts already selected by the state as swampland. The gov­ ernor noted also that many agents and county courts were slow to make claims on the lands. Other agents, he said, had become dis­ gruntled when their list of swampland claims had been challenged by the surveyor-general. Especially significant to Southeast Missouri was the decision by the land commissioner's office that all land to be surrendered to the states had to be checked against the plats and notes of earlier government surveys.64 If this policy had continued, a considerable amount of local swampland would have remained in the possession of the national government, since no federal surveys had been made of it because it had been considered unfit for cultivation without drainage.65 After swamplands were granted to the states in 1850, the surveyor-general for public lands in Missouri and Illinois wrote to the commissioner of the General Land Office that he had not deemed it expedient to contract for surveys in Southeast Mis­ souri, since the area would probably come within the class of

$3 Journal of the Senate, Mo. 18th General Assembly, Adj. Sess. (Jefferson City, 1855), 16-21. 64 Local Laws of Missouri, Eighteenth General Assembly, Adj. Sess. (Jeffer­ son City, 1856) , 531-532. Also see Message from the President . . . , Report of the Secretary of Interior, U. S. 33rd Cong., 2nd Sess., Senate Executive Document 1 (1854) , 138. 65 Report of the Commissioners . . . Relating to Public Lands in Missouri and Illinois . . . , Senate Document 59, 7-10. 172 Missouri Historical Review swamp and overflow lands unsatisfactory for cultivation.66 During the congressional debate in 1850 concerning the House Committee's Report on the Swamp Land Act, Representative James Bowlin, il­ lustrated the need for reclamation by referring to Southeast Mis­ souri. Significantly, Southeast Missouri was geologically the same as the adjacent area in Northeast Arkansas which had been the original inspiration for the legislation in 1850. As a result of the policy of the General Land Office not to patent unsurveyed claims, the Missouri legislature sent two memo­ rials to Congress urging immediate survey of the affected area or the passage of a law permitting the transfer of unsurveyed lands to the state.67 In 1857 federal legislation confirmed to the states the land they had claimed as a result of the cession act of 1850.68 By this time, however, Missouri had given the counties control of the land and the hopes of an effective drainage plan had passed. Federal commissioners undoubtedly had noted the abuse of the intention of the cession act of 1850 by greedy county and state officials and perhaps had been all the more reluctant to see unsur­ veyed lands fall prey to them. As has been noted, advocates of swamp reclamation had estimated prior to cession that between one and two million acres in Southeast Missouri were swamplands. Yet, by 1926 Missouri had received 3,346,936 acres under this act, the majority of which were located in Southeast Missouri.69 Most of these excessive claims had been made during the 1850s.70 The federal government checked on more than one million surveyed acres claimed by agents for Missouri as being swamp or overflow land during the period July 1, 1857, through June 30, 1858. When employees of the surveyor-general checked these claims against the plats and notes taken at the actual time of survey, they reserved to the federal government 968,712 acres, while ac­ cepting only 63,090 acres as actually swamp or overflow land unfit

66 Message from the President . . . , Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, U. S. 32nd Cong., 1st Sess., Senate Document 1 (1851) , III, 171. 67 Local Laws of Missouri, Eighteenth General Assembly, Adj. Sess. (Jeffer­ son City, 1856), 531-532; Laws of Missouri, Nineteenth General Assembly (Jef­ ferson City, 1857), 877-878. In addition, the United States senators and repre­ sentatives were requested to procure legislation confirming to the state all swamp and overflowed lands. Local Laws of Missouri, Eighteenth General Assembly, Adj. Sess. (1856), 534-535. 68 U. S. Statutes at Large, XI, 251. The act passed June 30, 1857. 69 Report of the Commissioners of the General Land Office, 22. 70 Message from the President . . . , Report of the Commissioner of the Gen­ eral Land Office, U. S. 35th Cong., 2nd Sess., Senate Executive Document 1 (1858), 113-114. for cultivation.71 However, not any acreage from the Southeast Low­ lands was rejected, and more than 30,000 surveyed acres from Dunk­ lin and Pemiscot counties were in­ terpreted to be swampland under terms of the legislation. While, no doubt, claims for southeastern Missouri swamplands proved excessive, much land there, more nearly met the definition giv­ en in federal legislation than was true generally. Additionally, the Senator Ben Walker unsurveyed swampland claims in Southeast Missouri which faced the longest delay in confirmation were the very lands which most nearly fitted the purpose of the original legislation. The belief in area-wide reclamation never totally ceased, but efforts to obtain either state or national aid failed until Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal Administration helped refinance and main­ tain many districts. Prior to the New Deal, Missouri itself made at least four attempts to inaugurate a practical plan of reclamation. The first of these consisted of a legislative appropriation in 1883 of $9,000 to conduct a topographic and hydrographic survey of the overflowed lands of Southeast Missouri to determine the most prac­ tical way to drain and reclaim them.72 Two years later, the gover­ nor announced that the engineer employed to conduct the survey had spent the appropriation but had made neither a survey nor a report.73 Ten years later State Senator Ben Walker of Stoddard County proposed similar legislation for the purpose of determining the most practical drainage plan. Once again, a topographic and hydro- graphic survey was to be made.74 This time, a ten-man commission named by the governor, called the Southeast Missouri Swamp Land Commission, was to select an engineer to supervise the work.

71 Ibid., 184-185. 72 Laws of Missouri, Thirty-second General Assembly (Jefferson City, 18 107. 73 Journal of the House of Representatives, Mo. 33rd General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1885) , 64-65, 187. 74 Journal of the Senate, Mo. 37th General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1893) , 104; Laws of Missouri, Thirty-seventh General Assembly (Jefferson Citv, 1893) , 23-25. 174 Missouri Historical Review

The commission selected N. C. Frissel of Cape Girardeau as chief engineer. In 1895 Frissel, although not finished with the survey, submitted a partial report to the General Assembly, in which, with­ out estimating the eventual cost, he concluded that general recla­ mation was feasible.75 However, the General Assembly failed to appropriate additional money to inaugurate such a program. The Daily Tribune of Jefferson City had favored appointment of the commission on the grounds that its survey would encourage the national government to finance additional reclamation efforts. The newspaper had commented: When it is once established beyond question that most of the land can be reclaimed there will be some basis upon which to ask Congress for aid and the residents of South­ east Missouri will develop a surprising interest in the great enterprise.76 Senator Walker had maintained that 500,000 acres could be re­ claimed by ordinary measures, such as removing obstacles from the streams, and still more by a general system of ditching.77 In 1907 the state established the St. Francis River Commission to determine the most practical plan for draining and reclaiming overflowed lands embraced within that particular river basin.78 The only Missouri counties to be included in this group were Butler, Dunklin, Ripley and Stoddard. No action resulted, however, for the Arkansas legislature failed to appoint a similar commission to co­ operate with Missouri, and the Missouri legislature had insisted that any such work in the St. Francis Basin be done jointly with Arkansas.79 In 1925 many members of the legislature from Southeast Mis­ souri jointly proposed new legislation on the matter. They favored a topographic and hydrographic survey to determine the most prac­ tical way to handle flood waters of the St. Francis and Black rivers and to reclaim land affected by these. In addition, they suggested a

"5 Jefferson City Daily Tribune, January 15, 1895. 76 Ibid., July 19, 1893. ""Ibid., January 17, 1893. This study has generally ignored the levee system constructed to contain the Mississippi River. The first levee built during the 1850s was a failure, but the second levee constructed during the 1890s, at least in part with federal funds, was successful from New Madrid southward. The leading student of Southeast Missouri drainage asserts that the levee constructed during the 1890s may be considered the start of reclamation in Southeast Mis­ souri. McDowell, "Local Agencies," 219-222. 78 Laws of Missouri, Forty-fourth General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1907). 442-445. 79 Kennett Dunklin Democrat, March 8, 1907, Februarv 3, 1925; Poplar Bluff Weekly Citizen-Democrat, July 2, 1925. Governmental Efforts at Reclamation 175 study of the bonded indebtedness of local drainage districts as a step toward seeking federal assistance in refinancing these.80 A five- man commission, this time called the Black and St. Francis River Commission, was appointed to supervise the survey. Once again the legislation asked for cooperation from Arkansas, and once again Arkansas failed to appoint a commission.81 This time, how­ ever, the Missouri commission had been instructed to proceed with its work regardless of whether Arkansas cooperated. The commission achieved very little. Legislative appropriations for its work were sharply decreased and the failure of Arkansas to cooperate prevented a regional approach. Moreover, a decision by the federal government to exclude the Black River, which ran through a portion of Southeast Missouri, from federal grants for levees on the Mississippi and its tributaries lessened enthusiasm.82 Financial support of the commission never kept pace with its needs. In 1927-1928, the Official Manual of the state reported that the commission was:

80 Laws of Missouri, Fifty-third General Assembly (Jefferson Citv, 1925), 200-202. ' si State of Missouri, Official Manual, 1927-1928, 680-681. 82 Columbia Missourian, July 14, 1927.

An Outing on a Dunklin County Drainage Ditch, circa 1908

Courtesy L. A. Pickard, Sr. 176 Missouri Historical Review

. . . now engaged in its work of securing complete data as to the cost of reclamation in the territory embraced within its jurisdiction and is working out a plan for the funding of the bonded indebtedness issued for drainage purposes and securing engineering data looking toward the control of the flood waters of the Black and St. Francis Rivers.83 Shortly thereafter, an appropriation of $10,000 passed by the Fifty-fifth General Assembly to support its work was held up by the governor.84 The commission did ask Congress to appropriate additional funds to prevent constant flooding on the Mississippi and its tribu­ taries, but congressional action on May 15, 1928, to finance sur­ veys and subsequent plans for flood control stemmed far more from the devastation created by the great floods of 1927 than from pres­ sure by the commission.85 Beginning with the years 1933-1934, the Official Manual of the state no longer mentioned the commission in its reports. As previously indicated, prior to 1850 the national government took no action to reclaim Missouri's swamplands. In that year it ceded all remaining swamplands to the states, and Missouri en­ dorsed a plan to develop an area-wide effort to reclaim its swamps. Within two years, however, the state had surrendered such land to the various counties of Southeast Missouri. Thereafter, occasional efforts were made to return to somewhat greater planning, but until the 1930s local county or drainage districts were mainly responsible for any work that was done. Yet, as drainage indebtedness in­ creased, many local residents again urged state and national support. The greatest growth and also the development of a rather cha­ otic system of drainage occurred during the period when the county and local drainage districts within the region controlled rec­ lamation projects, projects for the most part brought about by the desire of individual entrepreneurs to increase the value of their land.86 The failure of public measures gave private corporations both the opportunity and the burden of dealing with the problem.87

83 State of Missouri, Official Manual, 1927-1928, 680-681. 84 state of Missouri, Official Manual, 1929-1930, 824. 85 Ibid.; U. S. Statutes at Large, XL, Pt. 1, 534-539. 86 For information on non-governmental efforts at reclamation see Mc­ Dowell, "Local Agencies," passim; Ogilvie, "Southeast Missouri," 99-137. 87 Even had the federal government undertaken reclamation projects before 1890, their success was far from certain due to inadequate drainage equipment. McDowell, "Local Agencies," 103-104. The Columbia Female Academy

A Pioneer

in Education for Women

BY JOHN CRIGHTON*

Kenneth Hudson Mural, Columbia Municipal Bldg. Lucy Wales and her Students Attend Uni­ versity of Missouri Cornerstone Laying, 1840.

How to provide for the education of their daughters was the issue which brought Columbia's business and professional leaders together in a meeting, August 24, 1833, at the Boone County Court­ house.1 The meeting was characterized by great unanimity. Reso­ lutions were adopted favoring a system of instruction to provide a liberal education for women. Citizens pledged their support and patronage to an academy of sufficient scope to satisfy community needs. If women were present at the courthouse meeting, their role was that of observers rather than active participants. The founding

*John Crighton received his Ph.D. degree from Columbia University, New York, in 1948. He was an instructor in History at Lynchburg College, Lynch­ burg, Virginia, 1930-1932, and has been an instructor in History at Stephens College, 1935-1942 and from 1946 to the present. Editor's note: This article is an adaptation from Dr. Crighton's Stephens: A Story of Education Innovation, which will be published in January, 1970. i William Switzler, History of Boone County (St. Louis, 1882), 226-227. 177 178 Missouri Historical Review of the Columbia academy had no apparent connection with the emerging feminist movement of the nineteenth century. General Richard Gentry, soldier and civic leader, was elected chairman of the meeting. General Gentry, Columbia's postmaster and popular tavern keeper, was born in Madison County, Kentucky, August 21, 1788. He early embarked on a military career and fought in the War of 1812. After the war, with his wife Ann Hawkins Gen­ try, he migrated to Missouri, settling briefly in St. Louis County and then moving westward to Franklin, across the river from pres­ ent Boonville. Gentry, a trustee of the company which founded Smithton, forerunner of Columbia, moved to the newly platted town in 1820. In the early 1830s the Gentrys had five daughters to educate.2 A Board of Trustees was set up consisting of Dr. William Jew­ ell, William Provines, William S. Burch, James Richardson, Joseph B. Howard, Stephen R. Bedford, William Shields, James H. Ben­ nett, Samuel Wall, Roger N. Todd, Austin A. King, Moses U. Payne and Minor Neal.3 The board comprised some of Columbia's most talented citi­ zens. Jewell, Provines and Bennett were physicians; Howard and Bedford were merchants; King practiced law; Burch and Neal were farmers; Richardson and Wall operated taverns; Todd was clerk of the Boone County Circuit Court; Payne was a merchant and Methodist lay minister; and, Shields was the county surveyor.4 As trustees, they were empowered to acquire or construct a school building, employ teachers and enact bylaws for the management of the school.5 The academy represented an important cultural advance. Only twenty-five years previously the Central Missouri region had been part of the hunting grounds of the Indians. The first permanent American settlers in the area, who arrived around 1810, never ventured beyond the protection of their stockades without rifles because of Indian threats.6 After the close of the second war with Britain in 1815, the Indians were forced to give up their lands north of the Missouri River, and Americans began to move into the central

2 Ibid., 869-871; Columbia Missouri Statesman, November 3, 1905. 3 North Todd Gentry, Columbia Female Academy and Miss Lucy Wales. Radio Address Delivered During the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Organization of Columbia Female Academy (Columbia, 1933), Stephens College Archives, 3. 4 Ibid. 5 Switzler, History of Boone County, 226-227. 6 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, January 7, 1823. Columbia Female Academy 179

General Richard Gentry

part of the state. Thousands of families from Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee migrated to this frontier with their slaves, livestock and treasured household furnishings.7 Towns, including Columbia, founded in 1821, quickly sprang up.8 Private subscription schools were the first to be established in the area. Although the Missouri Constitution of 1820 called for at least one free, public school in each district, no funds were imme­ diately available to finance these institutions.9 In various localities small groups of families formed voluntary associations to pay a teacher and provide a room for school activities. These schools ran for a three- or four-month term during the winter, with sometimes a shorter session in the spring. In a log cabin, with a dirt floor and seats made of rough, split logs with pegs underneath for legs, the "three R's" were taught to both boys and girls.10 The teachers of these local schools were frequently itinerant

7 Columbia Missourian, December 13, 1951, June 12, 1956. 8 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, December 31, 1822, January 7, 1823 April 16, 1821. ' ^ 9 Marshall S. Snow, Higher Education in Missouri (Washington, D. C, 1901), 12; Claude A. Phillips, A History of Education in Missouri (Tefferson City, 1911) , 4. io Ibid. 180 Missouri Historical Review preachers. They naturally gravitated into teaching since they had some acquaintance with books, and because their major calling was notorious for its meager financial rewards. The Reverend Eben- ezer Rodgers, a Missouri Baptist missionary preacher, lamented that for his ministerial labors over a period of almost fifteen years in the 1820s and 1830s he received a total of twenty-eight dollars, and that only a small income from school teaching enabled him to support his family.11 Into teaching at the local level, too, drifted widows and other persons who wished to capitalize on their smat­ tering of knowledge.12 A contemporary critic pointed out the weak­ ness of this type of education: Our common schools are inefficient because they are not permanent, their teachers are frequently incompetent or inattentive, and they are not kept in suitable and com­ fortable houses, nor provided with the proper conveniences and facilities for study. They are also comparatively use­ less, because there is not established any regular system of study, or arrangement of classes, nor any course of exami­ nation to test either the qualifications of the teacher or the progress of the pupils and because parents and employers seldom feel or manifest any interest in the usefulness or success of schools.13

After towns were established, private schools, on a level above district schools, were conducted by comparatively well trained teachers in their own homes or in rented quarters. They were often able to offer instruction in grammar, geography and history, as well as in reading, writing and arithmetic. The best of these schools provided tuition in the classic languages and higher forms of mathematics for boys and training in the ornamental arts for girls.14 Frequently they were taught by a husband-wife team.15 The highest type of school available, before the advent of the

11 Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, November 23, 1833. 12 Ibid., March 5, 1831. 13/bid., November 15, 1834. 14 During the period 1819-1827, the Missouri Intelligencer carried advertise­ ments of private schools in Franklin, Missouri, taught for varying lengths of time by the following teachers: Mrs. Love, A. D. Young, Mrs. Flournoy, Fisher, J. S. Findlay, J. C. B. Washington, James Daly and Augustus Pomeroy. In addition to these schools in Franklin, the following com­ munities in Central Missouri during the 1820s had private schools taught by the teachers mentioned: Chariton (in Howard County), William W. Chambers; Co­ lumbia, Mr. and Mrs. William Peerce; Fayette, Mrs. Rector. 15 Examples are Mrs. and Mrs. William Peerce and Mrs. and Mrs. J. C. B. Washington. Columbia Female Academy 181 college, was the academy.16 Char­ tered by the state legislature, the academies had boards of trustees, erected permanent buildings and in many cases hired excellent teach­ ers. They usually offered the basic subjects in preparatory depart­ ments, and the elements of an English and classical education in­ cluding grammar, geography, his­ tory, Latin, Greek, mathematics and philosophy in upper classes.17 The early academies of Central Missouri appear to have been for boys only, with the exception of the Fayette Academy which was co-educational. Lucy Ann Wales It was in this barren field of fe­ male education that Columbia citizens sought to establish an acad­ emy for girls. The Board of Trustees, charged by the citizens' meet­ ing of August 24, 1833, with getting the Columbia Female Academy in operation, engaged Lucy Ann Wales as the first preceptress.18 Miss Wales, a native of Weymouth, Massachusetts, was at that time conducting a private school in the home of William H. Dyer at Fulton, Callaway County, Missouri. Her pupils consisted of the Dyer children and six or eight other girls who lived at the Dyer home during the school term. Instruction was in "all the branches

16 The earliest academy in the Boon's Lick area, according to advertise­ ments and news reports appearing in the Missouri Intelligencer, was the Frank­ lin Academy, in operation in 1823. The Reverend Augustus Pomeroy became principal of this school in 1826. Pleasant Grove Academy, in Howard County, with the Reverend Alonzo Pearson as headmaster, began in 1824. The Fayette Academy received pupils as early as 1826. In 1828 J. T. Cleveland directed the school. Boonville Academy opened in 1828, with Samuel Moore and the Reverend A. Porter as teachers; the next year John Wilson was appointed principal teacher. Bonne Femme Academy, located six miles south of Columbia on the Jefferson City road, near the present Bonne Femme Church, opened in 1829 with the Reverend Robert S. Thomas as principal. Bear Creek Academy started classes at a site one mile north of Columbia in 1834, under the superintendence of J. Coleman Boggs. Several of these academies apparently were chartered before they began operations. Franklin Academy was chartered in 1820, Fayette and Boonville in 1825. Laws of the State Of Missouri; Revised and Digested by Au­ thority of the General Assembly (St. Louis, 1825), I, 76, 83-85, 88. 17 See the Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, January 7, 1832, for the course offerings of the Bonne Femme Academy. 18 Switzler, History of Boone County, 226-227. 182 Missouri Historical Review

of an English education."19 With her established reputation as a teacher, she was a natural choice when the citizens of Columbia selected a headmistress for the new academy.20 The first session of the Columbia Female Academy began in the fall of 1833, in the newly erected Presbyterian Church. The second term of six months opened the first Monday in May, 1834. Space and staff limitations restricted enrollment to twenty-five pupils. Tuition was ten dollars a term. During 1836 money was raised by subscription for the purchase of ground and the erection of a building. The academy charter, granted by the Missouri legis­ lature, February 3, 1837, provided for a six-member board of trustees with power to choose their successors.21 No person could be a trustee who had not subscribed at least ten dollars to the academy. Trustees named in the charter were Dr. William Jewell, Moses U. Payne, Moss Prewitt, William Cornelius, David S. Lamme and Sinclair Kirtley.22 The trustees were empowered to employ teachers, make regulations for the government of the academy, to sue or be sued in any court of law or equity, to purchase or re­ ceive donations of property and to dispose of the same in the best interests of the academy and its benefactors.28 The trustees on February 26, 1837, purchased from William Cornelius for $175.00 Lot Number 100 at the southwest corner of Tenth and Cherry streets.24 This site was part of the twenty-four lots of ground set aside by the original Smithton Company for an institution of learning. The lots had been donated in 1833 to Columbia College, and were later sold at auction.25 On the lot at Tenth and Cherry streets was constructed a one-story brick build­ ing, with a frontage of about forty feet, extending back twenty-five feet. The aim of the academy was to provide a "thorough, well-

H) Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, October 27, 1832. 20 The available records give regrettably few facts about Lucy Ann A Vales. She was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts, in 1808 of English stock. It was re­ ported that her education was acquired in a local Dame School and at South Bridgewater Academy. The only daughter in a family of seven children, her mother died when Lucy Ann was thirteen years old. From address given by Lucy Wales Montague, granddaughter of Lucy Ann Wales, at Stephens College, May 27, 1933, Stephens College Archives. 21 Laics of the State of Missouri Passed at First Sessiofi of Ninth General Assembly . . . Begun 1836 (St. Louis, 1841), 145-146. 22 ibid. 23 Ibid. 24 Switzler, History of Boone County, 226-227. 25 Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, January 4, 1834. Columbia Female Academy 183

The Columbia Female Academy building, with additions, stands at the corner of Tenth and Cherry streets. balanced English education." The regular course did not include Latin and Greek, which were regarded as almost a sacred monopoly of the male sex. The most comprehensive statement of the cur­ riculum and the educational philosophy of the school was pub­ lished in 1841. The academic offerings consisted of certain prepara­ tory or primary studies, followed by a two-year course (junior and senior years) of required classes. In the primary department the subjects studied were Mental and Written Arithmetic, English Grammar, Ancient and Modern Geography, American History, Ancient and Modern History, Beginning Botany, Introduction to Natural Philosophy and a course called Improvement of the Mind.26 Although no record of the academy's enrollment by classes is available, it is certain that a considerable proportion of the girls were beginning students, under twelve years of age.27 The junior class subjects were English Grammar, Introduction to Rhetoric, Algebra, Euclid's Geometry, Botany, Natural Philos­ ophy, Chemistry, Astronomy, Celestial Geography, Intellectual Philosophy and Philosophy of Natural History. Those who con­ tinued to the senior class studied Rhetoric, Sullivan's Political Class Book, Human Physiology, Outline of Geology, Logic, Natural The­ ology, Evidences of Christianity, Moral Philosophy and Butler's Analogy of Natural and Revealed Religion to the Constitution and

26 Columbia Patriot, March 27, 1841. 27 "Lavinia", in describing the spring public examinations at the Columbia Female Academy on April 3, 1835, declared: "Some of the young misses reminded me of the glassy dewdrop that glitters upon the morning flowret; while others, more advanced in age, presented the lovely appearance of the rose just ex­ panding into maturity." Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, April 11, 1835. 184 Missouri Historical Review

Course of Nature.28 This curriculum dispels the notion that girls in the academies and seminaries of a century ago spent all their time in acquiring good manners and in learning to paint, playing the piano and embroidering. The educational philosophy of the school was surprisingly en­ lightened. The objectives of education were defined as "the es­ tablishment of right principles, the cultivation of reasoning faculties in due proportion, and the storing of the mind with useful truths."29 Competition between members of the class was minimized. The progress of each student was judged on the basis of her own abilities, with the result that the tendency of constant measure­ ment, by the standard of individual capacity, produced "increasing effort, in proportion to the increase of means, and to the conscious­ ness of increased mental power." At a time when the liberal applica­ tion of the schoolmaster's birch was the approved method of en­ forcing discipline, the management of the Columbia Female Academy boasted that their administration was "a system of self- government, induced by the principles of moral rectitude; or by the sway of public opinion in School, which is almost uniformly in favor of order and propriety."30 The details of this system of government were not explained. Relating to this philosophy several incidents illustrate the origi­ nality and resourcefulness of Miss Wales as a teacher. She took her pupils to the Boone County Fair one afternoon, though some Co­ lumbians considered that, on account of the betting and drinking, the fair grounds were hardly the place for young girls. At that time the owners of pedigreed stock gave their animals the names of historical and mythical characters. One of the favorite horses en­ tered in the racing was named Jehu; and there was a pair with the astronomical titles, Comet and Mercury. A particularly fine cow bore the name of Queen Esther; another sleek and beautiful bovine was styled Helen, after the Trojan femme fatale. The day after, Miss Wales asked the girls to discuss the animals they had seen, the appropriateness of their names and the part played in history and in myth by the characters whose names they bore. In 1840 she accompanied her students to the courthouse square to hear the speeches in connection with the erection of a flag pole by the local Whig party in the famous "Log Cabin and Hard Cider Cam-

28 Columbia Patriot, March 27, 1841. 29 Ibid. 30 Ibid. Columbia Female Academy 185 paign." But Miss Wales was not a political partisan. She and her class also heard Senator Thomas Hart Benton, a leading Demo­ crat, lecture at the courthouse in behalf of his favorite project, the provision of a government subsidy for the building of a railroad to the Pacific Ocean. Years later some of the girls recalled the sena­ tor's prediction that one day a railroad, equipped with day coaches, sleeping cars and dining accommodations would span the con­ tinent.31 The climax of the term's work came with the commencement exercises. In a day of few social functions these were gala affairs, attended by the elite of the community. The exercises were in two parts. There was first the public examination of the various classes, which gave the visitors as well as the teachers an opportunity to question the pupils over the subjects covered. These sessions were an early equivalent of our popular radio and television quiz pro­ grams. The program for the second part, known as the "annual exhibition," consisted of various musical numbers, original essays and simple dramatic presentations.32 This was the "Sentimental Age"; the young women rhapsodized about various aspects of nature, or moralized about life, love, family and friends. At the exercises held March 25 and 26, 1841, Frances A. Provines read an essay on "The Passions"; "Happiness, the Result of Integrity," was the topic chosen by Arethusa J. Hardin; Mary Neal called attention to the sin of ingratitude in her essay, "How Blessings Brighten as They Take Their Flight"; and the mystery of death was touched upon by Lucretia Caswell in her composition entitled "The Grave." After more than twenty essays were presented, the Reverend J. L. Yantis, pastor of the Columbia Presbyterian Church, delivered an "appropriate and well-phrased address."33 Columbians had a high regard for Miss Wales and the acad­ emy. The leading families sent their daughters to receive their edu­ cation from her. Moss Prewitt, businessman and banker, sent six of his seven daughters; Judge Warren Woodson, clerk of the county court, enrolled his daughters Susan and Olivia; Arethusa J. Hardin, niece of Dr. William Jewell and sister of Governor Charles H. Hardin, was one of Miss Wales's pupils.34 For what roles in society were the Columbia Female Academy girls being trained? It must have been obvious to Miss Wales from

31 Gentry, Columbia Female Academy and Miss Lucy Wales, 11-12. 32 Columbia Patriot, April 3, 1841. 33 ibid. 34 Gentry, Columbia Female Academy and Miss Lucy Wales, 8-10. 186 Missouri Historical Review

the family backgrounds of her students that they were destined for positions of social responsibility. The great majority of the graduates married merchants, professional men or prosperous farm­ ers. As wives they had the responsibility of managing households with numerous servants, of rearing and helping to educate their families and of acting as hostesses to a cultivated circle of friends.35 Miss Wales assumed a leading role in the Columbia com­ munity. In October, 1837, the ladies of Columbia presented a silk flag which they had made to the First Regiment of Missouri Volun­ teers, commanded by Colonel Richard Gentry, which was assembled in Columbia prior to departure for Florida and the Seminole Indian War.36 Miss Wales was chosen to make the presentation address. Her speech has the distinction of being "the first public address delivered by a woman in Columbia."37 Her high standing in the community further was illustrated by the toasts delivered at the 1841 Fourth of July celebration, at the Bonne Femme Academy. One of the ladies present offered the following toast in honor of Miss Wales and her successor: "The late and present Instructress of Columbia Female Academy—never before was the confidence and esteem of patrons more fairly won, or more fully enjoyed." And W. F. Switzler gallantly gave a tribute to the "Columbia Female Academy: The brightest star that adorns the literary annals of our State. May it continue the hope of the friends of learning, the pride of our citizens and an ornament to society."38 In the fall of 1840 Miss Wales resigned and returned to the East on a sentimental mission. Prior to her departure for Missouri she had met under rather unusual circumstances a young Harvard student, Norton Thayer. Her grandmother, Mrs. Lydia Wales, had married his grandfather, Captain Isaac Thayer, a Revolutionary War hero. An acquaintance was thus brought about between the grandchildren which ripened into romance. Patiently Norton Thayer waited while Lucy Wales taught school on the western frontier, though he did write occasionally to his sister, and undoubtedly to Lucy herself, that he wished she would find a teaching position

35 Ibid. Judge Gentry in the address cited gives biographical data regarding the academy girls, their marriages and their children. 36 The command of the First Regiment of Missouri Volunteers called for only a colonel. In order to serve on this particular mission Gentry had accepted a lower rank in the federal service than his Missouri Militia standing as major general. 37 Gentry, Columbia Female Academy and Miss Lucy Wales, 13. 38 Columbia Patriot, July 17, 1841. Columbia Female Academy 187

Mrs. Charles Hardin

closer than Columbia, Missouri. And even though Miss Wales's western friends did what they could to make her stay in Missouri pleasant by offering her the hospitality of their homes, yet she must have longed to return to the East. Finally, on December 22, 1840, after a separation of almost ten years, she married Thayer.39 Miss Wales was succeeded by Miss Lavinia Moore, Ann Arbor, Michigan, who conducted the school from 1840 to 1843. Under the strain of overwork, Miss Moore's health gave way.40 She was, in turn, succeeded by Professor Oliver Cunningham, a graduate of Western University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Professor Cunning­ ham had for six years been associated with Bonne Femme Academy as principal and as teacher of Mathematics, Natural Science and Belles Lettres. He taught at Columbia Female Academy for the summer session of 1843, before returning to his former position at Bonne Femme. Cunningham was assisted during his short teaching career at the academy by Mary B. Jenkins, one of Miss Wales's pupils, who later became the wife of Governor Charles H. Hardin of Missouri.41 At this time the academic year was divided into two sessions of

39 Address given by Miss Lucy Wales Montague at Stephens College, Co­ lumbia, Mo., May 27, 1933. 40 Switzler, History of Boone County, 226-227; Columbia Patriot, April 9, 1842. •ti Ibid., October 16, 1841; Columbia Missouri Statesman, October 13, 1843. 188 Missouri Historical Review twenty-two weeks each. The summer session commenced the first Monday in May and ended the last Friday in September, while the winter term began the first Monday of November and closed the last Friday in March. There were examinations at the close of each period.42 A visitor at the spring examinations in 1843 observed several new developments. He noted approvingly that the languages were receiving the attention they deserved, and that "the classes in Latin and French acquitted themselves in a manner rarely equalled by boys of the same amount of study." The girls also displayed an admirable mastery of mathematics, usually "a field of difficulties to the female mind." The whole class covered itself with academic glory, according to the visitor, who reported: "Each knew her duty, and conscious of her own proficiency, met the trying ordeal . . . with the same heartfelt ease that she would skip the velvet lawn, or pluck the fresh flowers of spring."43 The academy in the fall of 1843 came under the control of Professor Eleazer Root, an experienced and enterprising adminis­ trator. Though educated in the North, Professor Root had for a number of years conducted a girls' school in Prince Edward County, Virginia. Root divided the educational program of the Columbia Female Academy into four departments, the first two of which cor­ responded to the former primary or preparatory divisions. He brought into the curriculum such "ornamental" subjects as music, drawing and painting. This enrichment of the academic program reflected the popular interest in the fine arts which swept the United States in the 1840s and 1850s.44 The "ornamental" subjects were probably taught by Professor Root's wife and daughter. All students were trained daily in vocal music. Instrumental music, however, was taught only to those who elected it and paid extra tuition. The aim was to produce students skilled in instrumental performance, but also acquainted with the history of music and musical biography. The new principal, realizing the importance of communication skills, prescribed daily training in penmanship, reading, writing and grammar. A course of general reading of masterpieces in addition to individual class requrements, was initiated.45

42 Columbia Patriot, March 27, 1841. 43 Columbia Missouri Statesman, April 14, 1843. 44 Carl Bode, The Anatomy of American Popular Culture, 1840-1861 (Berkeley, Calif., 1959) , Chapters IX and X. 45 Columbia Missouri Statesman, November 3. 1843. Columbia Female Academy 189

Educational expenses at the academy were not materially in­ creased in 1843. Tuition in the English branches in the first, second and third departments remained at $10.00 per session; the charge for instruction in the fourth department was $12.00. There were certain extra-cost subjects, including drawing and painting, piano and Latin and French. Board, including washing, fuel and lights, "in genteel families" of Columbia was listed at $2.00 to $2.50 per week, indicating that the academy was attracting out-of-town scholars. In concluding the advertisement of his educational pro­ gram, Professor Root stated: Great pains will be taken to make the Academy a pleasant and agreeable place of study to the pupils; and while a delicate regard will at all times be had to their feelings, it will be the constant aim of the Principal and his Assistants to train their minds and form their manners, under the influence of a discreet Christian example and precept.46 At the April, 1844, commencement exercises the students adopted an old English custom which became traditional at many schools: the crowning of the May Queen. The occasion con­ sisted of pageantry, poetry and songs. At the summer "exhibition" there was something new. Besides the usual sentimental essays on "The Beauties of Nature" and "Matrimony," there were three which suggested a broadening of women's interests. Miss Sophiah Lynch read a composition entitled, "Chemistry, A Proper Study For A Lady"; Miss Olivia Woodson talked on "The Value of Mathematical Studies to A Lady;" and Miss Madora Todd presented the challeng­ ing topic, "Ought Ladies to Engage in Politics?"47 Under Professor Root's administration the academy prospered. The most pressing problem was that of physical accommodations. Professor Root's popularity was apparently well deserved. A news­ paper reporter at the spring commencement exercises of 1845 ob-

46 Ibid. 47 Ibid., May 3 & September 6, 1844. Madora Todd was a daughter of David Todd, judge of the Boone County Circuit Court and a leading Whig of the county. Judge Todd was an uncle of Mary Todd of Lexington, Kentucky, who later became Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. Mary visited her Missouri cousins in the early summer of 1840 and found them just as interested in politics and as warm admirers of Henry Clay as she. Madora Todd's talk at the Columbia Female Academy was given in the midst of the exciting Clay-Polk presidential race of 1844. Boone was a strong Whig county and was well organized to get out its maximum vote. Ladies were invited to attend the public meetings of the Boone County Clay Club, and some undoubtedly did. But their role was to encourage and inspire the men. It was probably beyond their dreams that some­ day they would vote and hold office. 190 Missouri Historical Review

served that his system of instruction produced students who could not only memorize material and answer questions promptly, but could also "understand the subject, scope, and bearing and object of the science in hand." Professor Root resigned from the academy in 1845 and later had a distinguished career in education in the state of Wisconsin.48 A succession of principals followed Root. Mrs. Thomas P. Giles headed the institution from 1846 to 1848. Her husband, the son of former Governor William G. Giles of Virginia, edited during 1847-1848 the Columbia Globe, a Democratic paper, which failed to survive in competition with the well-established Whig journal, the Statesman. Mr. Giles was troubled by ill health as well as by business reverses.49 In this predicament Mrs. Giles entered the pro­ fessional world and assumed at least partial responsibility for the family finances. Next came Professor John D. Perryman who, in his advertise­ ments for patronage, stated that he had had fifteen years teaching experience, liked his calling well, and that it had been frequently said of him that he was "something of a teacher." He was willing

48 ibid., March 30 & June 29, 1849. wibid., April 10, 1846, October 27, 1854. Columbia Female Academy 191 to leave the question of his merit to the public if they would give him a trial. He declared that his course of study would embrace "the solid matters of a Practical Education first, and then so much of the Ornamental Branches as parents desire."50 The professor lasted only for the winter term of 1848-1849. It is possible that in this period of bitter sectarian rivalry, Perryman's Campbellite af­ filiations might have made him persona non grata to the Baptists and Presbyterians who constituted a majority of his board of trustees at the Columbia Female Academy. Perryman was followed by a Miss McGhee who was in charge of the academy during the summer session of 1849.51 She was re­ placed by a Miss Child.52 These two women were not further identified in the local press. But from information provided in the United States Census Report of 1850 for Boone County, it appears likely that the first mentioned teacher was Kentucky-born Harriet McGhee, who in 1851 married General A. O. Forshey.53 The other was probably Catherine E. Child, a young woman from New York state, who lived in Columbia at the home of Dr. William H. Dun­ can, a physician.54 The rapid changes in personnel may have resulted, in part, from the rules of management adopted by the trustees. Owners of the academy building and responsible for repairs and improve­ ments, they made the building available to the principal and his staff, possibly for a small rental fee paid as a contribution to main­ tenance costs. To guard against any fly-by-night schoolmaster ab­ sconding with the student fees, all tuition charges were collected by the treasurer of the board of trustees, who issued certificates of admission to the academy. The fees were held by the treasurer until the principal had fulfilled his contract, whereupon they were turned over to him.53 Although the Columbia Female Academy flourished as a pre­ paratory or high school, some Columbia citizens felt the need to pro­ vide for the higher education of their daughters. In 1849, James Shannon, president of the University of Missouri, originated a plan to establish a college for women in Columbia. During the course of the campaign for the college, citizens split into two opposing

50 ibid., August 11, 1848. 5i Ibid., June 1, 1849. 52 ibid., November 2, 1849. 53 if. S. Census, 7th Report, 1850, "Boone County, Missouri," 378; Columbia Missouri Statesman, April 18, 1851. 54 jj. S. Census, 7th Report, 1850, "Boone County, Missouri," 379. 55 Columbia Missouri Statesman, August 11, 1848. 192 Missouri Historical Review

factions and as a result the project failed.56 However, the way was then prepared for the organization of local colleges on a denomi­ national basis. On the first Monday in April, 1851, Chirstian College opened under the presidency of Professor John Augustus Williams, of Kentucky. Pending the erection of a college building, the pupils were taught in the Christian Church. The course of instruction was advertised to be "as extensive and thorough as in any Female In­ stitute in America."57 The founding of Christian College did not completely fulfill the need for a women's college because opinion in Columbia was divided on religious issues. The major cleavage was between the Disciples of Christ on the one hand, and the Presbyterians, Baptists and Methodists on the other. The Disciples of Christ aroused re­ sentment and hostility by their inroads on the membership of the older denominations and their attacks against many cherished be­ liefs and practices of their rivals.58 Following the collapse of the negotiations to establish a non- denominational women's college in Columbia and the organization by the Disciples of Christ of their own denominational school, the members of the other churches moved to expand and strengthen the Columbia Female Academy.59 Early in March, 1851, the friends of the academy secured the passage of a legislative act amending its original charter of 1837. By this the board of trustees was en­ larged from six to nine members. The existing board, consisting of Joseph B. Howard, Warren Woodson, Moss Prewitt, Nathaniel W. Wilson, Thomas Selby and William F. Switzler, was given power to elect three additional persons. The amending act repealed the provision of the original charter requiring each trustee to subscribe at least ten dollars to the school. Most important of all, it provided that the academy trustees, in cooperation with the faculty, should

5$ Ibid., December 7, 1849. 57 ibid., March 7, 1851. 58 Concerning the early history of the Disciples of Christ, Professor William Warren Sweet declared: "Soon groups of Reformers were to be found in almost every Baptist congregation in the West, and by 1826 the Reformers began to separate from the Baptist churches to form congregations of their own. It has been estimated that in Kentucky alone more than ten thousand Baptist mem­ bers withdrew to form Disciple congregations. Thus the movement which began as a protest against the numerous sects of Christians, instead of uniting them had only succeeded in adding one more to the number." William Warren Sweet, The Story of Religions in America (New York, 1930) , 343-344. In the extended debate at Lexington, Kentucky, during December, 1843, Alexander Campbell took the position that "Human creeds, as bonds of union and communion are necessarily heretical and schismatical." Columbia Missouri Statesman, December 8, 1843. 59 Switzler, History of Boone County, 809-810. Columbia Female Academy 193 have authority to confer the usual degrees awarded in colleges and seminaries.60 On paper at least, Columbia had two female in­ stitutions with full power to confer college degrees. Funds were raised, and a contract was let in the summer of 1851 to add an­ other story, and an ell in the rear, to the existing building.61 These improvements greatly expanded the instructional capacity of the academy. Under the terms of the amended charter, the trustees proceeded to add to their membership James S. Rollins, John H. Field and James R. Boyce.62 As principal of the academy for the term be­ ginning in September, 1851, they selected twenty-seven-year-old Reverend Tyre C. Harris. Mrs. Amanda B. Woodson, wife of War­ ren Woodson, clerk of the Boone County Court and one of the academy trustees, had directed the school on a temporary basis during the spring session of 1851. Professor Harris, in addition to his academic responsibilities, was pastor of the Columbia Baptist Church. Talented in the arts of educational organization and pro­ motion, an eloquent speaker, fired with a love of scholarship, gracious and affable in personal relationships, he impressed his friends and associates as a young man with a brilliant future.63 Although the initial enrollment for the previous term had been only twenty-seven pupils, Professor Harris in demonstration of his faith in the future of the academy hired for the fall opening of 1851 a staff of four teachers exclusive of himself.64 Apparently up to that time the superintendent and possibly one assistant had handled the full teaching load. His staff included Mrs. Woodson as assistant, Miss Catherine Lynch, an academy graduate of the class of 1845 as assistant in the primary department, Professor Henri Desrioux, teacher of French, and Mrs. Margaret Philips, teacher of music. Professor Harris made one change which must have met with general approval. He revised the academic year so that it would consist of two sessions of twenty-one weeks each, com­ mencing on the third Monday of September and ending on July 4.65 July and August thus constituted the summer vacation. Several

60 Columbia Missouri Statesman, March 7, 1851. 61 Ibid., July 4, 1851. 62 ibid., August 29, 1851. Of these three new trustees, Rollins and Field were Presbyterians. Boyce had been received into the Columbia Baptist Church in 1843. The reorganized academy board of trustees as of 1851 was composed exclusively of Presbyterians and Baptists. 63 Robert S. Duncan, A History of the Baptists in Missouri (St. Louis, 1882) , 777-779. 64 Columbia Missouri Statesman, October 24, 1851. ttlbid., August 29 & October 24, 1851. 194 Missouri Historical Review adjustments of tuition were announced. Slight reductions in the charges for the primary and preparatory departments were balanced by tuition increases for the junior and senior classes of the high school department.66 The enrollment figures year by year indicate that Professor Harris' hopes for the academy were realized. During the spring ses­ sion of 1852, eighty-six pupils entered the academy, while for the fall term of that year the number increased to one hundred. By the spring semester of 1853, the total mounted to an all-time record of one hundred and twenty-two.67 Professor Harris' success may be attributed in part to his work during the vacation months as a field agent for the academy, presenting the advantages of female educa­ tion to the people of the nearby counties and signing up prospective students. The schedule of his speaking engagements for July, 1852, gives an indication of his devotion to educational promotion. He spoke at Mexico, in Audrain County, Thursday evening, July 15; the next evening, he addressed an audience at Fulton, in Callaway County; Saturday evening, he was at Danville, in Montgomery County.68 On some days he had two speaking engagements at fairly widely separated places. It is is evident that by the 1850s the academy was enjoying patronage from a number of the counties of Central Missouri. Academy students traveling by steamboat on the Missouri River disembarked at Providence, where carriages were ready to carry them to Columbia, ten miles away. Stage accommodations were available from Columbia to St. Louis and Jefferson City.69 There was an almost completely new faculty when the academy opened in the fall of 1852. Only Professor Harris and Mrs. Philips remained from the staff of the previous year. Miss Mary B. Hill, an experienced teacher from the state of Maine, was on hand to in­ struct in drawing, painting and music. Mrs. Lucy A. Love, a native of Massachusetts, who had previously conducted schools in Missouri at Fulton and Mexico, was engaged as an assistant in the high school department.70 With the fall semester of 1853 there was another large turnover of the faculty. The new teachers who came at that time were: Miss Augusta C. Allen, assistant in the high school de-

66 Ibid., August 29, 1851. The charges prevailing under Professor Root in 1843 were used as the basis of comparison. 6T Ibid., July 2 & December 10, 1852, July 29, 1853. esibid., July 9, 1852. 69 Ibid., October 24, 1851; Jonas Viles, The University of Missouri, A Cen­ tennial History (Columbia, 1939), 72. 70 Columbia Missouri Statesman, October 8, 1852. Columbia Female Academy 195 partment; Miss Virginia H. Reynolds, instructor in the primary and preparatory departments; and, Mrs. George Swallow, teacher of botany and drawing.71 The commencement exercises during Professor Harris' admin­ istration were impressive and well attended. At the July, 1852, grad­ uation there was an added bit of academic pageantry. On Thursday evening, July 1, at seven o'clock, the students headed by the board of trustees and the teaching staff, marched in procession from the academy building to the Presbyterian Church where the annual "exhibition" was held. The press commented on the attractive ap­ pearance the procession made as it moved slowly along the street in the summer twilight. The subjects of the girls' essays had not greatly changed. Martha Booker spoke on "Memory" while Clara Prewitt delivered a "Tribute to Home." Julia Trigg's subject, "The Inebriate," gave her an opportunity to evoke a few tears over the sad fate of the forsaken wife and neglected children. The tendency of students of that day to choose subjects of a general nature was illustrated by Miss Ellen Switzler's essay on "The World" and Miss Sallie Kuykendall's talk on "Present, Past and Future."72 Professor Harris resigned the management of the academy at the end of the spring session of 1854, and went to Lexington, Mis­ souri, where he took charge of the local Baptist church.73 In the fall of 1854 the academy failed to open. The trustees in August, 1854, had elected Professor T. J. Sloan, of Pennsylvania, to the principalship, but the letter notifying him of his appointment had gone astray. However, the professor was on hand to operate the school on the first Monday in February, 1855.74 During the one semester he was in charge, it was generally agreed that "he gave evidence of eminent qualifications, and of zeal and commendable ambition as a teacher." Professor Sloan in the summer of 1855 ad­ vertised the course of study for the fall semester, ranging from pre­ paratory work up through a complete college course.75 But with his luggage packed to depart for Columbia, he became seriously ill in his Pennsylvania home and was forced to resign the principalship. As a consequence the school did not open in September, 1855.76 It

71 ibid., January 14 & September 23, 1853. 72 ibid., July 9, 1852. 73 ibid., April 28 & October 20, 1854. 74 ibid., January 5, 1855. 75 it is improbable that Professor Sloan could have provided a complete preparatory, high school and college program of studies. Many of the courses advertised existed only on paper. Ibid., August 3, 1855. TGIbid., September 21, 1855. 196 Missouri Historical Review never reopened, although its building was later used on occasion for school purposes.77 The Columbia Female Academy, by modern standards, would not be highly rated. It was a combined elementary school and high school. The academy was ungraded, except possibly on the high school level, where a junior, middle and senior class were identified. Enrollment never exceeded 122 students, of which a considerable proportion were beginning pupils. The female academy, however, has the distinction of being the first institution of higher education in Columbia, preceding Columbia College and the University of Missouri. It played an important role in establishing the town as an educational center, and paved the way for the two local colleges for girls. A number of prominent Missouri women of the mid-nine­ teenth century were educated in the academy. From this small be­ ginning, important educational consequences flowed.

77 Ibid., February 22, 1856.

A Curious Case of Arson Oakridge Indicator, October 4, 1906. A "dog eat dog" story comes from the Higginsville Leader: "A young fellow bought 2,000 extra fine cigars and had them insured for the full value, smoked them up and demanded the insurance, claiming they had been destroyed by fire. The case was taken to the court and the Judge decided in favor with the young man. The insurance company then had the man arrested for setting afire his own property, and the same judge ordered that he pay a fine and go to jail for three months."

Sense and Nonsense St. Louis Globe-Democrat, September 15, 1967. City Hall supervisors are being taught how to let smiles be their umbrellas if taxpayers start storming. Lessons in courtesy and how to win friends are being taught by . . . [a] public relations firm. Theme is "Sense and Nonsense About Human Relations in Government." They were ordered by . . . [the] director of personnel, who politely ex­ plained that they're designed to "maintain" the image of courtesy rather than sweeten up grouches. The hour long sessions, attended by some 385 administrative and supervisory personnel, began last Tuesday. Another was held Thursday with two more scheduled next week. Supervisors are told not to forget the "hellos" and "thank yous," to apply the Golden Rule to most problems, to control tempers, and to remember that taxpayers have feelings, too. Courtesy Cole County Historical Society Jefferson City in the Mid-1800s

Town Growth in Central Missouri

Part II

BY STUART F. VOSS*

In the Boonslick area of Central Missouri the woodland and the prairie meet. Dividing the region is the Missouri River, sur­ rounded by rich alluvial soils. Beyond the river bottom emerge wooded hills and valleys interspersed with patches of prairies of varying size containing fertile soils. Around the edges on all sidos

* Stuart F. Voss received an A.B. with honors in History and a B.J. degree from the University of Missouri, Columbia. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in History at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The conclusion of this article will be published in the next issue of the REVIEW. 197 198 Missouri Historical Review except the south are prairie lands, which act as a coast for the great ocean of grass stretching to the north and west. The navigable Missouri River opened this region to settlement even before Missouri achieved statehood. Thus Central Missouri was the second section of the state to be settled, St. Louis and the area south of it bordering the Mississippi River being the first. This timing meant that in the next sixty-five years, during which Mis­ souri, by region, became completely settled, Central Missouri would be the challenged, not the challenger, in the struggle for dominance and growth among the various sections of the state. Central Missouri was culturally a southern enclave. The bulk of the early settlers came from the upper South, but gradually found themselves almost completely surrounded by immigrants from the northern states and Europe, the latter principally from Germany. As people moved into the region, a number of towns came into existence. An investigation of these towns reveals a consistent pat­ tern of growth and development. Initially, a town arose because it possessed at least one determinant, such as being the seat of gov­ ernment or a center of trade, which gave it an advantage over the villages in the surrounding rural countryside. Once born, the towns grew in two ways. The expansion of the determinant responsible for its formation might carry the town along by itself. But such ex­ pansion of a single determinant usually meant growth at a rather slow rate. More successful towns increased their growth rate by adding other elements. For example, the river port town that re­ ceived the county seat found its possibility for expansion broadened. The next level of growth occurred when one town within a region gained a monopoly or domination over the determinants involved. A river port with a county seat and state and private institutions, which became the intersection of key land transportation routes and the terminal for trunk line railroads, found its population and wealth increasing rapidly. With a monopoly over these determinants in its own region, a town faced competition from rivals in a similar situation in the other regions surrounding it. If it failed in this competition to retain its independence, limits were placed on the expansion of its growth determinants by the expansion of its rivals—i.e., when new rail con­ nections were built, they went to the town s rivals. The town might even lose some of its growth factors, such as its position as a trans- portational terminal. These conditions, around which the process of growth centers, Town Growth in Central Missouri 199 vary from region to region both in number and degree of impor­ tance. Some are primary, those which are the deciding elements in the growth of towns within a region. Others are secondary, rein­ forcing the primary factors. Still others act as sustainers, enabling a town to retain its existence or present level of growth even when some of its factors have been lost or limited in their expansion. Finally there are those elements such as war or natural disasters which either change the conditions under which the other factors are operating, or speed up those changes that are already under way. In Central Missouri, transportation systems and the tradition of the region (its set of attitudes and values) played the decisive role in town growth. A combination of the two stimulated urbanization to a certain level in the region. Then as conditions changed, they combined to prevent urbanization from going beyond that point. Economic patterns such as manufacturing, banking, markets and agricultural enterprises acted as secondary factors, reinforcing the primary factors at work. The sustaining factors in the Boonslick area were the seats of government and state and private institutions. The flooding Missouri River changed the conditions under which the above factors were operating during the early period, while the Civil War accelerated the changes that began in the 1850s, which caused a middle period of growth to become a later period of stagnation. The Growing Years With no ordinary sensations of pride and pleasure, we announce the arrival this morning, at this place, of the elegant steamboat 'Independence' . . . the first steamboat that ever attempted ascending the Missouri . . . the impor­ tant fact, is now ascertained that steamboats can safely navigate the Missouri River. Missourians may hail this era from which to date the growing importance of this section of the country, when they view with what facility (by the aid of steam) boats may ascend the turbulent waters of the Missouri, to bring this part of the country articles requisite to its supply, and return laden with the various products of this fertile region.1 The Franklin Intelligencers expectations of 1819 were more than fulfilled in the years preceding the Civil War. Although a number of steamboats had put in at Franklin earlier, the real steam-

i Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, May 28, 1819. 200 Missouri Historical Review boat era did not get underway until about 1830. The spark it gave initially, to that town's growth, proved even more a stimulation to her successors in the Boonslick region as the river towns dominated Central Missouri during the antebellum period. The steamboat pro­ vided the cheapest method to transport the region's products to large markets and made Boonslick the jumping off place for most of the trade and immigration to the West. Throughout the antebellum period, and especially after 1850, the amount of freight and passenger traffic steadily increased. In 1836 only five boats traveled to Glasgow; by 1841, 312 boats arrived and departed there, carrying 46,000 tons of freight. Sixty regular packets operated on the upper Missouri by 1858, in addition to nearly forty transient boats that ventured up that stream for occa­ sional trips.2 Besides local sales, Central Missouri farmers sold their products to the South and to the immigrants and traders headed west. In a letter to the Cultivator, a Cooper County farmer wrote: . . . That river ... is ... of incalculable benefit to the farmers in its vicinity, in conveying their products to mar­ ket .... The principal articles of export from this section of the state, are hemp, tobacco, mules and horses, beef cattle, pork and wheat. The articles of hemp, tobacco and wheat, and most of the pork is shipped to St. Louis and from there to New Orleans. Our principal market for mules and horses is Louisiana and for a few years past, Texas .... Last spring, however, the California emigration gold rush created a market for most of our surplus mules and oxen near home. The annual caravans heading for California, to­ gether with constantly increasing trade from this state across the plains to Santa Fe, will be very apt to cause an increased demand for mules and oxen for years to come.3 The primary market for the period was New Orleans. The Arkansas Gazette as early as 1822 stated Missouri's highly favorable relation to the New Orleans market: Having always the advantage of deep rivers her [Mis-

2 Edgar A. Holt, "Missouri River Transportation in the Expansion of the West," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XX (April, 1926) , 362-363; Floyd C. Shoe­ maker, Missouri and Missourians (Chicago, 1943), I, 602. The Santa Fe trade added to the volume of traffic as did the freight of the westbound California and Oregon immigrants. The growing market in the South also increased the demand for more boats and services. 3 James R. Hammond to the editor of the Cultivator, August 7, 1849, from George F. Lemmer, "Missouri Agriculture as Revealed in the Eastern Agricul­ tural Press, 1823-1869," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XLII (April, 1948), 233- 234. souri's] citizens can choose their time of departure . . . [where­ as] from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio, [it] is utterly impos­ sible because the low state of rivers prevents the boats from set­ ting out until after Christmas. ...Pork, beef, fruit, vegetables- all.. . [from Missouri] may be carried to New Orleans in the fall, when the market is al­ ways empty to these articles, the spring being the season for glutting it from Ohio, Kentucky, and Ten­ nessee . . . and furnish New Orleans with fresh flour in the fall 'Jh^?~^- and winter, when the Trail Collection price is always good An Old Hemp Press near the Missouri River and the demand is great. . . . Steamboats have annihilated distances, and reduced freight rates to a trifle.4 Sizeable quantities of grain crops, produce and livestock were shipped south, with money scarce and land transportation less economical for such bulky commodities, hemp and tobacco became the main cash crops for pre-Civil War Central Missouri.5 Many of the settlers along the river in the Boonslick owned slaves, and an extensive staple such as hemp enabled them to use this form of labor to its greatest advantage. Both Kentucky and Virginia produced hemp, and the immigrants from these states tended to adopt the same farm economy in Missouri. In addition, the cotton industry in the southern states provided a growing hemp market for use as baling rope and bagging shipments of cotton.6

4 Arkansas Gazette, December 3, 1822, from "Missouri in 1822," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XVI (April, 1922), 337-341. 5 George F. Lemmer, "Agitation for Agricultural Improvement in Central Missouri Newspapers Prior to the Civil War," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXVII (July, 1943), 374. 6 Miles W. Eaton, "The Development and Later Decline of the Hemp In- 202 Missouri Historical Review

In the Boonslick hemp-growing areas (mainly the northwest­ ern part of the region), the principal towns were Arrow Rock, Glasgow and Rocheport. These towns had warehouses for storing the hemp and ropewalks for its manufacture. In 1860, Missouri produced 19,267 tons, second only to Kentucky in the country. It is little wonder that a farmer in the northwestern part of Boonslick wrote: "Hemp is not now a great staple from the Missouri River, but it is the great staple."7 Although not as favorable to slave labor as hemp, tobacco also was an important crop in this section of the region. Slaves were used in the fields and in the warehouses as tobacco production in­ volved manual labor almost entirely. Rocheport and Glasgow were the main towns involved in the trade, although the other river towns shared in it. Glasgow clearly was the leader, as the Glasgow Pilot boasted in 1845: The tobacco crop of this year, shipped on the north side of the Missouri River, from the mouth of the Grand River to Glasgow ... it is calculated, will bring into the country about $400,000 ... we have now some 28 or 30 factories, with about 700 hands, and a crop of some 9,000,000 lbs.8 Livestock also was important. Indeed, Central Missouri was the leading livestock producing area in the state with Boone the leading county and Callaway second. The fertile patches of prairie, particularly suited to bluegrass, provided ample pastureland. With land transportation in such a bad state, driving grain-fed cattle to the river towns was easier and cheaper than shipping the grain by wagon. Moreover, Kentucky was a pioneer in improving stock breeding and many of her farmers moved to Missouri, bringing with them some of the best stock in the nation. Anthony Wayne Rollins of Boone County, John Garnett and Nathaniel Leonard of Cooper, and George Thompkins of Cole were among the first to cross purebred cattle in Missouri with the common stock in order to improve the general quality. Finally, Boonslick farmers held a large number of agricultural fairs. Beginning in 1835, the first such

dustry in Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XLIII (July, 1949), 345-346. Hemp required the year-round use of labor; it necessitated many long hours, heavy loads to lift, and the operation of simple hand machines by large groups of men. 7 Ibid., 349, 357; Jefferson City Inquirer, March 9, 1850. 8 Ibid., May 29, 1845, reprinted from the Glasgoxv Pilot. fair in the state, sponsored by the Boone County Agri­ cultural Society, was held in Columbia.9 Boonville became the leading live­ stock exporting center in Central Missouri. In 1854, 12,800 head of livestock were shipped and 6,198 head slaughtered at a total valuation of $460,000.10 A part of the general live­ stock business of all Cen­ tral Missouri was the mule trade. The source and main supplier of this traffic were mules brought into Mis­ souri from Santa Fe. Some were used by Central Mis­ souri farmers, but many were driven down South where there was an in­ Bingham portrait creasing demand for their Courtesy Ruth Rollins Westfall use as draft animals in cot­ Anthony Wayne Rollins ton production. Nathaniel Leonard went south into Alabama to sell mules in 1835: My sales of 130 mules and horses have amounted to exactly $8,625 and my expenses up to this time, wages for Mr. Hill and the other hands $l,600-this leaves me $7,000 for my stock which is a grain better than to have sold them in Missouri. ... I don't regret coming in the least—I have learned something. I know now what kind of stock suits the market.11 There was still another trade between the South and Central

9 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 80; Lemmer, "Agitation for Ag­ ricultural Improvement," 384-385; George F. Lemmer, "Early Leaders in Live­ stock Improvements in Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXVII (Octo­ ber, 1942), 35; William F. Switzler, History of Boone County (St. Louis, 1882) , 202; History of Howard and Cooper Counties (St. Louis, 1883), 293. 10 Boonville Observer, January, 1855, from History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 663-666. . ii Letters of Nathaniel Leonard to his brother, Abiel Leonard, from Fredric A Culmer, ed., "Selling Mules Down South in 1835," MISSOURI HISTORICAL RE- VIEW, XXIV (July, 1930), 542-547. 204 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri—that in human flesh. Slave owners frowned on slave breeding, but the sale of slaves south was practiced in Missouri as in the other border states. These sales usually were made because of financial reverses, an excess of slaves, or the unmanageability of slaves. John R. White, a wealthy Howard County farmer, taxed in 1856 with forty-six Negroes on his 1,053-acre farm was one such slavedealer.12 Although the hemp and tobacco industries employed slave labor, most slaves were employed as houseworkers and general farm workers, or were hired out by their owners to work in shops or on the wharves. Missouri slaveowners had fewer slaves than their Southern counterparts, usually only two or three, or a family. Even so, the institution of slavery was a part of Central Missouri from the beginning of its development. Settlers from the upper South considered the slaves they brought with them more a part of their way of life than as the most profitable source of labor. Certain circumstances, however, encouraged those who had them. In the early days they did provide a cheap way to clear land, hired labor costing about six dollars to clear an acre of land.13 In the short run, slaves proved useful, but in the long run they tended to impede development of United States agriculture after 1850. Missouri ranked considerably behind the national average in value of implements and machinery in 1850, having forty cents per acre to the national average of fifty cents per acre. By 1860, while other areas of the nation were increasing their application of machinery to agriculture, Missouri (forty-four cents) dropped further behind the national average (sixty cents). For Central Mis­ souri these figures were even more revealing.14 Capital invested in slaves could not be channeled into machinery. In addition, Boonslick farmers did not specialize in small grains as did farmers in South­ west and North Central Missouri. Main cash crops, tobacco and hemp, were produced largely without the aid of new implements. In Central Missouri then, slavery arose more as a traditional

12 Harrison A. Trexler, "The Value and the Sale of the Missouri Slave," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, VII (January, 1914), 70-80. The slave trader tour­ ing through the small towns appears to have been tolerated as a necessary evil, but personally loathed and socially ostracized. 13 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 564, and II, 439. 14 George F. Lemmer, "Farm Machinery in Ante-Bellum Missouri," MIS­ SOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XL (July, 1946), 469; U. S. Census of 1860, "Agricul­ ture" (Washington, 1864), 88-92. In the ratio of improved lands to farm imple­ ment value in 1860, Boonslick was below those areas of the state that had a lower percentage of slaves: Central Missouri—$1.20; North Central Missouri— $1.65; Southwest Missouri-$1.85. Town Growth in Central Missouri 205

institution, than as a labor system of great economic advantage. It was preserved by a deep-seated fear of the free Negro. Wrote James Aull in response to an easterner's criticism of his ownership of slaves: In this state as well as in other slave holding states you must either have slaves for servants or yourself and family do your own work. It would gratify me exceedingly to have all our Negroes removed from us. It would be of immence [sic'] advantage to the state. But to free them and suffer them to remain with us, I for one would never consent to 15 The Santa Fe trade continued to grow throughout this period. Although there were brief periods when it lagged due to inter­ ference from the Indians or poor Mexican-American relations, after the cession of the whole Southwest by Mexico following the War of 1846-1847, the trade was hampered less and increased in volume. This trade played a vital role in the economy of the Central

15 James Aull to Siter, Price and Company (a Philadelphia firm), June 15, 1835, from Ralph P. Bieber, ed., "Letters of James and Robert Aull," Missouri Historical Society Collections, V (June, 1928), 285.

"March of the Caravans" from Josiah Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies, 1855 Edition 206 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri towns. Wrote the editor of the Intelligencer upon the re­ turn of an expedition of one hundred Central Missourians: They have brought with them, we understand, from eighty to one hundred thousand dollars in specie, besides a large quantity of furs, mules, and etc., the value of which we have not heard stated, but will, undoubtedly, produce a large sum. . . . This trade which is principally carried on by citizens of the Western part of Missouri has now be­ come of considerable importance. Specie, furs, mules, and etc. are annually brought up from that country, to a very large amount.16 Since the beginning of settlement, Boonslick always had been a touching off point for those heading west. But in the late 1840s and 1850s, the flow of immigration augmented. The California Gold Rush and the opening of the Oregon country by the treaty with Great Britain brought a flood of settlers through Central Missouri. They came by this route because the river, until the coming of the railroads in the late 1850s, was the fastest and cheapest method of transportation. The Kansas question in the late 1850s, whether that new state would be slave or free, added to the flow of immigrants coming through Boonslick from the South. Those headed west provided an excellent market for the whole­ saler and retailer. The Santa Fe traders took with them a number of items, especially cotton goods, to sell in the Southwest and the immigrants stocked up on supplies before heading west: A large caravan of traders are expected to start from this settlement (about this time) to Santafee [Santa Fe]. A merchant in Columbia informed me that he had sold to one man for that purpose upwards [sic'] of three thousand yards of cotton domestic. . . ,17 Boonville was the leader in this market having nine wholesale and retail dry goods houses, and ten wholesale and retail grocers in 1854. Their combined business was valued at $809,403.18

16 Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, November 9, 1833. The Intelligencer was moved to Fayette from Franklin after the flood of 1826, and from Fayette to Columbia in 1830. 17 Walter R. Lenoir to William B. Lenoir, May 20, 1835, from Lewis E. Atherton, ed., "Life, Labor and Society in Boone County, Missouri, 1834-52, as Revealed in the Correspondence of an Immigrant Slave-Owning Family from North Carolina," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXVIII (April, 1944), 294. 18 Boonville Observer, January, 1855, a report of the commerce and manu­ facturing of the town in 1854, from History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 663-666. Town Growth in Central Missouri 207

Central Missouri was confronted with the same problem as other regions of the western states—a shortage of circulating media. The Santa Fe trade and the western immigration provided a solu­ tion to this pressing need: The Legislature failed to establish a bank in this State during the last session, and I think the time not distant, that for the want of a circulating medium that land and all other property will be reduced in price, at this time there is no other money known here but silver and United States paper, and when neither of those can be had in some States there will be a check to immigration and the advantages derived from that score, much money is circulated here by emigrants.19 This solution was encouraged by the conservative attitude to­ ward banking prevalent in the state. The depression of 1819, with its ordeal of panic and suffering, had soured Missourians toward financial institutions. Their experiences with state banks and loan office certificates had made them tight-minded in banking. They preferred to rely on a business system based largely on barter or metallic money. It was not until 1837 that a state bank was es­ tablished, and then only to prevent "wild-cat" banks from sur­ rounding states flooding Missouri with their issue and driving out the Mexican silver.20 In the long run, Central Missouri's solution to her financial problems proved detrimental, for it was dependent on the con­ tinuation of the Southwest trade and the western immigration. The large-scale manufacturing, which would prove so important to town growth in the latter half of the century, required well developed financial institutions. Prior to the Civil War, there were only ten banks established in Central Missouri, two of these being branch banks. Only seven of the banks were in operation when the Civil

19 Walter R. Lenoir to William B. Lenoir, March 30, 1835, from Atherton, "Life in Boone County," 291. 20 F. F. Stephens, "Missouri and the Santa Fe Trade," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XI (April-July, 1917), 309-310; Hattie M. Anderson, "Frontier Eco­ nomic Problems in Missouri, 1815-1828," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXIV (January, 1940), 202. The Constitution of 1820 had restricted the incorporation of banks to one, with up to five branches. Yet until 1837 there was no bank in the state except a branch of the U. S. Bank from 1829-1833. During this period the legislature refused to incorporate a bank, Missouri being the only state in the Union without one or more of such institutions. For a detailed examination of the banking problem, see Harry S. Gleick, "Banking in Early Missouri," Parts I & II, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXI & LXII (July, 1967-October, 1967), 427-443, 30-44. 208 Missouri Historical Review

War erupted.21 Thus the region, by its choice of labor system, relied upon a tenuous short-run answer to its financial problems, rather than upon a more firmly based long-run solution. These economic patterns—the market to the South, the Santa Fe trade, the western immigration—provided a stimulus to manu­ facturing. Much of the agricultural export was processed in Cen­ tral Missouri before being shipped south. Tobacco factories, rope- walks, mills and packing houses carried on flourishing businesses. The meat and milled flour went south by steamboat or was sold to the immigrants passing through and to expeditions setting out for Santa Fe. These latter groups also provided a market for wagons, harness equipment and other essentials needed by those headed west. After the decline of Franklin, the manufacturing leader of the area was Boonville, the principal jumping off point for the western trade and the commercial center for the back country to the south and west of the river towns. In 1854, there were sixty-four manu­ facturing concerns with a value of $687,720 in Boonville. Unlike other principal trade towns, Boonville was also a county seat.22 For the inland towns, away from the main line of transportation, the possession of a county seat had been vital in their emergence from the village level in the early years. Further growth during the steamboat era depended upon their ability to obtain state and private institutions. For this reason the location of the state university became a great source of contention among several of these inland towns- Columbia, Fayette and Fulton. In 1820, a provision was included in the state constitution instructing the legislature to establish and maintain a state university.23 The inland towns quickly perceived the importance and advantage of obtaining the university. Wrote one Columbian: The social, moral, and intellectual, are not the only benefits resulting from the location of a literary institution in a small town. The pecuniary advantages are im-

21 W. F. Johnson, History of Cooper County (Cleveland, 1919) , 316; History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 181, 211; History of Cole, Moniteau, Morgan, Benton, Miller, Maries, and Osage Counties (Chicago, 1889), 284; History of Cal­ laway County (St. Louis, 1884), 206. 22 History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 663-666. The value of manufac­ turing concerns is listed as $227,720; but the value of the livestock slaughtered, which was listed separately, has been added to that figure to derive the total value of manufactures—$687,720. 23 Switzler, History of Boone County, 232-236. Town Growth in Central Missouri 209

mense. . . . Let an institution once set sail under auspicious circumstances and young men from different sections of our state and county will flock to reap the advantages of scholarship attainment. . . . But, again an institution well endowed will command men of the first order of talents and literary accomplishments, who would greatly add to the society of any village, and the salaries which they would annually obtain from the college fund would be another considerable source of pecuniary profit to our town and county, not to mention the foreign literary interest which would constantly be drawn to this seat of learning.24 Although the selection of a site for the university was brought before the legislature several times before, it was not until 1839 that action was taken, when a bill for that purpose, introduced by Boone County Representative James S. Rollins, was passed. The act empowered three commissioners to select a site containing forty acres of land in compact form within two miles of the county seats of Cole, Cooper, Howard, Boone, Callaway or Saline. These counties were to submit bids in the form of real estate or money, "and the place presenting the most advantages to be derived to said University, keeping in view the amount subscribed, and locality and general advantages, shall be entitled to its location. . . ,"25 A lively contest ensued among the counties named in the act, es­ pecially Boone, Howard and Callaway, whose county seats were not located on the river. In Boone County canvassing committees visited almost every citizen, taking subscriptions of money ranging in amounts from one to three thousand dollars. Leading the drive were some of the most prominent men in the county: James S. Rollins, author of the se­ lection bill; John B. Gordon, a state representative; Warren Wood­ son, clerk of the county court; and William Cornelius, a prominent merchant in Columbia. Dr. Anthony Wayne Rollins, a farmer in western Boone County, led the drive in that section, contributing $1,500.26 Fayette also was trying to gain the advantage in the struggle. She erected a building and organized Howard College offering it as part of her bid. In addition, Howard County citizens bought a 200-acre farm, situated next to the college, at a low price of thirty

24 ibid., 233. 25 Laws of the State of Missouri, First Session of the 10th General Assembly, 1838-39 (Jefferson City, 1841), 184-187; Frank F. Stephens, History of the Uni­ versity of Missouri (Columbia, 1962), 12. 26 Switzler, History of Boone County, 253-255. dollars an acre. The commissioners' valuation of the land at eighty dol­ lars an acre in receiving Howard's bid increased the offer by $10,000. To counter this move James Rollins sold one-half of his farm (220 acres) in the same manner, giving Boone County an additional $11,000 for its bid. Boone County's bid of some $117,900 was the highest. Callaway and Howard followed close behind with $96,000 and $94,000; then Warren Woodson Cooper, $40,000 and Cole, $30,000; Saline County made no offer.27 The university's effect on Columbia was immediate. Anticipat­ ing the completion of the building to house the university, and the opening of the institution (classes began in April, 1841), Columbia began to improve and prosper. From 1840 through 1841, thirty-two new buildings were added to the town. The university also raised land values. Walter R. Lenoir, having bought fifty-five acres of land in 1840 at twenty dollars an acre, wrote his brother: ". . . five years ago I purchased my home tract at $6 an acre so you have an ex­ ample of the effect of the university ... on the price of land."28 There were seventy-eight students enrolled in the university in 1843, with tuition amounting to $106. By 1852, enrollment had in­ creased considerably: "We expect 175 before the session is out." Two girls' schools, Columbia Female Academy and Christian Col­ lege, were also growing: "There is [sic] now about 200 young ladies in the two schools. . . . Besides Missouri girls, we have some from Kentucky, Mississippi, Louisiana, Indianna [sic], and Illinois. . . ."29 Having failed in their efforts to secure the state university, the

27 History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 188-189; Switzler, History of Boone County, 260-261. Frank F. Stephens' History of the University of Missouri presents the best account of the bidding for the university and takes issue with the amounts subscribed by Boone Countians. See pp. 14-18. 28 Switzler, History of Boone County, 336; Walter R. Lenoir to William B. Lenoir, November 24, 1840, from Atherton, "Life in Boone County," 417. 29 Columbia Missouri Statesman, December 22, 1843; William B. Lenoir to James Gwyn, December 13, 1852, from Atherton, "Life in Boone County," 426- 427. Columbia Female Academy was founded in 1833 as a counterpart to the Columbia College for men, also founded in that year. The Academy became the Baptist Female College in 1856, and later Stephens College. Christian College was founded in 1851. citizens of Fayette were deter­ mined to build up the school they had offered in the contest for the university, but this soon proved financially unfeasible a,n d the school was sold to the Methodist Episcopal Church, which organ­ ized Central College, the off-shoot of the male department of the for­ mer school; Howard College be­ came the female department. The number of students grew and prosperity increased until the James S. Rollins Civil War.30 Fulton also secured private and public institutions. In 1847 State Hospital No. 1, Missouri's first institution for mental patients, was awarded to Fulton. This was followed by the opening of the Missouri School for the Deaf in 1851 and Westminster College in 1853, first chartered as Fulton College two years earlier.31 These three institutions enabled Fulton to keep pace with Columbia dur­ ing this period. The awarding of the state penitentiary to Jefferson City by the General Assembly in 1833 not only brought growth, but more importantly was a key factor in preventing the removal of the state capital from that town. There had been periodic attempts to move the capital. The securing of the penitentiary gave the town a firmer footing, which seemed to settle in the minds of Missourians, for that time at least, the question of the permanency of the site of Missouri's capital. Jefferson City had the added advantage of being a river town, serving as a distribution center for inland points. Yet her back country was the edge of the Ozark hills and was therefore not as productive as those of the other river towns in the region. The seat of government, however, did make her an important port, especially in regard to passengers who were coming on government business.32 Permeating through all of Central Missouri was the upper

30 History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 188-189. 31 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, II, 874. 32 Floyd C. Shoemaker, "A City that is Set on a Hill Cannot be Hid," MIS­ SOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXVII (January, 1943), 125-127. By 1842, there were 380 steamboat arrivals at Jefferson City. 212 Missouri Historical Review

South tradition. Deeply embedded in the life of the region, this tradition influenced the political, economic and social choices which the region and its towns made during the antebellum period. Its underlying importance was expressed in a resolution passed at a public meeting held in 1855 in Columbia to discuss the Kansas- Nebraska controversy: . . . whilst we regard Abolitionism, Nullification and Freesoilism alike dangerous to the peace and permanency of this Union, we are ready to pledge 'our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor' to protect at all hazards, by legal and honorable means, the institutions of the South against encroachment and invasion from without and sedition and treachery from within.33 From Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia heritages, there arose in Central Missouri an upper South society, dominated by landed gentry. Those from families of means soon established plantations and assumed social and political leadership in the region. For those of less means the opportunity to rise seemed limited only by am­ bition, a quality in which the majority of them were not lacking. Thus many an immigrant of modest means made a fortune for himself in the new rich land and established himself in the gentry

33 Switzler, History of Boone County, 378.

Missouri's First Institution for Mental Patients, Fulton Town Growth in Central Missouri 213 class. M. M. Marmaduke enjoyed such success in the Santa Fe trade and eventually became Saline County's largest property owner, a large slave owner and governor of the state.34 The most distinctive characteristic of the men who came to Missouri from the border states was their desire for land. They held a common conviction that the ownership of land was both a means to, and a mark of, success, since most of the social and political leaders of the states from which they came were ©wners of plantations who lived a life of refinement and ease. They hoped to acquire a tract of land and found a family that would take its place in the social and political leadership of the new region. Most frequently the Boonslick gentry established plantations ©f bluegrass lands and blooded stock, or tobacco and hemp. The dom­ inating part of the estate was the large, two-story country home, in many cases a mansion, built in the Federal or Classic-Revival de­ signs popular throughout the upper South and elsewhere. Some of the most noted of these were: Alfred Morrison's "Lilac Hill", built near Fayette; "Ravenswood", Nathaniel Leonard's mansion south of Boonville; and "Prairie Park", William B. Sappington's estate a few miles west of Arrow Rock.35 The value of education was also a part of the gentry's heritage. The leading citizens of the states from which this class had come, in accordance with the views of Thomas Jefferson, believed an edu­ cated citizenry was the only assurance against even the best ©f governments becoming tyrannical and disregarding the natural rights of the people.36 Transylvania University in Lexington, Ken­ tucky, and the University of Virginia were viewed as the finest expressions of this commitment to education. These institutions pro­ duced the leading lawyers, physicians and teachers in the upper South, as well as the future politicians. Not a few of Boonslick's leaders were products of these institutions, especially Transylvania University. Education also was regarded as an essential part of what this class viewed to be refined living. For without it, man was a "marble in the quarry, rough and unpolished, a body opaque, desti-

34Hattie M. Anderson, "Missouri, 1804-1828: Peopling a Frontier State," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXI (January, 1937) ,175; Charles Van Ravens- waay, "Arrow Rock, Missouri," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, XV (April, 1959) , 179. Henry V. Bingham, as mentioned above, advanced to the gentry class, though as a merchant and manufacturer. 35 Anderson, "Peopling a Frontier State," 179; Charles Van Ravenswaay, "Architecture in the Boon's Lick Country," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, VI (July, 1950), 495-497. 36 Anderson, "Peopling a Frontier State," 178. 214 Missouri Historical Review tute of all those brilliant and shining qualities, which it does possess when touched and varnished by the hand of art. . . ."37 With their estates usually located either on the outskirts of towns or only a few miles away from them, the gentry were very- active in the life of Central Missouri's urban centers. They were members of special committees created to bring about public im­ provements, the featured speakers and resolution writers at public meetings, and usually those elected to public office. John Woods Harris was typical of this group. He had pur­ chased his plantation, located a few miles northwest of Columbia, from his father-in-law and enlarged it from 600 to 1,800 acres, with the help of seventeen slaves. The chief activity of the estate was the raising of livestock, with, at times, several hundred cattle graz­ ing the pasturelands. A large number of acres of wheat, corn and oats were raised for feed.38 Harris was elected to the General As­ sembly in 1860 and 1864. His daughter wrote of him: "He was a firm believer in the advantages and independence of farm life, and in the virtues of the countryside, with cultured and refined sur­ roundings. . . ."39 The Boonslick gentry were deeply involved in state politics; many were Whigs. Two state conventions of that party were held in Central Missouri—one in Rocheport in 1840, the other in Boon­ ville in 1844—with the leading Whigs of the state attending, as well as many noted speakers from other states, including the son of Daniel Webster. James S. Rollins, whose estate was on the outskirts of Columbia, was one of the main speakers at the Rocheport con­ vention. The remaining gentry were Democrats, who, along with those of similar political leanings in other regions of the state, gained control of that party in the late 1840s through the adoption of the Jackson Resolutions by the legislature and the senatorial defeat of Thomas Hart Benton. The resolution condemned any attempt by Congress to legislate against slavery in the territories or states; and, in the case such legislation was passed, they committed Missouri to

37 Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, September 10, 1831. 38 JJ. S. Census of 1850 (Washington); U. S. Census of 1860 (Washington) . All figures for the number of slaves and the value of real estate and personal property in the following four pages are taken from the "Population and Slave Schedules of the 1860 Census," with the exception of those for Drs. John Sap- pington and John L. Hardeman, which are from the 1850 Census. For those from Saline County see Arrow Rock Township; for those from Boone County see Columbia and Missouri Townships. 39 Jane Harris Rogers, "The Model Farm of Missouri and Its Owner," MIS­ SOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XVIII (October, 1923), 146-157. join the other slave-holding states for mutual protec­ tion. One of the principal leaders of this group and introducer of the resolu­ tions, Claiborne Fox Jack­ son, owned a plantation outside Arrow Rock. Although the two groups within the Boonslick gen­ try class differed in em­ phasis (the Whigs having a greater interest in invest­ ment ventures and com­ merce, the Democrats in the production of staple crops), in the final decision on whether the state should remain in the Union, their views were similar re­ Bingham portrait garding their upper South John Woods Harris tradition. This common bond was evident in the separate meetings the groups held in Columbia in the spring of 1861 to discuss the outbreak of the Civil War. The secessionists passed a resolution implying that, being forced to choose between the Union and the South, they were in favor of ". . . uniting their destinies with their sister Southern States . . . with whom they are identified by the strongest and most indissoluble bonds of interest, honor, institution and blood. . . ." The Unionists stated their desire to maintain the state's position within the Union—but only if their tradition were preserved and Missouri was not brought into the war.40 Many of the top offices in the state were held by Central Mis­ sourians during the antebellum period. Most were either landed gentry or closely allied with that class. Among the governors were: Abraham J. Williams, John G. Miller, Thomas Reynolds, M. M. Marmaduke, John C. Edwards, Austin A. King, Sterling Price, Howard Lee Jackson and Claiborne Fox Jackson.

40 Arthur Roy Kirkpatrick, "Missouri on the Eve of the Civil War," MIS­ SOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LV (January, 1961), 107; Switzler, History of Boone County, 402, 407. 216 Missouri Historical Review

One of the leading state figures from the Boonslick region was James S. Rollins. Born in Kentucky and graduated from the Uni­ versity of Indiana, he came to Boone County with his parents in 1830. After a year of managing his father's plantation, he spent two years studying law at Transylvania University. Returning to Boone County, he and his new law partner, Thomas Miller, owned and edited Columbia's second newspaper, the Patriot, from 1835-1843. Rollins also owned land on the North Missouri Railroad and was one of the founders of the town of Sturgeon. Although involved in many such pursuits, Rollins' economic base was his plantation just southwest of Columbia. In 1860, his real estate was valued at $50,000; his personal property at $41,000, including thirty-four slaves. Rollins led an active political life serving as a state repre­ sentative in 1838, 1840, 1854; a state senator in 1846; and a U. S. Representative in 1860. The "Father of the University of Missouri" lost twice in his bid for the governorship, in 1848 and 1857, running as a Whig.41 Of all the Central Missouri towns, Arrow Rock best character­ ized this strong upper South tradition under the leadership of the gentry class. Arrow Rock became important as a river port for the hemp, grain and livestock that was shipped south from the eastern part of Saline County. This commerce made possible the rapid growth of the county's plantation culture. By 1860, Arrow Rock's population had reached 1,000. In that year M. M. Marmaduke, who had laid out the town in 1829, was the county's largest property owner with $110,000 in real estate and $65,000 in personal property, including fifty-four slaves. The artist George Caleb Bingham, whose mother, Mrs. Henry V. Bingham, owned a large farm with twenty-one slaves outside of Arrow Rock, was active in Whig politics and used the Arrow Rock scene for subject matter. Dr. John Sappington, who secured a place in medical history pioneering in the use of quinine for treating malaria, acquired a personal fortune owning twenty-four slaves in 1850, with $30,000 in real estate. He also served in the legislature. Doctors William Price and Charles M. Bradford were also large holders of property, in addition to their professional practice. Price owned $51,400 in real estate and $46,100 in personal property, in­ cluding nine slaves; while Bradford owned twelve slaves, with $25,000 in real estate and $85,000 in personal property. Dr. John W.

41 Ibid., 933-935; John Mering in The Whig Party in Missouri (Columbia, 1966) , placed Benton's wealth in 1860 at $100,000. See p. 67. Town Growth in Central Missouri 217

William Sappington's "Prairie Park'

Hardeman's country estate a few miles north of town was part of his $15,000 holding in real estate in 1850. He owned thirty-one slaves. William B. Sappington, Dr. Sappington's son and owner of Prairie Park, possessed $50,000 in real estate and $43,000 in personal prop­ erty, including thirty-eight slaves. Probably the leading figure of Arrow Rock gentry was Clai­ borne Fox Jackson, although he spent a great deal of time away from Arrow Rock engaging in politics. Starting as a store keeper in Arrow Rock, Jackson had acquired, by 1860, the year he was elected governor, $49,000 in real estate, $71,500 in personal property, and forty-eight slaves.42 To be continued.

42 Van Ravenswaay, "Arrow Rock," 207-217.

Cheerful Note for Doting Parents Kansas City Star, January 19, 1965. In many a home the children are finally tired of playing with the boxes the $29.95 Christmas toys came in and may, in desperation, show some interest in the toy itself. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Society Holds Annual Meeting On October 4, 1969, the Annual These new societies bring the total Meeting of the State Historical Society number of local historical organiza­ of Missouri was held in the Recital tions, in the state, to 104. Hall of the Fine Arts Building, Uni­ After the Annual Meeting members versity of Missouri, Columbia. Presi­ and guests of the Society attended a dent T. Ballard Watters presided. luncheon held at the Memorial Stu­ Trustees whose terms expired at the dent Union. During the luncheon the 1969 Annual Meeting were reelected Society awards for distinguished serv­ to three-year terms ending 1972; they ice and the most popular and scholarly are: George McCue, St. Louis; L. E. article appearing in the year's REVIEW Meador, Springfield; W. Wallace were presented. Smith, Independence; Ronald L. Som- Thomas Hart Benton, Missouri's erville, Chillicothe; Jack Stapleton, Sr., most renowned twentieth-century ar­ Stanberry; Henry C. Thompson, tist, received the second Distinguished Bonne Terre; and, Robert M. White, Service Award, presented by the So­ Mexico. Joseph H. Moore, Charles­ ciety. The gold medallion and framed ton, did not seek reelection and in an certificate were presented, in absentia alignment of trustees, Moore's position and received in Benton's behalf by was not filled. Sidney Larson, curator of the Society. Reports of the Society's treasurer, Auditing and Finance and Executive President Watters presented a cita­ committees preceded the annual re­ tion, in absentia, to David E. Harrell, port of Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, di­ Jr., for contributing the REVIEW ar­ rector and secretary of the Society. In ticle, "James Shannon: Preacher, Edu­ his report, Dr. Brownlee noted that cator, and Fire Eater." Harrell, an as­ during the 1968-1969 year, 16,243 in­ sociate professor of History, University dividuals engaged in research in the of Georgia, received a framed cer­ Society's various depositories; 8,513 tificate and a $100 honorarium for his persons did research in the newspaper article which appeared in the January, library, 6,815 in the reference library 1969, issue of the REVIEW. Dr. Lewis and 1,915 in the manuscript collections. E. Atherton accepted the award on Continued interest in Missouri his­ Harrell's behalf. tory, Dr. Brownlee stated, was shown General Maxwell D. Taylor, Mis­ in the establishment of ten new his­ souri-born distinguished military of­ torical societies during the past year. ficer, former Chief of Staff of the They are: Pulaski County Historical United States Army, presidential ad­ Society; Franklin County Historical visor, author and educator addressed Society; DeKalb County Historical the Society members and guests during Society; Gasconade County Historical the luncheon. General Taylor, who Society; Grundy County Historical has held major positions in the inter­ Society; Benton County Historical So­ national affairs of the United States ciety; Webb City Historical Society; since World War II, spoke on the Fort Orleans Historical Society; St. "Military Influence on Formulation of Charles County Junior Historical So­ Foreign Policy." ciety; and, Morgan County Junior At the completion of the luncheon, Historical Society. each of the Society's facilities in con-

21S Historical Notes and Comments 219 junction with the Western Historical lection were also on display in the Manuscripts Collection displayed ex­ Society gallery. Geary was one of Mis­ hibits at the open house held in the souri's most important graphic artists. Society's headquarters. The art gallery The corridor gallery exhibited original of the Society displayed lithographs editorial drawings done by the Pulitzer recently acquired from the works of Prize-winning Daniel Fitzpatrick. Be­ Thomas Hart Benton, and "Negro fore his death Fitzpatrick was the dean Soldier," one of Benton's finest paint­ of America's journalistic artists. These ings from the 1940s. A large selection exhibits will be continued until late of woodcuts from the Fred Geary Col­ summer, 1970.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor (second from right) examines a copy of the Chariton Courier marking his birth at Keytesville, August 26, 1901, Holding the copy is Dr. Elmer Ellis (left), chairman of the Society's Finance Committee. Looking on are T. Ballard Watters (second from left), president of the Society, and Dr. Richard S. Brownlee (right), director and secretary of the Society.

All Men Are Brothers Cuba Review, May 9, 1918. The magistrate observed to the defendant: "You seem to have committed a grave assault on complainant just because he differed from you in an argu­ ment." "There was no help for it, your honor," said the offender. "The man is a perfect idiot." "Well, you must pay a fine of two pounds and the costs, and in the future you should,try to understand that idiots are human beings, the same as you and me."—London Tid-Bits. you should do in the morning is to use Sanitol Tooth Powder VIEWS FROM THE PAST Advertisements of Yesteryear

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NEWS IN BRIEF On October 28, in the Society quar­ The log chapel was built in 1819 ters, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, direc­ although the church was organized in tor and secretary of the Society, and 1809. It is the oldest Protestant Church James W. Goodrich, associate editor and the first Methodist Church build­ of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, ing still standing west of the Missis­ spoke to a group of University of Mis­ sippi River. The chapel is one of 12 souri, Columbia, history graduate stu­ national shrines of Methodism in the dents. Among the topics discussed United States and the only one west were: the role of the historical society, of the Mississippi. A plaque was dedi­ the publication programs and the rela­ cated honoring those who donated tionship between the historian and the toward rehabilitation and acquisition editor. Question and answer periods of the building. followed the presentations. Ten new members were added to Private papers of the late A. P. the Missouri Academy of Squires at a Green, founder and lifetime president luncheon, October 27, in the Gover­ of the A. P. Green brick manufactur­ nor's Mansion, Jefferson City. They ing firm at Mexico, were presented by included U.S. Senator Thomas F. his daughters this past fall to the Eagleton; U.S. District Judge James H. State Historical Society and Western Meredith; Robert Hyland, general Historical Manuscripts Collection of manager of Radio Station KMOX; the University of Missouri, Columbia. Harry F. Harrington, board chairman Dr. and Mrs. Walter Staley and Mr. of Boatmen's National Bank; and and Mrs. Arthur Bond of Mexico Maurice R. Chambers, president of made the formal presentation to Uni­ Interco, Inc., all of St. Louis; Dr. Earl versity Chancellor John W. Schwada B. Dawson, president emeritus, Lin­ and Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director coln University, and Charles W. of the Society. Some 22 boxes of ma­ Schwartz, Conservation Commission terial were received dealing primarily specialist, both of Jefferson City; H. with the religious, philanthropic and Lang Rogers, publisher, Joplin Globe; public service activities of Green, as Dr. John W. Schwada, chancellor of well as information he compiled on the University of Missouri, Columbia; the history of the refractory industry and Joseph C. Welman, board chair­ in Missouri between 1903-1941. man of the Bank of Kennett. The present class brought a total A special ceremony, September 7, of 93 members in the Academy which commemorated the 185th year of the has a limit of 100. The organization organization of the Methodist Church was founded by the late Governor in America, the 160th year of the or­ James T. Blair, Jr. ganization of the church at McKendree Chapel and the 150th anniversary of Some 100 persons attended rededi- the building of the chapel. The 36th cation ceremonies of the Marion City annual service was held at Old Mc­ monument, August 31. The marker Kendree Chapel between Cape Girar­ was first placed at the site of Marion deau and Jackson. Bishop Eugene M. City on the Mississippi River by Frank, resident bishop of the Missouri Daughters of the American Revolution area, delivered the sermon, "Where in 1930 and removed to a site near Methodism Began." Palmyra. Lloyd King, former state su- Historical Notes and Comments 223 perintendent of schools, spoke to the bicentennial, in a week-long com­ group on the history of Marion City. munity observance, August 15-23. A Cecil Teed, presiding judge of the wide range of activities and events Marion County court and former presi­ were planned by various business, civic, dent of the Marion County Historical educational, religious and social Society, served as master of ceremonies. groups. Major attractions included a historical pageant, "The Way West"; A special display, "Presenting Mis­ a parade; historical tours; costume souri and two famous Missourians— stroll; and beer garden in Blanchette Harry S Truman and Thomas Hart Park. Benton," was formally opened, Octo­ ber 1, at Winston Churchill Memorial, The annual conference of the Mis­ Westminster College, Fulton. Mrs. souri Library Association was held at Warren E. Hearnes, wife of Missouri's Ramada Inn, Jefferson City, October governor, participated in the opening 1-4. With the theme, "The Library ceremony. The exhibit featured a Responds to a New Age," the confer­ large pictorial display of historical and ence attempted to confront its mem­ scenic sites in Missouri, paintings and bers with current issues and concepts. other items relating to President Tru­ Speakers included noted jazz authority man and lithographs and paintings by Nat Hentoff, New York City, who dis­ Thomas Hart Benton. Some 39 Benton cussed the demands made on libraries lithographs, a Benton water color and by a new generation; Richard Hof- an oil painting of the Truman family stadter, professor of American History by Greta Kempton were loaned by the at Columbia University, whose theme State Historical Society of Missouri. A was "Violence in American History"; collection of original newspaper and and banquet speaker Dr. Hellmut magazine cartoons and other items re­ Lehmann-Haupt, University of %lis- lated to President Truman were pro­ souri, Columbia. Secretary of State vided by the Truman Library in In­ James C. Kirkpatrick conducted a dependence. The pictorial review of group on a tour of the capitol includ­ Missouri, assembled by the Missouri ing a visit to the Supreme Court Li­ Tourism Commission, remained open brary, House Lounge and a visit to the through December 12. State Records Center.

In September, Dr. Benedict K. Zo- The Lyle Mansion in Carondelet brist, assistant dean of the faculty Park, built in 1842 by Alexander Lacey and chairman of the History Depart­ Lyle, and the Carondelet Library, built ment at Augustana College, Rock Is­ in 1807, have been designated historic land, Illinois, was named assistant di­ sites by the Landmarks and Urban De­ rector of the Harry S. Truman Library sign Commission of St. Louis. at Independence. Dr. Zobrist holds a Ph.D. in history from Northwestern The second annual Missouri Historic University and has had extensive ex­ Preservation Conference was held in perience in historical research. He the Hermann City Hall, October 18. previously served as a manuscript All persons interested in historic specialist at the Library of Congress preservation in the state were invited and as assistant reference librarian at to attend. The morning session in­ Newberry Library in Chicago. cluded reports on recent activities throughout the area and a case study The city of St. Charles celebrated its of preservation in Hermann. At St. 224 Missouri Historical Review

Paul's United Church, ladies of the Historians of The Lutheran Church- congregation served a German lunch­ Missouri Synod. Workshop sessions on eon. A tour of the Hermann area and archival methods and procedures were a reception at the home of Mr. and led by the Institute personnel. Special Mrs. Clarence Hesse concluded the speakers included Dr. J. A. O. Preus, day-long conference. The meeting was president of The Lutheran Church- sponsored by the Brush and Palette Missouri Synod; Dr. John Tietjen, Club of Hermann, the A.I.A. Comit- president of Concordia Seminary; Dr. tees on the preservation of historic Carl S. Meyer and Dr. Herbert T. buildings, the Department of Art His­ Mayer, both of Concordia Seminary; tory and Archaeology of the Univer­ the Reverend R. W. Wuensche, ar­ sity of Missouri-Columbia, and the chivist of the Texas District; Professor Society of Architectural Historians. Walter W. Uhlig, archivist of the Southern Nebraska District; and Ger- An International Kitchen of French, hardt Kramer, vice president of the Spanish and German foods, art show, Institute. Dr. O. A. Dorn, manager of antique show and sale, airplane rides, Concordia Publishing House, spoke at parades, historic sites tours and the the Biennial Meeting of the Institute Kings Ball were only a few of the at­ and Awards Dinner, November 4, on tractions featured at the Jour de Fete, "Mass Multi-Media Communications Ste. Genevieve, August 9-10. A record- and the Archivist-Historian." breaking crowd attended this fourth annual event. Professor E. Maurice Bloch, Depart­ ment of Art, University of California, The Concordia Historical Institute, Los Angeles, has notified the State Department of Archives and History Historical Society that he plans a full- of The Lutheran Church-Missouri length study and definitive catalogue Synod, sponsored the 10th Archivists'- of the drawings of George Caleb Bing­ Historians' Workshop-Conference, No­ ham, to be published by the Univer­ vember 4-6, at Concordia Seminary, sity of Missouri Press. Professor Bloch St. Louis. The conference aimed to has requested that REVIEW readers provide practical and technical sug­ contact him if they own or know about gestions for the District Archivists- Bingham drawings.

ERRATA In the April, 1969, issue of the REVIEW, page 396, Thomas H. Pollock was mistakenly listed as being the donor of some letters written by David Wilson Pollock and Thomas Pollock. Mrs. Kathreen B. Pollock was also a donor of the letters and it was through her efforts that the letters were preserved.

Dr. Roger L. Nichols, a contributor in the last issue of the REVIEW, received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, not the Uni­ versity of Arizona, as stated in the vita accompanying his article.

On page 85 of the October, 1969, issue of the REVIEW the date of the death of Louis Jolliet is given as 1673. Jolliet died in 1700. Historical Notes and Comments 225

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Publishing a Society Newsletter More than twenty local historical members are working enthusiastically societies in Missouri publish a news­ for society projects. The writer will letter periodically, which notifies mem­ also want to emphasize that there is bers of approaching activities and of still work to be done and a variety major past events. Society policies re­ of jobs where each member is sure garding items which can be accepted to find a position suited to his talents. in the museum, what is needed for Along with choosing the contents appropriate displays and museum for the newsletter, another important hours are included in the letter as well consideration is the format or layout as meeting reservation blanks, requests, of each page. An article should be congratulatory remarks, death notices, brief enough to cover approximately museum acquisitions, financial reports a third of the page. When each item and a listing of the board of directors, is well spaced and divided by head­ officers and committees. ings in bold face, all capitals or under­ lined, the articles stand out and are Most of these newsletters are mimeo­ easier to read. Small line drawings and graphed and range from one to five other illustrations may be added. A pages each. Some are printed on both number of newsletters use two columns sides of 8i/ xll or 8i/£xl4 size paper. 2 instead of straight copy for easier read­ A letterhead style stationery for the ing. Colored paper may be used in­ first page usually contains the name stead of the usual white. of the society, title of the publication, date, volume and edition. Sometimes Societies select for editors of their a small line drawing and a list of so­ newsletter someone conversant with ciety officers are added to the newslet­ the work of the society who can pre­ ter heading. sent the essential facts briefly and con­ Newsletters are usually sent out a cisely, lay out the material artistically few days before a regular meeting or and have copies available on time. other special event in coordination with Newsletters are printed in good taste newspaper publicity. To be effective, but as economically as possible, for newsletter notices include the exact they are usually not preserved. Mimeo­ meeting date, place, the speaker's graphing is an inexpensive method of name, his qualifications and subject of production, when the work is done by his talk. If the speaker comes well rec­ someone skilled at cutting stencils and ommended and is noted as an excellent operating the machine. Offset printing entertainer, pointing this out would is more expensive but usually improves increase the members' eagerness to the quality of the letter and enables attend. If a report is made after the so­ the editor to use pictures. Various ciety meeting it may be brief but con­ other types of printing may be avail­ vey the idea that the event was a com­ able in the area and should also be plete success by noting the overflow investigated. crowd and the enthusiastic audience. A portion of the newsletter's back People like to see their names in page is often left blank so that when print so the writer of the newsletter folded and stapled space is available uses as many names as possible, not for the address and stamp. If news­ only for recognition, but to show that letters are mailed without envelopes 226 Missouri Historical Review

it may necessitate addressing the let­ moderated a program, "Digging Up ters by hand after printing. To elim­ Bates County History," which was il­ inate this last minute work some so­ lustrated with numerous old photo­ cieties type the address on paper tapes graphs. which are glued to the letter. If en­ Membership in the Society is now velopes are used they may be addressed over 200. in advance of the newsletters' comple­ tion. Officers of the Society are Ralph Newsletters are mailed to all mem­ Frittz, Amsterdam, president; Charles bers of the society, even the home- Robertson, vice president; Edgar Lee bound or those who live too far away Robertson, secretary; and Sam Keirsey, to attend society meetings. Thus mem­ treasurer, all of Butler. bers feel like they are a part of the group and are benefitting from their Benton County Historical Society membership. Copies are also sent to At the September 11 meeting in the prospective members, town officials, office of the Benton County Enter­ teachers, librarians and lawyers who prise, Warsaw, former superintendent should know about the work and goals of county schools John Owen spoke on of the society and to the State His­ the beginning of the county school torical Society for its archives and for system in Missouri. The speaker dis­ publicity. Letters may be exchanged played a number of old text books with other societies for new ideas. and other scholastic memorabilia. The The society newsletter is well worth 39 members present voted to raise the small cost and labor of produc­ money to finance a remodeling proj­ tion. An excellent method of com­ ect on the 1880 brick school building. munication, it creates an awareness and The structure would be used for a appreciation for the society's goals, society museum. The school board helps to retain present members, adds granted the Society 60 days to present new names to the rolls and increases evidence that it could finance and di­ attendance at society functions. rect the remodeling project.

Barry County Historical Society Some 20 members and guests at­ Boone County Historical Society tended the October 19 meeting at New Members of the Society participated Site Baptist Church near Monett. A in a bus tour to the Cole County His­ history of the organization of the torical Society Museum, followed by a church from the first written record dinner at Hotel Governor, both in in September, 1848, was related by the Jefferson City, October 26. Reverend Oscar Higgins of Monett. A 1901 photograph of all the living min­ Boonslick Historical Society isters was on display. At the September 13 dinner meet­ ing at Campfire Inn, near Rocheport, Bates County Historical Society members enjoyed a color film, "The Members of the Society met Septem­ Cooper's Craft." The movie depicted ber 11 at the City Hall in Butler. the making of a cask from felling the Edgar and Charles Robertson gave in­ tree to application of the craftsman's structions on how to identify real an­ mark on the finished product. Mem­ tiques from duplicates and fakes. bers were encouraged to bring ex­ At the October 9 meeting, Mrs. Reva amples of old crafts to share with Stubblefield, curator of the museum, others. Historical Notes and Comments 227

Butler County Historical Society On September 21 members traveling Laura St. Ann Keller, vice president by bus visited the Dwight D. Eisen­ of the Historical Association of Cape hower Museum in Abilene, Kansas. Girardeau, spoke at the October 16 For the past ten years Edward D. meeting in the Karen West Community Staton, Carrollton, has sponsored an Center, Poplar Bluff. She told about essay contest for high school students. the growth and projects of the Cape Fifty-eight students from the county Girardeau group. schools wrote this year on the subject, Officers elected for the coming year "American Youth, Its Hopes and are George R. Loughead, president; Fears." Richard Hunt of Hale, Luanna Paul C. Hays, Jr., executive vice presi­ Bell of Bogard and Karen Heil of Nor­ dent; Mrs. Mitchel A. Marvel, secre­ borne were first, second and third tary; and Robert Seifert, treasurer. place winners respectively.

Camden County Historical Society Chariton County Historical Society Officers for 1970-1972 are Dr. Wil­ Following the carry-in dinner, Octo­ liam Powell, president; Lucille Keller, ber 19, at Dulany Library, Salisbury, a first vice president; L. A. Williams, century-old school bell called the second vice president; Ethel Houston, business meeting to order. Mrs. R. A. recording secretary; Mary Parish, cor­ Gehrig presented a program on the responding secretary; and Mae Ger- "History of Rural Schools in Chariton hardt, treasurer. Paul Gerhardt was County." Jordan Bentley reviewed the recently appointed curator of the Cam­ history of the public schools of the den County Museum. county and R. W. Traughber spoke on the rules of early teachers and the Carondelet Historical Society hardships of early country schools. The society sponsored a tour, Sep­ Current projects of the Society in­ tember 20, to visit the St. Clair County clude plotting abandoned cemeteries, Historical Museum and historic sites securing histories of all rural schools in Belleville, Illinois. and procuring complete sets of the The first issue of the Carondelet MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW and Of­ Historical Society's Newsletter was ficial Manual of Missouri. published in August. At the October 27 meeting in Civil War Round Table of Carondelet Branch Library, Dr. James Kansas City F. Robinson, chairman of the History At the September 23 meeting in the Department of St. Louis University Terrace Room, Twin Oaks Apart­ High School and an associate pro­ ments, Dr. T. Harry Williams, Boyd fessor of History at Meramec Com­ Professor of History, Louisiana State munity College, spoke on "Wider University, Baton Rouge, spoke on "A Horizons of Carondelet History." Yank at Oxford." The talk was based on Dr. Williams' experiences at Oxford University in England and involved Carroll County Historical Society British reaction to the U.S. Civil War. The Society was recently given a tract of land at the north edge of At the October 28 meeting, Brooks Carrollton by the J. W. Rea family. Davis, past president of the Civil War Plans are being made to build a new Round Table of Chicago, spoke on the museum for the county on the site. "Battle of Perryville." 228 Missouri Historical Review

Civil War Round Table of consisting of Bohemian, European and The Ozarks American cut and pressed glass, is be­ A paper on "The Federal Occupa­ ing identified and prepared for dis­ tion of New Orleans" was presented play by Mrs. John A. Williams and at the September 10 meeting in Ra­ Mrs. H. I. Haralson. mada Inn, Springfield, by Dr. Roger A. Fischer. Dr. Fischer is associate pro­ Concordia Historical Institute fessor of History at Southwest Missouri A special reception at the Con­ State College, Springfield, and has cordia Historical Institute, September written a number of articles for na­ 9, honored the centennial anniversary tional historical journals. of Concordia Publishing House, St. At the October 8 meeting, Leo E. Louis. The Women's Auxiliary of the Huff, assistant professor of History at Institute served refreshments and In­ Southwest Missouri State College, dis­ stitute staff members, dressed in pe­ cussed the American Civil War as the riod costumes, served as hostesses. first modern war. He described the A special display at the Institute changes in transportation, communica­ through September and October con­ tions, weaponry and the evolution to sisted of over 1,000 volumes published modern land and naval warfare. by Concordia since 1869, trademarks used over the years, photographs of Civil War Round Table of Concordia's managers, historical arti­ St. Louis facts used in the printing process and Colonel Allen P. Julian, Atlanta, awards won during the period. Georgia, spoke on "Old Joe Johnston" at the September 24 meeting at Le Crawford County Historical Society Chateau, Frcntenac. A history of the Catholic churches A talk on "Slavery and Emancipa­ of Cuba and Steelville was presented tion in Missouri" was presented, Octo­ by Teresa Fitzpatrick at the August 21 ber 22, by Dr. William Parrish, meeting in Recklein Memorial Library, professor of History at Westminster Cuba. The group discussed the mov­ College, Fulton. ing and restoration of the 1860 Lucy Thompson School building, given to Clay County Museum Association the Society for a museum, by Jim An illustrated program on "Histori­ Cape. cal Site Preservation in Jackson Coun­ The Crawford County Historical So­ ty" was presented by Charles Kerr at ciety and the Leasburg Garden Club the September 25 meeting in the his­ held a dedication program at Oak torical museum, Liberty. Grove Roadside Park near Leasburg, At the October 23 meeting, a pro­ September 14. The Crawford County gram on "Early Day Industry in Clay Marker of the State Historical Society, County" was presented by Keller Bell. the relocated park and the Blue Star Museum show windows with at­ Marker of the Federated Garden Clubs tractive historical themes are changed of Missouri were rededicated on this each month by Mrs. Damon Pursell. occasion. James W. Goodrich, as­ sociate editor of the MISSOURI HIS­ Cole County Historical Society TORICAL REVIEW, Columbia, spoke The heirs of Spenser H. Givens re­ on the historical marker program, and cently donated 325 antique wine Mrs. R. C. Evans, state chairman of glasses to the Society. The collection, the Blue Star Memorial Programs, Historical Notes and Comments 229

Missouri Federated Garden Clubs, the county's railroad bond controversy. spoke on the history of Blue Star The group of some 20 persons visited Memorials. Other speakers included Bennett Spring and the grave of Judge Mrs. Helen C. Land; W. R. Nunn and Scott in Morgan cemetery, southwest M. J. Snider, both of the State High­ of the park. way Department; and Clarence Wil­ liams, state vice commander of the Daughters of Old Westport American Legion. Mrs. Jack O. Kne- Some 16 persons were present at the haus, president of the Missouri Feder­ September 16 meeting in the Garden ated Garden Clubs, made the formal Center Building at Loose Park. Plans dedication. were made for the historic sites tour At the September 18 meeting in of Westport in October. Mrs. Nina Recklein Memorial Library, Cuba, Wright and Mrs. Norma McConnell J. I. Breuer gave a progress report on were hostesses. the restoration of the Lucy Thompson Hostesses for the October 21 meet­ School building. Mr. Breuer was ap­ ing were Mrs. Pauline Terry and Mrs. pointed assistant secretary and treas­ Hazel Buehs. urer. DeKalb County Historical Society The Cuba City Council recently The August 10 meeting, held in the granted the Society permission to use Fairport School building was the cli­ a part of the city auditorium as a max of the Fairport Centennial. A permanent home. panorama of the city's 100-year his­ tory was presented. Lora Lockhart, so­ Dade County Historical Society ciety president, assembled the material, At a special meeting, October 17, in Martha Spiers provided the narration Rubenstein's Store, Greenfield, mem­ and Mrs. Willie Thompson was organ­ bers completed preparations for the ist. October 21 presentation of "One Fan­ The Society met with the Pleasant tastic Night." The Society received a Grove Alumni Association, September share of the door receipts. 28, at the Old Pleasant Grove School An anonymous benefactor volun­ in Washington Township. The pro­ teered to equal all donations to the gram, arranged by Don Elwell, Quen- Hulston Mill Historical Park Fund re­ tin Marks and Mrs. Audra Wright, in­ ceived prior to November 1. Dona­ cluded a report on the Babbitt family tions by October 23 were over $700. by Mrs. Emmitt Berry, and the history of the school related by Mrs. Guy Dallas County Historical Society Ketchem. Members made a pilgrimage to Ben­ Reports on the Greenwith and Red­ nett Spring State Park and held their mond cemeteries and the Roberts, October 10 meeting in a cabin of the Crossroads and Ketchum schools were Christian Camp. The Reverend and presented at the October 19 meeting Mrs. E. T. Sechler of Springfield were in the county courthouse, Maysville. host and hostess for a noon fish fry. Several members were appointed to The Reverend Sechler told about the collect information on various schools antique pews used in George Watkins and cemeteries of the county. A letter auditorium at the camp. Herbert H. was read from Jacob Leroy Pritchard, Scott related a biographical account who gave an eye-witness account of of his father, County Judge John W. the tornado that struck Fairport on Scott, and told of his involvement in May 31, 1898. 230 Missouri Historical Review

The Society has a total of 165 mem­ the October 2 meeting in Owensville bers. High School and unanimously ap­ proved a decision to form a new Florissant Valley Historical Society historical society. Mrs. Dorothy J. Mary Blackburn, former English and Caldwell, associate editor of the drama teacher who has traveled ex­ MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Co­ tensively, presented the program at the lumbia, outlined the needs for, and October 16 meeting at Taille de Noyer. methods of, forming such a group. A nominating committee was selected to Fort Orleans Historical Society prepare a slate of officers. Colonel Ed­ The Society met, September 25, at win P. Streck, Hermann, presided at Brunswick High School. Excerpts from the meeting. a research paper, "Old Brunswick 1836-1875," by Mary Lou Stewart, were Gentry County Historical Society presented as part of the program. Some 23 persons attended the Octo­ ber 12 meeting at Lion's Hall, McFall. Franklin County Historical Society A history of McFall and the surround­ The Society held its November 2 ing community was given by Mrs. Ger­ business meeting at East Central Junior trude Gray. President Loy L. Ham­ College Auditorium, Union. Members mond reported on his attendance at discussed suggestions for future meet­ the State Historical Society annual ings and activities. Myron Woodcock meeting, October 4, in Columbia. reported on cemetery census work be­ ing done in the area. Graham Historical Society Officers for the coming year are The September 8 meeting was held Elmer Cowan, Sullivan, president; Mrs. at the home of Mrs. Lotty Hilsabeck in W. A. Bruns, Sr., St. Clair, vice presi­ Graham. For roll call each member dent; Renee M. Nouss, Washington, told of a historic place he remembered secretary; and William Strothmann, from past years in Graham and the Berger, treasurer. surrounding area.

Friends of Arrow Rock At the annual meeting of the Greene County Historical Society Friends, September 7, in the Old Mrs. Mary Newland Clary, graduate Tavern, Arrow Rock, Mrs. John R. assistant at Southwest Missouri State Hall, Marshall, was elected president. College, Springfield, presented a paper She succeeds Mrs. David F. Eads, who on "Judge Lynch Visits Springfield, had served as president for 9 years. Missouri: Easter, 1906," at the Sep­ Since its incorporation in 1959, the tember 25 meeting in the Springfield Friends have restored and dedicated Art Museum. The talk dealt with three buildings and own three other Negro-white relations in 1906, events buildings in Arrow Rock. The or­ leading up to a lynching in the public ganization is now working toward the square, a grand jury report on the restoration of the John Sites home. incident and the trial of one of the Mr. and Mrs. William Miller and Mr. alleged mob leaders. and Mrs. Henry Hamilton are mem­ Members of the Society participated bers of the restoration committee. in a "show and tell" program at the October 23 meeting. Artifacts and Gasconade County Historical Society other memorabilia of local history Some 30 interested persons attended were displayed on tables and members Historical Notes and Comments 231 were given an opportunity to tell thor of Pioneer Life in Rural Mis­ about their treasures. souri, held an informal discussion on early days at the August 21 meeting Grundy County Historical Society in the First National Bank, Clinton. A Some 50 persons attended the Octo­ number of items donated to the So­ ber 12 meeting at Hodge Presbyterian ciety museum were shown and dis­ Church, Trenton. Dr. James Lowe, cussed. professor of Sociology, at Northwest Missouri State College, Maryville, dis­ Hickory County Historical Society cussed archaelogical discoveries which The Society sponsored the Wheat­ depicted Missouri's civilization since land Centennial, October 4. A parade 8000 B.C. Mrs. Deva Sawyer and Mrs. in the morning featured some 30 en­ Eveleyn Sheets displayed some of the tries and a basket dinner at noon work of the genealogy committee. served approximately 1,500 people, a Officers elected for the coming year number of whom were dressed in cen­ were Marvin Luehrs, president; Carl tennial costumes. Entertainment in Muff, vice president; Mabel Burrill, the town park included a history of the secretary; and Clarence McCollum, town, the doctors, the school and busi­ treasurer. nesses and musical programs. Antique items were also on display. Former Harrison County Historical Society residents attended the celebration The annual business meeting was from Iowa, South Dakota, Kansas, held in the First National Bank, California, Arkansas, Illinois and Okla­ Bethany, on October 9. Ruth Milligan homa. and Mrs. Homer Pyle presented a pro­ gram on the history of Eagleville. President Ruby Smith reported on the Historic Florissant annual meeting of the State Historical The primary purpose of Historic Society which she attended, October 4, Florissant, Inc., is the restoration of in Columbia. the Archambault House, located at Officers elected for the coming year Jefferson and St. Denis streets in the were Ruby Smith, Eagleville, presi­ Historic District of Florissant. Now dent; Carl Slaughter, first vice presi­ owned by the archdiocese of St. Louis, dent; Earl Stephens, second vice presi­ the Department of Housing and Ur­ dent; Robert Mcintosh, treasurer; and ban Development (HUD) has ap­ Vesper Nina Mcintosh, secretary, all proved a $20,000 matching grant for of Bethany. the purchase and restoration of the home. It is believed that Canadian- born Auguste Archambault, mountain Phoebe Apperson Hearst man who served as a hunter with the Historical Society third John Charles Fremont expedi­ The Society held its annual historical tion, built the house. Erected prior to tour, October 5. Beginning at Hearst 1858, it is an unusual survival of a Memorial Park, near Anaconda, with mid-19th-century suburban home with a picnic lunch, the group visited the a full complement of outbuildings. Moselle Iron Furnace, Virginia Mines, Cove Furnace and an old home of Officers are Mrs. Leslie Davison, Civil War vintage. president; Mrs. Fred Gladbach and Mrs. H. M. Zimmerman, vice presi­ Henry County Historical Society dents; Mrs. Larkin Williams, secretary; Mrs. Birdie Parks Witherspoon, au­ and Mrs, Marilyn DeWitt, treasurer. 232 Missouri Historical Review

Howell County Historical Society A. L. Stevenson, Warrensburg, presi­ Some 32 persons attended the first dent; Glenn W. Stahl, Kingsville, vice annual meeting, October 14, at First president; Mrs. J. Paul Morris, War­ Christian Church, West Plains. Table rensburg, secretary; and Mrs. Effie decorations carried out an autumn Makeever, Warrensburg, treasurer. theme. President-elect Dick Fleming presented an inaugural address en­ Joplin Historical Society titled, "Where Are We Going—What The Society held its third annual are we going to do after we get there?" historical homes tour in Joplin, Octo­ He pointed out the need for a perma­ ber 12. Some 175 persons made the nent home and museum building. tour despite heavy rains. The group Framed, engraved minature certificates visited the Schermerhorn Home in were awarded to a number of persons Galena, Kansas, the homes of H. H. for outstanding service during the So­ McNeal, R. A. Clark, Albert Junge, ciety's first year. A film, "Historic Ste. Albert C. Moore, Elias Pinkard and Genevieve," concluded the program. John C. Cox, Sr., and the St. Philip's Officers of the Society are Dick Episcopal Church Parish House, all of Fleming, Hocomo, president; Dorotha Joplin. Reavis, West Plains, first vice presi­ Thomas L. Holman, assistant pro­ dent; Marvin Dickman, Willow fessor of American History, Missouri Springs, second vice president; Grace Southern State College, Joplin, spoke Penninger, Mountain View, third vice at the November 12 meeting in the president; Beulah Fleming, Hocomo, Joplin Municipal Building. His talk, secretary; and Lena Cooper, Mountain "Jayhawkers and Redlegs, 1854-1860," View, treasurer. dealt with the settlement of Kansas, The Society is to be commended for the slavery issue and the differences its publication in September of the between the Jayhawkers, Redlegs and Howell County Review, Volume 1, Bushwhackers. Students from Missouri Number 1. Southern State College Music Depart­ ment sang Civil War ballads. Johnson County Historical Society Society members are searching for More than 50 persons attended the a suitable building to house a his­ September 28 meeting in the Old torical museum. Over 200 articles are Courthouse, Warrensburg. Mrs. A. Lee now being stored for the future mu­ Smiser was honored for her many seum. years of service to the Society and the The Society reports that the Mineral title of president emeritus was con­ Museum in Joplin will remain open ferred upon her. Mrs. Smiser was one all year. of the founders of the Society, she had served for a number of years as presi­ Kansas City Westerners dent of the organization and was in­ At the August 12 meeting in Hotel strumental in securing the Old Court­ Bellerive, Odie B. Faulk, associate house building, the Museum building professor of History, Oklahoma State and the Heritage-Library rooms lo­ University, Stillwater, discussed "The cated in the Municipal Building. A Geronimo Campaign." The talk dealt framed certificate was presented to with the event leading up to the cap­ her. Following the meeting, members ture/surrender of the famed Chiri- toured the courthouse and visited the cahua Apache warrior by General Nel­ museum. son A. Miles in Skeleton Canyon, Officers for the coming year are Dr. Arizona, September, 1886. Historical Notes and Comments 233

Judge R. Kenneth Elliott, Liberty, Lawrence County Historical Society spoke on "The Rhetoric of Alexander At the October 19 meeting in Jones W. Doniphan" at the September 9 Memorial Chapel, Mount Vernon, J. C. meeting. Spencer presented a program on his An address on "The History of the father's mill. Located on Stahl Creek Pony Express and its Stageline Opera­ at the turn of the century, the mill put tions," was presented at the October the first corn meal on the market in 14 meeting by Waddell F. Smith. Mr. the Mount Vernon area and is still Smith is a great-grandson of William sold under the Spencer name. B. Waddell, a member of the firm of Society members Derald Meyer, Russell, Majors and Waddell, found­ Verona, and Fred Mieswinkel, Mount ers, owners and operators of the Pony Vernon, recently completed a cemetery Express. Mr. Smith is also director of census of the old part of the Marion- the Pony Express History and Art ville IOOF Cemetery. Gallery in San Rafael, California. Lewis County Historical Society Kingdom of Callaway Approximately 400 persons attended Historical Society the Society's annual exhibit, Septem­ A mural depicting the history of ber 28, at the Ewing School building. "The Kingdom of Callaway," was dedi­ Thirty-six exhibitors participated in cated at the October 20 meeting in the the event. county courthouse, Fulton. The work The October 9 annual meeting at was done on Belgium linen with the Presbyterian Church in LaGrange acrylic paint by Professor George Tutt, featured reading of historical essays. head of the Art Department, William The papers presented were winners Woods College, Fulton. A number of of a recent contest sponsored by the historical scenes are depicted along Society. Of the 61 essays submitted, with famous figures of Civil War Elizabeth Scott won first prize for "A soldiers, an Osage Indian, Captain Dying Town," the history of Williams- James Callaway, Daniel Boone, George town. The second-place paper, "Tully, Washington Carver, Winston Church­ Ghost Town," was written by Carolyn ill and founder of Westminster Col­ Hulsebus. Karen Uhlmeyer won third lege the Reverend W. W. Robert­ place for "Iron Horses in Lewis Coun­ son. The painting hangs on the east ty," and Jack Welker received honor­ wall of the courthouse. Professor Tutt, able mention on his essay, "History of who donated his time on the work, was LaGrange." the principal speaker at the dedication. Officers for the coming year are Delmar Lake, Lewistown, president; Knox County Historical Society Ebert Reiter, Canton, first vice presi­ Some 30 persons attended the Octo­ dent; Paul Sellers, Lewistown, second ber 21 meeting at Schempp's Cafe, vice president; Mrs. Thelma Brinkley, Edina. The group discussed plans to LaGrange, secretary; and Elizabeth restore the old Pierce home near Pollock, LaGrange, treasurer. Newark as a future historical site. Each member was asked to write his early Macon County Historical Society school history and experiences which Some 58 members and guests at­ would be compiled into a scrapbook tended the October 7 dinner meeting and placed in the museum at the at Traveller Cafe in Macon. Tom county courthouse. Dunham, program chairman showed a Membership in the Society totals 72. film on "The Story of the Civil War," 234 Missouri Historical Review which reviewed the entire period of business meeting at East Pine School- the war. Nine new members were house. In appreciation for the many added to the Society bringing the total contributions to the organization by of active members to more than 100. Dr. Frank Fullerton, Kansas City, members voted to present to him the Marion County Historical Society Society's first life membership. Joe D. The Society held its October 8 meet­ Linn reported that the three-year proj­ ing at the Mt. Zion Methodist Church, ect of county cemetery tabulation was northwest of Hannibal. Heath Meri­ completed. A new project will be the wether, author and publisher, spoke listing of county Civil War veterans, on "Mining the Genealogical Lode." their service records, burial places and John Lyng, chairman of the "Unsink- other data. Any information concern­ able" Molly Brown Home Restoration ing these men will be appreciated. Committee, reported that work on the Officers elected for the coming year birthplace home would be completed are Mrs. Joe D. Linn, president; Ray for the beginning of the 1970 tourist Barnett, vice president; and Mrs. season. Frank Walker, secretary-treasurer.

McDonald County Historical Society Mississippi County Historical Members of the Society honored Joe Society C. Schell, Goodman, at their Novem­ The Society held a reception on ber 16 meeting in Simsberry Methodist September 14 for artist Jerry Watson Church. Mr. Schell has just written of Paducah, Kentucky. Mr. Watson's and published Big Sugar Creek Coun­ prints and paintings were displayed try, a history of the eastern part of at the museum, Charleston, until Oc­ McDonald County. tober 12. On September 27-28, several univer­ Mercer County Historical Society sity extension clubs sponsored a Food Former White Oak School pupils Fair and Folk Festival in the Charles­ and teachers were among those pres­ ton Armory. Proceeds were used for ent at the Society's August 31 meeting maintenance of the Society museum. A in the old schoolhouse near Mercer. variety of exhibits included paintings, John L. Mcintosh, a Mercer resident, sculpture, weaving, flower arrange­ attended the school some 75 years ago ments and other handcrafts. and recounted some of its early history. Mrs. Bernice Bain and Mrs. A reception at the museum on Oc­ Linda Hagan won the school poetry tober 12 introduced a potpourri of contest. art-photographs, serigraphs, textiles, prints and paintings from the Depart­ In commemoration of "Calamity ment of Art at Southeast Missouri Jane Days," October 3-4, the Society State College, Cape Girardeau. This published the 4th annual edition of exhibit was displayed through Novem­ the Pioneer Press, which included ber 15. numerous historical articles and old photographs. The event was spon­ Missouri Historical Society sored by the Princeton Chamber of The Women's Association of the So­ Commerce. The Society also won 12 ciety sponsored a tour of St. Tharles blue ribbons for their Calamity Jane Country, October 4, for jur.i^: his­ Antique Show entries. torians, age 7 years and older. Par­ The Society held its November 2 ticipants dressed in blue jeans, straw Historical Notes and Comments 235 hats or calico sunbonnets and traveled history of the courthouse and the on chaperoned buses. The group county. walked along St. Charles's old Main Street, visited the state's first capitol Morgan County Historical Society building and the site of the Lewis and Some 47 persons attended the August Clark camp, explored Bushnell's Coun­ 25 meeting in the Morgan County try Museum with its blacksmith, Bank, Versailles. Mrs. M. S. Otten re­ wagon and printing shops and learned lated a history of an old home near how to churn butter and shell corn. Versailles, now owned by Mr. and Mrs. Each child took a sack lunch and en­ Bud Green. Mr. and Mrs. Green dis­ joyed a picnic in an apple orchard. cussed their impressions of the home An adult tour of "Duden-Land," and plans for restoration. Mrs. Green Franklin County, October 11, was also displayed a blueprint of the building, sponsored by the Women's Association completed in 1914. in cooperation with Ralph Gregory and Mrs. Fred Mauntel of Washing­ Native Sons of Kansas City ton, Missouri. The event included Kansas City Museum Director visits to historic sites, buildings and Robert I. Johnson was guest speaker homes in both Washington and Gray at the October 21 annual meeting in Summit. Participants could travel Bellerive Hotel, Kansas City. either by bus or private car. Officers for the coming year are The Society began its fall schedule Robert O'Keefe, president; Paul Kart- of children's programs, October 11, in sonis, first vice president; Sanford W. the Jefferson Memorial Building, Stuck, second vice president; Robert Forest Park, St. Louis. The first pro­ A. Closser, secretary; Ralph C. Hedges, gram, for children ages 7 to 12, fea­ treasurer; and Dr. Sterrett S. Titus, tured a "Pioneer Party." An 1880 wood historian. stove was used to cook molasses taffy for a candy pull. Old Trails Historical Society The Society sponsored a weekend Funds from the October 5-6 Flea excursion, "Across Missouri," tracing Market, in Manchester, are being used the Boon's Lick Road and the Santa to restore the old Bacon Log Cabin, Fe Trail, October 25-26. Participants recently presented to the Society. Mem­ visited Rocheport, Arrow Rock, Lex­ bers held an open house at the cabin ington, Fort Osage, Watkins Mill, the on October 19 and local Girl Scouts, Clay County Museum in Liberty and working on their Folk Lore Badges, other sites of the Kansas City area. displayed handmade dresses, aprons The group stayed overnight in the and bonnets depicting the early 1800 Elms Hotel, Excelsior Springs. period. Robert Elkington, nationally rec­ Moniteau County Historical Society ognized architect, presented an illus­ Color slides of European scenes were trated lecture on "Art Around the presented by James Denny, Sedalia, at World," at the October 15 meeting in the September 15 meeting in the Ma­ the Daniel Boone Branch Library, sonic Hall, California. Ellisville. The courthouse historical marker was unveiled and dedicated, Septem­ Pike County Historical Society ber 13, on the courthouse lawn, Cali­ At the October 28 dinner meeting fornia. State Representative Harold in the Bowling Green Christian Dickson presented an address on the Church, Dr. A. W. Heimbeck, a Pres- 236 Missouri Historical Review byterian minister of Hannibal, pre­ William J. Randall; Eastern Jackson sented an illustrated talk on "Early County Judge Alex Petrovic; State History of Upper Mississippi Steam­ Representative Mrs. Jewel Kennedy; boats." Raytown Mayor Don Williams; Ray- town's first mayor, Leroy Cox; and Platte County Historical Society descendants of Ray, Mrs. Evelynne John Johnson, professor of History, Pleuard, Mrs. Ida Ray Kieper and William Jewell College, Liberty, spoke Mrs. Virginia Ray McKinney of Ore­ at a chuck wagon dinner meeting, gon. Items relating to the founder October 18, at the new exhibition were displayed in the Raytown Federal building, Platte County Fairgrounds. Savings & Loan Building. The subject of his talk was "The Great As a part of Round Up Days in Frontier," based on a book of the Raytown, September 23-26, the So­ same title by Walter Prescott Webb. ciety sponsored a dinner for the Jack­ Using graphs and figures, Professor son County Chamber of Commerce on Johnson described the growth and de­ September 23 in the Minor Smith velopment of the frontier as people Building. A group of young people moved westward. presented a play depicting the early days of Raytown. Pulaski County Historical Society A number of old photographs, books Ripley County Historical Society and historical items have been added At the October 21 meeting in the to the Society's museum collection. A Current River Regional Library, Doni­ map of the county listing early set­ phan, Mrs. Acel Price exhibited out­ tlers previous to 1840 has been pre­ standing examples of early American pared by Pat Rice. George Lane is glass bottles from her collection of platting old cemeteries in the county. over 200. The display included bottles blown by using the sand core, clay Ray County Historical Society mold, metal mold and the whittle Some 35 members of the Society mold. Mrs. Price, president of the So­ journeyed by bus to Liberty, October ciety, was authorized to arrange for 19, where they visited the Clay the binding of the 1860 census of the County Historical Museum. Donald county for deposit in the library. Pharis, president of the Clay County Museum Association, conducted the St. Charles County Historical Society tour. At a Bicentennial Dinner, October 23, in Three Flags Restaurant, St. Raytown Historical Society Charles, the Society paid tribute to the A plaque honoring the founder of organization that made the city's 200th Raytown, William Ray, was dedicated birthday celebration such a great suc­ by the Society, September 21, at Sixty- cess this past summer. Bicentennial third Street and Raytown Road. The Belles and Brothers of the Brush were marker was placed at the site of the invited to attend the dinner with the William Ray blacksmith shop during proceeds going to the Bicentennial or­ the peak of travel on the Santa Fe ganization. Russell V. Keune, director Trail. Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, direc­ of Field Services, National Trust for tor of the State Historical Society of Historic Preservation, Washington, Missouri, Columbia, spoke on "Order D.C., was the principal speaker. No. 11." Among the distinguished Membership in the Society, Septem­ guests present were U.S. Representative ber 30, was 1,072. Historical Notes and Comments 237

St. Charles County Junior held at Cheshire Inn, St. Louis. John Historical Society R. Smith, M.D., professor of Medicine, At the September 25 meeting at the Washington University, St. Louis, home of Ron W. Kjar, St. Charles, spoke on "Herbal Medicine Among members discussed plans to clean the the Indians." old slave cemetery the following week­ A program on "The Mississippi end. Through Many Eyes" was presented After the death of Mrs. Edna Mc- at the November 21 meeting by Wil­ Elhiney Olson, the Society was asked liam J. Petersen, superintendent of the to continue her historical article series State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa in the St. Charles Journal. Darla Hen­ City. derson, chairman of this committee, has assigned articles to all interested Shelby County Historical Society members. More than 70 persons attended the October 25 dinner meeting in the St. Clair County Historical Society Community House at Hunnewell. Mrs. A history of trade cards illustrated Russel Yancey presented a program on with color slides was presented at the the Old Block House, located on Salt August 20 meeting in the Commercial River, southwest of Hunnewell, and Hotel, Osceola, by Ed Robertson, But­ Mrs. Virgil Vandiver spoke about the ler. Mr. Robertson is executive secre­ "Lone House," its history and about tary of the Bates County Historical the families who had lived there. In­ Society. teresting reminiscences of the Hunne­ At the September 17 meeting, Dr. well community were related by Lewis Ruth Seevers, Osceola, gave a history Hawkins. of buttons. She was assisted by Mary Florence Lawton, also of Osceola. Smithville Historical Society President James Atteberry presented Mrs. Stella Blankenship presented a the October 15 program on "Connec­ talk on pioneer doctors at the Septem­ tion of Persons in the Osage River ber 9 meeting in Paterson Memorial Basin Area with the New Mexico and Museum, Smithville. It was reported Arizona Territory and their Search that 102 persons had visited the mu­ for the 'Lost Dutchman Gold Mine' in seum during "Fun Days" in August Arizona." and that the Country Store was a suc­ cess. St. Joseph Historical Society Officers for the coming year are The Society met, October 26, at the Martha Ellen Sweatnam, president; Missouri Valley Trust Bank Building, Jane Jones, vice president; Frances St. Joseph. The Reverend Robert Summers, secretary; Lucille Taylor, Hagee, pastor of the Woodson Chapel treasurer; and Florence Logan, re­ Christian Church, told about the porter. Joseph Davis family, pioneer residents of St. Joseph. Mr. Hagee is restoring Westport Historical Society the Davis home. Fred Ide showed More than 100 persons attended the slides of historic buildings in St. October 5 tour of Old Westport and Joseph. Union Cemetery, sponsored by the Westport Historical Society and the St. Louis Westerners Daughters of Old Westport. The The October 17 dinner meeting was itinerary included a walking tour of 238 Missouri Historical Review

historic buildings, houses and original Westport Attic, an antique shop in the sites of Old Westport, and a drive to area owned by Mrs. Alice McKinley, the historic cemetery. Daughters of displayed old photographs and a col­ Old Westport and some of the de­ lection of paintings of area scenes by scendants of pioneer families served as Neuma Chitwood and George Fuller hostesses at the various grave sites, Green. The exhibit was on display in conjunction with the tour, the throughout the month of October.

Civil War Memorial Palmyra Spectator, January 2, 1880. Among the memorials of the sectional conflict of 1861-5, is an American platform arranged to suit all parties. The first column is the Secession; the sec­ ond, the Abolition platform; and the whole read together, makes a different platform altogether: Hurrah for The Old Union Secession Is a curse We fight for The Constitution The Confederacy Is a league with hell We love Free speech The rebellion Is treason We glory in A Free Press Separation Will not be tolerated We fight not for The negroes' freedom Reconstruction Must be obtained We must succeed At every hazard The Union We love We love not The negro We never said Let the Union slide We want The Union as it was Foreign intervention Is played out We cherish The old flag The stars and bars Is a flaunting lie We venerate The habeau corpus Southern Chivalry Is hateful Death to Jeff Davis Abe Lincoln Isn't the government Down with Mob law Law and order Shall triumph

Any Old Thing Would Do Sheridan Advance, December 23, 1898. An editor once said that the toughest thing he ever ran across was a dear, good old woman's conscience who presented him with a gander, old enough to vote, for his Christmas dinner. We want to state right here that no such com­ plaint will come from us. Our gastronomic apparatus is in good working order and any old thing any old age that runs in the barnyard will be acceptable with profuse thanks. Historical Notes and Comments 239

GIFTS

GERALD L. ARNHOLT, Thedford, Nebraska, donor; Copy of a Sterling Price letter, 1854. M*

PAUL R. BECK, Jefferson City, donor: Lock Brothers Milling Company, Incorporated, Oldest Mill in the United States, Loose Creek, Missouri. R

BERENICE B. BEGGS, Moberly, donor: Mark Twain scrapbook. M

MRS. H. L. BOGGESS, SR., Liberty, donor: Drawing, sale bill, letter and memorial address, all concerning Liberty Arsenal, Clay County, loaned for copying. M

MRS. VIRGINIA BOTTS, Columbia, donor: The Frolic—The Courtship of Raccoon John Smith [former Missouri pastor], by Louis Cochran. R H. E. BRADLEY, Webster Groves, donor: Official Report of the Universal Congress of Lawyers and Jurists, held at St. Louis, 1904. R

J. I. BREUER, Cuba, donor: Copy of the diary of Missourian George W. Cole concerning the Spanish - American War, January 1, 1899-February 15, 1900. M

MRS. LOUISE BROWN, Waverly, donor: Copy of an excerpt from the Jesse W. Carter, Dover, Missouri, diary, dated 1852. M MRS. C. S. CARPENTER, Washington, D. C, donor: Genealogies of the Ewell, Heale, Reade, Watts, Markland and Baker Families and some allied lines. R MRS. D. R. CHAMBERS, Fort Worth, Texas, donor: "Road Tax Book, 1871, Lafayette County, Missouri," copied by donor. R

MRS. ELIZABETH COMFORT, Columbia, donor: 50 Years, 1919-1969, Columbia Garden Club, Columbia, Mo. R

A. MAXIM COPPAGE, III, Antioch, California, donor: Centerville, Missouri, letter, 1880, no signature. M

FRED J. CULVER, Columbia, donor: Caricatures of St. Joseph area people around the turn of the century. R

A. D. DALE, El Dorado Springs, donor: Records of the Clintonville Cemetery, Cedar County, by Mrs. L. W. Hoover, Mrs. W. D. Carver and donor. R

*These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head­ quarters: M refers to Manuscript Collection; E, Editorial Office; R, Reference Library; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. 240 Missouri Historical Review

BEN F. DIXON, San Diego, California: Farthest North: The Man Behind the Men Behind the Guns, by donor, con­ cerning the Civil War battle of Athens; and copy of a related document from the papers of Colonel William Bishop, 1861-1862. R DR. A. W. DONAN, Grove City, Pennsylvania, donor: Photograph of Col. Pat Donan, copied from original. E MRS. RICHARD H. GILLIAM, JR., Huntsville, Alabama, donor: Pleasant Walker letters, 1850, 1867, written from Doniphan, Missouri. M MARION E. GOODRICH, Sedalia, donor: Proposed Charter of the City of Sedalia, submitted at election, October 28, 1969. R

GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City, donor: "The Mayors of Kansas City, Mo.—Chronological and Statistical." R

MRS. BESSIE GRUBB, Rolla, donor: Speeches of Senator Frank H. Farris and memorial service for Farris in the Missouri State Senate. R J. D. HARLAN, Des Moines, Washington, donor: Genealogical material on William McClure (1802-1868). R

MRS. LEONARD HASEMAN, Columbia, donor: Daily Program, July 28, 1904, St. Louis World's Fair. R

JOSEPH HENDERSON, Baltimore, Maryland, donor: Copy of Thomas C. Lannan letters, 1849, written from Saline County. M

MRS. M. PATRICIA HOLMES, Columbia, donor: Photograph of the Greystone House, Pevely. E

MERLE M. JACKSON, Brentwood, donor: Genealogies of the Wallace Jackson, Lewis Jones and Richard Bane Related Families, compiled by donor. R

MRS. CHARLES E. LEWIS, JR., Shawnee Mission, Kansas, donor: Clay County land grant of Archibald Woods, 1844. M

EDITH MCCALL, Hollister, donor: Old photographs of the Hollister and Lake of the Ozarks areas. E

MAMIE J. MCCORMICK, Sedalia, donor, through MRS. JAMES L. BASS, Smithton: George McCormick papers. M

MEMBERS OF THE GENEALOGICAL FORUM, Portland, Oregon, donors: Descendants of William Barnett, 1679-1762, compiled by James Duff Bar- nett. R

EDWARD MILLER, De Soto, donor: A number of old photographs of the De Soto area. E

MRS. A. CLARK MONTGOMERY, Stockton, donor: Cemetery records of the Morris (Caldwell) Cemetery of Dade County, com­ piled by donor. R Historical Notes and Comments 241

VERA JOYCE NELSON, Milwaukee, Oregon, donor: "Elder I. N. Newkirk, Sr., 1833-1909, His Family Past & Present," compiled by donor. R

MRS. EDNA MCELHINEY OLSON, St. Charles, donor: Photograph of Moscow Mill, Moscow, Missouri. E

GEORGE W. PARKER, Columbia, donor: The General Assembly—An Analysis based on Newspaper editorials and other stories, The Regular Session, Jan. 8-June 30, 1969 (The 75th Gen. Assem­ bly). R DR. AND MRS. JOHN J. RIORDAN, Kansas City, donors: Genealogy of the Riordan-Reardon Families. R MRS. JAMES A. ROBERTSON, Jefferson City, donor: Ivy Mills, 1729-1866, Willcox and Allied Families, by Joseph Willcox. R

JERRY P. SAMPSON, Palmyra, donor: Copy of plat of Gano's Addition to Hannibal, recorded, June 20, 1845. N

MRS. HAZEL RENNOLDS SANDERS, Cape Girardeau, donor: Genealogy of the Reynolds-Rennolds Family and allied lines, compiled by donor. R

GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia, donor: Negatives of old area photographs. E

HARRY B. SHIBLEY, Coffeyville, Kansas, donor: "Diary of Henry Shibley Showing Some Family Groups and Pedigree of Early Ralls and Adair Counties." R

DR. J. M. SHOCKLEY, Joplin, donor: Typescript: "How the City of Joplin Got its Name," by donor. M

MRS. EMMETT SMITH, Lawrence, Kansas, donor: "Woodward Descendants of Capt. Henry." R

PROFESSOR WILLIAM E. SMITH, Oxford, Ohio, donor: Papers of William E. Smith concerning the State College at Springfield. M

JOHN M. USRY, Rolla, donor: 1860 Census of Phelps County, indexed; "Index to 1840 and 1850 Census of Pulaski County"; "1850 Census of Crawford County"; and "An Index to Obituaries and Other types of Death Notices in Rolla Newspapers, July 30, 1860-Dec. 23, 1909," all compiled by donor. R

G. W. VAUGHAN, Fayette, donor: "A History of St. Mary's Church, Episcopal, Fayette, Missouri," compiled by donor. R

MRS. ILENE SIMS YARNEIX, Versailles, donor: Revised Ordinances of the City of California, 1908, and "Genealogical Helps From the Newspapers." R 242 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Ashland Boone County Journal August 8, 29<5S>-"James Points Killed by Slave in 1857." August 15—"Columbia Streets, 1843." August 22—"Old [Ashland Baptist] Church Bell To Be Moved," a history; and "Early County Hotels Were Busy Places." August 29—"Forgotten Towns In Boone County." September 5—"Brown Station A Thriving Town." September 12—An excerpt from the history of Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, by Dr. Hugh Wamble, Kansas City, as a part of the church's 150th anni­ versary celebration, September 8-9. September 26—"County History" featured area residents and the Mexican War. October 3—"2 Slaves Hanged in Columbia in 1843 For Murdering Their Master." October 10—"[Roger North and David] Todd Brothers in Early County Courts." October 17—A brief history of Peace United Church of Christ at Hartsburg was presented in an article noting its 75th anniversary. October 17—"Stories From the Bugle," reprinted. October 24—"Rocheport During Civil War."

Brunswick Brunswicker August 7-October 30, 1969—A weekly picture series, "You Write The Cap­ tion."

Butler Bates County Democrat September 4 & 11, 1969—"Capsule Summary of Bates County's 50 Years of Extension Guidance," by Warren Hunt. September 25—"Historical Notes From The Bates County Museum" featured Bates County courthouses. This, and the articles below, written by Reva Stub- blefield. October 2, 9, & 16—"Historical Notes From The Bates County Museum" fea­ tured the F. M. Allen family of Bates County. October 9—"Butler's First Opera House Elegant but Short Lived."

Columbia Daily Tribune October 26,1969—"The Legend of Stephens' [College] Senior Hall," a picture story by Cindy Odor.

Columbia Missourian August 2, 1969—"Brewer Fieldhouse [University of Missouri, Columbia] Once Best But Destined to History, Memory," by Phil Brooks. August 10—"Born 148 Years Ago," article on Missouri's 148th birthday with pictures. August 22—"History Available to All," short editorial describing the State Historical Society of Missouri. August 24—"Wilson's Creek Battle." September 14—A photograph of Missouri's corn pavilion at the St. Louis World's Fair, 1904. Historical Notes and Comments 243

De Soto Press August 4 & 11, 1969—A two-part series, "Culture Under a Big, Hot Tent." August 25, September 1, 15, 22—"Education in An Earlier De Soto," a four- part series. All the above articles from the column, "As You Were," by Eddie Miller.

De Soto and Bonne Terre Press-Dispatch September 29, October 6, 13, 1969—"Along the Plattin With History," a series. October 20—"Bakery Man Who Loved Children." October 27—"Apple Butter Making Meant Lots Of Hard Work for Whole Family." All the above articles from the column, "As You Were," by Eddie Miller.

Florissant Florissant Valley Reporter August 7, 14, 21, 28, September 4, 1969—"Calico Jam," by Lee Mercer, a series on the history of the Florissant area.

Jackson Journal August 6 & 13, 1969—"The Open Door, Brief History of Cape Girardeau and Jackson Area as Reflected in the Buildings," a series, by K. J. H. Cochran. August 6, 13, 27, September 3, 10, 24, October 1, 15, 22, 29—A series of old photographs of area schools and other scenes. August 20 & 27—A series featured a history of the Homecomers Reunion. This, and the articles below, by K. J. H. Cochran. September 3—"Know Your City," featured Hubble Creek. September 3 & 10—"Heigh-Ho Come To the Fair, History of the Southeast Missouri District Fair, 1855-1969," a two-part series. September 17 & 24—"Let's Go To The Movie, Movie Theaters in Cape Girardeau and Jackson," a series. October 1—A history of area Baptist churches. October 8 & 15—"Our French Forebearers, Barthelemi's Cousin," a series. October 22 & 29—"Salute to Extension Club Women, Cape Girardeau County Day of Achievement and How It Started, 1913-1969," a series.

Kansas City Star August 2, 16, 30, September 6, 13, 20, October 11, 25, 1969—"Missouri Her­ itage," by Lew Larkin, featured respectively: William Yarnel Slack, Civil War Battle of Lone Jack, Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant, William Becknell, John S. Marma- duke-Lucien Marsh Walker duel, Manuel Lisa, Civil War Battle of Pilot Knob, Jefferson Barracks and Fort Leavenworth. August 2, 16, 30, September 13, 20, 25—A series of postcards from the collec­ tion of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively: Blue River, Swope Park, Jesse James family, Victoria Hotel, Jackson County Courthouse and Holmes Park. September 13—"Playing Golf on the Old [Elm Ridge] Race Track," by John Doohan. September 20—"[Horace C. Hovey] Pastor's Hobby Led to Fame," by Wil­ liam R. Holliday, M.D. September 21— "Rocheport, Mo., [Russell Green's] Historic House Is a Work of Art," by Margaret Olwine. October 19—"Life Style Still Lingers in Boone's Lick Country," a picture story, by David F. Arnold. 244 Missouri Historical Review

October 19-25—In TV Scene Program Guide's 20th Anniversary Section Randall Jessee recalled early TV days in " '. . . . Things went along very well for about two minutes then disaster struck again' "; and "The Medium Came to Kansas City 20 Years Ago and Has Cast Hypnotic Spell Ever Since," by Joyce Wagner.

Kansas City Times August 7, 1969—"Gaiety and Sadness in Country Sale," by Hugh P. William­ son. August 21—"Rich Historical Treasure From Sunken Missouri River \Ber- trand~\ Steamer"—sunk 104 years ago, has items of farming and industry of that period. August 22—"[Union Station] Great Monument to Times Gone By," by Hugh P. Williamson. August 22—"Watching the Scenery Roll By," reminiscence of railroad ob­ servation cars, by Warren H. Griffith. August 23, October 4, 18—"Missouri Heritage" by Lew Larkin featured respectively: Jesse James, Bishop Ethelbert Talbot and Nathan Boone. August 25—"Civil War Ordeal for Hickman Mills," by John Edward Hicks. August 28—"Forty Years Ago City Thrilled by Graf Zeppelin, reprinted from the Kansas City Star of August 28, 1929. September 2—"School Bells Evoke Happy Memories," by Hugh P. William­ son. September 6, 27, October 4,11, 18—A series of postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively: Garfield School, Penn Valley Hospital, Holcker-Elberg Manufacturing Company, B'nai Jehudah Temple and live­ stock exchange building. September 18—Two articles relating the history of Raytown were "Raytown Was a Pioneer Crossroads," and "Raytown or Wraytown? William Ray Has a Competitor: Absalom Wray," the latter by Larry Fowler. October 10—A history of the South Central Business Association was related by John Edward Hicks in "Impact on Area by Business Group." October 11— "Pulaski Name Lives On in Missouri," by James K. Anderson. October 16—"When Bus Patrons Sat on Top Deck," by Calvin Manon. October 22—"Both States Bled During [Kansas-Missouri] Border Wars," by Patrick Brophy. October 30—" [Stockyards] Hotel's Passing Recalls a Colorful Era," by James J. Fisher.

Linn Osage County Observer August 14, 21, September 11, 25, October 23, 1969—"History of Osage Coun­ ty," by Hallie Mantle, featured a series of towns in the county.

New York Times September 21, 1969—"Trail of History Refreshingly Free From Violence [Laura Ingalls Wilder Museum, Mansfield]," by Barbara Muhs Walker.

Paris Monroe County Appeal August 7-October 30, 1969—"History of Monroe County," a weekly series, reprinted from an 1884 history of the county. Historical Notes and Comments 245

August 7, 14, 21, September 4, 11, 18, 25, October 2, 23—A history of area businesses presented in the column, "Business Anniversary." August 28—A history of Olivet Methodist Church, near Paris, commemorated its 100th anniversary. September 4—"History of Florida [Presbyterian] Church." October 2—A special section for National 4-H Club Week featured a number of club histories.

Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic September 17,1969—"Butler County History, As Told Bit By Bit," by George R. Loughead.

Raytown News September 18, 1969—"Blacksmith William Ray: Was he a village black­ smith?" and "Traffic problems here started 122 years ago," both by Mrs. Roberta Boonewitz. October 30—A brief history of Fort Osage was told in the article, "Authen­ tic Except It Will Not Leak."

Ste. Genevieve Fair Play August 22, 29, September 5, 12, 19, 26, October 3, 17, 24, 31, 15>69-"History of Our Town," a series by Mrs. Jack Basler.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat August 3, 1969—"Ste Genevieve Celebrates," with pencil sketches by Roscoe Misselhorn. August 3, September 14, 21, October 5, 12, 26—A picture series, "Then and Now," featured respectively: Famous-Barr Dry Goods Company, Beers Hotel site, Robinson's butcher shop site, Tower Grove Park, American Hotel site and Schnaider Garden site. September 17—A brief college history was presented by Joseph Salvia in "Male Call at Lindenwood." September 22—"Bi-State's 20 Years," by Marsha Canfield. October #—"Jefferson Barracks, Landmark Status Is Sought for Historic Military Orphan," a brief history, written by Inez Jenkins. October 11-12—"Times Have Changed At DePaul School of Nursing," by Karen Klink. October 25-26—"James P. Beckwourth," by Reasons and Patrick.

St, Louis Post-Dispatch August 3, 1969—"New Life For An Old House [Bolduc-LeMeilleur in Ste. Genevieve]," by Scott C. Dine. August 3—"Unearthing Clayton's Past," by John Millaire. August 23—"[R. B. Thompson] Man, Older Than Dixon, Recalls Centen­ nial Town's Early Years." August 31— Growing up in South St. Louis, about 35 years ago, was told by Raymond W. Vodicka in " 'Lost: One Boyhood Down By The Gravois.' " September 16—"A [Soulard Farmers] Market With History," a reprint from St. Louis Commerce. September 16—"Historic Old [Mississippi River and Bonne Terre] Railroad Reaches End Of Line; Crew Pulls Rails," by Wayne Leeman. 246 Missouri Historical Review

September 20—"Century Of Publishing At Concordia [Publishing House]," by Clarissa Start. October 2—"Cape Custodian [Herman Schaefer] Recalls History Of Oldest Building On Campus [Southeast Missouri State College, Cape Girardeau]." October 9—"Railroader [Lindell L. Marler] Seeks To Complete Pictorial History Of M-I [Missouri-Illinois] Line," by Wayne Leeman. October 18—"[Frank Cockrell] Missourian, 96, Recalls Service In Army At Turn Of Century." Sedalia Capital August 7, 1969—"Higginsville Pauses to Recall 100 Years of History." August /^—"Healthful Waters Lured Many to Climax Springs." August 28—"Calhoun's Annual Colt Show Dates Back to 1900's." September 5—"Wheat and Apples Made Town of Waverly Important." September 18—"Construction Project Ends Existence of Fairfield." September 25—"[Arator] Tiny Missouri Community Caught in Thick of War." October 2—"The Hemp Industry Made Dover a Prosperous Town." This, and the articles above, by Hazel Lang. October 10—A brief history was presented in "St. Omer Commandery is 100." October 23—"Stover Shed the Old and Put On the 'New'." This and the article below, by Hazel Lang. October 30—"Lexington Looms Large in the History of Missouri." Steelville Crawford Mirror August 7, 14, 28, September 4, 18, October 9, 16, 30, 1969—"Souvenir Photos," a pictorial series of area scenes and people. September 4—A history of the Cooper Lumber and Furniture Company was told in the article, "81-Year-Old Business Institution Closing."

Versailles Leader-Statesman July 31, 1969—A brief history of Freedom Baptist Church. October 9—"Gravois Mills Has Come a Long Way."

A "Dead" Halt Fulton Telegraph, February 15, 1878. A genius has invented a novel contrivance to prevent horses from running away. He places a powerful electric battery under the buggy seat, with a con­ necting wire therefrom to the crupper. If the horse wants to run away the driver turns on the electricity, which goes to the crupper, traverses the spinal column to the head, and instantly paralyzes the horse, bringing him to a dead halt.

Expert Legal Advice Oregon County Paper, April 21, 1882. A Craig man went to a lawyer for advice. After receiving the retaining fee the lawyer said: "State your case." "Well, sir," said the client, "a man told me to go to h---, and I want your advice." The attorney took down a volume of the Missouri statutes and, after turning over a few leaves, answered, "Don't you do it. The law don't compel you." Historical Notes and Comments 247 MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES Annals of Iowa, Fall, 1969: "A Study In Border Confrontation: The Iowa-Mis­ souri Boundary Dispute," by Carroll J. Kraus. Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Autumn, 1969: "The Civil War Years In Inde­ pendence County," by Nola A. James.

Bulletin of The History of Dentistry, June, 1969: "Frontier Dentist: The Letters of Waltus Jewell Watkins," by Norman L. Crockett.

Bulletin of Johnson County Historical Society, September, 1969: "History of Electric Springs," by Mrs. Clem Bruch and Mrs. H. G. Colbern; and "Kings- ville Massacre," by Mrs. Sybil M. Morris.

Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, October, 1969: "The Memoirs of Daniel M. Frost," edited by Mrs. Dana O. Jensen; "Jules and Isabelle DeMun," by Janet Lecompte, translated by Mrs. Max W. Myer; "The First Decade of The St. Louis League of Women Voters," by Mrs. Harry Carlson; and "The Para­ doxical Experiences of St. Louis Labor During the Depression of 1837," by Gary M. Fink.

Civil War History, September, 1969: "Jacksonian Politics in Missouri: A Com­ ment on the McCormick Thesis," by Robert E. Shalhope; and "John Scho- field As Military Director of Reconstruction in Virginia," by James L. Mc- Donough.

Civil War Times Illustrated, August, 1969: "The Siege of Lexington," by Albert Castel.

Clay County Museum Association Newsletter, September, 1969: "Michael Arthur Groom," by Charles A. King, Jr.

, October, 1969: "An 1840 Clay County Missouri Farm Sale."

Colorado Magazine, Spring, 1969: "William Gilpin and the Destruction of the Desert Myth," by J. Christopher Schnell.

English Westerners* Brand Book, April, 1969: " 'Jesse's [James] Juveniles'," Part I, by R. J. Wybrow; and "Hi Kelly [Hiram B.]: Pioneer," by Brian Jones.

Florissant Valley Historical Society Quarterly, October, 1969: "Charles Chambers and Taille de Noyer," by Harriet Lane Cates Hardaway; "150th Anniver­ sary, 'Maison de Campagne' Florissant Convent of Philippine Duchesne," by Rosemary Davison; and "Ferguson. ... As I Knew It," Part III, by E. R. Schmidt.

Howell County Review, September, 1969: "Township Of Friendship," by Marvin Dickman; "One Room [school] In Sims Valley," by Maxine Curtis; "Long Lost Fount Uncovered," by Ella L. Horak; "[John] Dabner The Horse Thief," by J. Carl Ferguson; and "From Wednesday Club To Public Li­ brary," by Mrs. Graydon Ballard. 248 Missouri Historical Review

Kirkwood Historical Review, September, 1969: " 'Oklahoma or Bust,' Letters written while Journeying," by Edgar and Robert Conway; "Something About the Conways and Their Fellow Travelers," by Cara B. Dawson; and "Captain Joseph Conway," extract from the Conway Family Bible. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, October, 1969: "John Jeremiah Butler,' by Jessie C. Miller; and "The Hillhouse Family of Lawrence County Missouri." Life, October 3, 1969: "Tom Benton at 80, Still at War with Bores and Boobs," by William A. McWhirter.

Midwest Motorist, August, 1969: "Still Tending His Flock—The Shepherd of the Hills—Of Thousands of Tourists," by Dickson Terry; and "The Capitol Murals in Jefferson City and Topeka," by Robert K. Sanford.

Missouri Harbinger Magazine, October, 1969: "A Mining Boom Heard 'Round the World' "; "Arcadia Valley . . . Iron Stronghold of Missouri," by John E. Yeager; "Pioneers Needed Iron Thumb"; "Mines Spark New Rail Era," by Carole Tellman; and "St. Joe Lead . . . Missouri's Mother Of Mining," by Shirley Johnston.

National Genealogical Society Quarterly, September, 1969: "Old Salem Cemetery, Greene County, Missouri," by Robert Gene Tucker.

Newsletter of the Chariton County Historical Society, October, 1969: "History Of Chariton Church," by Mrs. David Heiman; and "The Post Office On Wheels," by George Ellis Lawhorn. Ozarker, September, 1969: "What's In A Name?"; "It Was April The Eighteenth 1894," by Luther Rowlett; "Alexander Deatherage"; " 'Stump Speeches' Brought Candidates Votes, Heckling and Gunfights"; "Chautauqua Brought Culture To Missouri Before Age Of Radio, Movie and Auto"; and "Bal- loonists Starred In Missouri's First Air Shows," reprinted from the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

, October, 1969: "A Tribute To Dr. J. B. Gordon," by Mary "Magog" Goggins; and "The Iron Mountain Baby."

Palimpsest, September, 1969: This edition featured a number of articles on the Burlington Railroad.

Pony Express, August, 1969: "[Bartlett] Boder and [Will] Tevis At Old Saint Jo." Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, March, 1969: "Father Jacques Marquette and the Indians of Upper Michigan," by Joseph P. Donnelly, S.J.

Scene [Southwestern Bell Telephone], 1969: "The Florissant Story," written by Jack R. Shultz and photographed by Jim Argo.

True West, December, 1969: "Missouri's Possible Fortune in Silver?" by Bob H. McGowen.

Western American Literature, Summer, 1969: "Tom Sawyer: Missouri Robin Hood," by L. Moffitt Cecil. Historical Notes and Comments 249

GRADUATE THESES RELATING TO MISSOURI HISTORY

CENTRAL MISSOURI STATE COLLEGE, 1969 MASTER'S THESES I ane, Robert William, "A History of Theatre at Central Missouri State College from 1905 to 1942." Taylor, W. Ellard, Jr., "A Survey of Selected Professional Theatre Buildings, Kansas City, Missouri." NORTHEAST MISSOURI STATE COLLEGE, 1969 MASTER'S THESIS Petre, James Eugene, "A History of Manufacturing Industries in Kirksville, Mis­ souri, Prior to 1920." SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY, 1969 MASTER'S THESIS Janes, Franziska Pawlenka, "The St. Louis German Press and World War I, 1914-1917." DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Boxerman, Lawrence Harvey, "History and Activities of the St. Louis Urban League." UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT COLUMBIA, 1969 MASTER'S THESES Etling, James Joseph, "Ben H. Nordmann: His Community Newspapers and Printing Company." Hoban, Thomas William, "Organization of Voluntary Health Agencies in Mis­ souri." Klindt, Thomas Harold, "A Study of County Government Finances in Selected Missouri Counties." Waltner, Sherman R., "The Changing Rural Church in Missouri, 1952-1967: An Analysis of Change in Organizational Complexity." DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Adams, Helen Brookshire, "Walter Williams: Spokesman for Journalism and Spokesman for the University of Missouri." Jones, Charles Thomas, Jr., "George Champlin Sibley: The Prairie Puritan (1782-1863) ." Oster, Donald Bright, "Community Image in the History of Saint Louis and Kansas City." Slavens, George Everett, "A History of the Missouri Negro Press." Wurthman, Leonard Bernard, Jr., "Frank Blair of Missouri, Jacksonian Orator of Civil War Era." UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT KANSAS CITY, 1969 MASTER'S THESIS McShane, C. Kevin, "A History of the Liberty Memorial." UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN, 1968 MASTER'S THESIS McCorkle, William L., "Nelson's Star and Kansas City, 1880-1898." 250 Missouri Historical Review

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EDITORIAL POLICY

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter­ ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Missouri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in foot­ noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for pub­ lication. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a carbon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and the footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously published in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica­ tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad­ dressed to:

Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri Corner Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201

^ Historical Notes and Comments 251

IN MEMORIAM

MRS. EDNA McELHINEY OLSON GRAY, MRS. F. L., St. Charles: No­ Mrs. Edna McElhiney Olson, well- vember 5, 1893-June 15, 1969. known historian, archivist and geneal­ GUNN, MRS. FESTUS, Moberly: Febru­ ogist, died, August 24, in St. Charles at ary 17, 1889-September 11, 1968. the age of 76. For over ten years she HALLER, D. PIERCE, St. Louis: Janu­ had written a historical series featured ary 6, 1913-July 2, 1969. weekly in the St. Charles Journal and HAMANN, MRS. NELLIE G., Antesta, was the author of several books in­ New Mexico: December 23, 1903-Octo- cluding a picture history of St. Charles ber 30, 1968. published in 1967. Mrs. Olson was in­ strumental in organizing the St. Charles HATCH, JOHN F., St. Louis: July 9, County Junior Historical Society and 1890-October 8, 1968. was named a lifetime member of the HYMAN, LAWRENCE C, Beverly Hills, advisory board. She was also a founder California: March 2, 1905-February 19, of the St. Charles County Historical 1969. Society. The Society museum's library KLING, MRS. EMMETT J., SR., Butler: was named in her honor. She served October 21, 1884-August 18, 1967. as archivist for both the St. Charles LEWIS, SIMEON E., Cape Girardeau: County Historical Society and the September 12, 1894-April 19, 1969. Daughters of the American Revolution. LILLY, FRANK, Bridgeton: August 6, Mrs. Olson is survived by her hus­ 1904-February 19, 1969. band, Alfred E. Olson, and two daugh­ ters, Mrs. Mary Decker of St. Charles LINDERER, COL. L. W., Springfield: and Mrs. Gloria Dalton of Creve June 29, 1911-May 26, 1969. Coeur. MCGUIRE, EVERETTE, Imperial: March 14, 1906-July 16, 1969. ALLTON, JOHN L., Columbia: July 16, MCLEOD, MRS. J. D., SR., Brookfield: 1892-April 22, 1969. September 28, 1883-October 10, 1969. BAUGHER, ROLLA A., Bucklin: Sep­ MCMAHON, MRS. ESTHER L., Mary- tember 7, 1889-June 28, 1969. ville: October 7, 1917-July 29, 1969. BOWLES, GEORGE H., Kansas City: MILLER, DR. HOWARD, Macon: Au­ January 4, 1890-March 28, 1968. gust 3, 1898-August 16, 1967. CRAIG, HARDIN, Houston, Texas: MOORE, HUNT C, Kansas City: April June 29, 1875-October 13, 1968. 7, 1876-April 1, 1969. CROSS, WILLIAM, Menlo Park, Cali­ Moss, NOEL, Princeton: December 22, fornia: May 1, 1887-October 10, 1968. 1890-December 3, 1969. CUNNINGHAM, HAROLD E., Benton, Arkansas: June 11, 1893-July 29, 1969. NOEL, MRS. DORA B., Madison: De­ cember 3, 1880-December 3, 1968. DAMES, OMER J., O'Fallon: May 8, 1894-August 1, 1969. State Represen­ POLLOCK, MRS. KATHREEN BISHOP, tative of District #104. Unionville: November 5, 1889-Febru- ary 21, 1969. DICKEY, O. H., Canton: January 18, 1890-May 26, 1969. POLLOCK, THOMAS H., Unionville: EDRINGTON, DR. LOULA LARUE, Kan­ July 27, 1885-July 19, 1969. sas City: June 26, 1877-November 12, RAGSDALE, A. C, Columbia: October 1968. 28, 1890-July 22, 1969. 252 Missouri Historical Review

REED, O. E., Washington, D. C: Au­ TOWNSEND, JOHN H., Gallatin: May gust 19, 1885-June 4, 1968. 1, 1899-August 28, 1968. RIZER, MRS. VIRGINIA VANCIL, St. Jo­ TRABER, MRS. HORTENSE S., Kansas seph: November 20, 1903-December 20, City: October 1, 1880-July 25, 1969. 1968. TURNER, MRS. J. MARVIN, Fayette: ROBINSON, E. C, Sun City, Arizona: April 23, 1902-April 24, 1968. February 9, 1889-July 27, 1969. VALCHICH, MRS. MILDRED GLEIS, Web­ RUNION, MRS. H. R., St. Joseph: Feb­ ster Groves: July 16, 1910-July 31, 1969. ruary 25, 1893-September 15, 1969. VOERTMAN, FRED W., Kansas City: Born 1872-October 15, 1969. "Dean of RUSSELL, OLAND D., Arlington, Vir­ ginia: March 2, 1900-February 2, 1969. Wood Engravers." WALKER, HOWARD, Wheatland: Octo­ STROM, CLARENCE W., Edgar Springs: ber 9, 1893-May 8, 1969. December 8, 1885-February 22, 1969. WARREN, W. P., Galena: March 15, THOMAS, JERRY, Joplin: August 3, 1906-November 12, 1968. 1910-December 20, 1968. WILKINSON, MRS. W. F., Aberdeen, THURSTON, M. F., Columbia: May 3, Washington: January 23, 1897-October 1886-April 19, 1969. 18, 1968.

A Slip of the Tongue Jameson Gem, August 14, 1919. A funny one happened the other day in the office of the justice of the peace. A young couple were being married, surrounded by several friends. As usual, the ritual came to that place where the justice said: "Does anyone present know of any reason why this couple should not be man and wife?" And to everybody's amazement the groom spoke up, "I do." As he said afterward, "that's what comes of too many rehearsals."

No Partridge in a Pear Tree Columbia Missouri Statesman, July 29, 1870. About a week ago, Wyatt & Wiseman merchants in Centralia, purchased a dozen partridge eggs, put them in a butter dish and set them on a shelf. Pay­ ing no further attention to them, on Tuesday last Mr. Wyatt was reminded of them by hearing chirping in the dish, which being examined, revealed the fact that two of the partridges had been hatched and others were pipping the shells—the process of incubation having been accomplished by the atmosphere alone.

Raw Hamburgers Had Their Uses Paris Mercury, April 22, 1873. The latest cure for consumption is from Germany, and consists of raw beef and onions cut fine. It is said also to act as a specific for love sickness. Historical Notes and Comments 253

BOOK REVIEW The Missouri Expedition 1818-1820: The Journal of Sur­ geon John Gale with Related Documents. Edited by Roger L. Nichols (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969). 134 pp. Illustrated. Notes. Bibliography. Indexed. $5.95. On September 23, 1806, the Lewis and Clark Expedition re­ turned to St. Louis, climaxing an exploration through the North­ west that provided important scientific information and aroused greater interest in Western settlement and commerce. It was not until 1818 that another large, government-sponsored expedition went into the area. In March of that year, Secretary of War, John C. Calhoun, ordered the army to carry out the Yellowstone Expedition. The object of the expedition was to construct a military post at the mouth of the Yellowstone River, in western North Dakota. From there American troops could attempt to neutralize British influence in the Northwest and offer some protection to the country's fur traders being antagonized by hostile Indians. Calhoun's original scheme proved unworkable and his revised plan became so involved that what began as one expedition ended as three—the Missouri, the Mississippi and the Scientific expeditions. Through the efforts of Professor Roger Nichols, those interested in the early history of the Northwest, especially the early explora­ tions, now have access to the journal describing the "Missouri Expedition"— the military phase of Calhoun's grand design; the first military expedition to the Northwest. Usually a government expedition received instructions to pro­ vide a written account of its activities. This particular journal was, at one time, considered the work of Lieutenant Thomas W. Kava- naugh. Nichols, however, by using numerous methods and hypoth- 254 Missouri Historical Review eses convincingly establishes the primary author as Surgeon John Gale, although other members of the expedition may have copied and entered his notes from time to time. The journal consists of four parts: Bellfontaine to Cow Island, 1818; Martin Cantonment at Cow Island, 1818-1819; Cow Island to Council Bluffs, 1819; and, Cantonment Missouri, 1819-1820. Presented is a word picture of military life replete with utter starkness and very few enjoyments. The progress of the expedi­ tion is hampered by changing weather, numerous accidents, lack of supplies and an uncompromising Missouri River. Indians con­ stantly prove troublesome for soldiers, traders, trappers and sutlers. Officers of the expedition are confronted with morale problems among the troops emanating from poor diet, poor shelter and little recreation. Then, scurvy erupts and reduces the effective force of the expedition, appreciably. Eventually government funds cease to be available and the expedition is discontinued. Many of the journal's entries exhibit interesting and informa­ tive material. On one occasion Gale recounts an "ingenious" method of stalking and shooting female deer. Another entry relates a sham battle by officers and soldiers, initiated to increase the military proficiency of the troops. These and other colorful descriptions, however, do not conceal the prevailing dreariness of the soldiers' and civilians' day-to-day existence. With the editor's judicious selection of related letters and docu­ ments, The Missouri Expedition, emerges as an important source relating to the early history of the Northwest. Introductory com­ ments are brief but illuminating. The footnotes are more than ade­ quate. Maps produced for the volume are kept simple and accom­ panying illustrations further enhance the work. Both the editor and the publisher are to be complimented for completing a successful and a significant project.

State Historical Society of Missouri James W. Goodrich

Books reviewed and noted in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW cannot be purchased through the Society. Inquiries for purchases should be made to the publishers. Historical Notes and Comments 255

BOOK NOTES Centenarians of Rrick, Wood and Stone, Hermann, Missouri. By Anna Hesse (Hermann, 1969). 32 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $1.50. In this volume Mrs. Hesse, historian and artist, includes sketches of some 130 early buildings still standing in Hermann with a brief, well researched history of each structure. The buildings are identified by lot number, street, and names of the builder and present owner. A pictorial map, drawn by the Brush and Palette Club of Hermann, a capsule history entitled, "Hermann, Missouri, 'The Rhine City on the Missouri River,'" and a plat of Hermann showing streets and lot numbers comprise the introduction. Data from a detailed historic building survey are presented in attractive format in this work.

Missouri's Struggle for Statehood, 1804-1821. By Floyd Calvin Shoemaker (New York: Russell and Russell, 1969). 383 pp. Indexed. Illustrations. $12.50. First published in 1916, reprinted in 1943 and again in 1969, Missouri's Struggle for Statehood is a reference work of perennial interest. Territorial constitutional history, the congressional struggle for Missouri's statehood and popular opinion about the struggle as expressed by Missourians are subjects discussed in the first four chapters. Biographies of the members of Missouri's first constitution­ al convention and an evaluation of the work of the convention com­ prise an important segment of this story of the state's formation. Missouri as a de facto state, the second Missouri Compromise and Missouri's final achievement of full rights as a state are treated in the order of their occurrence. Copies of the memorials from the Missouri territorial legislature to Congress relating to the question of statehood and of the 1820 Missouri Constitution are included.

Sesquicentennial, 1819-1969, Hannibal, Missouri. By Hannibal Festivals, Inc., Robert D. Bush, director (Hannibal: Chamber of Commerce, 1969). 64 pp. Illustrated. $1.50. Located on the west bank of the Mississippi River in Marion County, Hannibal was laid out in 1819. Moses Bates helped survey the county a year earlier and liked the area so well that he built a trading post at the site of the future town. 256 Missouri Historical Review

Hannibal became a great railroad center after the state legis­ lature chartered the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad Company in 1847. When the route was completed on February 13, 1859, it was the first railroad in the United States to span the distance between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. The first railway mail car in the United States was built in the Hannibal car shops and put into service in 1860 to handle mail between that city and St. Joseph. The first locomotive built west of the Mississippi River also was constructed in Hannibal in 1865. Mark Twain spent thirteen of his early years in this Mississippi River town and from his boyhood memories came some of his best known literary works. A number of memorials in Hannibal honor Twain's memory. Other famous residents included Margaret (Tobin) Brown, heroine in the Titanic boat disaster, who became known as the "Unsinkable Molly Brown," and William Henry Hatch, who was responsible for passing the federal act which established agricul­ tural stations in connection with colleges of agriculture. As part of the 150th anniversary celebration of the town, the Hannibal Chamber of Commerce published this 64-page booklet which relates the town's interesting history and calls attention to its major attractions. It is abundantly illustrated with old and recent area photographs.

Weston—Queen of the Platte Purchase, 1837-1900, The Rise and Fall of a River Empire (Weston: The Weston Chronicle, 1969). 96 pp. Not indexed. Illustrations. $4.50. Bertha Bless, daughter-in-law of B. J. Bless, who acquired the Weston Chronicle, a newspaper now published by the third and fourth generations of the Bless family, has drawn information for this volume from the complete files of the newspaper from 1886 to the present. Now 80 years old, Mrs. Bless worked for many years as a Weston newspaper woman, spearheaded the establishment of the Weston Museum and helped to organize the National Federa­ tion of Press Women. Because of its excellent quality, both in content and format, this Weston history can well serve as a model for local historical publications in other Missouri communities. Printed on a high grade of paper, the typography and picture layout bear the mark of a professional editor and publisher. The color illustration of early Weston used on the attractive front cover of the soft-bound volume Historical Notes and Comments 257 was adapted from a Hermann J. Meyer drawing for The United States Illustrated, by Charles A. Dana, published in 1853. Included in the book are a foreword by Mrs. Mildred Planthold Mitchie, president of the National Federation of Press Women, and an "afterthought" by Mrs. Vera Eldridge, Clay County editor and historian. Weston's early development is presented in chronological order and expanded by historical narrative. The author has included many small items of local color, excerpts from early letters and quotations from former and present-day Westonians. The result is a loosely woven, but warmly human account of Weston's past and present. Mrs. Bless presents chapters on social life and schools, the tobacco industry, the Civil War, prominent men and women of Platte County, early cemeteries and former pastimes in her story of Weston's development. Her own reminiscences cover a wide range of subjects. She substantiates the decline of Weston in the 1870s and the more hopeful outlook for the town today with docu­ mented material. Two pages of the book relate the history of the Weston Museum and describe the exhibits. Because of the numerous subjects mentioned and the many names included, an index would have been helpful. Earlier works on Weston and Platte County history by William M. Paxton, author of Annals of Platte County (1891) and E. W. Howe, author of the two-part article, "A Bit of Weston, Missouri, History," published in the October, 1952, and January, 1953, issues of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, have been enriched and sup­ plemented by Mrs. Bless's thoughtful delineation of Weston and Platte County events and the people involved in them.

Steele's Retreat from Camden and the Rattle of Jenkins" Ferry. By Edwin C. Bearss (Little Rock, Arkansas: Arkansas Civil War Centennial Commission and the Pioneer Press, 1967). 190 pp. In­ dexed. Illustrations. $5.00. Edwin Bearss has written a most interesting description of sev­ eral little known engagements of the Civil War. In March, 1864, Major General Frederick Steele left Little Rock, Arkansas, for Shreveport, Louisiana. Steele's column was to be the western arm of a pincer movement; Major General Nathaniel P. Banks's forces were the eastern arm while Rear Admiral David D. Porter was to 258 Missouri Historical Review move up the Red River. The master plan called for an exerted effort to crush the Confederates in the Trans-Mississippi area. Their plan failed completely as Banks was engaged near Natchitoches, Louisi­ ana, and was forced to retreat to regroup. Steele, short of supplies and faced by a strong Confederate force which included such rebel generals as Sterling Price, E. Kirby Smith, Joseph O. Shelby, and John S. Marmaduke, moved into Camden, Arkansas, to begin a long and costly retreat back to Little Rock. Bearss begins his account with Steele's occupation of Camden. In an attempt to get supplies, Steele sent a large supply train in search of food. Steele's train was ambushed and destroyed in the battle of Poison Springs. In this battle the 1st Kansas Colored In­ fantry proved once again that they were one of the best fighting members of Steele's forces. The 1st Kansas Colored Infantry had an added incentive to fight, realizing that, if captured, they would be given no quarters. Their fears proved to be correct, as wounded Negro soldiers were bayoneted to death by the rebels after the battle. Bearss' description of the engagement, like all of the en­ gagements in his book, was well researched and depicted. In the second major engagement at Marks' Mills, Bearss stressed the difficulty of communication during the Civil War. Victories were won and lost because of lack of coordination. In the last battle which was fought at Jenkins' Ferry, Bearss contended, the Confederates could have attained complete victory if it had not been for the fumbling of Smith and Price. Steele, in the entire campaign, suffered 2,750 casualties, lost 635 wagons and 2,500 mules. Bearss believed that Steele conducted a well executed retreat. On the other hand, Bearss has no praise for Missourian Sterling Price. Bearss stated: ". . . the more one studies Price's Civil War career, the more one wonders why the Richmond government did not 'sack' Price." This work is of particular interest to Missourians as many of the units, Northern and Southern, were from Missouri and were led by Missouri officers.

Oran Centennial, 1869-1969 (Chaffee: Chaffee Signal, 1969). 96 pp. Illustrations. $2.00. This past summer the Scott County town of Oran celebrated its centennial. A 96-page historical booklet was published to com­ memorate the founding of the town. Laid out and surveyed in Sep­ tember, 1869, the town was designated Sylvania, meaning "City of Historical Notes and Comments 259

Woods." Early settlers discovered that a post office by the same name had already been established in Dade County, so the town changed its name, February 14, 1870, to St. Cloud. In 1882 the name was again changed to Oran. The book lists the area's earliest settlers and relates the history of early businesses, churches, schools, newspapers, clubs and so­ cial organizations and other city landmarks. Illustrated with nu­ merous old and new photographs of area scenes, buildings and residents, the book also presents a story of some of the oldest citi­ zens and a history of the neighboring village of Morley.

She Didn't Need Help Kansas City Star, July 13, 1964. A sign saying "help" in the rear window of a motor car startled a service station attendant near Boonville, Mo., over the weekend and started Missouri highway patrolmen on a search for the vehicle. The dispatcher at Lee's Summit advised officers . . . that a woman in the rear seat of a westbound car was holding a sign behind her head with the word "help" printed in large letters. A man and a woman were in the front seat. . . . Trooper . . . Wilson . . . spotted the car and gave chase. "The driver pulled over as soon as I signaled him to stop," Wilson said. "I asked the woman in the back seat if she was all right." The startled woman replied she was fine and wanted to know why their car was stopped. "What about the sign you were holding behind your head?" Wilson asked. "What sign?" the elderly woman asked. "Let me see that newspaper," the trooper said. In 3-inch letters was "Help!" in a half-page motor car advertisement in a New York state newspaper. "Why, I've been using that newspaper to shade the back of my neck from the sun," the woman in the rear seat explained. . . .

A Grammar Lesson Jameson Gem, July 31, 1919. This is how a high school girl recently parsed the sentence, "He kissed me": " 'He,' " she began, with a fond lingering over the word that brought the crimson to her cheeks, "is a pronoun, third person, singular number, masculine gender, a gentleman, and pretty well off, universally considered a good catch. 'Kissed,' is a verb transitive, indicative mood, indicating affection, first and third persons, plural number, and governed by circumstances. 'Me'—oh, well, everybody knows me!" 260 Missouri Historical Review

University of Missouri Football Team, 1890 "M-I-S-S-O-U-R-I RAH MISSOURI"

[EDITOR'S NOTE. A brief article on football at the University of Missouri is featured to commemorate the U.S. centennial year of college football, celebrated this past fall. On Thanksgiving Day, November 27, 1890, the University played Washington University in St. Louis. This was the first intercollegiate game for both schools. The event was reported in the "College Chat" column of the Columbia Missouri Herald, December 5, 1890.1

There was an unusual stir at the depot on last Wednesday morning [November 26]. The air was filled with the gayest strains of a brass band, and the intervals between its pieces were taken up with long and loud col­ lege yells; old gold and black were the predominating colors in the gay attire of a gayer crowd; and extra coaches were on the train to carry the throng that was to accompany the football team to St. Louis. For half an hour this busy spectacle enlivened the spirits of all and when the train pulled out and the band struck up amid the din of enthusiastic yells many unable to stay behind boarded her and went, converts at the eleventh hour. At Centralia the special coaches were taken up by the first through passenger for St. Louis, and away with flying colors, yells and brass band music went the happy throng again. At every station they gas^e them "M-i-s-s-o-u-r-i Rah Missouri," to let the people along the line know that the world was moving, and to let out some of the good feelings that every one had. At St. Charles a crowd of college women, always a variety and interest to a college man, got on the train and for the rest of !he trip the coaches that they occupied were crowded. At last at 6:15 the electric glow of the western metropolis came into view, and a little later the line of march was taken up at its union Historical Notes and Comments 261 depot. The delegation proceeded to the Lindell hotel which lemained its head­ quarters while in the city. Various attractions appealed to the various tastes of the crowd all of whom, except the team and their manager, Dr. [A. L.] McRae, went out in the town that night. The team was kept at the hotel Wednesday night and Thursday morning. At 12:30 Thursday, they took a light luncheon and at 2 o'clock started for the grounds [at Sportsman's Park]. Five minutes before 3 o'clock the Washington University men filed out of their dressing rooms and were received with wild shouts of applause and a well executed college yell, "Washington University! Rah! Rah! Rah!" Two minutes later our team came forth, as the first man appeared the cadet band, across the grand stand, struck up a familiar air that put courage in each man's heart, and our faithful boys yelled with all the power of their good lungs. For a minute they were embarrassed by being minus a ball with which to practice the re­ maining two minutes before the game should be called. At last they got it and evidenced their feelings of embarrassment by some bad fumbles in throwing and catching. It is three o'clock and the game has been called. St. Louis won the toss and has put the sun in Missouri eyes. [W. R.] Littell places his ball for the kick off; a glance around, a word to his men and he lets her have it, but too high up, and the leather skims along the ground to one of the St. Louis rushers. Their line comes forward to block, and [Charles S.] Reber, one of the halfs, takes it for a run. This first exhibition is characterized by magnificent blocking and then by Reber's felling three Missouri men wirhout any loss of time while he makes a 25 yard gain. He was forced out of bounds, but the ball is brought in and Capt. [A. S.] Tuttle has his men in shape for a snap back as quick as thought. He is on the half and takes the ball for a 25 yard gain. Some see-saw work is carried on for twenty minutes and then they are at Missouri five yard

Wfc->- -) 262 Missouri Historical Review line and Missouri has the ball. It is passed back and all block hard giving their man a chance to put it out, which takes the ball back to the centre again and now only ten . . . [minutes] of the first half remains [sic]. The St. Louis men fight like fiends at the end of eight minutes the ball is at Missouri five yard line again, and it is Missouri['s] ball. The quarter made a wild throw and St. Louis got the ball for a touch down. She failed the goal and scored but four in the first half. In the second half the Missouri team went to pieces. Bad fumbling and a weakening in the rush line told against Missouri, while St. Louis had gained in courage and strength. In the dressing room Tuttle had scored his men and this too had its effect. The shades of evening obscured the players, as the game was near its end to all except those who pressed up to the side lines to see the last blood shed and the last round fought. Now the ball is in the centre of the field but being steadily driven by the invincible V to Missouri's goal, when the little whistle of the umpire called time and the day was won. Twenty eight to a miserable nothing in favor of St. Louis looks bad to those who did not see the game, and the St. Louis men alone know what this score cost. Why was the team beaten and where was it weak? were naturally the first questions. A Harvard man of St. Louis answers the last. It was most weak in places in the rush line, which naturally weakened the whole line. Capt. Litteil answers the former with the truthful statement that the men didn't know enough about football and these are about the fairest solutions that can be gotten at.

The Money Game Hartsburg Truth, July 18, 1913. It is erroneous to think that the great leaders of the financial world persist in their labors merely for the sake of acquiring money. Rather, they have got themselves into the game of active life, and they do not know how to exist out­ side of it. Oace there was a man who thought Russell Sage ought to stop work. He spoke to him about it. "Why get together any more money, Mr. Sage? You can't eat it; you can't drink it. What good will it do you?" "Ever play marbles?" Uncle Russell asked. "Yes, when I was a boy." "Couldn't eat 'em, could you? Couldn't drink 'em, could you? No use to you were they? Then what did you play marbles for?"

The Horses Didn't Have Hats St. Joseph Morning Herald, July 23, 1870. Considerate owners of horses place a small sponge between the ears of their animals. The same in the hats of those who are much in the sun serves as a preventative of sunstroke, and also as a cooling comfort.

Missouri Women In History

Rose Wilder Lane

Seven-year-old Rose Wilder Lane moved with her parents from Dakota Territory to the land of the "Big Red Apple" in the Missouri Ozarks during the financial panic of 1893. The Wilders were able to obtain land near Mans­ field, Missouri, with a small down payment and, in following years, paid off the mortgage with funds secured from hard work and frugal living. After she be­ came a famous author, Rose recalled that as a girl she picked huckleberries, walked the mile and a half to Mansfield, and sold them for ten cents a gallon.

She attended high school in Louisiana and in 1909 married Gillette Lane of San Francisco. They were divorced in 1918. In San Francisco she sold real estate and later worked on the San Francisco Bulletin. Her serial stories pub­ lished in the Bulletin attracted national attention and she became a contributor of serials and short stories to leading magazines. Rose Wilder Lane was the author of a number of regional novels depicting Missouri Ozark life and wrote biographies of Jack London, Henry Ford and Herbert Hoover. Her novel, Let the Hurricane Roar, became a best seller in 1933. About that time she was the second highest paid author published in periodicals in the United States.

During World War I she went to Europe as a Red Cross worker and lived for a time in Albania. In 1962 she edited the diary of her mother, Laura Ingalls Wilder, written during the arduous trip from the Dakota Territory. In 1968 her illustrated history of needlework was published.

For a time after 1917 she was a convinced communist although not a mem­ ber of the party. By 1935, however, she had renounced communism and classi­ fied herself as a fundamentalist American with the belief that "individualism, laissez faire and the slightly restrained anarchy of capitalism offered the best opportunity for the development of the human spirit." With the conviction that strong, ambitious, hard-working people can make their way through hardships and that it is their own business and not that of the government, to see to it that they achieve ultimate security, she protested New Deal governmental con­ trols. Refusing to apply for ration cards during World War II, she raised most of her food on her four-acre farm near Danbury, Connecticut. Her death oc­ curred October 30, 1968, at Danbury. A Rose Wilder Lane memorial service was held November 18, 1968, at Mansfield.