The State Historical Society o£ Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI iiaiEisiaisisisiissiiisiiaisiiSHiiii Bl THE COVER: In the article, "The Bis d & H Neck Affair: Tragedy and Farce on g] M the Missouri Frontier," the author gj refers to the visit of Big Neck to gj Washington, D. C. in 1824. At that | time Charles Bird King, noted artist, |j| painted his portrait which was placed M in the Indian Gallery of the War IE M Department. The portrait was repro- g] duced in color in Volume I of the gl§]! 1836 folio edition of The Indian | Tribes of North America, by Thomas H L. McKenney and James Hall. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW
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THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI
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OFFICERS 1968-71 T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Second Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Third Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SRV Stanberry, Fourth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Fifth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian
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Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1970
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Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1972
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Richard S. Brownlee Director and Secretary State Historical Society of Missouri Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201 Society to Present Awards At the Annual Meeting in October the Society will M confer two awards. An engraved citation and a medallion | will be awarded to a member who has given distin- u SI guished service to the Society and to the State of Mis- |j souri in the promotion and dissemination of knowledge j§ [5] concerning the history of our region. A second engraved m citation and a one-hundred-dollar cash award will be || given for the REVIEW article during the calendar year §| which has contributed most in depth in a scholarly and (1 popular sense to the history of our State. | The Distinguished Member will be selected by a j§ three-member committee appointed by the Society presi- ii dent. One member of the selection committee will serve H IK] for two years and two members for one year. No active j§ officers or trustees of the Society, with the exception of ® past presidents, may be nominated for the Distinguished Member Award. Nominations should be made in writing to Richard S. Brownlee, director of the Society, any time during the calendar year. The prize-winning article will be selected by three historians appointed by the editor of the REVIEW. The selection committee will be changed each year with the exception of one member who will be replaced after two years.
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The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Missouri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in foot noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for pub lication. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a carbon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and the footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously published in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad dressed to: Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri Corner Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS
THE BIG NECK AFFAIR: TRAGEDY AND FARCE ON THE MISSOURI FRONTIER.
By Dorothy J. Caldwell 391
THE MISSOURI NEGRO PRESS, 1875-1920. By George Everett Slavens 413
THE UNWANTED CONFLICT: MISSOURI LABOR AND THE CIO. By Gary M. Fink 432
THE ALIENATION OF THE SOUTH: A CRISIS FOR HARRY S. TRUMAN AND THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY, 1945-1948. By Robert A. Garson 448
HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS
Thomas Hart Benton Receives Society's 1969 Distinguished
Service Award and Medal 472
State Historical Society Exhibits "The Frederick Douglass Years" 473
Views from the Past: Missouri Courthouses 474-475
News in Brief 476
Local Historical Societies 478
Gifts 492
Missouri History in Newspapers 496
Missouri History in Magazines 501
In Memoriam 504
BOOK REVIEWS 506
BOOK NOTES 510
THE EXPERIMENT THAT FAILED. By Harold Calvert 516
INDEX TO VOLUME LXIV 519
MARY ALICIA OWEN Inside Back Cover vi "MSAlf"
The Big Neck Affair: Tragedy and Farce on the Missouri Frontier
BY DOROTHY J. CALDWELL*
Adventurous Missouri frontiersmen, ever desirous of acquiring land for farming and stock raising, in 1829 settled in the wilderness bordering on the Chariton River, six miles west of the present site of Kirksville in Adair County. James Myers, Isaac Gross, Stephen Gross, Nathan Richardson, Reuben Myrtle and Jacob Gupp, of Howard County, built log cabins at the site which became known as the "Cabins of the White Folks" or, more popularly, as the "Cabins."1 Although Howard County settlers, during their annual fall hunt for honey, traversed the Chariton River country as they followed the Bee Trace northward along the Grand Divide, this was the first settlement in the area.2 Located in territory attached
*Dorothy J. Caldwell is an associate editor of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. i History of Adair, Putnam and Schuyler Counties, Missouri (Chicago, 1888), 235; E. M. Violette, History of Adair County (Kirksville, 1911), 9; R. A. Campbell, Gazetteer of Missouri (St. Louis, 1874) , 33. James Myers, in a deposition, said he settled at the site about March 15, 1829. Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, September 18, 1829. 2 Bee hunters had followed the Grand Divide between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, up to and above present Schuyler County, prior to the cession of the land by the Indians, and had given it the name "Bee Trace." Richard Gay wood, "History of Schuyler County, Missouri," An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Schuyler County, Missouri (Philadelphia, 1878) , 9. "We had, for several days, observed a frequent passing of waggons through our town, accompanied with men armed with guns & dogs, all seemingly in high spirits and prepared for a journey. Upon enquiring their destination, we found they were generally bound for the head waters of the Chariton, Grand and some as far as the Des Moines Rivers, a 'Bee Hunting . . . .' We were also informed that it was expected not less that 40 waggons, thus equipped, would go from this county [Howard County] alone in search of one of the articles for which Canaan was so celebrated." From Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, September 21, 1826. 391 392 Missouri Historical Review
to Randolph County, organized January 22, 1829,3 the isolated "Cabins" became the focal point of a frontier drama in which the elements of tragedy and farce were intermingled.4 The Chariton River country was ceded to the United States government, August 4, 1824, by the Iowa, Sac and Fox Indians. In two separate treaties these tribes relinquished their claims to all land north of the Missouri River for the remuneration to each tribe of five hundred dollars annually for eleven successive years and for other minor considerations. The Indians were forbidden to settle or hunt on the ceded territory without permission from the superintendent of Indian Affairs. The Iowa Chief Moanahonga (Great Walker or Big Neck) was cosigner of the 1824 treaty, ne gotiated in Washington, D. C, with General William Clark, super intendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis.5 Colonel Thomas L. Mc- Kenney, head of the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs and a witness to the signing of the treaty, described Big Neck as a person desirous of glory who always found himself at a disadvantage be cause of the lowliness of his origin. He constantly aspired to become a chief, and he would separate himself from his tribe, build a lodge of his own and take with him as many as had been attracted to him by his bravery.6 In the fall of 1828 he refused to return to the main village of the Iowas, located a few miles west of the Missouri boundary line, after the tribe had reentered the state on a hunting expedition.7 Big Neck seemingly did not understand that he had given up all rights
3 Laws of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City, 1830), 42. 4 Violette, History of Adair County, 9; History of Macon County, Missouri (Chicago, 1910), 10. 5 Commissioner of Indian Affairs, compiler, Treaties Between the United States of America and the Several Indian Tribes; From 1778 to 1837 (Washing ton, D. C, 1837) , 313-317, 371-379; Charles J. Kappler, Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties (Washington, D. C, 1903), II, 146-147. William Clark, of the famed Lewis and Clark Expedition and former governor of Missouri Territory, served as Superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis from 1822 until his death in 1838. Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1943), IV, 141-144. 6 Thomas L. McKenney and James Hall, The Indian Tribes of North America (Edinburgh, 1933) , I, 318. Thomas L. McKenney was given charge, March 11, 1824, of the newly organized U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs under the War Department. In collaboration with James Hall, author, historian, jurist and banker, he published three folio volumes entitled, A History of the Indian Tribes of North America, with Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of the Principal Chiefs, from 1836-1844. Hall wrote most of the text. The work is chiefly valuable for the 120 portraits in color from the Indian gallery in the War Department. Malone, Dictionary of American Biography, XII, 89. 7 The Iowa tribe lived west of the Missouri line in the Platte Purchase country, annexed to the state in 1837. G. C. Broadhead, "Scrapbook," I, 224-226, in State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts Collection, Columbia. The Big Neck Affair 393 to his former hunting grounds. The following spring, with Pompakin (Walking Cloud), another Iowa chief,8 he decided to go to St. Louis to complain to Clark about the white man's usurpation of land which he believed rightfully belonged to his people. On the way to St. Louis his band, composed of about sixty men, women and children, encamped at the "Cabins" where they found a natural spring. Big Neck and his followers arrived at the "Cabins" in June and soon tension mounted between the Indians and whites. Thursey Myers, the wife of James Myers, described the visit of three Indians to her home: On Sunday about the last of June or first of July last their came three Indian soldiers (as they called themselves in english) —they came in my house without ever speaking— I was at my dinner, and I spoke to them and said howdy- do—they returned the same language—there was two neighbour women at my house; I got up and gave them my chair, I set dinner for them and they set and eat their din ner; and the next was that they enquired of us for two horses; the next thing they wanted me to cook a turkey for them & I refused them, this they done two or three times—I still refused, then they ordered me to get their horses so they could go to their wigwams; I refused to get their horses and told them their horses were not there; that the Ioways had no horses there; they said make haste and puckachee to Missouri; they said sun; on to morrow soldiers was coming and pointed to the sun (i. e.) when the sun was strait up they said we must be gone; and took hold of 1 of my children and marked round its head as if they would scalp it and then they ordered me to give them meal. I refused—they said 'God dam your soul to hell, soldiers coming' and pointed at the sun, and said 'soldiers coming tomorrow,' he then commenced walking the yard and repeating the same language; the last threat they made was that squaws were going away and they were coming back to kill us.9 Stephen Gross told of other conversations between the Indians and the settlers: On the 27th of June last three Indians came to Nathan Richison's—the Indians said 'You puckachee—tomorrow
8 McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes of North America, I, 319. Pompakin was one of the signers of the Prairie des Chiens Treaty of August 19, 1825, which established boundaries to settle disputes over land between the Iowas and the Sacs and Foxes. Treaties Between U. S. and Indian Tribes, 371-379. o Fayette Western Monitor, September 19, 1829. 394 Missouri Historical Review
heap a soldiers coming.' They went off that evening and on the next Wednesday I think there came five Indians and some squaws and took two fillies . . . and these five said that 'heap soldiers coming.' On the next Sunday week, eight or nine Indians came to James Myers and went off that evening. On the next day they came back and encamped near Richison's spring with some squaws; and on the same evening there came eight or nine more Indian men. Then I supposed the head chief had come, and I with several others went down to their encampment; and saw a piece of writing that I heared read that had Governor Clark's name to it—and the chief that I suppose—marked off the Missouri, Mississippi, Salt-River and Grand Chariteau [Chariton] and said that the land we were on was theirs, ... he then made signs to an Indian that they called Mary Ketchum ["Major Ketchum"] and this Indian could speak English; and he said, 'That is the Chief,' and he [the chief] said 'if we did not go away he would kill us. . . .'10 It was rumored that the whites had sold whiskey to these Indians, encouraged them to get drunk and traded and cheated them out of their guns. Both James Myers and Stephen Gross denied the rumor. Gross swore on oath that he had never in an "earthly way" sold whiskey to the Indians.11 Colonel McKenney, 10 Ibid.; Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, September 18, 1829. ii Ibid. Captain George Vashon, Indian Agent stationed five miles south of the mouth of the Kansas River, wrote to Clark that the whites had been trading whiskey with the Indians. The Indians after getting sober, became dis satisfied with the trade and believing that they were within the limit of the Indian country, had ordered the whites to leave. Vashon to Clark, July 30, 1829, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1881, St. Louis Superintendency, 1824-1851, Letters, 1829-1831, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration (Wash ington, D. C, 1956) , hereinafter cited as St. Louis Superintendency. The Big Neck Affair 395
however, in a later account of the quarrel based upon a deposition given by "Ioway Jim," a member of the Big Neck band, to General Andrew Hughes, Indian agent for the Sacs, Foxes and Iowas, stated: . . . [Big Neck] encamped on the borders of the River Chariton, his party consisting of about sixty persons. While there, resting his comrades from the fatigues of their march, a party of whites came up, having with them some kegs of whisky. It was not long before the Indians were completely besotted, when the whites plundered them of their blankets and horses, and whatever else was of value and retired. Recovering from their debauch the Indians felt how dearly they had paid for the whisky with which the whites regaled them, and being hungry, one of the young men shot a hog.12 Big Neck was quoted as saying to the Indian: "That is wrong; it is true, we are poor, and have been robbed, but the hog was not ours and you ought not to have shot it."13 James Myers and other settlers complained that the Indians had stolen their hogs. Myers said he had not found any of his one hundred and seventeen hogs running on the ranges.14 The loss of livestock was an inciting factor in the quarrel according to a report made by Governor John Miller to the Sixth Missouri General As sembly. He said: . . . Soon after the arrival of these Indians they com menced depredations on our citizens, who had settled themselves on the Chariton with the view of raising stock, by insulting them in the grossest and most wanton man ner. They killed and used their stock to a large amount, menacing the security and threatening the lives of these inhabitants. These outrages necessarily excited our citizens against the Indians, a party of whom visited their camp to reclaim property and to require them to move from the State.15
12 McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes of North America, I, 319; Broadhead, "Scrapbook," I, 224-226. 13 McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes of North America, I, 319. 14 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, September 18, 1829. Four of the "Cabins" settlers submitted claims to the War Department for a total of more than a thousand dollars, in 1830 for property losses. The claims were not approved. Records of the United States Superintendency of Indian Affairs, St. Louis, XI, "Record of Claims 1807-1830 for property taken from citizens by Indian tribes within the St. Louis Superintendency from June, 1807, to December, 1830," in Kansas State Historical Society Collections, Topeka. 15 The Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Mis souri (Columbia, 1922), I, 149-150. 396 Missouri Historical Review
The visit was not one of the informal meetings which had previously taken place. Becoming more apprehensive as the quarrel continued, the settlers had sent a messenger south to ask for re inforcements. Jacob Gross, "driving a swift horse with the utmost speed," went to the home of the Myers family in what is now Macon County.16 On July 14 Robert Myers, the brother of James Myers, arrived at William Blackweli's home in Howard County with the news of an imminent Indian attack on the "Cabins" set tlers.17 The next morning a company of twenty-six men started for the "Cabins."18 At their encampment in the Grand Narrows that evening they elected Fields Trammel, of Howard County, captain. When they arrived at the "Cabins" they found that the Indians had fled. The next day they followed Big Neck's trail up the Chariton.19 John W. Myers, brother of James Myers, described the journey and the encounter with the Indians in this manner: That in July last on the 17th I think we went on the Indian trail from the cabbins, and persued them between four and six miles, and came to some encampments, and then continued on the trail three or four miles perhaps more or less, and there came in another Indian trail from the Chariteau side and all made one trail; and then we persued on farther and I saw another trail; then we did not proceed far till we discovered their encampment, and I think we came in about one hundred yards distant Capt. Trammel demanded halt when we all stoped, and then advanced in the distance of about twenty steps, when we were ordered to halt, and Capt. Trammel and one other man advanced a few steps in front and demanded their interpreter and they gave him not to us; and after a small interval and between the time I went up to their encamp ment and the firing of the gun, I saw an Indian load his gun and another prime his; then was the first time I thought they had any intention of fighting, then I expected the Indians would fire on us; ... at length I heard a gun and I knew what the result would be, I ordered the men to light and fight; I understood the same day that James Myers fired the first gun; ... I was told on the day of the
16 W. R. Samuel, "History of Randolph County," An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Randolph County (Philadelphia, 1876), 9-10; Violette, History of Adair County, 9. 17 General History of Macon County, Missouri (Chicago, 1910) , 19. 18 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, August 7, September 18, 1829. 19 General History of Macon County, 19; The Grand Narrows was in Macon County. History of Randolph and Macon Counties, Missouri (St. Louis, 1884) , 744. Captain Trammel, a native of Kentucky, came to Howard County in 1814. Ibid., 1215. battle that there was an Indian in the act of shooting James Myers when he fired his gun.20 James Myers testified that the whites asked the chief for an interpreter, but he pretended not to understand. Myers thought an Indian had aimed a gun at him and, as a consequence, he shot the Indian. The Indians began to yell and scream and the fighting be gan.21 In a published version of the encounter it was related that John Myers, the father of James Myers, who understood the Indian language, had commenced to talk with the chief to promote a friendly understanding when the trouble started.22 The descriptions given by other settlers involved in the affray were at variance. One man stated that as Captain Trammel stepped forward "Ioway Jim" met him with his gun in his hand. Captain Trammel was quoted as saying to the Indians, "You must all leave the country, and stay away. The land belongs to the whites and you have no right here."23 William Blackwell heard John Myers order the Indians to put down their guns. Two of the settlers who made depositions said they did not hear John Myers order the Indians to put down their guns. Only one of the settlers in his deposition said that he saw an Indian actually preparing to shoot and then he was not sure if the gun was aimed at him or at James Myers.24 In the deposition of "Ioway Jim," there were even greater discrepancies. He stated:
20 Fayette Western Monitor, September 19, 1829. 21 Ibid.; Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, September 1£ 1829. 22 ibid., July 24, 1829. 23 Broadhead, "Scrapbook," I, 224-226. 24 Fayette Western Monitor, September 19, 1829; Fayette Missouri Intel ligencer, September 18, 1829. 398 Missouri Historical Review
When the party of whites arrived Big Neck stepped from his lodge unarmed with his pipe in his mouth and his hand extended toward the leader of the party in token of friendship. While in this act, the Indians were fired upon. One child was killed, as was also the brother of Big Neck, who fell at his side. Enraged by this assault, the Indians flew to their arms, .... Big Neck shot James Myers, the leader of the party, in the thigh; at about the same time a white man, named Win [Winn], shot a squaw, sister of Big Neck; as she fell, she exclaimed, 'Brother, I am going to die innocent—avenge my blood!' She had scarcely spoken, when an Indian, sometimes called Ioway Jim, . . . levelled his rifle and discharged its contents into Win's [Winn's] thigh, fracturing the bone. A furious fight en sued, in which the whites were defeated and driven from the ground. "Ioway Jim" dramatically described Big Neck's revenge on the man who shot his sister: Win [Winn] being unable to escape, was found on the battle ground by his exasperated en emies, .... A pile was raised around him and fired. As the flames began to encircle him, Big Neck, pointed to the dead and wounded, thus addressed the murderer of his peo ple:— 'See there! Look! You have killed all that was dear to me —my brother, my brother's wife, and her child. ... I came to meet you with the pipe of peace in my mouth. I did you no wrong; you fired upon me, and see what you have done— .... Now Listen—you are not a brave, you are a dog. If you were a The Rig Neck Affair 399
brave, I would treat you as a brave, but as you are a dog, I will treat you as a dog/'25 According to "Ioway Jim," Big Neck then paused, listened to the crackling of the faggots and with his knife drawn, eyed his victim for a moment, when, as the flames burst forth, he sprang over them, scalped Winn and while the wounded man was yet alive, cut open his breast, tore out his heart, bit off a piece of it, and then threw it into the flames with the body.26 John Myers, a magistrate of Howard County, was killed during the battle and James Winn and Powell Owenby were left wounded on the field. Four wounded whites were able to retreat, but Captain Trammel died from his wounds a few days later.27 The settlers marched to the "Cabins" to get their families and hurried on to the settlement near Huntsville. The wives and children later re turned to Howard County.28 News of the skirmish spread rapidly and the country appeared "literally in a blaze." It was rumored that 1,500 Winnebagoes and several other tribes were concentrated in the vicinity of the battle site.29 When the news reached Fayette on July 20 instant prep arations were made for a campaign.30 Nearly all citizens able to bear arms as members of the state militia or of volunteer companies prepared to leave. Acting as scouts, a company of Randolph County and Howard County men led by Captain John Sconce, a noted Ken tucky Indian fighter, was the first to reach the scene of battle.31 Nathaniel Patten, editor of the Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, re ported that two hundred men in all took up the line of march and that one hundred had started from Chariton County under Captain Daniel Ashby. One hundred and fifty from Randolph County were ready to go. A company of fifty from Columbia in Boone County rendezvoused at Fayette under the command of the Reverend James Suggett, veteran of the War of 1812 and a Baptist minister.32 All troops were mounted and carried with them arms, a blanket and a few provisions. The troops from Fayette, commanded by Colonel Major Horner, included Captain John A. Halderman's Fayette
25 McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes of North America, I, 321. 26 ibid., 322. 27 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, August 7, 1829. 28 Violette, History of Adair County, 10. 29 General History of Macon County, 21. so Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, July 24, 1829. 31 General History of Macon County, 21. 32 J. c. Maple and R. P. Rider, Missouri Baptist Biography (Kansas City, 1914) , I, 108. 400 Missouri Historical Review
Guards, Captain James Shepherd's Troop of Horse and two other Fayette companies. Prominent citizens answered the call to arms. Noted among the troops were Fayette and Columbia lawyers John B. Clark, Abiel Leonard, Samuel Moore and Sinclair Kirtley; Co lumbia doctors William Jewell and A. M. Robinson; Colonel Benja min H. Reeves, former lieutenant governor of Missouri, and Mis souri Attorney General Robert W. Wells.33 All troops were under the command of Brigadier General Ignatius P. Owen, Fayette innkeeper and commander of the First Brigade, First Division of the Missouri Militia.34 William Taylor, a Howard County judge, was sent to Jefferson City to inform Gov ernor Miller about the battle.35 Upon receiving the news, the gov ernor immediately sent a message to General Henry Leavenworth, commander of United States troops, asking for reinforcements.36 Several men of the first company to leave from Fayette re turned a week later to secure a supply of clothing and provisions.
33 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, July 24 & 31, 1829; History of Boone County, Missouri (St. Louis, 1882) ,180. 34 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, August 7, 1829. General Owen built the second log house in Fayette in 1824 where he operated an inn. History of Hoic- ard and Cooper Counties, Missouri (St. Louis, 1883) , 179. 35 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, July 24, 1829; History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 352. 30 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, July 24, 1829. In 1827 General Henry Leavenworth built the post named, by the War Department, Cantonment (Fort) Leavenworth. Two years later he became commander at Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis. Malone, Dictionary of American Biography, XI, 80.
Torture by Slow Fire They had found the bodies of Myers and Owenby scalped and that of Winn burned, with only his hands and feet remaining. The troops buried the bodies and sent Attorney General Wells to Jeffer son City to obtain further orders from the governor. Big Neck and his band had fled from the site leaving three of their number dead on the ground.37 In the meantime, news of the en counter was circulated throughout the state. General Leavenworth chartered the steamboat Crusader John Dougherty and sent two hundred United States troops up the Missouri. He followed by stagecoach and on August 2 conferred briefly with Governor Miller at Fayette before going on to Liberty.38 United States Indian agents investigated the affair. Hughes wrote to Clark from the Iowa sub-agency. As soon as he learned a party of Indians supposed to be "Ioways" had returned to Mis souri and killed and wounded citizens, with the help of Indian agent Major Jonathan L. Bean, he had held a council with the "Ioway" and Sac and Fox chiefs and braves. Bean asked the chiefs to tell him the truth, holding out the promise to them that if they did so the "War Chief," Colonel John Thornton, would protect them and if they refused he would punish them. Bean reminded them that he had removed the Iowas from Grand River three years ago and that since they had sold the lands they had no right to return to hunt. He explained the terms of the 1824 treaty. The Crane, principal chief of the Iowas, disavowed all knowledge of the battle. He said two of his young braves ("Ioway Jim" and "Major Ketchum") had been "bad" and joined Big Neck's band on the Two Rivers the preceding spring.39 Big Neck, he reported, had a band of thirty-two warriors and he believed they were the ones involved. Bean requested the Crane and his braves to act as guides
37 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, July 31, 1829. 38 ibid., August 7, 1829. 39 Two Rivers was the name for the rivers now called North and South rivers in Lewis and Marion counties, Missouri. History of Marion County, Mis souri (St. Louis, 1884), 148, 770. 402 Missouri Historical Review
in the search for the offenders.40 Major John Dougherty, Indian agent for the Upper Missouri tribes, sent a message to Clark that "this band of Ioways with whom the difficulty occurred is no doubt the one of nine lodges headed by the Great Walker or Big Neck . . . ." Three days later he wrote to Hughes for additional in formation about the affair and the feelings of Iowa Indians toward the whites.41 Hughes informed Dougherty that the Indians of the Iowa sub-agency knew nothing about the difficulty and were friendly toward the whites.42 While the Indian agents were trying to ferret out any knowl edge of the affair which the Iowas, Sacs and Foxes might have, Missouri troops were scouting the northern frontier. Owen, on July 25, 1829, reported to Governor Miller from his camp on the Grand Chariton that he had two hundred and forty-nine men under his command. He complained that they were neither well armed nor sufficiently supplied with provisions, except for fresh beef. They had found no Indians, although his troops had pursued their trail for twenty-five or thirty miles in the direction of the mouth of the Des Moines River. Owen suggested reinforcements of five or six hundred troops to assume the task of hunting for the Indians.43 On July 29, Miller ordered Owen to return to Fayette with his troops, leaving a guard of one hundred men at the battle site to protect the frontier. He left the execution of the order to Owen's discretion, with the provision that if the general considered the frontier in too much danger he should remain. The governor wrote that he had given orders to Major General Stephen Trigg, com mander of the First Division, Missouri Militia, to have two thousand men ready to march at a moment's notice, one thousand for the defense of the Mississippi River region and one thousand for the Missouri. He was also expecting Leavenworth to arrive from Can tonment Leavenworth with about twelve companies of United States troops.44 There was no need, however, for such extreme measures. On August 8 the Fayette Western Monitor reported that
40 Fayette Western Monitor, August 8, 1829. 41 Dougherty to Clark, July 27, 1829, "Letterbook of John Dougherty, 1826-1829," State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts Collection, Co lumbia. Dougherty was commissioned in 1820 as Indian agent of the Upper Missouri tribes. With this office came the rank of major. Broadhead, "Scrap- book," I, 224-226. 42 Hughes to Dougherty, July 31, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency. 43 Owen to Miller, July 25, 1829, in Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, August 7, 1829. 44 Ibid. Stephen Trigg settled in Missouri about 1815. History of Boone County, 1119. Miller to Clark, August 9, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency. The Big Neck Affair 403
Fort Leavenworth Museum Collections General Henry Leavenworth from 1884 George Catlin Portrait all troops had arrived safely home without seeing any Indians or any signs of Indians. Later in the month, General Leavenworth met with the Iowas, Sacs and Foxes at Cantonment Leavenworth. On his way down river he sent word to Miller that these Indians, on learning that the Iowas were involved in the affair had expressed their regrets. In order to show their good will and to facilitate the surrender of the Big Neck band, they offered their chiefs and warriors as hostages.45 After Leavenworth's arrival in St. Louis on August 19 with nineteen hostages he sent a message to Clark asking if he should leave them at Jefferson Barracks.46 Clark conducted a thorough investigation of the affair. In Sep tember he reported to the national bureau of Indian Affairs under the War Department. He sent depositions of settlers who had taken part in the affray, a letter from Miller about the incidents con-
45 Leavenworth to Miller, August 15, 1829, in Fayette Western Monitor, August 29, 1829. 46 Leavenworth to Clark, August 19, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency. 404 Missouri Historical Review
nected with the battle and extracts from Hughes' letter concerning his opinion that the Indians at the Iowa village knew nothing of the affair.47 The task of finding Big Neck and his followers was assigned to General Hughes.48 With Vance Murray Campbell serving as chief interpreter and guide, Hughes left on this mission August 14, 1829, accompanied by Stephen St. Cyr, Greenbury Martin, William Baxter and James M. Hughes.49 The Hughes party ex plored the east and north forks of Grand River and then proceeded to the headwaters of Two Rivers where they followed the east fork to the Des Moines. They came to two Sac lodges where they learned that Big Neck had stopped briefly and then had departed by a northwest course. At two Fox lodges, located near the Mis sissippi, they discovered that the Big Neck party had stopped over night and after procuring a canoe and announcing that they were going to visit Clark, had sailed downriver.50 Hughes, in pursuit, found that Big Neck had left the river at the "Waucondau" (Wya- conda Creek). Hughes and his men then returned to the north forks of Two Rivers and followed a trace upstream to Salt Creek at which point they discovered the Indians had left the stream and entered a prairie where their trail was broken. After hunting for several days in the vicinity the Hughes party went to the Upper Mississippi to obtain provisions. There they met with the son of Cutnose, a Fox chief, and Appanose, son of the principal chief of the Sacs and Foxes. The two young braves had returned from a visit with Clark in St. Louis and, in compliance with his request, had promised to aid in the search for Big Neck. Hughes' party divided and Campbell and the son of Cutnose went in search of the Big Neck village. Ten days later the Hughes party met at the rapids of the Mis sissippi near the confluence of the Des Moines and Mississippi rivers, and Campbell reported that he had found the village at the headwaters of Two Rivers. He said there were signs that the
47 Clark to Eaton, September 15, 1829, in ibid. 48 Hughes, a native of Kentucky and a lawyer, was appointed Indian agent in 1826. History of Buchanan County, Missouri (St. Joseph, 1881), 229. 49 Hughes to Clark, October 15, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency. so Dougherty wrote to Clark that several Sac Indians had arrived at Cantonment Leavenworth from the Mississippi with the news that Big Neck, with two other "Ioways," had left the Sac village two days previous to the arrival of Hughes for the purpose of giving themselves up at St. Louis. Dougherty remarked, "The reports that these Sacks bring relative to the unfortunate af fair with the whites are by no means credible [creditable] to our citizens who were engaged in it." Dougherty to Clark, September 20, 1829, in "Letterbook." The Big Neck Affair 405 village had been recently visited, and to hide their trail, the Indians had encircled the village, located at the edge of the prairie. Hughes ordered Campbell and Martin to return to the village and search the surrounding country and James M. Hughes to cross the state west ward to the Iowa village to inquire if any of the Big Neck band had arrived there. General Hughes' horse was fatigued and he remained at the rapids for a few days before starting for the headwaters of the Skunk and Iowa rivers in present southeastern Iowa. On the way he met Appanose who had learned from a war party that Big Neck was encamped between the Flint and Iowa rivers. Hughes asked Appanose to accompany him. After three days of searching they found Big Neck and sixty-five members of his party, including squaws and children. As Hughes entered the village at dawn and stepped quickly into Big Neck's lodge, the chief arose from his bed of buffalo skins. Hughes told him that Clark, as well as one of the "Great Father's" war chiefs (General Leavenworth) had sent for him and that he must go. Big Neck said he wanted to see Clark, but as he believed this would not be permitted, he had decided to make his stand in the prairie and die. After much persuasion Big Neck agreed to surrender his party and to accompany Hughes.51 Because Hughes was not acquainted with this band of Indians, Appanose acted as interpreter and mediator. Afterward the general remarked, "Had it not been for the efforts of Appanose, the consequences of the meeting might not have been so 52 William Clark pleasant." Hughes and his prisoners marched toward the Flint Hills / near the mouth of the Flint River where they obtained provisions from representatives of the Ameri can Fur Company.53 On the way, the Indians became increasingly apprehensive. Pompakin informed
51 Hughes to Clark, October 15, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency. 52 Ibid. 53 At Flint Hills was a trading post near the present site of Burlington, Iowa. Jacob Van der Zee, "Early History of the Des Moines Valley," Iowa Journal of His tory and Politics, XIV (July, 1916), 343. 406 Missouri Historical Review
Hughes that his people would not go farther, because they were sure they would all be killed. Hughes had no force to compel them to follow him but "in a fit of passion" he threw down his arms of defense and told the chief that if the party would not go with him, he would go a prisoner with them. The chief kept Hughes' guns and pistols overnight, but the next morning returned them with the announcement that he now believed the Indian agent was his friend and he was willing to place the lives of his people in Hughes' hands. When the party arrived at the Mississippi Rapids, Hughes was not able to find boats to transport all of them downriver. He sought the most humane solution to the problem. The condition of the Indians was pitiable; they were destitute of arms, ammuni tion, provisions and blankets. Although the Sacs and Foxes had helped them, four of the party had already died from hunger. Hughes decided to send the squaws and children and enough men of the party to procure food to a point on Two Rivers north of the state line, and to continue downriver with Big Neck, two other chiefs, nine braves and one squaw. They had descended the river about fifty miles when the chiefs again became alarmed and Hughes believed they were planning to escape. At this juncture the party met with United States troops bound for Jefferson Barracks, who took the prisoners on their boats. The delegation arrived safely in St. Louis in early October and the Indians were delivered to the United States marshall.54 After traveling more than two thousand miles, Hughes had been successful in carrying out his mission.55 With the arrival of the Big Neck Indians the Iowa hostages held at Jefferson Barracks returned immediately to their village.50 State authorities were uncertain about the proper procedure in the trial of Big Neck and the other prisoners. The battle site was near the north line of the state and the district judge was not sure it was located in his jurisdiction. In order to determine this matter, Hughes, Missouri Secretary of State W. A. McBride and a surveyor were commissioned by Governor Miller to visit the site. On November 10, 1829, they reported that the battle had taken place eighteen and one-fourth miles south of the northern boundary
54 Hughes to Clark, October 15, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency. 55 Ibid. A bill for the amount of $762.25 was paid by the War Department to the men who aided in the search. Campbell received $409.75, Martin, Baxter and St. Cyr $93 each and James Hughes $73.50. Clark to Eaton, May 12, 1830, in ibid. Another bill for $1,180.22 was paid for the expenses of bringing in the Indians and providing for their prosecution, trial and return. Clark to Eaton, August 5, 1830, in ibid. 56 Clark to Eaton, November 14, 1829, in ibid. The Big Neck Affair 407 of the state in territory attached to Randolph County. The site was near the stream later called Battle Creek in southwestern Schuyler County. Since the whites were not sure that the site was located within the confines of the state, it was apparent that the Indians had probably assumed they were on ground which did not belong to the state. Clark wrote to Eaton that the Indians were entirely ig norant of the original line and suggested that the north and west state lines should be traced in their presence.57 Four of the Big Neck prisoners escaped as they were delivered to state officials on the day of the survey report. The others were so alarmed that Clark commissioned Augustine Kennerly, their friend and interpreter, to accompany them as they went across the state to meet General Hughes.58 The grand jury had recently been dismissed in Randolph County, where the trial would be held, and Attorney General Wells advised sending the prisoners to Fayette.59 There they were confined in the Fayette jail where they were treated badly by the whites.60 After the arrival of the Big Neck party in St. Louis, James H. Birch wrote to Clark, expressing the opinion that the Big Neck prisoners should not be capitally punished. He concluded that the affair was the result of misunderstanding about the boundary line and that the Indians were under the impression they were on grounds designated for their use. At the battle site, he observed, they were living in wigwams with their families and they left most of their possessions as they fled after the battle, which indicated that they had not premeditated hostilities. Birch also asked who had been the first to break the peace— "the Indians or the settlers?" Although sentiment of frontier Missourians was strongly against the Indians, he did not think this should interfere with the admin istration of the law.61 Clark forwarded Birch's letter to Secretary Eaton with his own written opinion that the Indians should not receive capital punishment.62 The prisoners came before the grand jury at Huntsville in
57 Ibid; Historical Atlas of Schuyler County, 9. 58 Clark to Eaton, November 14, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency. 59 Wells to Clark, November 14, 1829, in ibid. 60 Clark to Eaton, December 8, 1829, in ibid. 61 Birch to Clark, November 13, 1829, in ibid. James H. Birch, native Virginian, emigrated to Howard County in 1827 and established the Western Monitor. He served as state senator, 1828-1829, land register in Clinton County, 1843, and in 1849 was appointed judge of the Missouri Supreme Court. History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 251. 62 Clark to Eaton, November 14, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency. Randolph County on March 11, 1830.63 Attorney General Wells attended personally to the investigation which proved more thorough than in most cases.64 Birch, John F. Ryland and George Shan non of St. Louis, acted as at torneys for the defense.65 Clark observed, "It was a period of deep excitement among the people of the upper country and of awful suspense."60 James H. Birch Among those indicted for murder were Big Neck, Pom pakin, Brave Snake, Young Knight and One-That-Dont-Care. The jury, without leaving their seats in the box delivered this verdict: After examining all the witnesses and maturely con sidering the charges for which the Iowa Indians are now in confinement, we find them not guilty and they are at once discharged.67 After the trial Hughes wrote to Clark that the investigation showed the whites guilty of an unprovoked and bloody murder. The Indians were ill from the hardships of their long confinement and Hughes accompanied them back to their village.68 Big Neck was in deep distress and went into mourning by blacking his face. He never removed this symbol of grief. His explanation was, "I am ashamed to look on the sun. I have insulted the Great Spirit by selling the land and the bones of my fathers; it is right that I should mourn always."69 The Big Neck affair was not closed with the exoneration of the Indians. There was one more act in the frontier drama. Gover-
63 History of Randolph and Macon Counties, 117. 64 Clark to Eaton, March 22, 1830, in St. Louis Superintendency. 65 Clark to McKenney, May 12, 1830, in ibid. Clark recommended a muneration of one thousand dollars for the lawyers who had defended the Indians. 66 Clark to Eaton, April 14, 1830, in ibid. 67 History of Randolph and Macon Counties, 117. 68 Hughes to Clark, March 14, 1830, in St. Louis Superintendency. 69 McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes of North America, 324. nor Miller's order in calling out the state militia and United States troops to de fend the frontier after the skirmish had resulted in a fiasco when no Indians could be found. The governor was sharply criticized by the editors of the St. Louis Mis souri Republican and the St. Louis Times and the criticism was reiterated in the Wash- Governor John Miller ington, D. C. National Intel ligencer. The Missouri Republican remarked about the governor's action. We did not intend to advert to this silly affair again. When the expedition was unpopular friends of the gover nor dexterously contrived to shift the whole responsibility of the affair upon an officer of the Militia—who, they say, imposed upon the governor by giving an exaggerated ac count of the whole transaction and of the danger to be ap prehended and, therefore, that the officer who conducted, and not the governor should bear all the blame. But, unless we allow to the governor a very small portion of common sense, we cannot see the justice of this conclusion.70 The editor of the National Intelligencer commented: The alarm on the Missouri frontier concerning the Indians, is over. The unnecessary military force marched out on the occasion has returned to camp, and the cloud of militia has dispersed. The Governor has recalled his war like orders, and it is acknowledged on all hands, that they were from the beginning wholly uncalled for by the emer gency. And it is somewhat curious to observe how exactly we divined when the news first reached us, the true char acter of the affray, which was blazoned abroad as "bloody" Indian "murders," and terrible "Indian hostilities." We said that in all probability, and indeed partly from their own shewing, the blame lay on the side of the whites. Now, look at the accounts which we insert today. Look, espe cially at that which is taken from the St. Louis Times, a new paper, believed to be friendly not only to the National but also to the State Administration. What says the print?
70 St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 25, 1829. 410 Missouri Historical Review
The whites, as "an armed force" found that the Indians had moved out of their way, and they followed them and demanded satisfaction (for alleged wrongs). They first demanded their Chief and then their arms; and, to save their lives, which were next endangered, the Indians who were thus required (and partly obeyed) to sacrifice one thing after another, at last stood on the defensive. They did not even then fire, if the reader will bear in mind the first account of the affair, but were fired upon by the whites, and the survivors only saved their lives by the sacrifice of a dozen of their number. In this affair, as we now have it upon authority, who were the agressors? Who were guilty of the blood that was shed?" We are almost ashamed to meet the question. There was not a single circumstance, it seems, to justify either the alarm on the frontier, or the array of the Militia and the detachment of the Military. But Uncle Sam "pays for all."71 However, one frontier newspaper staunchly defended Gover nor Miller. James H. Birch, militant editor of the Fayette Western Monitor, accused Owen of misleading the governor about the num ber of Indians involved in the affair and the imminent danger. Birch charged that the editors of the St. Louis Missouri Republican and the Times were apostate Jacksonians who had formed a coalition with the leaders of the Adams and Clay party and wished to slander the Missouri governor who, through his wise adminis tration of office, was becoming the people's choice for a seat in Congress. Owen had failed to cooperate with Birch who wanted to publish the letter which the general sent to the governor apprising him of the Big Neck skirmish and the attendant danger. Implying that Owen's letter amply justified the steps taken by the governor, Birch avowed that he had kept a diary of events connected with the affair. He publicly charged Owen with violation of the orders of the "Commander in Chief," with sneering at the comfort of the soldiers and wantonly wasting the "Treasure" of the government.72 Since he was a private in the militia, Birch was not allowed to prefer charges against Owen, an officer. Charges were, however, preferred by Lieutenant Colonel John G. Elkin, Fourteenth Regi ment, First Brigade, First Division, Missouri Militia. In a lengthy explanation, Dr. John J. Lowry, at that time a state representative from Howard County, explained that Dr. William Fort of Randolph County, his brother-in-law, had complained to him about Owen
71 Washington [D. C] National Intelligencer, August 21, 1829. 72 Fayette Western Monitor, August 8," September 19, 1829. The Big Neck Affair 411 and asked him to have Owen arrested, since Dr. Fort was also a private and could not prefer charges. Dr. Lowry, as an officer, felt it was his duty to comply with Dr. Fort's request, but because of his close relationship to Dr. Fort, he asked to be relieved of the duty. Then he met with Colonel Elkin who determined that it was his duty to prefer charges.73 Birch drafted the charges. Owen was accused of (1) remaining encamped for several days after it was ascertained that all prospects for an encounter with the Indians were hopeless (2) disobeying the governor's orders to leave one hundred men on the frontier for defense (3) sending word that he would remain in a certain place until he received further orders and then marching his force nearly seventy miles before he received the orders (4) causing his troops to suffer undue hardship by retaining them in the wilderness when they were without bread and many of them were ill (5) falsifying his official reports and (6) failing to provide himself with the uniform, arms, accoutrements and equipment required by the laws of the state.74 Owen was tried April 12-27, 1830, before a division court martial in Fayette. Brigadier General William P. Thompson (pres ident), six colonels and five majors comprised the court. John Wilson and John B. Clark were counsels for the defense and Colo nel John F. Ryland was judge advocate. Birch commented that the investigation was conducted with patience, dignity and impar tiality.75 Owen was not only honorably acquitted of all charges, his sword returned to him and the command of his brigade re John F. Ryland stored, but the court adjudged the charges to have originated in malice, although not the malice of the prosecutor.76
izibid., June 10, 1830. Dr. Fort emi grated to Randolph County in 1820. He served as first judge of the county court, state representative 1832-1838 and state senator, 1842-1846. History of Randolph and Macon Counties, 213; Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1935-1936 (Jef ferson City, n. d.), 191-196. 74 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, June 5, 1830. 75 Fayette Western Monitor, May 12, 1830. 76 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, June 5, 1830. 412 Missouri Historical Review
With the acquittal of Owen, the Big Neck affair came to an end. The assumption that the Missouri frontier was in danger from attack by a horde of savage Indians had resulted in an un necessary expenditure of money and manpower for the defense of a frontier that needed no defense. In their reaction to the Big Neck skirmish, Missouri frontiersmen, many of them veterans of the War of 1812, revealed the fear and prejudice of the whites toward the Indians. The mistrust was mutual. Big Neck and his followers feared for their lives even though they placed a degree of trust in the Indian agents. That their fears were partially justified was evi denced by their ill-treatment as they languished in jail awaiting trial. Ultimately, respect for the principles of truth and justice pre vailed over hysteria and prejudice; the Indians were acquitted.
A Gourmet's Delight Palmyra Spectator, January 9, 1880. A lady correspondent has discovered a plan to keep watermelons in their natural form and flavor for an indefinite length of time. She has successfully tried it in past seasons, and as a consequence has been able to treat her family to a watermelon supper at Christmas time. The plan is an inexpensive and simple one, and consists of giving the melon three or four coats of varnish to exclude the air. She says they not only keep from decay, but that the flavor and sweetness are retained, and when eaten at Christmas or New Year the fruit seems to be wonderfully improved in these particulars.
The Budding Bedstead Sheridan Advance, December 30, 1898. A man on Grand River, in conformity with the economical ideas of its people, last winter made a bedstead of water elm. One day last spring it broke out all over with buds and in a week was covered with little groves of waving branches. Last fall the children picked hickory nuts from the side pieces and a few weeks ago the head-board was tapped for maple syrup.
It Wasn't a Circus Pierce City Empire, August 16, 1900. A circus man took his little son to church in Centralia Sunday. The boy watched the contribution basket in its unwelcome trip around and when it was taken back to the pulpit he leaned over and whispered to his father: "Papa, more 'n half the folks got in free." « t**yx t».A*¥0rti** tn the 0imttt* *a« for ft »•*«*#• Mor* Homes of Colored People than any othe, Paper in the State.
h "* « L&rtfe&t Ldttttm t«**d*v of any Netfro Nev*<,pa.jw» m the Vmted ,S The Masthead of the Kansas City Rising Son The Missouri Negro Press 1875-1920 BY GEORGE EVERETT SLAVENS* Negroes in Missouri produced no newspapers before the end of the state's Reconstruction period. In this respect, Missouri was similar to other slave states. Not until the Negro community was allowed to develop its own institutions did Negro papers begin to appear. Since Missouri's Reconstruction period at least sixty-four newspapers have been published. Of these sixty-four, fifty-five were established between 1875 and 1920. Four were founded in the 1870s, twelve in the 1880s, sixteen in the 1890s, eleven in the decade beginning in 1900 and twelve in the decade beginning in 1910.1 Almost two-thirds of the newspapers published before 1920 were established in St. Louis and Kansas City. Most of the state's Negroes lived there and the cities were most attractive to the kind * George Everett Slavens received his Ph.D. degree in History from the University of Missouri, Columbia. He is currently professor of History and chairman of the Department of History at Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia, Arkansas. i Analysis based on a register of newspapers which has been published annually under the following titles: American Newspaper Annual (1870-1909) , American Newspaper Annual and Directory (1910-1929) , N. W. Ayer and Son, comp., Directory of Newspapers and Periodicals (Philadelphia, 1944-1967) . Hereafter referred to as Ayer's Directory. For the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, three, one, three and two Negro newspapers were established, respectively. 413 414 Missouri Historical Review of leaders who were likely to establish newspapers. The remaining papers were scattered among eleven smaller cities with fairly sub stantial Negro populations. Only one of the papers, The Missouri Messenger of Macon, was founded in a community with fewer than one thousand Negroes. Two of the newspapers originated in the heavily Negro-populated "Bootheei" in the southeast section of the state. Many of the Negro migrants who came to this section were poverty stricken agricultural workers and they came after 1900 when Negro newspapers were no longer being created in large numbers.2 Negro newspapers published in Missouri usually lasted less than a decade and only three survived as many as four decades. The tendency to expire soon after creation was greater among the newspapers established in the smaller communities than among those in St. Louis and Kansas City. Ephemerality was a character istic which the Negro press shared with the white newspapers established in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Like other small businesses, the small newspaper found it difficult to attract subscribers and to fight off competition. Negro news papers faced the additional problems of being a part of a second- class society. Not only did the Negro editor find it extremely difficult to obtain capital for his own operation but the businesses which would advertise in his paper also faced money problems. In addition to economic difficulties, the Negro press did business with a clientele having a significantly lower literacy rate than was the case for those served by the white press. Survival was a chal lenge to white newspapers and a still greater challenge to the Negro press.3 The three Missouri Negro newspapers which lasted more than four decades were the St. Louis Argus, established in 1912, the Kansas City Call, established in 1919, and the St. Louis American, established in 1928. All three of these newspapers are currently published and, in the period since 1920, they have had a virtual monopoly on the Missouri Negro reader market.4 Copies of sixteen of the sixty-four Negro papers which have been published in Missouri are available for examination. Almost complete files are available of the St. Louis Argus and the Kansas 2 Ibid.; analysis based on United States Ninth Census, "1870 Population" and United States Eighteenth Census, "I960 Population." 3. Ayer's Directory (1870-1967). ± Ibid. (1921-1967). Negro papers founded in the 1940s and 1950s failed even more quickly than those started in the late nineteenth century. The Missouri Negro Press, 1875-1920 415 8$t & Corns argns «.ut*«M*o,r*B> >V.KAV «m fttlttUI PHTFl Members of the Argus Force BSlrBli mum® met m *m m *mm* *M f « Waft** IW* *%«*» »«*». *, jgw *»«* tKfo «* *» *Kf, ***s* >*»«*«? «*W**»* f^»*f«( jStcni if tit ifttfSIlW WS.JJ.WHITHJ.SilHIUS riciKfTis IBIMII MeaniK - >»*-/ « «**y «t «t» *«*, A« »» *« »W*» o*r fit* JKtitlf* «f ** »!'<»»- n*»«s»w» •**^*y *" * * (%<^jwtom ***** *** .«w^ «• Front Page of TJie St. Louis Argus, May 19, 1916 416 Missouri Historical Review City Call, begun during the 1875-1920 period. Both newspapers, however, made their primary impact during the years after 1920. There are extant copies of thirteen other newspapers, published between 1875 and 1920. All of the issues for six which lasted from four months to four and one-half years, and one to six issues of the other seven newspapers are available. Two of the available papers were products of the 1880s, six of the 1890s, four of the decade beginning in 1900 and none of the decade beginning in 1910. Five were published in Kansas City, three in St. Louis, and one each in Sedalia, Columbia, Jefferson City and Macon.5 Generalizations about the Missouri Negro press in these decades must be derived from limited sources and it is not con tended that the small available sample provides a complete picture of the character of the newspapers of the period. The available issues, however, are well scattered geographically, fairly well dis persed chronologically, and do offer some idea of the character of the early Missouri Negro press. The first Negro newspaper in Missouri was the Negro World of St. Louis, established in 1875. Kansas City's first Negro news paper, the Independent, began publication four years later. Founded in 1881 the first paper published outside the two major metropolitan centers was the St. Joseph Mirror. The earliest extant issue of a Missouri Negro newspaper is a single copy of the American Negro of Springfield for October 25, 1890, and the earli est extended run of issues is of the Sedalia Times, from August 31 to December 21, 1901. Most of the Missouri Negro newspapers published between 1875 and 1920 were very small ventures. Only one of the twenty-one papers produced outside of St. Louis and Kansas City, the Western Messenger of Jefferson City, exceeded a circulation of one thousand, and only nine of the thirty-five in the two metropol itan centers exceeded that figure. The Western Messenger reached a circulation of 1,500 in 1910, and fluctuated between that figure and 1,700 in 1917. The larger than average circulation probably resulted from its affiliation with the state Negro Baptist conven tion, but that did not prevent it from ceasing publication in 1917.6 5 The St. Louis Argus and the Kansas City Call are currently published. For information concerning the Argus, consult G. Everett Slaven, "A History of the Missouri Negro Press" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1969). 6Ayer's Directory (1910), 486; (1911), 487; (1912), 489; (1913), 489; (1914), 491; (1915), 492; (1916), 495; (1917), 498. The Missouri Negro Press, 1875-1920 All Missouri's second Negro newspaper, in point of time, the St. Louis National Tribune, was founded in 1876, and reached a circu lation of 2,700 in 1882. The St. Louis Pythian Voice, established in 1891, attained a circulation of 3,300 in 1895. Both of these newspapers disappeared soon after reaching their peak of circula tion. St. Louis' two leading Negro newspapers in the early 1900s were the Palladium, established in 1884, and the American Eagle, founded in 1894. The American Eagle reached a peak circulation of 4,500 in 1901 while the boisterous Palladium attained a circula tion of 2,500 the next year. Both newspapers maintained this high level until 1907, when the American Eagle was discontinued and the Palladium began a rapid decline to 1,250 in 1911, then disappeared.7 The Kansas City Kansas-Missouri Enterprise achieved the largest circulation of any Missouri Negro newspaper during these early decades. It was established in 1881 and had a circulation of 4,500 in 1883 and 6,200 in 1884. The Kansas City Observer was founded in 1896 and maintained a circulation of 5,000 from 1898- 1901. These newspapers also disappeared immediately after they achieved their maximum circulation while the Kansas City Rising Son maintained a circulation of 2,500 from 1916 to 1918.8 With only a few exceptions, these newspapers ceased publi cation while at a peak of circulation. Information about them is so scanty that it is not possible to determine with any degree of certainty why this happened. It is apparent, however, that they were not destroyed by the competition of other Negro newspapers. It is notable that the year 1907, in which a major economic reces sion occurred, was particularly bad for Negro newspapers. The rapid rise and fall of the papers probably testifies primarily to the fact that Negro journalism was carried on against enormous odds, and that even the more successful newspapers were constantly on the verge of disaster. No Negro newspaper in Missouri has ever been published on a daily basis, although this was the dream of many of their editors. Most of the papers in the 1875-1920 period contained four pages, 7 Ibid., (1883), 275; (1896), 456; (1901), 495; (1902), 497; (1903), 497; (1904), 498; (1905) , 498; (1906), 499; (1910) , 504; (1911), 504; (1912), 505; (1907), 500; (1908), 502; (1909), 503. 8 Ibid., (1884), 268; (1885) , 296; (1889), 454; (1900) , 462; (1901) , 469; (1902) , 473. Just when the Rising Son was first printed is a matter of specula tion. William H. Taft, comp., Missouri Neiuspapers: When and Where 1808- 1963 (Columbia, 1964) , presumes the paper began in 1896. However, the first mention of the Rising Son in the Kansas City City Directory appears in 1898. 418 Missouri Historical Review This announcement concerning an address by W. E. B. DuBois, writer and reformer, appeared in the Kansas City Sun, March 12, 1921. although a few had eight. Filler material occupied most of the space in the majority of the papers. This material was composed of articles on every imaginable subject and came from a variety of sources although most came from white magazines and daily newspapers. Much space was also given to serialization of romantic stories by amateur writers. The Rising Son carried material of fairly high quality, but the other newspapers printed articles on a low intellectual level. The standard of decency in all of the papers would be acceptable to even the most conservative critic.9 The primary function of these Negro newspapers was to inform the Negro community concerning local activities, although they devoted only a small portion of each issue to real news of any kind. They made an effort to carry announcements of church meetings, picnics, projects and lodge functions. Remaining issues of papers of this period carried no formal social news, such as announcements of weddings, engagements and deaths, for these were common knowledge to the whole community. The Rising Son and the Kansas City Searchlight carried numerous unsigned columns from communities in western and central Missouri which 9 Kansas City Searchlight, February 28, 1914; Sedalia Times, September 29, 1901; Kansas City Sun, March 14, 1914; Kansas City Rising Son, July 10, 1903; Kansas City Observer, January 27, 1900; Macon Missouri Messenger, January 26, 1900; Kansas City Liberator, November 26, 1903; St. Louis Palladium, De cember 23, 1905; St. Louis Advance, June 13, 1908; Jefferson City Western Messenger, May 8, 1914; Columbia and Jefferson City Professional World, April 25, 1909; St. Louis American Eagle, December 17, 1905; Springfield American Negro, October 25, 1890. The Missouri Negro Press, 1875-1920 419 announced upcoming activities and thus, obviously attempted to serve surrounding geographical areas. Most of the news in all of the papers was gathered by the editor, who also did the major part of the work. The front page was largely devoted to news stories, while the other pages were almost entirely covered with filler material. Most news stories were completed on the same page on which they were begun, and headlines were seldom more than one column wide.10 Advertising came largely from local Negro and white mer chants who wanted to sell to the newspaper's readers. The Columbia Professional World had numerous advertisements from Columbia and Jefferson City, while the Kansas City Searchlight attracted some advertisers throughout the territory in which it carried news stories. The smaller papers even printed some adver tisements on the front page, a practice not employed by the larger ones. It was not uncommon for the same advertisement to appear more than once in the same issue of a newspaper. Fluctuations in circulation seem not to have been reflected in the quantity of advertising which a newspaper obtained. All of the papers carried a few advertisements for drugs and cosmetics having a special appeal to Negroes, such as hair straighteners and bleaching creams. The papers published outside the state's two metropolitan centers carried no classified advertisements, while those in the two cities carried no more than one column.11 Most of the newspapers of this period which were available for study presented some editorial opinion, although the Kansas City Observer and the Macon Missouri Messenger offered none. Editorial opinions, however, were usually expressed in one or two sentences rather than in formal discussions. None of the papers carried regularly signed columns of commentary, but it was ap- 10 Kansas City Searchlight, October 8, 1910; Kansas City Rising Son, Feb ruary 2, 1907; Columbia and Jefferson City Professional World, April 25, 1909; Kansas City Observer, January 27, 1900; Springfield American Negro, October 25, 1890; Sedalia Times, August 31, 1901; Macon Missouri Messenger, January 26, 1900; St. Louis Palladium, April 4, 1903; Kansas City Sun, July 17, 1915; St. Louis American Eagle, December 17, 1905; St. Louis Advance, June 13, 1908; Jefferson City Western Messenger, October 6, 1917; Kansas City Liberator, Mav 1, 1903. 11 Kansas City Searchlight, February 28, 1914; Sedalia Times, October 5, 1901; Kansas City Sun, July 7, 1917; Kansas City Rising Son, February 16, 1907; Kansas City Observer, January 27, 1900; Kansas City Liberator, May 15, 1903; St. Louis Palladium, June 23, 1906; St. Louis Advance, April 23, 1909; Jefferson City Western Messenger, November 10, 1917; Columbia and Jefferson City Pro fessional World, April 25, 1909; St. Louis American Eagle, December 17, 1905; Springfield American Negro, October 25, 1890; Macon Missouri Messenger, Jan uary 26, 1900. 420 Missouri Historical Review This line drawing of Dr. Booker T. Washington frequently appeared in the Kansas City Sun. parent that the opinions expressed were those of the editor. None of the newspapers had a formal editorial page, preferring instead to intermingle editorial comments among the news stories. The most common form of editorial expression was to be found within the news stories themselves.12 Most of the papers were affiliated with a religious denomina tion, lodge or college, and gave special attention to the activities of the supporting organization. The slogans of the organization frequently appeared on the masthead. Less attention was paid to principles supported by the group than to announcements of its activities. These affiliations were the source of a small, steady 12 Kansas City Searchlight, October 8, 1910; Sedalia Times, October 5, 1901 Kansas City Rising Son, March 23, 1907; St. Louis Palladium, January 31, 1903 Columbia and Jefferson City Professional World, April 25, 1909; Kansas City Observer, January 27, 1900; Springfield American Negro, October 25, 1890; Sedalia Times, August 31, 1901; Macon Missouri Messenger, January 26, 1900 Kansas City Sun, January 10, 1914; St. Louis American Eagle, December 17 1905; St. Louis Advance, April 23, 1909; Jefferson City Western Messenger, February 11. 1916; Kansas City Liberator, November 19, 1903. The Missouri Negro Press, 1875-1920 421 income for the paper and stimulated circulation among those es pecially interested in the organization. No generalization can be made about the effect of affiliation on the quality of the news paper. The St. Louis American Eagle served as the official organ of the Knights of Pythias, an extremely active Negro fraternal organization; while the Palladium and Searchlight, at different times, had the same relationship to another Negro fraternal group, the United Brothers of Friendship and Sisters of the Mysterious Ten. The Kansas City Liberator was associated with the hotel workers of that city, although there was no evidence of a formal arrangement. The Jefferson City Western Messenger was the "official organ" of the state's Negro Baptist convention, while the Macon Missouri Messenger was also a Baptist paper and the spokesman of the community's Negro school, Western College. The college's president, Enos Scruggs, served as editor of the paper and transferred it to Kansas City when the college moved there. The Sedalia Times was the publication of another small Negro institution, George Smith College.13 Virtually all of the Missouri Negro newspapers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries reflected a fairly conserv ative orientation. Their editors generally espoused the gradualistic view of race improvement which was associated with the leadership of Booker T. Washington, a man they greatly admired. Washington was frequently identified with the doctrine of self-help and passive acceptance of white leadership. This ideology was sometimes ex pressed by the Negro papers in terms of an optomistic view of the future of the race: "We have only to merit this good will by being upright and commendable."14 "Industry, honesty, and frugality" were suggested as better solutions to the problems of the Negro than militancy.15 Entreaties to improve and support progress were even more common. A reprint from the Vicksburg (Mississippi) Life asserted that "the better class" of Negroes did not desire "social relations with members of the white community." These 13 St. Louis Palladium, September 1, 1906; Kansas City Liberator, February 20, 1903; Jefferson City Western Messenger, January 26, 1900; Sedalia Times, October 26, 1901; Kansas City Searchlight, February 28, 1914; St. Louis American Eagle, December 17, 1905. 14 Sedalia Times, November 16, 1901; Kansas City Liberator, March 20, 1903. There is no evidence that Washington was involved in any financial way with the papers or their editors. Neither the newspapers nor Washington's own correspondence, located in the Library of Congress, suggest such a relationship. 15 ibid., November 19, 1903; St. Louis Palladium, July 3, 1904. 422 Missouri Historical Review platitudes usually were not associated with any specific suggestion, but rather reflected a desire for character building.16 Some stories which were friendly to whites may simply have reflected racial pride or fairness. Negroes who married whites, for example, were condemned by the Liberator for their complete lack of pride and dignity.17 Gratitude was expressed for the philan thropy of white people toward Negro causes. In one instance, a white postmaster was defended against charges of a personal nature. The Palladium asserted that his Negro accusers were re sorting to such tactics to get better jobs for themselves.18 These were not necessarily expressions of "Uncle Tomism." Two contrasting attitudes toward the white community found expression in the papers. There was the suggestion that many whites lacked the social graces and sophistication possessed by many Negroes. Also, there was a feeling of pride when the white community gave recognition to a Negro. Such an incident was described in the Professional World in 1909. James Milton Turner was "warmly and respectfully" received both by the Missouri General Assembly and Governor Herbert S. Hadley during a visit to Jefferson City. Turner, a Negro and a former Missourian, had served as American minister to Liberia. His acceptance at the Missouri state capital by the best of the white society was a source of great pride to his race.19 The moralistic attitude of Missouri Negro newspapers was also reflected in their stand on vice. "Dance halls" and "social clubs" were condemned as centers of illicit activity and for their degrading influence on the Negro community. Crusades were often carried on against such establishments. Gambling houses were a special target. Efforts were made to have them closed by social pressure and by police action.20 Much of the blame for the support of these vices was attributed to self-centered members of the Negro middle class. Men who 16 Kansas City Liberator, November 19, 1903. ^ Ibid., October 16, 1903. 18 Ibid., February 20, 1903; St. Louis Palladium, February 14, 1907. 19 Columbia and Jefferson City Professional World, April 25, 1909. A brief sketch of James Milton Turner appeared in Floyd C. Shoemaker, "Some Colorful Lawyers in the History of Missouri, 1804-1904," Part II, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LII (April, 1959), 230-231. 20 Kansas City Rising Son, January 8, 1904; Kansas City Sun, January 5, 1907. The Missouri Negro Press, 1875-1920 423 made a good living in businesses such as gambling and prostitu tion were a special target of such criticism.21 The editors were anxious to defend members of the race against the charge of being racially inclined toward immorality. While they freely admitted that individual Negroes, like individual whites, could be guilty of vices and crimes, they objected to in dictments of the Negro race for misbehavior of individuals. Special condemnation was reserved for white racists. It was contended that some of the worst of these people were the fathers of illegiti mate Negro children.22 Deportment which harmonized with middle-class white stand ards was frequently recommended. Loud and agressive behavior on the street was criticized. As summer approached, Negroes were admonished against "poking heads out of windows." Disorderly behavior under any circumstances was declared to be objectionable. Even when facing discrimination, Negroes were encouraged to act like ladies and gentlemen lest they bring further discredit to the race. Editorials also encouraged Negroes to adopt the values of the white middle class in the hope that they might gain the respect of the whites. Home ownership was a symbol of the re spectability and stability the community so badly needed.23 Only the Rising Sons columns expressed a specific attitude concerning the business community. The editor believed that busi nesses should be patronized which did not discriminate against Negroes in employment or sales but placed special emphasis on supporting Negro enterprises. However, he was proud of the paper's success "in gaining the confidence of the large white busi ness firms in regard to . . . its advertisements as trade promoters."24 The Missouri papers were much like other early Negro publi cations in their attitude toward organized labor. They supported the value of labor organizations but were critical of the discrimina tory practices of most unions. While approving the idea that "all labor should band together against capital; not white labor against Negro labor,"25 they were also inclined to raise the question of "How can the Negro make a living for himself with organized 21 Ibid., October 23, 1903; Sedalia Times, November 16, 1903; Kansas City Liberator, November 26, 1903. 22 Ibid.; Sedalia Times, November 16, 1903; Kansas City Sun, October 23, 1903. 23 St. Louis Palladium, January 6, 1906, April 18, 1903; Sedalia Times, January 25, March 11, 1902. 24 Kansas City Rising Son, March 23, May 18, 1907. 25 Kansas City Liberator, March 23, 1907. white labor against him?"26 In addition to criticizing discrimina tion, the papers occasionally com mented on "excesses." Occasionally these early Negro newspapers expressed militant sen timents. While the Jefferson City Western Messengers editor felt that Negroes and whites should co operate "for every needed reform," Nelson C. Crews it bitterly commented concerning of the Kansas City Sun a story about a Negro who gave up his seat on a streetcar when told to do so by a white man. The editor asserted that any orderly person had a right to his seat when he paid his fare. "We as a race have got to learn not to be so meek and submissive. For fifty years and more we have followed the line of least resistance. This is not the time for compromise."27 A campaign opened late in 1917 in Kansas City for a Negro hospital. The goal was $25,000, to be used to purchase a parochial 26 Kansas Citv Rising Son, October 13, 1913; Kansas City Liberator, March 6, 1906. 27 Jefferson City Western Messenger, January 28, 1916, October 6, 1917; J. L. Caster, H. H. Harris, E. C. Fisher and John Coins composed the editorial staff on October 6, 1917, for the Western Messenger. Coins, in 1916, was editor and publisher of the paper. Crews's Kansas City Sun printed this advertisement, December 1, 1917. A HOSPITAL for COLORED PEOPLE Headquarters: Masonic Temple, 18th and Woodland Avenue The colored people of this city, assisted and advised by many prominent white people, will launch a campaign, beginningDecember 8 and continuing twenty days, to raise $25,000.00 to purchase and equip a permanent home for the Wheatley-Provident Hospital for colored people. There Is No Hospital in This Great City That Admits Negro Physicians and Negro Patients Except THE OLD CITY HOSPITAL Don't you think we deserve better treatment than that? BLACK MEN, LET US DO OUR DUTY. Remembering: "God helps those who HELP themselves." Many generous white people will help us. Note: We have closed a deal for the Catholic school property at 1826 Forest avenue. It is a large, commodious stone building containing 20 large rooms IN THE HEART OF THE NEGRO DISTRICT, splendidly located and admirably suited for a Negro hospital. It will require $25,000 to pay for and equip this property. Can't we get it? Bell Phone East 999. Home Phone Special. Mrs. T. G. McCampbell, President of Federated Clubs, will have charge of our annual Tag Day, Dec. 22. The Wheatley-Provident Hospital NELSON C. CREWS, Chairman Executive Committee C. A. FRANKLIN, President FRED W. DABNEY. Secretary Executive Committee EVA M. FOX. Secretary The Missouri Negro Press, 1875-1920 425 school building. The hospital would be the second in the city admitting Negro patients, and the first in which Negro doctors could practice. Two Negro journalists headed the campaign organi zation. Nelson C. Crews of the Kansas City Sun was chairman of the executive committee and C. A. Franklin, a printer who would soon establish the Kansas City Call, was president.28 The Kansas City Sun vehemently criticized conditions in local Negro schools. In 1921 Editor Crews launched a crusade for im provement contending that the Negro schools had never been in worse condition. He attacked the idea that "anything is good enough for the 'nigger " and asserted that members of the race "... are going to demand from now on in no uncertain terms . . . an end to discrimination at the hands of public officials, even though it be an autocratic school board."29 A month later the editor opposed a school bond issue because "we are not getting our share of the buildings."30 Negro papers also expressed opposition to any proposals for increased segregation. In 1907, a bill was introduced into the Gen eral Assembly requiring separation of the races on public transpor tation. Some of the Negro newspapers spoke out in opposition to the measure, and their staff members were among those who testified against it. A report of a mass meeting in Kansas City to express opposition to the bill praised Nelson C. Crews of the Kansas City Sun for advising "caution." Crews and C. H. Tandy of the Palladium were listed as speakers against the measure when the House of Representatives held hearings on the bill.31 The Western Messenger which moved from Jefferson City to St. Louis early in 1917, attacked local administration decrees and ordinances that contributed to segregation. Its columns bitterly attacked St. Louis Mayor Henry Kiel for authorizing the exclusion of Negroes from a public golf course. In 1917, the editor found encouragement in a recent United States Supreme Court decision which had voided a Louisville residential segregation ordinance. He noted that the measure was very similar to one on the books in St. Louis. At the same time, he commended Judge David Pat terson Dyer for his ruling against the St. Louis ordinance in federal 28 Kansas City Sun, December 8, 1917. 29 ibid., February 5, 1921. 30 ibid., March 26, 1921. 31 Kansas City Rising Son, February 2, 1907; St. Louis Palladium, February 1907. 426 Missouri Historical Review Mr. President, Wliy Not Make America Safe for Democracy? By MORRIS This editorial cartoon protesting the 1917 race riot in East St. Louis, appeared in the July 14, 1917, edition of the Kansas City Sun. district court, and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch for having initially opposed passage of the act.32 The lynching issue produced the most emotional reaction of all in these Missouri Negro papers. They described lynching as the most reprehensible of crimes, and pointed out the racial impli cations involved since most of the victims were Negroes. Such incidents from all parts of the country were described in detail and in each one the papers also made a new plea for equal justice before the law.33 Occasionally a Negro paper expressed a qualified approval of a lynching. The Kansas City Observer, for example, 32 Jefferson City Western Messenger, October 6, November 10, 1917; Bu chanan v. Warley (1917) , 245 U. S. 60. 33 Kansas City Rising Son, August 7, July 10, 1903; Kansas City Sun, March 14, 1914; Kansas City Observer, January 27, 1900. The Missouri Negro Press, 1875-1920 427 on June 26, 1903, stipulated that an admitted rapist was a fit sub ject for such treatment. However, even the mildest of the Negro papers reacted strongly against violent acts committed against Negroes because of their race. In a story about the atrocities during the 1917 race riots in East St. Louis, the usually colorless Kansas City Sun made a very dramatic plea for the punishment of a "Pole" who had admitted killing seventeen Negroes: "The Sun believes and fervently prays that God will damn every male Negro in East St. Louis yet living if that Pole is not sought out and brought to justice."34 The issue of most universal concern to the Negro editors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was politics. Politics for them meant a committment to the Republican Party because they remembered that it had brought emancipation to the Negro. Thus, Republican presidents were eulogized and Demo cratic President Woodrow Wilson was condemned.35 As one Negro editor remarked, "Everything we have came through that [Repub lican] party and today all of our protection comes from that [Republican] party."86 In spite of their loyalty to the Republicans Negro papers did criticize that party for assuming Negro support could be ex pected as a matter of course and without further reciprocal action. Negro editors complained that when the spoils of victory, patron age jobs, were passed out they did not go to members of their race.37 A few threats were issued that "they had better quit taking the Negro vote for granted."38 However, there was no suggestion that voting Democratic might be a desirable solution. The Negro papers also recognized that the Republican Party left something to be desired in terms of prejudice even though they showed very little support for the spirit of political independence. The papers suggested that candidates should be supported on the basis of "friendliness to the Negro." Even here, however, it was assumed that this "friendliness" would always be found among Republican candidates.39 34 Kansas City Sun, July 7, 1917. 35 St. Louis Palladium, June 11, October 29, 1904; Kansas City Sun, Feb ruary 26, 1921; Kansas City Rising Son, February 6, 1903, October 28, 1904. 36 St. Louis Palladium, August 20, 1904. 37 ibid., January 14, 1905. 38 ibid., June 1, 1907. 39 Springfield American Negro, October 5, 1890; St. Louis Advance, June 13, 1908. 428 Missouri Historical Review There was a feeling that the Negro had much at stake in the political realm. He was urged to unite in common action with other members of his race and not to sell his vote, but to use it wisely. There was even the suggestion of running Negroes for public office.40 The editors obviously not only wanted Negroes to be active in politics, but also expected to provide leadership themselves. They endorsed or condemned individual candidates and suggested that racial unity behind the right candidate was essential and that they knew the right candidate.41 There is a dearth of information about the editors of early Negro Missouri newspapers, and what exists suggests that they differed greatly in background and training. Judging from issues of their papers still available, they were inclined to print little about themselves. There were four, however, about whom some information is available and they represent a variety of personali ties and attitudes. Phillip H. Murray, an Oberlin College graduate, was a Sum ner High School teacher in St. Louis, who went to work for the St. Louis Advance four years after its establishment in 1881. He remained with the paper until it ceased publication in 1915. During most of those years he served as the Advance's editor and also became a prominent leader of the St. Louis Negro community. After the last issue of the Advance, he joined the editorial staff of the St. Louis Argus. Murray strongly believed in the values of education as a means of advancing the welfare of the Negro. His well-written editorials were the expressions of a professional jour nalist who believed that the primary function of a newspaper was to offer leadership to the community.42 John W. Wheeler, the proprietor of the Palladium, was the most flamboyant of these Negro editors. His writing gave the im pression of vehemence and urgency although his social and economic views were rather conservative. His paper contained numerous stories of his various activities and his editorials included a great deal of self-praise. Wheeler constantly involved himself in feuds with other Negro editors and local people in the Negro community. He severely criticized the St. Louis American Eagle and its editor, J. D. Miller, for maintaining Democratic affiliations 40 Sedalia Times, October 5, December 21, 1901, February 8, 1902. 41 Ibid., April 4, 1903; Kansas City Observer, October 27, 1927; St. Louis Advance, June 13, 1908. 42 St. Louis Argus, November 12, 1915; St. Louis Advance, June 13, 1908. between 1898 and 1905, and also contended that editorials in the American Eagle reflected a com plete absence of principles. The feud finally terminated when the American Eagle returned to the Republican fold after Miller had sold it to R. A. Hudlin. When the Professional World of Columbia attempted to replace Wheeler's Palladium as the of ficial organ of the United Broth ers of Friendship and Sisters of the Mysterious Ten, he launched a highly personal attack against that paper and its editor, Rufus L. Logan. A continuing feud with Lewis Wood of the Kansas City Rising Son reached its cli max in May 1903. The Palladium John W. Wheeler challenged the claim of the Ris of the St. Louis Palladium ing Son that it was the only Negro newspaper in that city having second-class mailing privileges. Three months later, the Rising Son noted "J. W. Wheeler, the Pallidium man, has stopped fighting and has settled down to business."43 Wheelers diatribes extended beyond attacks on editors of other Negro papers. In a giant expose on February 21, 1903, he severely criticized various leaders in the Negro community, naming individuals and making specific accusations about their attempts at removing the postmaster of St. Louis. On May 16 of that same year, Wheeler printed the details about his bitter feud with a Negro from Tennessee named Bradon, whom the paper accused of bigamy. In June of 1904, the Palladium erroneously reported that a doctor named Fields was getting married. With two companions, the doctor physically attacked Wheeler for printing the story. On March 3, 1906, the Palladium announced that an anonymous threat had been made on Wheeler's life. The supposed assassin, according 43 St. Louis Palladium, February 7, January 31, March 20, 1903, September 22, 1906, February 21, 1903; quotation from Kansas City Rising Son, May 22, 1903. to the paper, "did not take the task, for he knew he had a splendid chance of going to the morgue him self, if he met the Palladium man" and his "44 bulldog." All such stories pictured Wheeler and his paper as defenders of truth and justice and paragons of virtue and courage.44 Nelson C. Crews edited the Kan sas City Sun from 1913 to 1921, Lewis Wood thus greatly influencing the make of the Kansas City Rising Son up and policy of that paper for eight of the ten years of its exis tence. Although he had little formal education, Crews became one of the most powerful politicians in the Kansas City Negro commu nity. One of the competitors of his own newspaper, the Rising Son, bitterly criticized him for aspiring to become political boss of the Negro community. Crews was especially in demand as a profes sional orator during national political campaigns and traveled throughout the country to speak to Negro audiences on behalf of Republican candidates. The Rising Son included more about Crews' political activities than did his own newspaper. Even so, through the il am T as in ton Kansas City Sun editorials he , £ ^ ' rFf ^? ? <} J oi the Kansas City Rising son wielded political power.45 William T. Washington pur chased the Rising Son from Harry R. Graham in 1906. Washington had studied at Williams and Ober- lin colleges and had worked for a time with Bliss Perry, editor of the Atlantic Monthly. An ambitious 4^ Ibid., February 21, May 16, 1903, July 2, 1904, March 3, 1906, February 14, 1903, January 13, 1906. 45 Kansas City Rising Son, January 5, February 2 & 16, June 8 & 15, July 15 & 20, 1907; Kansas City Sun, January 10, July 15, 1907. The Missouri Negro Press, 1875-1920 431 politician, he attempted to use the newspaper to advance his own political career. He complained bitterly that Nelson C. Crews at tempted to obstruct his political influence. The feud between the two men became very personal, with Washington claiming at one point that Crews had threatened his life. Editor Washington was ob viously a dynamic, outspoken individual who worked hard both in politics and in efforts to improve his newspaper. Under his leader ship, the Rising Son expanded its news coverage and broadened the sources of its advertisements. In addition to his crusade against Crews, Washington was a strong supporter of Negro militancy.46 During the 1875-1920 period, Murray, Crews, Washington, Wheeler, and their counterparts performed a valuable service in actively crusading for political and social causes. The Negro news papers, editors, owners and staffs engendered a pride in the Negro; provided assistance to Negro businesses; and, recognized the com mon people, as well as the outstanding members, of the Negro race. 46 Kansas City Rising Son, November 15, December 6, 1906, March 2 & 16, July 15, 1907. 47 Lewis Atherton, Main Street on the Middle Border (Bloomington, Ind., 1954), 161-168. To Get Away From It All Glenwood Criterion, May 29, 1879. Most of us pass our lives in regretting the past, complaining of the present, and indulging in false hopes of the future, when it would be vastly better to cut a pole, dig some bait, and go fishing.—Oil City Derrick. No Words Wasted Linneus Bulletin, April 6, 1898. A rural exchange dismisses a cyclone in this brief exchange: "A cyclone taken in our town Tuesday last. The schoolmaster's schoolhouse was blowed away. He lost three dictionaries and five scholars." Always Something New Weekly Chillicothe Crisis, August 31, 1881. It is stated that 355 medical students will graduate in April and May, and at least half of them will discover new germs to pester us with. There Is a Difference King City Tri-County News, February 22, 1924. The speaker at a meeting begins: "Mr. Chairman and gentlemen"—which shows what he thinks of the chairman. ANOTHIR MOUNTAIN FOR UIOR TO CLIMB! ^"^ W. Can MoA« ft* 6roW« If W. Uf COMMON SENSE Gati AJ.L*C.I.O. OH«Hvt! LABOR . PEACE! 4 yyais ^ ^^ 3fr^ ^>^3# J^ St. Louis Labor Tribune Nov. 3, 1937 THE UNWANTED CONFLICT: Missouri Labor and the CIO BY GARY M. FINK* Among the memorabilia of the American labor movement en cased in the AFL-CIO's Library in Washington, D. C, is the truncated message scrawled on the back of an envelope: "Green: We disaffiliate. Lewis." This cryptic communication sent by John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers' Union to William Green, presi dent of the American Federation of Labor, during the annual con vention of the AFL in 1936 marked a split in the labor movement that lasted nearly two decades. A number of other unions followed Lewis' lead, and the AFL's Committee for Industrial Organization was reorganized into the Congress of Industrial Organizations which *Gary M. Fink holds a B.S. degree from the University of Montana and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri, Columbia. He is as sistant professor of History at Mankato State College, Mankato, Minnesota. 432 The Unwanted Conflict 433 soon rivaled the AFL for leadership of the American labor move ment. The major issue dividing the two labor organizations involved differences in organizing strategy. The AFL long had followed the practice of forming unions according to craft distinctions. The CIO proposed to organize along industrial lines bringing all workers in a particular industry into one heterogeneous union. The latter method would include in the union labor movement large numbers of semiskilled and unskilled workers who previously had not been effectively organized.1 While organizing strategy had been debated hotly almost from the inception of the AFL in 1886, there is some evidence to indicate that in many ways it was more a bureaucratic squabble within the hierarchy of the labor movement than an indication of deep philo sophical divisions within the labor movement itself. A study of the controversy over organizing methods in the labor movement of Missouri, for example, does not evidence any great division or con cern about organizing methods. Speaking for the officialdom of the AFL, the first president of that organization, Samuel Gompers, declared that "industrial organization is perversive of the history of the labor movement, runs counter to the best conception of the toilers' interest now, and is sure to lead to confusion which precedes dissolution."2 Although rarely commenting on the controversy, Missouri labor leaders usually expressed a much different philosophy. Louis Phillipi, president of the St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union, declared in 1911 that the "general sentiment among progressive labor leaders . . . is in favor of the new form of organization." He argued that the millions of unorganized workers created by the changes in indus trial organization presented the material for a "progressive, com pact, and militant organization."3 The president of the Missouri State Federation of Labor, Owen Miller, who later served as presi dent of the American Federation of Musicians, expressed similar sentiments. He found that one of the major problems facing or ganized labor was jurisdictional conflicts created by craft autonomy. Miller used the example of the musician s union as a type of indus- i For a discussion of differences within the AFL over organizing methods, see James O. Morris, Conflict Within the AFL: A Study of Craft versus Indus trial Unionism, 1901-1938 (Ithaca, N. Y., 1958). 2 Quoted in ibid., 15, 16. 3 Letter from Louis Phillipi to Austin Biggs, n. d., printed in the Thirty- Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of Missouri for the Year Ending November 5, 1911 (Jefferson City, 1912), 5. trial organization which would have been in a continual state of chaos if individual instrument groups demanded their own or ganization and contract discus sions.4 The attitude of Missouri labor toward industrial organi zation also was evidenced by the St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union which risked its charter by refusing to unseat delegates from the Brewery Workers' Union, an industrial union whose charter had been revoked by the Executive Council of the AFL over a jurisdictional dispute.5 Nevertheless, the issue was not one that excited much atten tion or controversy within the state labor movement. Missouri trade unionists never made a significant attempt to organize Missouri industries along industrial lines nor to agitate vigorously for a change in the traditional craft policy of the AFL hierarchy. Further more, city central bodies and the State Federation of Labor rarely instructed their delegates to AFL conventions to support either craft or industrial unionism. Missouri labor's quiescence in this matter was prompted by a number of circumstances. Socialists, the most vigorous advocates of industrial unionism, did not force the issue in Missouri because of their policy of not intervening in trade union affairs of a purely economic nature.6 Furthermore, Missouri was largely a skilled labor state. Mass production industries such as existed in the highly in dustrialized states of the Northeast were not very important in the Missouri economy, and the industries in the state that did employ large numbers of semi-skilled workers—the brewery industry, min ing, and garment, boot and shoe manufacturing—had some degree of industrial organization.7 In addition, the general hostility of the leadership of the large international organizations and the officers 4 Letter from Owen Miller to Austin Biggs, October 12, 1911, printed in ibid., 4, 5. 5 Edwin J. Forsythe, "The St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union, 1887-1945" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1956), 102, 103; St. Louis Labor, July 20, August 13, September 23, 1907. 6 Ibid., June 18, 1910; Philip S. Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States (New York, 1964), III, 380. 7 Gary M. Fink, "The Evolution of Social and Political Attitudes in the Missouri Labor Movement, 1900-1940" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Uni versity of Missouri, Columbia, 1968), 19, 265-269. of the AFL must have had an inhibiting effect on any contem plated efforts to organize along industrial lines. Missouri labor's complacency toward the controversy over organizing methods was shat tered by events following Lewis' two-word message to Green. Nevertheless, despite the emotion with which the issue was debated in the national councils of the AFL, Missouri labor leaders still exhibited little interest in the conflict; the issue William Green was not of their choosing. Few Missouri labor leaders expressed any deep-seated antagonism to in dustrial organization, but conversely, few vigorously endorsed it. Most of them apparently believed they could coexist with industrial unionism in the mass production industries and viewed the con troversy as essentially a conflict between labor leaders not vitally affecting them. The controversy, however, was forcefully brought to their attention during the State Federation of Labor convention in 1936. The delegation from District 25 of the United Mine Workers pro posed that an extensive organizing campaign be launched in Missouri under the direction of the State Federation of Labor which was to be financed by a five-cent per capita tax on all members of affiliated unions. The plan, including a petition to the Executive Council of the AFL calling for a vigorous drive to organize mass production plant industries into "compact organiza tions," was rejected after a short debate between members of the United Mine Workers and spokesmen for the building trades' unions. Believing the proposal an effort to harass and embarrass AFL officers, most delegates opposed it.8 On the second day of the convention, UMW delegates made their point and their demands more explicitly. They argued that organizing unions through craft distinctions had failed in such & Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual and Third Biennial Convention of the Missouri State Federation of Labor Affiliated with the A. F. of L., 1936 (Kansas City, n. d. \, 73, 74. 436 Missouri Historical Review mass production industries as steel, automobiles, rubber, radio, oil and electrical supplies; and that the exclusion of the semiskilled and unskilled majority in these industries had proven an obstacle rather than an advantage to organizing efforts. Moreover, the Miners argued, it failed to influence management or to win from it concessions and recognition. The UMW delegates also asked that the State Federation convention extend fraternal greetings to the Committee for Industrial Organization in its efforts to convert the AFL to the principle of industrial organization in the mass production industries. Finally, the convention was asked to instruct its delegates to the AFL convention to vote favorably on the issue of industrial organization.9 Principal antagonists in the debates that followed again proved to be the UMW delegates and representatives of the building trades' unions. Noting that the preceding AFL convention had overwhelmingly opposed similar resolutions, Herbert Rivers, secretary-treasurer of the AFL Building Trades Department and a delegate from the Kansas City Building Laborers' Union, ques tioned the authority of the state federation to legislate in violation of the rules of the AFL. Ben Williams, president of District 25, and J. R. Ferns, an international representative of the UMW, de fended the resolution, arguing that whether or not the AFL endorsed industrial unionism, it was a necessity if workers in the mass production industries were to be effectively organized. In a more apologetic vein, Arnold Griffith, Chief Mine Inspector of Missouri and past president of District 25, reported that the UMW national officers had instructed the delegates from District 25 to introduce, support and defend the resolution.10 Labor leaders voiced other objections to the resolution. Wil liam Brandt, representative and chief executive officer of the St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union, stated that although he favored industrial organization, he did not feel that John L. Lewis had played a constructive role in the labor movement and therefore was opposed to a resolution he had inspired. While not directly discussing the merits or demerits of industrial organization, William Bingel of the St. Louis teamsters declared that his organization "had closed contracts with many large industrial firms and did not wish to have this convention or any organization disturb those * Ibid., 91, 92. io ibid. The Unwanted Conflict 437 contracts."11 Thus, with the exception of the UMW delegates, the disputants, largely ignoring the issue of organizing strategy, de fended the status quo or debated questions of legality and person ality. According to the convention Proceedings, only the delegates from the UMW supported the principle of industrial unionism. This seems somewhat dubious, however, since delegations from such CIO affiliates as the International Ladies Garment Workers and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers also attended the convention.12 Despite the seriousness of the organizing issue, the convention was essentially a harmonious affair, and the UMW delegates did not go home empty-handed. They received federation endorsement of a bill drafted by the UMW to meet the Supreme Court's ob jections to the Guffy Coal Act. They also gained a convention endorsement of Arnold Griffith's conduct as Chief Mine Inspector, and a pledge that the State Federation of Labor would join "Labor's Non-Partisan League" in its efforts to renominate and reelect President Roosevelt.13 The division within the national labor movement became official a few months later when the delegates to the AFL conven tion endorsed the Executive Council's suspension of CIO unions. AFL headquarters then ordered its affiliated city central bodies and state federations of labor to expel all local unions affiliated with the CIO. Most Missouri central bodies promptly but reluctant ly complied. The St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union hesitated, how ever, and President Green sent William Shoenberg, an AFL inter national representative, to force the issue. By a vote of 274 to 77 and with several abstentions, the Central Trades voted to expel locals of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, the Automobile Workers, the Gas House Workers, and the International Ladies Garment Workers' Union and its District Council. When notifying AFL headquarters of the action taken, Shoenberg reported that William Brandt and Martin Dillmon, officers of the Central Trades, seemed reluctant to take action and needed constant badgering. Brandt, after failing to prevent a vote on expulsion, tried to avoid a recorded roll call vote on the issue; but Shoenberg, overruling him, declared that the federation was anxious to know where 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid., 40-45. 13 Ibid., 95, 98, 99. 438 Missouri Historical Review union members stood on the issue.14 Whether or not this was the reason for demanding a roll call vote, President Green immediately contacted the pertinent international unions of those locals voting against expulsion, calling attention to the heretical actions of their St. Louis locals.15 Although Missouri labor leaders had done their duty and ex pelled the CIO affiliates, they did so with little enthusiasm. While they had no commitment to the principle of industrial organization, it did not seem to represent as much of a threat to their organiza tions as the division of the labor movement. Missouri labor leaders had great difficulty accepting the official description of the CIO as a dual union movement and exhibited more interest in labor unity than in humiliating or punishing recalcitrant unions. An exchange of correspondence between William Green and a group of trade unionists in Slater, Missouri, reveals the differences of attitude separating the AFL leadership and many Missouri trade unionists. The Slater unionists, primarily representatives of rail road brotherhoods, wrote a long letter pleading for compromise and labor unity and asked that the leadership of the trade union movement "put the House of Labor in order before the foundation collapses."16 Green irritably responded that he did not like to be lectured by a bunch of petitioners and recommended that in the future they "withhold the inclusion ... of silly, ludicrous stuff such as you incorporated in your message."17 Obviously stung by Green's reply, the Slater unionists acidly apologized for their erroneous supposi tion that the President of the AFL was susceptible to criticism. They concluded, "It was not our intention to include ludicrous material in our resolution, but so long as you have taken exception to any part of the resolution, we are sincere when we say that the 14 Shoenberg to Green, March 29, 1937 (two letters), Brandt to Green, April 5, 1937, Green to Brandt, April 9, 1937, AFL Papers, Series 117A, File 11C, in the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. In the voting, the Bakers, Musicians and Post Office Clerks split their vote. The Meat Cutters, Dining Car Employees, Millinery Workers, Letter Carriers, Sleeping Car Porters, Teach ers' Union, Lithographers' Union, Optical Shop Workers, Moulders and News paper Guild voted against expulsion. The suspended unions had a combined membership of 8,500. They included the UAW (3,500), ILGWU (2,500), Amal gamated Clothing Workers (1,800) and the Gas Coke By-Products Workers (700). Forsythe, "St. Louis Central Trades," 269-271. 15 For example, Green to Lawrence O'Keefe, March 30, 1937, AFL Papers, Series 117A, File 11C. 16 R. M. Smith, et. al. to Green, April 19, 1938, ibid. 17 Green to Smith, April 26, 1938, ibid. The Unwanted Conflict 439 whole labor movement, especially during the present administration has been more or less ludicrous."18 Judging from the letters flowing into AFL headquarters, most Missouri trade unionists agreed with the attitude of the Slater group. The St. Louis Toolmakers' Union submitted a typical reso lution condemning the leadership of both the CIO and AFL for not sincerely seeking a peaceful settlement to the conflict in the labor movement. They declared that if an agreement could not be worked out immediately, the whole controversy should be sub mitted to the membership at large for settlement.19 Similarly, the central bodies of most Missouri cities and the State Federation of Labor exhibited more concern for labor unity than hostility to the CIO. The St. Louis Central Trades was the leading advocate of labor unity in Missouri, and its lead was fol lowed by other city central organizations and a great many local unions.20 The editors of Missouri's labor newspapers also added their voices to those advocating labor unity.21 18 Smith, et. al. to Green, April 29, 1938, ibid, 19 See Series 117A, File 11C of the AFL Papers for examples of such cor respondence. 20 William Brandt to Green, October 10, 1938, February 27, 1939, ibid.; Hannibal Labor Press, April 30, 1937; Kansas City Labor Herald, August 25, 1939; St. Louis Labor Tribune, April 29, July 1, March 4, 1939. 21 See, for example, Springfield Union Labor Record, October 20, 1937; Hannibal Labor Press, April 30, 1937; St. Louis Labor Tribune, September 9, 1939; Kansas City Labor Herald, February 2, 9, 1940. Reuben L. Wood Mi /:**#:•*.: 440 Missouri Historical Review Matt This Today! Springfield. Mo., , 1937 Dear President As a rank and file member of Organized Labor the squabble between the American Federation of Labor and the Committee for Industrial Organization is becoming disgusting to us and we believe that best results can be obtained through unity. Won't you please Get Together Or Get Out Fraternally yours, Member of Local Springfield (Mo.) Union Labor Record Nov. 17, 1937 Because Missouri trade unionists had no strong convictions on the organizing issue, they viewed the whole controversy as a struggle for power within the AFL hierarchy. President Reuben Wood of the State Federation of Labor commented that there was no fight between CIO and AFL unions in Missouri. The conflict, he said, was a national one.22 When reporting on the 1938 AFL convention, the delegate of the St. Louis Central Trades reported that the "possibility of peace and amalgamation with the CIO was remote due to an indifference or uncompromising attitude on the part of the Executive Council and the brass hats within the Parent Labor Body."23 A St. Joseph trade unionist closed a letter addressed to both Green and Lewis with the charge: "So I repeat get together 22 Proceedings, Forty-first Annual Convention, Mo. St. Fed. of Labor, 1937, 23 St. Louis Labor Tribune, October 28, 1939. you potentates for after all are not you but the hired agents of, by, and for this group of the Laboring Classes."24 Perhaps the most remarkable demonstration of the desire for labor unity was exhibited by the Union Labor Record, the official organ of the Springfield labor movement. For several weeks the paper ran a coupon that could be clipped, completed and sent to either William Green or John L. Lewis.25 The relationship between the Governor Lloyd C. Stark AFL and CIO unions remained quite cordial in Missouri from 1936 to 1940. Many of the expelled CIO unions had been staunch supporters of AFL central bodies, and these old ties were not easily severed. The State Federation of Labor, for example, successfully petitioned Governor Lloyd C. Stark in 1937 to reappoint Arnold Griffith of the UMW as Mis souri's Chief Mine Inspector.26 For his part, Griffith, when address ing the delegates of the federation's convention in the autumn of 1937, expressed his regrets at not being a regular delegate as he had been in so many previous conventions. He told the delegates that the division in the labor movement could never destroy his affection for the State Federation of Labor.27 Moreover, AFL and CIO unions in Missouri often found com promise possible in both economic and political affairs. They usually respected each other's picket lines, supported each other's strikes and were afflicted with relatively few jurisdictional disputes; moreover, they found political cooperation not only desirable but a necessity if labor was to exert the type of influence that was felt necessary.28 Consequently, Missouri labor leaders expressed con- 24 A. O. Kellermeyer to Green and Lewis, November 8, 1936, AFL Papers, Series 117A, File 11C. 25 Springfield Union Labor Record, November 17, 1937. 26 Proceedings, Forty-first Annual Convention, Mo. St. Fed. of Labor, 1937, 47. 27 ibid. 28 For example, St. Louis Labor Tribune, October 15, 1937, March 17, 1938, June 15, July 27, 1940; Kansas City Labor Herald, June 16, 1939, June 7, Sep tember 13, 1940; Hannibal Labor Press, October 14, 1938; William Brandt to Lloyd C. Stark, September 20, 1940, Lloyd C. Stark Papers, in Western Histor ical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia. STL „ v, A M p «E^ I/Qjf k siderable dissatisfaction with an ^^ ^Eb The degree of harmony and good will that had characterized AFL-CIO relations in Missouri was not the product of indifferent or ganizing efforts by the CIO in the state. The new organization made vigorous efforts to unionize the state's automobile, garment and boot and shoe workers. Important inroads were made also in the or ganization of metalliferous metal miners and among the workers in the electrical and chemical indus tries of Missouri. K. C. Star, Dec. 21, 1936 Prior to 1940, the CIO in Mis souri had its greatest success in organizing employees of the Gen eral Motors Company. Shortly after the inauguration of the Na tional Recovery Administration with its provisions for collective bargaining, an effort had been made to organize the automobile workers in Kansas City and St. Louis. These efforts, however, were frustrated by employer resistance and the failure of NRA officials to enforce the labor provisions of the measure.32 With the enact ment of the National Labor Relations Act, the emergence of the CIO, and Roosevelt's stunning reelection in November, 1936, efforts again were made to organize the automobile workers. Missouri locals of the United Automobile Workers played an important role in this endeavor. Homer Martin, an early president of the UAW, was a member of Kansas City Local #93; and this local was one of the first to use the sit-down tactic in an attempt to introduce col lective bargaining into the automobile industry.33 The conflict in Kansas City began on December 16, 1936, after a strike call at the Fisher Body plant of the Chevrolet Motor Com pany. Instead of walking out, however, workers occupied the plant. The strike, precipitated by the discharge of union personnel, was conducted peacefully, and the company made no effort to reoccupy the plant. Eight hundred and eighty-six men joined in the strike, February 2, 1940; A. J. "Otto" Frank to Stark, December 12, 1940, Lloyd C. Stark Papers. 32 Ray Miller to Frank Morrison, October 12, 1933, William Green to George Patterson, October 24, 1933, George S. Darner to Green, March 25, 1935, AFL Papers, Series 117A, File 7. 33 Kansas City Labor Herald, January 22, 1937. H »KU MwxM K. C. Times, Apr. 3, 1937 and an organization of strikers' wives provided food and clothing. The strikers established a post office in the plant, and an im promptu orchestra broke the monotony of the constant card games.34 Meanwhile, officials of the Chevrolet plant refused to open negotiations until the strikers vacated the plant. Whether in hopes of negotiating a settlement or because Christmas was only two days away, the Homer Martin workers voted to leave the plant and es tablish a picket line, vowing to resist any attempt to reopen it.35 Shortly after workers vacated the Chev rolet plant in Kansas City, workers at Fisher Body No. 1 in Flint, Michigan "sat down". Six weeks later GMC capitulated, and the organization of GMC plants, in- 34 Ibid., December 25, 1936; Kansas City Star, De cember 17, 22, 23, 1936. 35 Kansas City Labor Herald, December 25, 1936; Kansas City Star, December 23, 1936. The Unwanted Conflict 445 Wives and relatives handed food over the fence to the Fisher Body plant workmen on strike. K. C. Star, Dec. 17, 1936 eluding those in Kansas City and St. Louis, proceeded rapidly.36 Missouri trade unionists also made a vigorous but largely futile attempt to organize workers of the Ford Motor Company. One of the first effective sit-down strikes in a Ford plant occurred in Kansas City when nearly 2,000 Ford employees occupied an assembly plant in a dispute over dismissal policies. Workers left the plant after a thirty-one-hour sit-down when international offi cers of the UAW and company officials reached an agreement on the issues in dispute.37 Nevertheless, the union was not recognized, and Ford effectively resisted organization until the World War II mobilization effort.38 Other than the automobile industry, CIO organizers made strong efforts to unionize the garment and boot and shoe indus tries. These important Missouri industries had been diffused throughout rural Missouri in the twenties, and efforts to organize them at that time were strongly resisted. Similarly, attempts by CIO affiliates to organize these plants a decade later often were 36 William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (New York, 1963), 239, 240. 37 Kansas City Labor Herald, April 9, 1937; Kansas City Times, April 3-5, 1937. 38 Walter Galenson, The CIO Challenge to the AFL (Cambridge, 1960), 178-192. 446 Missouri Historical Review frustrated by the same intransigence. Some organizing successes were registered during the late thirties, especially in the larger cities, but as was true of the Ford Motor Company, effective organ ization would await the World War II period.39 Organizing campaigns in the mining areas of the state made some gains. The International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers organized many of the lead and zinc workers in the Tri- State mining area which includes southwestern Missouri, and or ganizing in the Missouri coal fields revived during the thirties.40 Organization of employees in other Missouri industries, such as radio and electrical workers, meat packers, and chemical workers, was qualified not only by vigorous employer resistance, but also by the growing fratricidal struggle with AFL unions.41 Besides unskilled industrial workers, the CIO also extended union organization to some Afro-American workers, unemployed relief workers and agricultural laborers. These workers had been largely ignored by the older AFL organizations. In many cases, however, this was as much a result of the horizontal character of industrial organization as it was conscious or deliberate policy.42 Despite the organizing successes of the CIO, as it did nation ally, the AFL in Missouri withstood the challenge of the CIO, and by the end of the decade, it was still the dominant labor organiza tion in Missouri. Not only had the AFL in Missouri withstood the challenge of the CIO, but it had grown stronger as a result. This is one of the more ironic developments of the entire controversy. Missouri trade unionists had assumed that a division in the labor movement would be little short of disastrous. Instead, the division revitalized the labor movement. Organizing successes of the CIO pushed the older craft unions into new and more extensive organiz ing drives of their own, and once sacred jurisdictional boundaries became less sacrosanct as the American Federation of Labor in dulged in some industrial organizing of its own. Although accurate membership figures are unavailable, the AFL unions probably enrolled over 250,000 members by 1940, a thirty per cent increase 39 Meyer Perlstein to Edward J. Roche, August 20, 1935, WPA Papers, in the National Archives, Washington, D. C; Joseph F. Kizer to Truman, Novem ber 8, 1940, George Grumber to Truman, October 21, 1940, Labor Situation Folder, William Brandt to Truman, n. d., Central Trades and Labor Union Folder, Senatorial Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.; Wil liam Brandt to Stark, September 20, 1940, Lloyd C. Stark Papers. 40 w. D. Hamly to Harry Hopkins, May 9, 1935, WPA Papers. 41 For example, Oscar Debus to Hopkins, March 23, 1937, ibid.; Luthei M. Slinkard to Stark, August 13, 1940, Lloyd C. Stark Papers. 42 Fink, "Missouri Labor Movement," 277-281. The Unwanted Conflict 4A7 since the founding of the CIO in 1935.43 When the 100,000 union members claimed by the CIO are added to these figures, it sug gests that in the first five years of this conflict, Missouri labor nearly doubled its enrollment figures.44 These organizing successes of the labor movement in Missouri were also facilitated by the enactment of the National Labor Re lations Act and the federal government's more positive attitude toward organized labor, especially in defense contracting during the World War II mobilization effort. Nevertheless, considered from the perspective of organized labor in Missouri, the unwanted conflict was a necessary one. It strengthened rather than weakened the labor movement, and it brought into the union labor move ment significant numbers of semi-skilled and unskilled workers. 43 AFL union membership in Missouri in 1940 was distributed in approxi mately the following manner: St. Louis, 125,000; Kansas Cty, 45,000; the rail road brotherhoods, 55,000; and out-state unions, 35,000. 44 CIO membership was concentrated in St. Louis and Kansas City. The Industrial Council in St. Louis claimed to have 50,000 members and the Kan sas City Industrial Council claimed 15,000 unionists. The CIO's strength in the out-state area was restricted primarily to various miners' unions. By 1941 the Missouri State Industrial Council claimed over 100,000 members. Luther Slinkard to David K. Niles, December 22, 1938, WPA Papers; James T. Nash to Truman, July 23, 1941, Labor Situation Folder, Senatorial Papers, Truman Library. Peace to His Memory Pineville Herald, May 8, 1908. Here is the kind of an obituary a Missouri editor wrote: "Poor Jim Jones slung his earthly garments on a limb and swam the river, yesterday. He did not stand back because the water was cold, but plunged right in and struck out for the other shore and met the angels smiling. Jim was a poor man, but he had his subscription to his home paper paid up and got there in good shape. Peace to his memory." Gold in the Gizzard Ava Douglas County Herald, August 11, 1910. In the gizzard of a turkey shipped from Braymer to Chicago and sold there by a commission house was found a nugget of gold valued at $2. The nugget was worn perfectly smooth by the action of the bird's digestive apparatus. The commission merchant wrote back to his shipper, asking him to try to find the party from whom the turkey was purchased, but as yet he has been unable to do so. The commission man promises to come out and investigate the matter at an early date, and see whether there are any gold-bearing ledges in that vicinity. THE ALIENATION OF THE SOUTH: A Crisis for Harry S. Truman and the Democratic Party, 1945-1948 BY ROBERT A. GARSON* For the political career of Harry S. Truman and the history of the Democratic Party, 1948 was a year of crisis. One dimension of the crisis was the alienation of the South from the party leader- * Robert A. Garson, currently a doctoral candidate at the London School of Economics, received his undergraduate degree from the University of Sussex. During 1968-1969 Garson attended Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, as a Fulbright Scholar. The Harry S. Truman Library Institute provided a grant for research on this topic. 448 The Alienation of the South 449 ship and the president.1 The South had always been a major component of the Democratic Party but for several years Southern ers had been questioning the values of their ties with that political organization. Paradoxically, Harry S. Truman himself had been an instru ment of political and party compromise in 1944. Henry A. Wallace, standing for renomination as vice president, was anathema to the Southern wing of the party. Southern Democrats resented his espousal of civil rights legislation, and the open support he enjoyed from labor. Similarly, James F. Byrnes of South Carolina, Director of War Mobilization and the other main candidate for vice presi dent, was opposed by Northern bosses and Sidney Hillman, chairman of the Political Action Committee (PAC) of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Senator Truman was selected by Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Democratic leaders to conciliate i The "South" is herein defined as Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. Senator Harry S. Truman (right) and Vice President Henry A. Wallace (center) were photographed during their first meeting, after Truman defeated Wallace for the 1944 vice presidential nomination of the Democratic Party. Senate Majority Leader Alben W. Barkley is on the left. United Press International 450 Missouri Historical Review the committed factions in the party.2 The significant part played by Southern delegates in securing Truman's nomination as vice presi dent, was not forgotten by the South, which had possessed con siderable bargaining power. Truman was acceptable, since he was from the border state of Missouri and had won admiration for his apolitical role as chairman of the Senate Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program. The 1944 campaign was, of course, overshadowed by the war. There were, however, significant innovations relating to the cam paign. In Mississippi, South Carolina and Louisiana moves to nominate or elect unpledged electors to the electoral college were unsuccessful.3 Dissident Texas Democrats temporarily won control of their party machinery, and sent a delegation to the Chicago convention, instructed to fight for specific planks. Included in these planks were demands for restoration of the two-thirds rule, a denunciation of the Smith v. Allwright* decision (which declared the white primary unconstitutional), and an unequivocal condem nation of strikes.5 These "Texas Regulars" were seated by the Credentials Committee, and the convention voted to give one-half of the total number of votes allotted to Texas, to the "Regulars," and the other half to those pledged to Roosevelt6 In the state con vention, held in Dallas on September 11, the New Deal wing of the party regained control of the state machinery, and the "Regu lars" were forced to file a slate of candidates as an independent party. A common complaint of the restive, conservative Southerners was the increasing influence of labor in the Democratic Party. The war agencies had given labor an influential, if not decisive, say in economic policy. Sidney Hillman, served as associate director- general of the Office of Production Management at the beginning of the war. He organized, in July 1943, the PAC of the CIO. The PAC was committed to a post-war full employment bill, unemploy ment compensation, a guaranteed minimum wage, a Fair Employ- 2 Harry S. Truman, Memoirs (New York, 1955), I, 190-192; Edward J. Flynn, You're the Boss (New York, 1947), 181-183. 3 New York Times, May 21, June 8 & 9, September 27 & 28, October 11 & 17, 1944. 4 Smith v. Allwright (1944), 321 U. S. 649. 5 New York Times, May 24, 1944; Alvin Wirtz to Harold Ickes, May 25, 1944, Miscellaneous Files, 1944, Sam Rayburn Papers in Sam Rayburn Library, Bonham, Texas; Seth S. McKay, Texas Politics 1906-1944 (Lubbock, Tex., 1952), 432-445. 6 Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Conven tion, 1944 (Chicago, 1944). The Alienation of the South 451 ment Practices Committee (FEPC) and other tenets of Roosevelt's Economic Bill of Rights advocated in the 1944 campaign.7 The CIO-PAC, and its non-union equivalent the National Citizens' PAC (NC-PAC), aimed to increase registration and to publicize the records of congressional and state candidates. It assumed that a high turnout would favor liberal candidates.8 Raising funds directly from the unions, the CIO-PAC expended them on voter drives, pamphlets and other organs of political education. In the primary campaigns it endorsed candidates, though, after the convention, it gave no direct aid, in order to remain within the legal provisions of the Hatch Act and the Smith-Connally Act.9 The CIO-PAC and the NC-PAC spent $1,327,776 in the 1944 campaign, which repre- 7 Testimony of Jack Kroll, Hearings Before Committee to Investigate Cam paign Expenditures, House of Representatives, U. S. 79th Cong., 2nd Sess., 85-163. 8 Testimony of Sidney Hillman, Hearings Before Committee to Investigate Campaign Expenditures, House of Representatives, U. S. 78th Cong., 2nd Sess., 3-91. 9 Ibid. This photo of President Roosevelt, Vice President Truman and Henry Wallace was taken in November 1944. Photo by Abbie Rowe, Courtesy National Park Service 452 Missouri Historical Review sented about eighteen percent of the total Democratic expendi tures.10 Fully aware of the influence that labor had exerted in his reelection, Roosevelt cabled Hillman after the election: "I cannot delay longer telling you how deeply I appreciate the splendid job which you did from the start to finish."11 Active participation of labor startled several Southern political figures. The South had enjoyed an influential position in the party since the beginning of the century. Indeed, until 1936, when the two-thirds rule for nomination was abrogated, the South could veto those candidates it opposed. The one-party system in Dixie states, gave to Southerners practically guaranteed political tenure in Congress, with resulting committee seniority. The South's unique political structure, had rendered it the largest financial contributor to the National Democratic Party. In 1936, for example, 37.8 percent of all contributions of over $100 came from the South.12 This meant that for political and financial reasons, the aspirations of the South could not be ignored without the danger of political suicide. By 1944, however, it seemed that labor was beginning to replace the South as the principal ally of the administration Demo crats. Although, in 1936, a significant proportion in industrial cities had shifted allegiance to the Democrats, not until the third Roosevelt administration did labor groups have representatives within the upper echelons of the party.13 Southern Democrats, resentful of the new alliance, hoped that after the war, with the expected diminution of government bureaus, the base of power would return to Congress. In some local campaigns, the CIO-PAC also made its presence known. Georgia Democratic Congressman Eugene Cox wrote to Speaker Sam Rayburn, Democrat from Texas, "I've just come through the dirtiest contest in which I was ever mixed up—the op position got down in the gutter and did their best—the C. I. O. 10 Louise Overacker, "Presidential Campaign Funds, 1944," American Po litical Science Review, XXXIX (October, 1945), 899-925. ii Franklin D. Roosevelt to Sidney Hillman, quoted in Delbert D. Arnold, "The C.I.O.'s Role in American Politics, 1936-1948" (unpublished Ph.D. disser tation, University of Maryland, 1952). 12 Louise Overacker, "Campaign Funds in the Presidential Election of 1936," American Political Science Review, XXXI (June, 1937), 195. 13 For studies which discuss this movement see: Samuel Lubell, The Future of American Politics (London, 1952) ; Joel Seidman, American Labor From Defense to Reconversion (Chicago, 1953); Milton Derber and Edwin Young, eds., Labor and the New Deal (Madison, Wise, 1957) ; Herman M. Somers, Presidential Agency, OWMR (Cambridge, Mass., 1950) ; and Arnold, C.I.O's Role in American Politics. The Alienation of the South 453 President Truman and Secretary of State Byrnes moved in mass—their men were all over the district with cartloads of money . . . ."14 An influential and frequent correspondent with Speaker Rayburn wrote "we are having too much Sidney Hillman in this compaign."15 Truman's succession to the presidency in April 1945, raised the hopes of Roosevelt's critics. Democratic Senator Olin D. Johns ton, of South Carolina, wrote to Truman on April 18: "I think that your policies will be far enough to the right and not too far to the left. This in my opinion will be most valuable in securing the fullest and best co-operation of the people and the Congress."16 Tennessee Democrat Kenneth D. McKellar was automatically ele vated to the presidency of the Senate, and was, in effect, "acting Vice-President." In June, James F. Byrnes appointment as Secre tary of State became official. Such moves found anti-New Deal Southerners anticipating renewed congressional initiative in policy making.17 They, as well as more liberal Southerners, hoped that 14 E. E. Cox to Rayburn, July 4, 1944, Misc. Files, 1944, Rayburn Papers. 15 Clyde Eastus to Rayburn, Sept. 15, 1944, Misc. Files, 1944, Rayburn Papers. 16 Olin Johnston to Harry Truman, April 18, 1945, PPF 598, Harry S. Truman Papers in Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri. 17 Representative A. Willis Robertson (Virginia Democrat) to Truman Oct. 12, 1945, PPF 1312, Truman Papers. 454 Missouri Historical Review Truman would not associate himself with the move to create a permanent Fair Employment Practices Committee, for which the Negro and labor press had been campaigning. The Democratic Party, however, was to witness a new internal struggle for a clear identification of its political ethos. Truman enjoyed a temporary and spasmodic honeymoon with Congress. Very soon he began to disappoint the Southern members. Bills to establish a permanent Fair Employment Practices Com mittee were introduced.18 In the House, the bill reported out by New Jersey Congresswoman Mary T. Norton's Committee on Labor, and sent to the Rules Committee, denied a rule of procedure by six votes to six; all Southern members of the committee voted against the bill. The president wrote to Illinois Democrat Adolph J. Sabath, Chairman of the House Rules Committee, an open letter expressing support for permanent legislation, and urging the committee to "adopt a rule permitting this legislation, to be voted upon by members of the House as quickly as possible."19 This letter at once shattered the hopes of most Southern Democrats, that the new president would leave members of Congress to their own initiative. On June 29, Frank W. Boykin, the veteran representative from Alabama, wrote Truman that 103 House Democrats had caucused, and wished to see the president to give "you our view that this terrible [FEPC] thing that is not only tearing our Party to pieces, but the entire nation."20 Truman spurned him by refusing to see a Southern delegation. Not only Southern Democrats, but the general public realized that Truman had made a firm commitment. The White House mail room's analysis of the mail Truman received, showed the president had "established himself as a liberal in the eyes of the liberals."21 Significantly, about forty-nine percent of this correspondence from organizations came from labor and Negro groups.22 In his twenty-one point message to Congress on September 6, 1945, Truman reaffirmed Roosevelt's Economic Bill of Rights and made specific mention of civil rights legislation.23 Although later actions in the fields of labor relations and price control temporarily alienated labor and left-wing support, his public commitments 18 House Report 2232 and Senate Bill 101. 19 Truman to Adolph J. Sabath, June 5, 1945, OF 40, Truman Papers. 20 Frank Boykin to Truman, June 29, 1945, OF 40, Truman Papers. 21 Memo (n. d.), OF 40, Truman Papers. 22 Ibid. 23 Truman, Memoirs, I, 481-485. The Alienation of the South 455 were indisputably professing an affirmation of Roosevelt's postwar reconversion policies. The September message, and his State of the Union address the following year, were clearly moves to retain the Northern labor and Negro alliance.24 Those Southern Demo crats, anxious to reverse the new alliance, realized that Truman was unlikely to be a willing partner. Congressional debate was portentous. From January 17 to February 9, Senator John H. Overton, Democrat from Louisiana, led a Southern filibuster on the Chavez FEPC bill that received widespread press coverage.25 The debate revealed Southern reluctance to alter the patterns of race relations in the South26 and an awareness that pressures in favor of bills to create a FEPC, to abolish the poll tax and to make lynching a federal crime, signi fied a loss of Southern power in national politics. Democratic Senator James O. Eastland, of Mississippi, asked Overton whether "the Negro voter makes a grave mistake in voting the Democratic ticket?" Replying affirmatively, Overton added "that for a short term of political advantage the Negro made a very bad bargain."27 Eastland remarked, six days later, that FEPC was sponsored by the CIO, "a carpetbag organization that has come into the South and is attempting to destroy Southern institutions and Southern civili zation."28 Arkansas Democrat John L. McClellan called the Chavez bill "pernicious," and John H. Bankhead, his Alabama counterpart, said the bill reflected the philosophy of "the Bolshevik crowd."29 Southern invective was directed less to congressional proponents, than toward the administration and its advisers. Senator Walter F. George, Georgia Democrat, warned "if this is all that Harry Truman has to offer, God help the Democratic Party in 1946 and 1948."30 24 ibid. 25 See Congressional Record, Vol. XCII, Part I, U. S. 79th Cong. 2nd Sess. (1946), 61-1221. 26 This paper will assume that the status of the Negro was considered the fundamental consideration in political behavior in the South. Among the his torical and political writings that confirm this assumption are: V. O. Key, Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York, 1950); Alexander Heard, A Two Party South? (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1952); Jasper B. Shannon, "Presidential Politics in the South," Journal of Politics, X (August, 1948), 464-489; Jasper B. Shannon, Toward a New Politics in the South (Knoxville, 1949); George B. Tindall, The Emergence of the New South (Baton Rouge, 1967) ; C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South (Baton Rouge, 1951) ; and Frederic D. Ogden, The Poll Tax in the South (University, Ala., 1958). 27 Congressional Record, Vol. XCII, Pt. I, U. S. 79th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1946) , 88. 28 ibid., 233-258. 29 Ibid., 318. 30 Atlanta Constitution, January 18, 1946. 456 Missouri Historical Review Although the debate on FEPC clearly showed that the South resented the sponsoring of the bill by labor and Negro organiza tions, it by no means marked a break with the administration. The bill to abolish the poll tax by federal statute had passed the House of Representatives in June 1945,31 by 251 to 105, and was sent to the Senate for consideration. By means of a "silent filibuster," the Senate prevented any debate on the bill.32 Civil rights groups and labor organizations wrote Truman and requested firm intervention, as Democratic Senate Majority Leader Alben W. Barkley had done little to push the bill through. Truman was reluctant to intervene again, as he had in June 1945. He wrote privately that "one filibus ter is enough for one season."33 In April, he told the press in Chicago, that the poll tax "is a matter that [the states] will have to work out for themselves."34 Though he was forced to clarify his position as the result of strong protests, the Southern wing35 felt encouraged by the Chicago statement. Bankhead wrote to Truman that it was "statesmanlike . . . and that it will not injure you in the long run in politics."36 Despite his revised public pro nouncement, Truman replied that "there never was a law that could be enforced if the people did not want it enforced."37 Fully aware of the political implications of the civil rights controversy, the president adopted the dual policy of public championship and private appeasement. By mid-term elections in 1946, the South already sensed its alienation from the administration. Notwithstanding Truman's re quests for fact-finding boards to investigate labor disputes, for continued price control and his conciliatory attitude on the poll tax, he had, nevertheless, vetoed both the Case labor bill and the first price control bill, and had supported the FEPC. Truman also vetoed the bill which vested ownership of the tidelands in the states. This veto was of particular concern to those states 31 See Congressional Record, Vol. XCI, Pt. V, U. S. 79th Cong., 1st Sess. (1945), 5974-6003. Representative Luther Patrick (9th District, Alabama) was the only Southern Democrat who voted in favor of the bill. 32 Congressional Record, Vol. XCII, Pt. VIII, U. S. 79th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1946), 10383-10387. 33 Truman to Brant, Jamestown, Va., March 29, 1946, OF 465 B, Truman Papers. 34 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Harry S. Tru man. . . ., 1946 (Washington, D. C, 1962), 185. 35 Senator Claude Pepper (Florida Democrat) was the only Southern senator who supported H. R. 7, the bill to abolish the poll tax. 36 John H. Bankhead to Truman, April 11, 1946, OF 465 B, Truman Papers. 37 Truman to Bankhead, April 12, 1946, OF 465 B, Truman Papers. The Alienation of the South 457 which had offshore oil—notably California, Texas, Florida, Louisi ana and Mississippi.38 Liberal groups, like the CIO-PAC, were also disillusioned with Truman at this time,39 in particular over the departure of notable New Dealers like Harold L. Ickes, Chester Bowles and Henry Wallace from the administration. These facts, however, afforded the South little comfort. In the second session of the Seventy-ninth Congress, forty-three of the 102 Southern Democrats in the House had cast less than fifty percent of their votes with the majority of their party.40 This did not manifest itself in the Senate to the same degree. Only two of the twenty-two Southern Democrats voted against the majority of the party in over fifty percent of the roll call votes. While sixteen cast at least twenty-five percent of their votes against the majority of their party.41 The sectional basis of the Democratic Party clearly revealed itself.42 In the last months of 1946 the South was also receiving national attention in the press. Before the Democratic primary in Mississippi, the incumbent Senator, Theodore G. Bilbo, raised the cry of white supremacy. He urged white Mississippians to prevent, by physical means if necessary, Negroes from registering and voting.43 Truman received a large volume of mail in protest against Bilbo's tactics. Sidney Hillman wired "if this defiance of the law of the land is not promptly suppressed we may expect a reign of terror in Mississippi and other states, where effort is being made to circumvent the Supreme Court decision."44 Three Labour members of the British House of Commons also expressed their repug- 38 See Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, "Joint Resolution to Quiet the Titles of the Respective States and Others to Lands Beneath Tide waters," U. S. Senate, 79th Cong., 2nd Sess. 39 An illuminating study of the relationship between the Truman admin istration and liberal organizations is Alonzo Lee Hamby, "Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1965). 40 Figures taken from roll call analysis of the Congressional Quarterly Al manac, 1946 (Washington, D. C, 1946). Speaker Sam Rayburn is excluded from this calculation. 41 Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 1946, 786. There were fifty-six Demo crats in the Senate. Twenty-four of these voted against the majority on at least twenty-five percent of the roll call votes. 42 For a discussion of sectionalism and conservatism in the New Deal period, see the appendix of James T. Patterson, Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal (Lexington, Ky., 1967), 339-352. 43 See Hearings Before Special Committee to Investigate Senatorial Campaign Expenditures, 1946, U. S. Senate, 79th Cong., 2nd Sess. 44 Telegram from Sidney Hillman to Truman, June 24, 1946, OF 93, Tru man Papers. 458 Missouri Historical Review nance.45 In Georgia, Eugene Talmadge, a candidate for the gover norship, issued similar racist appeals.46 The entire Georgia guber natorial campaign was fought around the issue of the white primary. Then, on July 25, four Negroes were lynched in Monroe, Georgia, and Attorney General Tom C. Clark sent investigators from the Department of Justice.47 Two weeks later one Negro was lynched and another seriously wounded in Minden, Louisiana.48 The FBI investigated again. On August 2, voters went to the polls in Tennessee to nominate Senator McKellar. The Senator had fought his campaign entirely on the question of the CIO influence in the Democratic Party.49 The violence of that summer had not escaped Tennessee. In Athens, one sheriff was killed and twenty people were injured in a riot outside the polling station.50 The events of the summer and autumn of 1946 focused attention on the social problems and political tendencies of the South. Frankly racist candidates repudiated the recent decisions on the white primary, and economic conservatives like Senators McKellar and Harry F. Byrd of Virginia inveighed against the entry of American labor in the political arena.51 Violence again raised the question of tighter laws, federal antilynch legislation, and a strengthened and more powerful Department of Justice as labor and Negro organizations clamored for a tougher policy to protect civil rights in the South.52 Even the more liberal news papers of the South realized that failure to alter political behavior patterns in the South would necessitate federal action. The majority of Southern congressmen and governors turned among themselves 45 Telegram from Donald Bruce, Tom Driberg and Richard Crossman to Truman, June 14, 1946, OF 93, Truman Papers. It read "Respectfully urge you to protect basic human rights by intervening. Prevent execution of Negro boys in Mississippi." 46 Atlanta Constitution, July 13, 1946. 47 OF 93 A, Truman Papers; Atlanta Constitution, July 27, 1946. 48 Memo to Robert K. Carr from Fred Folsom, of Civil Rights Section of the Department of Justice (n. d.), Francis P. Matthews Papers, Box 15, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence. 49 On July 15, for example, McKellar said: "All those who want a Com munistic Senate or a Communistic House or a Communistic Government should vote for the C. I. O. candidates." Memphis Commercial Appeal, July 6, 1946. The CIO had played an active role in the Tennessee primaries. Edward Hull Crump, the "boss" of Memphis, had fully publicized CIO activity in his notorious full-page advertisements. See, for example, Memphis Commercial Appeal, June 27, 1946. 50 ibid., August 2 & 3, 1946. 51 The CIO-PAC and NC-PAC were active in Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi and Virginia. 52 CIO News, IX (August-November, 1946); Pittsburg Courier, August- November, 1946. The Alienation of the South 459 to preserve Southern "institutions," and to prevent liberal organi zations from seizing any initiative; concerted action was necessary to retain control of the Democratic Party. Results of the 1946 election placed a Republican majority in both Houses. This was widely interpreted as a swing to the right,53 and a repudiation of the president's wavering and sometimes con tradictory policies. The Southern wing of the Democratic Party was determined to prevent any further courting of outside groups. As the minority party, they could reorganize and enjoy a new bargaining power. Above all, in the House, Southerners now constituted a majority of Democrats, and in the Senate, they were but one member short of a full majority.54 The first goal of Southern Democrats in the House was to elect a favorable minority leader. Northern Democrats favored John W. McCormack, the liberal Democrat from Massachusetts, for the position. Sam Rayburn, the retiring Speaker, announced that he did not want to be minority leader, and that he supported McCormack, who had been majority leader in the Seventy-ninth Congress. Southerners resolved to prevent McCormack from be coming leader of the party. Influential House Democrats wrote to Rayburn, emphasizing that his failure to allow himself to be drafted would split the Democratic Party. Eugene Cox cabled that "the rift within the rank of the House Democrats will be wider than that between the Democrats and the Republicans."55 Rayburn, however, a staunch New Dealer, supported McCormack, as he feared a totally sectional orientation to the Democratic Party.56 Representative F. Edward Hebert, Louisiana Democrat, wrote Rayburn a long letter that listed Southern grievances against the administration and its congressional wing, and ex- 53 On November 7, E. H. Crump of Memphis voiced a familiar sentiment: "It will be foolish for Truman to offer himself for re-election in the 1948 Presi dential campaign .... A truckload was dumped in Truman's lap. Evidently he has poor advisers. Many disapproved of the C. I. O.'s grip on the Democratic Party, and O. P. A. relations played a part .... This election will cause labor to stop, look and listen, and has side-tracked men like Henry Wallace." Memphis Commercial Appeal, November 7, 1946. 54 in the 80th Congress, there were 245 Republicans in the House and 188 Democrats. Of these Democrats, 102 were Southerners. In the Senate there were fifty-one Republicans and forty-five Democrats; of these twenty-two were from the eleven Southern states. 55 Telegram from Eugene E. Cox to Sam Rayburn, Dec. 30, 1946, Misc. Files, 1946, Rayburn Papers. 56 Rayburn to Representative John H. Kerr (North Carolina Democrat) Dec. 16, 1946; Rayburn to Representative Estes Kefauver (Tennessee Demo crat) Dec, 1946; Rayburn to Representative Harold D. Cooler (North Carolina Democrat) Dec, 1946, Misc. Files, 1946, Rayburn Papers. 460 Missouri Historical Review United Press International A Discussion between President Truman and Speaker Rayburn pressed the Southern sense of exasperation: "Now with the mem bers from the so-called solid South, in irrefutable domination of the Democratic side, I am sure you readily recognize the fact that this schism on the part of the Southern members becomes more widened instead of being closed." He told Rayburn that McCor mack was totally unacceptable, and that "you and you alone can heal this sore."57 Eventually Rayburn allowed himself to be drafted, after McCormack persuaded him that his leadership was the only hope of reconciliation.58 It soon became apparent, however, that Rayburn was powerless in preventing further aliena tion and sectionalism within the party. The first session of the Eightieth Congress, witnessed further deterioration in Democratic unity. In December 1946, Truman issued Executive Order 9808, which created the President's Com- 57 Edward Hebert to Sam Rayburn, Nov. 22, 1946, Misc. Files, 1946, Ray burn Papers. 58 John McCormack to Rayburn, Nov. 26, 1946, Misc. Files, 1946, Rayburn Papers. See also: Representative John Sparkman (Alabama Democrat) to Ray burn, Nov. 11, 1946; Kenneth Romney (Sergeant at Arms, U. S. House of Rep resentatives) to Rayburn, Nov. 9, 1946; A. Willis Robertson to Rayburn, Nov. 9, 1946; Estes Kefauver to Rayburn, Nov. 11, 1946, Misc. Files, 1946, Rayburn Papers. The Alienation of the South 461 mittee on Civil Rights.59 This order was issued as the result of pressure from Negro organizations and leaders, in particular Walter White, after the racial tensions in the summer of 1946.60 Truman knew that the creation of the Committee, and the freedom of inquiry with which it was vested, represented a total commit ment to its findings. In his State of the Union address, he re affirmed his alarm at the "numerous attacks on the constitutional rights of individual citizens as a result of racial and religious bigotry."61 Southern members of both Houses realized that the onus was upon them to prevent civil rights legislation from being enacted. The president had proclaimed the cessation of hostilities of World War II on December 31, 1946, and thus wide executive powers enjoyed under the War Powers Acts, were terminated.62 The time seemed ripe for the reemergence of Southern congres sional influence in the making of policy. In the Senate, before everybody was sworn in, Senator Glen H. Taylor, Idaho Democrat, moved that Bilbo be denied his Senate seat, because of his unbecoming behavior in the Mississippi primary campaign. Southern senators rallied to Bilbo's support. His most ardent defenders were Louisiana senators John H. Overton and Allen J. Ellender. Ellender condemned "Northern organizations," who, he maintained, were behind the move to oust Bilbo. Exhibiting the paranoid style in politics, he declared that "the march is on to destroy Southern traditions which are so deeply rooted as the giants of the forest."63 A showdown was diverted only by the news that Bilbo was ill, and had to enter a hospital for an operation. Senator Barkley, the Senate minority leader, arranged a truce.64 The first session of the Congress was primarily concerned with proposals for legislation to revise the National Labor Relations Act, tax reduction, aid to Greece and Turkey, and the European Recovery Plan. It was on the domestic issues that the Democrats 59 "Executive Order 9808," Code of Federal Regulations, Title 3 (Wash ington, D. C, 1957), 590. 60 See NAACP File, OF 413, Truman Papers. Walter White, Executive Secretary of the NAACP, was probably the most influential civil rights leader. His visits to the president were frequent. 61 Annual Message to the Congress of the United States, Jan. 6, 1947, in Truman, Public Papers, 1947 (Washington, D. C, 1963), 9. 62 "Proclamation No. 2714," Code of Federal Regulations, Title 3, 99-100. 63 See Congressional Record, Vol. XCIII, Pt. I, U. S. 80th Cong., 1st Sess. (1947), 77-81. 64 New York Times, January 5, 1947. Senator Bilbo subsequently died in August without attempting to reenter the Senate. 462 Missouri Historical Review again divided seriously. Of course, no issue received the degree of unanimity among Southerners that civil rights did. But a signif icantly large number voted with the Republicans on domestic bills. Conservative Democrats supported both the income tax re duction and Taft-Hartley bills, as they welcomed reductions in government spending and control of the labor unions, which had received wide publicity because of numerous strike actions.65 In addition, many approved the Taft-Hartley Act, since it restricted union contributions for political purposes. Both the American Fed eration of Labor (AFL) and the CIO, were launching organiza tional drives in the South at the time, and conservative Southern Democrats realized the political potential of unionization.66 Al though antipathy to trade unions was by no means exclusive to the South, that region was nevertheless most concerned about in dustrial relations, due to both the aforementioned political reasons, and also to the fact that many Southerners believed that the weakness of unions in the South encouraged and attracted new industries there.67 The Southern attitude toward labor relations was reflected in the passage of open shop laws in six Dixie states during 1947.68 On June 16 President Truman vetoed the tax reduction bill.69 The House failed to override the veto by two votes. Of the thirty- five Democratic votes cast to override, twenty-six were from the South. Contrary to the advice of a delegation of Southern Demo crats who visited him the day before, on June 20,70 the president vetoed the Taft-Hartley Bill with a lengthy and firm message.71 When Congress voted to override this veto, only nine of the 102 Southern Democrats voted or parried to sustain,72 whereas, sixty- 65 For a discussion on the Taft-Hartley Act, see Harry A. Millis and Emily C. Brown, From the Wagner Act to Taft-Hartley (Chicago, 1950); R. Alton Lee, Truman and Taft-Hartley (Lexington, Ky., 1966) . 66 F. Ray Marshall, Labor in the South (Cambridge, 1967), 246-264. 67 Richard A. Lester, "Southern Wage Differentials: Development, Analysis and Implications," Southern Economic Review, XIII (April, 1947), 386-394; Frank T. DeVyver, "The Present Status of Labor Unions in the South—1948," Southern Economic Journal, XVI (July, 1949) , 1-22. 68 The Case Against 'Right to Work' Laws, Congress of Industrial Organi zations pamphlet, n. d. [probably 1955], 165-171. 69 Truman, Public Papers, 1947, 279-281. 70 Lee, Truman and Taft-Hartley, 90. Also several prominent senators wrote to Truman urging that he affix his signature. Among these was the former vice president, John Nance Garner of Uvalde, Texas. OF 407, Truman Papers. 71 Truman, Public Papers, 1947, 288-297. 72 Southern Democrats who voted to sustain the veto in the House were: Henderson Lanham (Georgia); James H. Morrison (Louisiana); Arthur Win- stead (Mississippi) — (paired against); John H. Folger (North Carolina); Estes The Alienation of the South 463 one out of seventy-seven non-Southern Democrats voted to sustain. In the Senate seventeen of the twenty Democratic votes in favor of overriding were from the South.73 The roll call on Truman s veto of Taft-Hartley, reveals succinctly the antagonism of many Southern Democrats toward organized labor, and the extent to which this feeling had transcended any sense of loyalty to the president. Debate on the Taft-Hartley Bill had often echoed with complaints against labor's power in politics. Thus Truman's veto was a repudi ation of the views of Southern Democrats in Congress and of Southern state officials.74 The Virginia Democratic National Com mitteeman had written to Gael Sullivan, the Executive Director of the Democratic National Committee, that "failure to sign labor bill in my opinion would be disastrous."75 Another official, urging signature, wrote that "I cannot conceive of labor leaving the Democratic Party; they have nowhere else to go . . . ."76 As the months moved by, it became more apparent that the president was committed to a liberal program in matters of labor- management relations, housing, federal aid to education, social security, minimum wages and other Fair Deal objectives. Most certainly there was to be no directional change in New Deal policies. The Southern Democrats had been unable to influence or advise any change. The leadership in the Senate of Alben Barkley, who was from the border state of Kentucky, and of Ray burn in the House, seemed favorable to the administration. Any hopes that conservative Southerners entertained in 1946, were, by now, shattered. Though the sense of estrangement was con siderable, matters had not reached a breaking point on the domestic issues. After all, Southerners had prevented Truman's veto of the Taft-Hartley Bill. They knew that even if they could not direct, they could deter or bargain. Only one issue could finally raise the Kefauver (Tennessee) — (paired against) ; Sam Rayburn (Texas); Albert Thomas (Texas); and John W. Flannegan (Virginia). 73 Those Southern Democrats who voted to sustain the veto in the Senate were: senators Lister Hill (Alabama); John J. Sparkman (Alabama); Claud Pepper (Florida); and Olin D. Johnston (South Carolina) . 74 Gael Sullivan had conducted a poll of state party officials from the South on their attitudes on Taft-Hartley and the income tax reduction bill. Only eight of the thirty-seven officials who responded recommended a veto of the Taft-Hartley Act. Memo, Clark Clifford to Gael Sullivan, June 14, 1947, Box 8, Labor File, Clark Clifford Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Inde pendence. 75 E. R. Combs to Gael Sullivan; memo, Clark Clifford to Gael Sullivan, Clifford Papers. 76 w. J. Price, vice chairman, Alabama State Democratic Executive Com mittee, to Sullivan; memo, Clark Clifford to Gael Sullivan, Clifford Papers. 464 Missouri Historical Review "solid South" in revolt; that was a threat to redetermine the status of the Negro in its society. Any attempt at altering this status would be interpreted by the South as its final repudiation. On June 29, 1947, Truman addressed a rally of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People at the Lin coln Memorial. He enunciated his belief that the federal gov ernment should assume responsibility for insuring against dis crimination in employment, in voting and in the dispensing of justice. He said, "we cannot wait another decade or another generation to remedy these evils. We must work as never before to cure them, now."77 Walter White pointingly commented after wards that "President Truman delivered the hardest hitting and most uncompromising speech on the subject of race which any American President has ever delivered."78 Then on July 12, Judge J. Waties Waring of Charleston, South Carolina, declared that the repeal of all primary laws by the South Carolina state legislature, which had thereby tried to circumvent the Smith v. Allwright de cision, was unconstitutional.79 Thus within two weeks the South was rebuffed by the president and foiled in its attempt to secure a political and racial status quo, by the federal courts. In October of 1947, the president's Committee on Civil Rights, issued its report, "To Secure These Rights."80 The report concluded that discrimination was deeply entrenched in American society, and recommended a course of action the federal government should take. As the Negro was both the largest single minority group in the United States and the most discriminated against, a large proportion of the report's recommendations centered on re moving some of the handicaps under which the Negroes labored. Recommendations included enactment of a FEPC law, a federal antilynching law, a law which would remove the poll tax as a prerequisite for voting, and the desegregation of public facilities in the nation's capital, and of all vehicles in interstate transport. Its most controversial recommendation was that federal grants-in-aid to the state, and to supported institutions, should be made condi tional on compliance with the spirit of the report.81 The report perhaps lacked the courage to recommend the illegalization of 77 Truman, Public Papers, 1947, 312. 78 Statement of Walter White, July 3, 1947, PPF 200, Truman Papers. 79 Atlanta Constitution, July 13, 1947; see also, Henry Lee Moon, The Balance of Power: The Negro Vote (New York, 1949), 185-186. 80 "To Secure These Rights," Report of the President's Committee on Civil Rights (Washington, D. C, 1947). 81 Ibid., Section 4. segregation (although it recog nized that segregation was in a large degree responsible for con temporary conditions). It was, however, considered a revolution ary document. Truman, by his previous remarks, now was ob liged to accept its recommenda tions. Whether by design, or by pres sures beyond his control, Tru man was committed, and had to win and rally full support of those liberal groups, with whom he had Courtesy so long flirted. In November, Harry S. Truman Library Clark M. Clifford, Truman's spe Clark M. Clifford cial counsel and chief political strategist, wrote a forty-three page memorandum to Truman.82 He correctly forecast the candidacies of Thomas E. Dewey and Henry Wallace in 1948, and said Truman had to make a full commitment to labor and Negroes, who both held the political balance of power. He wrote that labor leaders "must be given the impression that they are once more welcome in the councils of the Administration," and should be counseled on policy decisions.83 He warned that unless there are "new and real efforts" to cooperate with Negro leaders, the Negro bloc, vital in New York, Ohio and Illinois, would vote Republican.84 He pointed out that the old Democratic ma chine, based on patronage, was dying and appeals had to be made over the heads of the old leaders. Clifford realized "this course of action, would obviously cause difficulty with our Southern friends, but that is the lesser of the two evils." "It is inconceivable," he added, "that any policies initiated by the Truman Administra tion, no matter how liberal', could so alienate the South in the next year that it could revolt. As always the South can be con- 82 Memo to Truman from Clark Clifford, Nov. 19, 1947, Box 21, Political File, 1948, Clark Clifford Papers. 83 ibid. 84 Between 1940 and 1950, the Negro population of the South rose from 9.9 to 10.23 millions. This was a rise of 3.5 percent. In non-Southern states it rose from 2.96 millions in 1940 to 4.82 millions in 1950. This represented an increase of sixty-three percent. The political implications of this movement were self-evident. Historical Statistics of the United States from Colonial Times to 1957, U. S. Bureau of the Census (Washington, D. C, 1960) . 466 Missouri Historical Review ALL DRKSSKD VP AND NO PLACB TO GO. WELL,SUH, iDOMT RIGHTLY KNOW— Tv/E BEEN USIM' THE SAME TICKET , A EVAH SINCE I CAM * Kansas City Star, Feb. 11, 1948 sidered safely Democratic. And in formulating national policy, it can be safely ignored."85 On this particular prediction, he erred. The South fully understood the political implications of the publication of "To Secure These Rights." It felt that Truman's re- nomination would mean that the South had been rejected by the Democratic Party as its intrinsic component. A compromise, if at all possible could be effected only from a base of power, the South was forced to use its strongest weapon, the threat of party secession. 85 Memo to Truman from Clark Clifford, Nov. 19, 1947, Box 21, Political File, 1948, Clark Clifford Papers. The Alienation of the South 467 Warning letters and telegrams were sent to Truman in protest.86 At the October meeting of the Democratic National Committee, at which Democratic Senator J. Howard McGrath, of Rhode Island, was nominated as the new chairman, Southern members, led by Myron Blalock of Texas tried, in vain, to increase its representation at the national Democratic Convention.87 On November 4, Mis- sissippians cast their votes in a special election to elect the suc cessor to the late Theodore Bilbo. Ominously, Mississippi Demo crat, Representative William H. Colmer, a principal candidate, warned that Southerners would battle against "pink' measures aimed at the Southern way of life."88 Revolt against policy decisions of the Truman administration began at the state and local levels. In his inaugural message to the state legislature in January, Governor Fielding Wright of Missis sippi called on the South to break with the Democratic Party, if it supported legislation "aimed to wreck the South." He attacked the Report of the President's Committee on Civil Rights and de clared that "vital principles and eternal truths transcend party lines."89 In Congress, Southern Democrats remained cautious. Tru man had not spelled out a full civil rights policy in his State of the Union message, and open criticism was limited.90 But the truce was ephemeral. Truman, on February 2, sent his special message to Congress on civil rights. He had fully accepted the recommenda tions of his committee, with the exception of conditional grants- in-aid.91 There were no ambiguities in this message, and no sops to the South. He had heeded fully Clifford's advice. Southern congressmen now joined the stirs that had begun in Mississippi. Despite the fact that Truman had said nothing about terminating segregation, the South thought that the message had heralded an open break. It decided that open repudiation of the party was the only means by which it could hope to regain control. Although some Southern Democrats favored the formation of a third party, and others advocated an internal struggle, they were united in the belief that the present Democratic leadership, especially Tru man, should be replaced. The day after the civil rights message, several Southern Democrats openly attacked Truman. Eugene Cox 86 See OF 596, Truman Papers. 87 Proceedings of the National Democratic Committee, Oct. 20, 1947, Box 71, Papers of J. Howard McGrath, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence. 88 Memphis Commercial Appeal, November 3, 1947. 89 New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 21, 1948. 90 Memphis Commercial Appeal, January 8, 1948. 91 Truman, Public Papers, 1948, 121-126. 468 Missouri Historical Review wondered "if, after all, Henry Wallace is such a bad man . . . the whole thing sickens me."92 Mississippi Democrat John E. Rankin, in typical fashion, said the South should elect independent electors to "stop these smearing Communist who creep into every bureau and every Commission."93 The most commonly felt sentiment was echoed by Mississippi Democrat John Bell Williams: "if it were not for Southern Democrats, Henry Wallace would be in the White House today .... Southern Democrats have always been the best friends that President Truman and the Democratic Party ever had. May I say, Mr. Speaker, that this is a mighty poor way for him to evince his gratitude."94 In February, the Southern Governors' Conference drew up plans of action to rewin control of the party machinery. Governor Wright's desire to secede from the party was shelved temporarily. The governors decided to send a delegation to the Democratic National Chairman, J. Howard McGrath.95 When, on February twenty-third, McGrath reaffirmed to them that the civil rights bill would form one of the main planks in the Democratic plat form in 1948, it was apparent that a complete deadlock had been reached.96 In a press statement afterward, the governors de clared that they were "opposed to centralized government invading the rights of the people and the rights of the respective states" and that "the present leadership of the Democratic Party will soon realize that the South is no longer 'in the bag.' "97 Opposition from the South continued to mount. According to a Gallup poll, Truman's popularity in the South declined thirteen points between January and February.98 Petitions, resolutions, telegrams and other documentary forms of protest were sent to the White House, and to the Democratic National Committee.99 At the annual fund-raising Jefferson-Jackson Day Dinner in Washington, D. C, where Truman gave an address, the dining parties of J. Strom Thurmond, the governor of South Carolina, and South Carolina 92 Congressional Record, Vol. XCIV, Pt. I, U. S. 80th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1948), 975. 93 ibid., 976. 94 ibid. 95 New York Times, February 8, 1948. 96 Transcript of Conference of Southern Governors with Senator J. Howard McGrath, Feb. 23, 1948, Democratic National Committee Folder, John M. Reading Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence. 97 New York Times, February 24, 1948. 98 Washington Post, March 7, 1948. 99 Various correspondence, OF 299 A, PPF 200, Truman Papers. The Alienation of the South 469 Senator Olin Johnston were conspicuously absent.100 The entire congressional delegation of Georgia, senators Stewart, McKellar, Eastland and other Southern congressional leaders boycotted the dinner. At the dinner in Little Rock, Arkansas, 850 Democrats walked out when Truman's address was relayed to them. John Bell Williams remarked that Southerners "cannot join in such a hypo critical gesture and you will find most of us having our own Jefferson-Jackson Day dinners in gatherings in which white su premacy is the order and segregation is the rule."101 In late March, Hodding Carter wrote that by over simplifying the president's civil rights program, the Southern press "now rep resents to their audience an attempt by a coalition of Communists, Northern Negroes, and self-seeking Northern Democrats to end 100 New York Times, February 20, 1948. 101 Memphis Commercial Appeal, February 20, 1948. Democratic National Chairman J. Howard McGrath announced to reporters at the "White House, after a conference with the president, that Truman would definitely be a candidate for reelection. Standing next to McGrath is Gael Sullivan, Executive Director of the Democratic Committee, who also attended the conference. United Press International 470 Missouri Historical Review abruptly segregation of any kind in the South, and to replace local and state self-government with Federal domination."102 This over simplification was also expressed by the advocates of secession from the Democratic Party, such as Governor Wright, Walter Sillers, the speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives, and Gov ernor Ben Laney of Arkansas. The fight to redirect the party had been given its principle catalyst, the February civil rights message. Now key figures were fighting to defeat Truman. Governor William Tuck of Virginia succeeded in persuading the Virginia state legis lature to pass a law, which would enable the election of unpledged electors.103 In March, E. H. Crump announced that his organization would not support Truman.104 In May, voters in the Alabama primary nominated electors who were pledged not to cast their votes for Truman.105 In the same month, a rally of Southern state politicians was held in Jackson, Mississippi, at which plans were made to set up a states' rights party.106 By July, the South, through its local and state political organizations, had mobilized to force a showdown at the Democratic Convention in Philadelphia. The proceedings of the convention showed clearly that the South had lost its old grip on the Democratic Party. The liberal organizations, which enjoyed the support of labor and Negroes, were determined that Truman's February proposals should be in corporated into the 1948 Democratic platform. The majority re port of the platform committee had recommended a civil rights plank that would condemn discrimination, and affirm belief that minorities had the "right to live, the right to work, the right to vote, the full and equal protection of the laws, on a basis of equality with all citizens as guaranteed by the Constitution."107 Minority reports by Southern Democrats resolved that planks, pledging the party to states' rights, be inserted. But these were rejected.108 The minority report of former Governor Dan Moody of Texas, which 102 jV^ York Times, March 21, 1948. 103 ibid., February 27, 1948. 104 Crump told reporters: "The South has had enough of Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt, Attorney-General Tom Clark, Hannegan and Pauley. Mrs. Roosevelt frogging around with her Communist associates in America, has practically been Truman's mentor. The time has come for a showdown in the South. If Truman is nominated in Philadelphia, Senator Harry Byrd of Virginia, or some other fine Democrat of his high caliber and another good Senator would undoubtedly sweep the Southern states." Memphis Commercial Appeal, March 2, 1948. 105 New York Times, May 6, 1948. 106 New Orleans Times-Picayune, May 11, 1948. 107 Official Proceedings of the 1948 Democratic Convention, 1948, 177-178. 108 Planks were proposed by ex-Governor Dan Moody of Texas, two Ten nessee delegates and Walter Sillers of Mississippi. Ibid., 178-182. The Alienation of the South 471 was the only states' rights plank to receive a roll call vote, was defeated by 925 to 309.109 The South voted solidly for it, and only eleven non-Southern votes were cast in favor of the Moody Resolu tion. Then Congressman Andrew Biemiller, a delegate from Wis consin and Hubert H. Humphrey, the mayor of Minneapolis, Min nesota, proposed their own minority report, which called for specific recommendations on civil rights, and an insertion that "we highly commend President Truman on his courageous stand on the issue of civil rights."110 The alliance that Truman had so carefully courted now mobilized. The Humphrey-Biemiller resolution was adopted by 651/2 to 582K votes. Only one dissenting vote was cast from the states of Illinois, California, New York, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Washington and Wisconsin. The South unanimously opposed it.111 Not only had the desires of the South been disregarded in the presidential formulation of policy, but it had now lost control of convention proceedings. For the 1948 Democratic presidential nomination, Senator Rich ard Russell received 263 against Truman's 947/2 votes.112 Russell's support came entirely from the South and North Carolina was the only Southern state to cast some ballots for the incumbent presi dent.113 Charles Bloch, a member of the Georgia delegation, had proposed Russell with the appendage that "the South is no longer going to be the whipping boy of the Democratic Party."114 Russell later said that he had allowed his nomination "only as a protest against the outrageous violation of states' rights."115 The Roosevelt-Truman strategy of bringing the urban popula tion into the Democratic Party had reached the point of supreme crystallisation. It was achieved, however, only by isolating what had earlier been its very backbone, and more recently its strange bedfellow, the South. 109 ibid., 201. no Ibid., 181-182. in Ibid., 201. 112 "Democracy at Work," Official Report of the Democratic Convention, 1948 (Philadelphia, 1948). Paul McNutt polled the remaining i/2 vote. 113 Thirteen of North Carolina's thirty-two votes were cast for the president. 114 Official Report of the Democratic Convention, 1948, 233. 115 Atlanta Constitution, July 15, 1948. A Change in Phraseology Paris Mercury, April 15, 1873. The expression 'got it up its snoot,' to denote that a fellow is intoxicated, has given away to the assertion that /alcoholic stimulants have permeated the ramifications of his physiology.' Thomas Hart Benton Receives Society's 1969 Distinguished Service Award and Medal Kansas City Times Photo by Brooks Crummett Thomas Hart Benton (left) and T. Ballard Watters Thomas Hart Benton was presented the 1969 State Historical Society Dis tinguished Service Award and Medal by the Society's president, T. Ballard Watters, April 15, in the Benton home, Kansas City. Benton, who at the time was in Italy, was unable to receive the awards at the Annual Meeting of the Society in October. Mrs. Rita Benton, wife of the artist, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of the Society, Sidney Larson, curator of the Society's art gallery, Mrs. T. Ballard Watters and Mr. and Mrs. Joe Stevens, Marshfield, attended the presentation ceremony. Mr. Watters said: "By generous gifts of your art you have caused the society's Colum bia gallery to become a major national depository of your work. You have, by your skill and gift as an artist, portrayed our state throughout the nation and the world, and along with your name, have made Mis souri more famous." The artist had been named an honorary life member of the Society at the October Annual Meeting. In the Missouri House, April 15, Representative Frank O'Gara was joined by the entire membership in offering House Resolution No. 4, honoring Benton as one of Missouri's most famous natives and congratulating him on his eighty- first birthday. The resolution was approved unanimously. State Historical Society Exhibits "The Frederick Douglass Years" Dr. Arvarh Strickland (left), professor of History and Dr. Richard S. Kirkendall, chair man of the Department of History, Univer sity of Missouri, Columbia, discuss a portrait of Frederick Douglass. "The Frederick Douglass Years," a traveling exhibit prepared by the Smith sonian Institution, was displayed in the Society's corridors, May 4 through May 24. The exhibit was brought to Columbia through the efforts of Dr. Arvarh Strick land, professor of History, University of Missouri, Columbia, and the Student Activities Soul Week Committee. Consisting of forty panels, the exhibit illus trates, through visual aids and written text, Afro-American history from the landing of twenty Negroes at Jamestown in 1619 to the death of Douglass in 1895. Douglass, who was born into slavery, achieved prominence as a writer, orator, statesman and diplomat. The slave trade, slavery in the South, slave re volts, the abolitionist movement, the Civil War and Reconstruction are only a few of the informative topics covered. Approximately 1,600 persons in some forty-five organized groups viewed the exhibit. University students were trained as guides and conducted daily tours. Pupils from Lee and Grant schools, Co From left to right: Bennett Tarleton, lumbia, accompanied by Mrs. Kenneth Delores Greathouse and William C. House, Ralph and Mrs. Handy Williamson, view members of the exhibit's Steering Com the panels depicting craftsmanship of mittee, examine some of the forty panels early American Negroes. comprising "The Frederick Douglass Years." Photos by Keith McMillin, Columbia Daily Tribune Celebration for completion of the third and pres ent Andrew County courthouse in Savannah was held, January 26, 1900. The bronze statue, Goddess of Liberty, stands on the cupola. VIEWS from the PAST In 1842 Hermann became the seat of Gasconade County. This red brick courthouse overlooked the Missouri River from a limestone bluff until it was replaced in 1898. Built in 1858, the Ralls County courthouse at New London still stands. The courtroom is renowned for its acoustics and beauty; its bar, rails and benches are original. Framed pictures in the background are of men who have served as circuit judges in the county. The second Clay County courthouse, Liberty, completed in 1859 from plans fur nished by Peter McDuff, was regarded as one of the notable buildings of that decade. The structure was in the shape of a cross with diagonals joining the arms of the cross at the midpoints. The dome, incorporating a clock face at each of the four cardinal points of the compass, was topped by an eight-foot wood statue of justice. Despite efforts to save it, the building was razed in 1934. ::&ft MISSOURI : *., COURTHOUSES $p$ip?.-£m \M^i The fourth Newton County courthouse was erected in the Neosho town square in 1877. Brick for the building was burned by Elliot Carnes in his brick yard northeast of town. The building was razed in 1936. The first Shelby County courthouse, Shelbyville, burned, June 29, 1891, after sparks had blown into its belfry tower from a nearby trash fire. This present courthouse was erected, 1892-1893. ^p«WM»iigife^ -. mm 476 Missouri Historical Review NEWS IN BRIEF A special program at the Harry S. the presidency. Greta Kempton, New Truman Library, Independence, April York, began the portrait while Truman 11, marked the 25 th anniversary of was president but stopped the work Truman's accession to the presidency. when she learned it was too small to John W. Snyder, Secretary of the display in the White House. She began Treasury in the Truman administra another larger work which is now in tion, and Senator Edmund S. Muskie the White House Gallery of Presidents. of Maine were guest speakers. Secretary John W. Snyder, Truman's secretary Snyder recounted the events of the of treasury, started the campaign to first days of the Truman administra complete the unfinished portrait. tion and many phases of his relations with the president. Senator Muskie Jefferson Barracks National Ceme discussed the principles and policies tery was formally dedicated, April 12, of Mr. Truman in light of the prob although it was proclaimed a national lems of today. Certificates and checks cemetery over 107 years ago. Dedication representing the David D. Lloyd Prize addresses were presented by Repre for the best books in the preceding sentative Leonor K. Sullivan, St. Louis, biennium were awarded by Dean and Max Roby, KMOX television news Francis H. Heller, acting president of director. More than 50,000 American the Institute, to Dean Acheson, for his servicemen are buried at the cemetery. book, Present at the Creation; and to After a two-year research effort, Tony Richard G. Hewlett and Francis Dun D. Fusco discovered that the cemetery can, historians of the Atomic Energy had never been formally dedicated. Commission, for their book, Atomic Shield, 1947/52. The Hermann Maifest was held, May 16-17. This anual May Festival, The history of the Roman Catholic based on the cultural heritage of the Church in St. Louis was traced, March community, was an effort by local civic 22, by Bishop Mark K. Carroll at the organizations to show visitors the Ger bicentennial of the Parish of St. Louis man contributions to the American of France. The Palm Sunday sermon way of life. Activities included musical was delivered at the Old Cathedral on entertainment, marching bands, danc the riverfront, almost 200 years after ing, homes tours, arts and craft dis the city's first church was dedicated plays and church dinners. The festival under the title of St. Louis the Ninth, was sponsored by Historic Hermann. King of France, June 24, 1770. Bishop Carroll of Wichita, Kansas, was a for The Congregation of Christ Church mer pastor of the Old Cathedral. (Episcopal), Lexington, celebrated the 125th anniversary of the church's es On April 9, the National Portrait tablishment on March 22. Special Gallery, Washington, D. C, unveiled a events included a concert by St. An portrait of Harry S. Truman painted drews Society Pipe Band at the field from life. Many members of Truman's house, Wentworth Military Academy; cabinet, as well as former President a reception in the church; and a choral Lyndon B. Johnson, attended the re evensong. ception which commemorated the 25th anniversary of Truman's succession to Judge Temple H. Morgett, Colum- Historical Notes and Comments All bia, was elected president of the Mis Mary Margaret McBride, noted jour souri Library Commission at the reg nalist and radio broadcaster, was hon ular meeting of Commission members ored as part of William Woods College on January 27. Judge Morgett has centennial celebration, April 17-18, in served as a member of the Commis Fulton. She was awarded the honorary sion since 1966. He succeeds Mrs. degree of litterarum doctor. Jerome Duggan of St. Louis, who has Born in Paris, Missouri, Miss Mc been president since 1967. Bride is the niece of Dr. William S. Woods, benefactor for whom the col A conference on "Administration of lege was named. After graduation from Occupied Areas: The American Experi William Woods, Miss McBride entered ence 1943-1945" was held at the Harry the University of Missouri, earning a S. Truman Library, Independence, bachelor of journalism degree. Her April 10-11, under the sponsorship of press assignments included work on the the Truman Library Institute. The seminar-type conference included six Mexico Ledger, Cleveland Press and teen scholars from fourteen different the New York Mail. She is the author universities and three former State De of 16 books and has written for many partment officials who participated in well-known magazines. Radio inter the occupation. Four members of the view broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s Institute's board of directors also took brought Miss McBride nationwide active parts in the discussion. fame. He Could Compete with the Squirrels California Dispatch, February 6, 1903. Farmer Poley O'Neal is useing [sic] a set of false teeth he made himself out of a piece of seasoned apple tree root with no other tool than his pocket knife. The teeth are of perfect shape and regularity, and the plate, which is of the same piece of wood, fits his mouth as well as if fashioned by a plaster impression. He can crack corn with these teeth. An Aerial Accident Columbia Missouri Statesman, August 6, 1880. Misses Nellie Jones and Sophie McDade had a narrow escape this week. They were swinging when the rope broke, the young ladies falling fifteen or twenty feet. We are glad to state no injury was sustained by either beyond each having a bruised hand. Air locomotion has not, as yet, reached a safe basis. A Difference of Opinion Paris Mercury, June 3, 1873. A Sacramento lawyer remarked to the court: "It is my opinion, Judge, that you are an old fool." The Judge allowed his mildly beaming eye to fall upon the lawyer a brief moment, then in a voice husky with suppressed tobacco juice—and emotion, said: "It is my candid opinion that you are fined $100." 478 Missouri Historical Review LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Recording Oral History Taped interviews on the commu viewee before he is asked to partici nity's past, provided by elderly citi pate. zens, and civic, professional and busi A good prospect is told the purpose ness leaders are valuable additions to of the program, that it is being con local historical society archives. In an ducted through the historical society effort to capture some of these color and the steps followed in the inter ful reminiscences, a few local societies view, and he is given an estimate of have adopted an oral history program, the number of sessions required. The a field of research which has recently arrangements are typed in a letter of attracted new interest. Oral history is agreement which the interviewee signs the tape recording of experiences and for the society's records. observations through personal inter Once the interview has been sched views. uled, careful preparation is necessary. By its very nature, oral history is The interviewer will need to do ex subject to inaccuracies because of man's tensive research in the subject area to forgetfulness, egotism, modesty and per formulate topic questions, to discuss sonal bias. However, if the interviewee these topics with the interviewee who is carefully chosen and the interview may have other suggestions and to pre well organized, oral history can be a sent a final outline of topics to the valuable supplement to written rec participant a few days before the re ords. cording session. To gather oral history, a committee The interview, with only two per of interested persons will first study sons present, usually takes place in the available information in manuscript or interviewee's home, but away from in published form, and then decide whom terruptions of the telephone or vis to interview to fill in the gaps and ex itors. The interviewer arrives on time pand on known historical events. Good to set up equipment. He seats the in prospects for the survey include elderly terviewee comfortably and places the persons who can explain how life used microphone on a table between him to be, civic leaders and businessmen self and the subject, with the recorder who have taken active parts in com inconspicuously placed. munity events, highly placed officials A formal introduction, giving the or their personal assistants and secre date and place, the interviewer's name taries who were deeply involved in and the name and brief identification history-making decisions, and minority of the interviewee, is planned for the group members and newcomers with beginning of the tape, but the space a sensitivity to their surroundings. Age can be left for recording after the tape and health are prime considerations is cut. Taping a relaxed conversation for interviewee selection. about the weather is a better begin The prospect is first consulted about ning. As this is played back, the inter his background, his part in important viewee can hear his voice and under events, whether he has collected related stand the operation of the machine, scrapbooks and pictures or written a and the interviewer has an opportunity diary. Talking with him will give an to adjust the volume control. As actual idea about his ability as a good inter recording begins, general questions on Historical Notes and Comments 479 the subject's background, parents and The oral history committee then early schooling are good introductory decides what will be done with the topics with the more difficult ques tapes. The easiest procedure is to file tions saved until the participant is bet them, but researching is more con ter acquainted. venient if a transcript of the interview A good interviewer is quiet and lis is available. Both the transcript and tens attentively without expressing his the tape filed intact present the most own opinions, but he can guide the complete record. The tone of the discussion along the planned outline voice, accent and expression tell much with an occasional question or com that cannot be recorded on paper. ment. He asks short, clear questions, Since it requires some 6-12 hours to one at a time, that prevent confusion transcribe a one-hour tape, the so and are easy to answer. Such inquiries ciety may decide to record first and as why, how, when, what and where transcribe later as time, expense and can elicit informative answers. He will power dictate. pauses between questions giving the If the tapes are transcribed, the com interviewee time to catch his breath mittee must determine how much and allowing further thought. De editing to do. Questions are included spite long periods of silence, he does in the transcript and the conversation not turn the machine off unless there is usually typed as it was recorded is an interruption. "Off the record with some exceptions. "Yes," is sub stories" are avoided and can be erased stituted for "yep," and false starts are later. eliminated along with too many During the taping, the interviewer "wells," "you knows," etc. The inter writes down names, places and dates viewee is given a copy of the transcript mentioned by the subject. This gives for his own corrections with the un him something to do and provides a derstanding that he is to keep the check for name spellings and for de general tone of the conversation. After fining unusual or technical words. the transcript has been edited, read Questions for later discussion can be and corrected, the participant is given noted without interrupting the speaker. a personal copy. The length of the interview depends The interviewer guides the subject on the age and health of the subject. on the question of restricting the in A number of short sessions is prefer terview. It should be open for research able to a long one, but two-hour unless the subject has said something interviews are usually ideal, leaving that would be damaging to him. In one and one-half hours for conversa that case he should put either the tion. complete transcript or certain pages After the recording session, the in under seal for his lifetime. The inter terviewer indexes the tape. He pre viewee signs a statement that he sup pares the index by listening to the plied the information and makes it recording and jotting down the topics available for research purposes, listing discussed in each five-minute segment. specified limitations if any exist. Pub The index is filed with the tape along lic announcement is then made in the with the list of names, dates and dif society's bulletin noting when the in ficult phrases. The box and tape terview will be available for research. reels are labeled with the name of the Whenever the interview is used in a interviewee, interviewer, date, length public way it is considerate to ask the of recording time and number of the subject for his permission. interview. For the selection of recording equip- 480 Missouri Historical Review ment, a reputable dealer in sound and The use of a society interview will high fidelity supplies can provide ex please the subject, publicize the pro cellent advice and information. The gram and raise the morale of the oral committee tests some of the equip history committee. In addition to their ment before making a purchase and availability for use by the researcher, considers carefully the price, adequate reminiscent tapes provide interesting maintenance service, ease of operation programs for historical society meet and weight. A high quality battery ings. Well-edited excerpts can provide recorder, which also operates on AC a taped narrative for a slide program power, can be purchased for around and short social history accounts may $75-$150; standard models sell for be published in local newspaper col about $200. A recorder equipped with umns. output jack for earphones is essen Some 14 local historical societies in tial for editing tape and for research Missouri have oral history programs, work. When transcribing, a foot pedal but most of them have only small attachment is also desirable for start holdings. These interviews deal pri ing, stopping and reverse. marily with old-timers, government Tapes come in various sizes, qual officers or persons associated with im ities and prices. Acetate, the cheaper portant events or important people. tape, reacts to changes in temperature The majority have no restrictions on and humidity, but when these are them and are open for research pur controlled it can be used successfully. poses. Only a few are transcribed. Polyester tape resists atmospheric changes but has a tendency to stretch Atchison County Historical Society and distort sounds. Prestretching, At the February 18 meeting in the identified as tempered or tensilized Fairfax Presbyterian Church, Margaret tape, eliminates this problem. Schowengerdt, Jefferson City, spoke Tapes are placed in the public li on legends, history and other interest brary or in the society's quarters if it ing facts concerning the governor's has a permanent location in a fire mansion. proof building and is open regularly. Barry County Historical Society They are never taken from the depos Emory Melton presented a talk on itory and some care is required in pioneer history at the January 11 their handling. No eating, drinking or meeting in the Shell Knob School- smoking is allowed where they are house. The origins of Shell Knob post used. It is possible to erase the re office, 1864, and the Church of Christ, cording through improper use of the 1876, were told by Mrs. Delia Epperly playback machine, but a repairman and Mrs. Nettie Arnold. can arrange a semi-permanent lock on The history of Roaring River Re the record button as a safeguard. sort and Mill, 1848, was given at the Tapes are stored in a clean, lint- and April 12 meeting in the courthouse, dust-free room with temperature in Cassville, by the Reverend Marvin the 70s and a relative humidity of Bennett and Mrs. J. F. Mermoud. fifty percent. They are never placed near electric generators, motors or in Bates County Historical Society storage cupboards with magnetic Twenty-three members attended a catches, and once a year they are re March 19 business meeting at the So wound to prevent the development of ciety's museum, Butler. Mrs. Ethel a magnetic field that could affect the Maxey presented an account of her re sound. cent tour of Southern Europe. Historical Notes and Comments 481 Members discussed the needs of the torian, at the February 20 meeting in museum and made plans to furnish an Windmill Restaurant, Boonville. Mr. additional building at the April 9 Kingsbury is the author of the column, meeting in the Butler City Hall. The "Lilburn says," in the Boonville Daily museum addition, donated by the News. county court, will house an old-fash At the May 14 meeting in Holt Hall, ioned blacksmith shop and farm ma Central Methodist College, Fayette, chinery. Dr. Farris H. Woods, curator of the college museum, spoke on the history Benton County Historical Society of the museum. Members then toured At the April 9 meeting in the Ben the establishment. ton County Enterprise newspaper of fice, Warsaw, Mrs. Dan Miles pre Butler County Historical Society sented a review of the "Sixteen Steps" The Society held its January 30 for a tour of historic Warsaw. meeting in the Poplar Bluff Loan and The grand opening tour was held, Building Association. The program, May 5, with Missouri's First Lady, Mrs. concerning a history of the old Shiloh Warren Hearnes, as a special visitor. Church and the early Cane Creek area, The program began on the west porch featured a book review by Mrs. Cora of the county courthouse and included Rubottom. The book, by Mrs. Rubot- a dedication of the new Garden Club tom's brother, the late Roy F. Le- bird sanctuary and Pioneer Flower Grand, was entitled, Shiloh: the Garden on the Osage River wharf. Mother of Preachers. Markers indicated sites of historical At the April 17 meeting, Marshall interest and brochures were available Shain spoke on the history of Fisk. Mr. which contained a map of the original Shain, a member of the Society, is town and a short history of each site. president of the State Bank of Fisk. Money realized from the sale of the maps will be used to restore the Camden County Historical Society school building, ca. 1885, for use as the Members enjoyed a potluck supper Society's museum. at the April 9 meeting in the Linn Creek Methodist Church. It was voted Boone County Historical Society to give courtesy membership cards to A program on "The Golden Age of the 25 members of the junior histor Missouri" was presented by Lew Lar- ical society as an appreciation for kin at the April 16 meeting in the Co their close work with the senior group. lumbia Country Club. Mr. Larkin, a member of the Kansas City Star staff, Cape Girardeau County is the author of the recently published Historical Association book, Missouri Heritage. At the February 28 meeting in the Officers for the coming year are City Hall-Library Building, Jackson, Colonel A. R. Troxell, president; Mrs. Raymond McNeely, a foundry man, Thomas Botts, vice president; Mrs. A. spoke on the history of McNeely Leonard Guitar, secretary; David B. Brothers Foundry and Machine Works, Rogers, treasurer; and Mrs. Dorothy established in 1861 at Shawneetown. Caldwell, historian. Carondelet Historical Society Boonslick Historical Society A program on Jefferson Barracks A talk on "History—Who—When was presented by Tony Fusco at the and What" was presented by Lilburn February 23 meeting in the Carondelet Kingsbury, well-known Boonslick his Branch Library. 482 Missouri Historical Review The Society sponsored a bus tour Monnett spoke on "Fort Union and to Fort Kaskaskia, Illinois, May 23. the War in the Southwest." Three buses traveled along the Mis sissippi River, stopped in Ste. Gene Civil War Round Table vieve, crossed the river at Chester, Il Of the Ozarks linois, and stopped for a visit at the Dr. B. B. Lightfoot, professor of His historic fort and the Pierre Menard tory at Southwest Missouri State Col home. The tourists then traveled lege, Springfield, spoke on "Volun through Red Bud, Waterloo and Co teers and Conscripts" at the February lumbia on the return trip. 11 meeting in Ramada Inn, Spring field. Dr. Lightfoot's talk dealt with Carroll County Historical Society the manpower situation in the Civil Ground breaking ceremonies for the War, including how the Union and new Carroll County Museum were held Confederate armies raised their troops. March 9 in Carrollton. Carrollton Jack Randall spoke on "A Different Mayor Jack Mathis, Hale Mayor Clar Valor," the life of General Joseph ence Avery, and past society presidents Eggleston Johnston, at the March 11 Edith Furry, Pearl Edwin Lowrance meeting. and Joe H. Miller presented brief re At the April 8 meeting Dr. Herman marks. Edward Ewing Staten gave the M. Hattaway, assistant professor of major address. The Society was given History, University of Missouri-Kansas approximately two acres of ground for City, spoke on "The Chickasaw Bayou the museum by the heirs of the late Campaign." Dr. Hattaway, a distin Judge and Mrs. J. W. Rea. Frank G. guished historian and Civil War au Rea made formal presentation of the thority, has published a number of site to the Society. articles in scholarly journals. Civil War Round Table Chariton County Historical Society The Society is presently raising funds Of St. Louis for the purchase of three store build William Wood Hassler, an author ings in Salisbury from the Fellows of books and papers of the Civil War, family. One-half the purchase price spoke at the February 25 meeting at of the buildings, formerly the Fel Le Chateau. The subject of his talk lows Hatchery operation, was donated was "Aeronautics in the Civil War." to the Society by the owners. Ed Bearss, National Park Service, re lated the story of "Grierson's Raid" at At the April 19 meeting in Dulany the March 25 meeting. Library, Salisbury, Judge Jordan R. John Y. Simon, a noted authority Bentley spoke on the "Four Court on Ulysses S. Grant, was guest speaker houses of Chariton County," begin at the April 22 meeting. He spoke on ning with the first log structure in "Grant at Belmont: Victory or Blun 1821. der?" The talk covered both sides of Grant's first and most controversial Civil War Round Table battle. Dr. Simon is executive director Of Kansas City of the Ulysses S. Grant Association in The 100th regular meeting and Carbondale, Illinois, and editor of the special "ladies night," March 24, in Grant papers. Twin Oaks Apartment, featured guest speaker Howard N. Monnett, a for Clay County Museum Association mer president of the Round Table and A program on the "History of Boy now a resident of Pearce, Arizona. Dr. Scouting in Clay County" was pre- Historical Notes and Comments 483 sented by James Bond and Julian ing in Recklein Auditorium, Cuba. A Evans at the February 26 meeting in report was given on the bake and the Clay County Historical Museum, rummage sale held April 4. The money Liberty. realized from the event will be used At the March 19 meeting, Mrs. Roy to restore the first school house of F. Hill presented the program on Cuba, which has been moved next to "Historical Collecting As A Hobby." the Recklein Auditorium. It will be Members were asked to bring samples used for a museum. The Society of their own collections for show and started a memorial fund for the late tell. Mrs. Jewel Breuer, wife of Society sec The fourth annual spring dinner retary and treasurer J. I. Breuer, who meeting, April 24, at Sandy's Oak died, April 6. Ridge Manor Dining Room, featured an illustrated lecture by G. Edward Dade County Historical Society Budde of St. Louis. Mr. Budde spoke A lecture on "The History of the to the group on the Lewis and Clark Dade County Mail System" was pre Trail. sented by Melvin Murphy at the April The Society conducted its annual 21 meeting in the Greenfield Library. Mr. Murphy is a rural carrier, whose bus tour, May 23. Participants visited father, Porter Murphy, was one of the the Dunham Museum, Pattonsburg; first rural carriers in the county. and the Pony Express Museum, Patee House and the Doll Museum, all of Dallas County Historical Society St. Joseph. The program for the February 20 meeting in the Buffalo Grade School Clinton County Historical Society Mrs. W. E. Eldridge, Liberty, spoke Auditorium featured a skit, "Abraham to the group on the early history of Lincoln Walks and Talks Again, 1861- 1865." A number of fifth and sixth Clay and Clinton counties at the grade pupils and their teachers par March 7 meeting in Gower Christian ticipated in the program and attended Church. A number of historical items the meeting. were displayed by Mrs. Eldridge. Some 14 persons attended the March The publications committee has 20 meeting in the county courthouse, started a series of historical articles in Buffalo. An Easter program was pre the local newspapers and is collecting sented by Anna Stearns, Mrs. Belva material for a new history of Clinton Stafford and E. T. Sechler. County. Organized in April 1969, the Society DeKalb County Historical Society now has a membership of 270. The February 15 meeting in the courthouse, Maysville, featured a pro Cole County Historical Society gram of hobbies. Mrs. Lora Lockhart Persons who participated in the told about her hobby of recording county historical site survey were hon county history and Mrs. Loren Owen ored at the April 27 meeting in the related information on family genea historical museum, Jefferson City. Mrs. logical research. Several members dis J. D. James spoke on the history of played items from their collections. Jefferson City, tracing past events A history of Walnut Grove (Riggs) from the selection of the state cap- Cemetery was related by Mrs. John itol site to the 1900 boom era. Mathias who also told about her Crawford County Historical Society century-old home at the March 15 The Society held its April 16 meet meeting. Miss Artie Thornton pre- 484 Missouri Historical Review sented information about the Thorn As a part of the Florissant "Valley ton family and cemetery, and a re of Flowers" Celebration, May 2-3, the port of the New Hope Church and Society sponsored a house tour of Sharp Cemetery was given by Oscar some 13 area homes and gardens. Each McConnell. Members also heard the site featured a special day illustrat reading of an 1897 obituary of Mrs. ing early customs and decorations. Anna E. Foster Lucas and reports of Tourists enjoyed wedding day at the the Jones family, Jones Chapel and the home of Mr. and Mrs. Cyril Neihoff, W. R. Browning family. July 4th at Mr. and Mrs. C. Argent's, The program for the April 19 first Easter at Casa Alvarez, Halloween at anniversary meeting featured a talk on the home of Mr. and Mrs. Dan Cos- the history of natural resources, wild tello, Thanksgiving at Mr. and Mrs. life and conservation efforts in the Ray Chitwood's, Christmas at the Ger county given by Dean Jackson. A ald Kuehn's, wash day at the restored memorial fund for the establishment log cabin and May Day at Taille de of a museum was started in memory Noyer. of six society members. The Society is to be commended for Franklin County Historical Society publication of the periodical DeKalb Some 47 members attended the April County Heritage, April, 1970. A num 4 meeting in the Franklin County ber of articles are featured in the issue. Bank and Trust Building, Washing ton. Mrs. Dorothy O. Moore of St. Dent County Historical Society Clair gave a talk on history in pic Some 60 persons attended the March tures and related some childhood mem 13 covered dish supper at Salem ories. The meeting was the climax of Lutheran Church. For the program, a house tour in Washington. Homes of "The Past, the Present and the Mr. and Mrs. Charles Morgenhalter, Future," Alice Dent spoke on the E. I. Theobald, Mr. and Mrs. Edwin history of Dent County from its be Thias and Mrs. R. L. Brown and the ginning to 1960 and included high Jefferson Antique Shop were all in lights of the centennial celebration of cluded in the tour. the county in 1960. Slides of the cele bration were shown by Ed Gill. Dr. Gentry County Historical Society B. J. Bass reviewed the decade Of the Mrs. George Whittington presented 1960s and Major Jack Masters spoke a program on the Bogle Township and on prospects for the future. the early settlement of Amarugah at The following officers were elected: the April 12 meeting in Lions Club Louise Bradford, president; Mrs. Joe rooms, Gentry. Members discussed the Ed Bowles, vice president; Mrs. Bessie cemeteries of the county. Hawkins, secretary; and Dr. M. M. Hart, treasurer. Graham Historical Society At the April 14 meeting in the Florissant Valley Historical Society home of Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Kneale, At the April 16 meeting in Taille some 12 members answered roll call de Noyer, Harold Lisak, principal of with the names of cemeteries in the Robinwood School in Florissant, pre township. Members are presently com sented a slide program based on the piling a cemetery census of the area. Green Line Tour of Florissant. The Mrs. Billy Bob Medsker spoke to the program, narrated by Mr. Lisak and group on how and where to obtain Mrs. Leslie Davison, is presented to records to begin a genealogy. Mr. school children in the area. Kneale showed slides of area scenes. Historical Notes and Comments 485 Greene County Historical Society and Mrs. Mac Cooper. The program The program for the February 26 was under the direction of the geneal meeting in the Springfield Art Mu ogy department. A number of pictures seum, featured a symposium on histor and other items were on display. ical preservation in Missouri, entitled The Society has leased the second "Stewards of the Past." Participants floor of the Jewett Norris Library included Dr. B. B. Lightfoot, member building for the collection of histor of the Advisory Council for Historical ical items. Sites and Buildings to the Missouri Henry County Historical Society State Park Board; Dr. H. Lee Hoover, Dale Griffith presented a program member of the Advisory Council for on the history and furniture of the Archaeology to the Missouri State Park Shakers at the January 15 meeting in Board; and O. H. Tucker, member, the First National Bank, Clinton. American Institute of Architecture, A history of architecture was pre Historic American Buildings Survey. sented by Woodson Roddy at the The purpose of the symposium was to February 19 meeting. explain to interested citizens of the Clay Francisco, well-known travel area, the progress which had been lecturer, member of Film Lectures Inc., made in the implementation of the of California and a former resident of Historic Preservation Act in Missouri, Clinton, gave a benefit performance, and to offer suggestions about steps February 27, in Clinton. All proceeds which local organizations interested in from the program, "The New Russia," historic preservation should take to were donated to the Society's museum further those interests. fund by Mr. Francisco in memory of Leo E. Huff, assistant professor of his grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Clay History at Southwest Missouri State Adair, pioneer county residents. College, Springfield, presented an il Members brought historical items lustrated talk on "Prominent Women and enjoyed a "Show and Tell" pro in Missouri History," at the March 26 gram at the March 19 meeting. meeting. Dr. Byrne D. Blackwood, professor Hickory County Historical Society of Speech and Theatre at Southwest Some 12 persons attended the March Missouri State College, spoke on 3 meeting in the courthouse, Her "Springfield's 19th Century Opera mitage. Letters from Mrs. Jessie Daniels Houses" at the April 23 meeting. The and Mrs. Lou Heard, regarding their talk was based on a Master's thesis en memories of Wheatland, were read to titled, "Legitimate Theatre in Spring those present. Jerry Briggs reported field, Missouri, 1840-1900," prepared on his research project dealing with by Michael Lampe. the early history of Wheatland. Mrs. Anna Wilson presented to the Society Grundy County Historical Society a book on Descendants of Israel Boone, Over 100 persons attended the Feb written by her sister, Alice H. Boone. ruary 1 meeting in the Hodge Pres Mrs. Wilson also reviewed the build byterian Church, Trenton. Talks on ing of the Diamond Grove School, the early history of the county were later named Boone School. presented by Mrs. Nelle Parker, Mrs. Officers elected for the coming year Clifford Burgess, Mrs. Ida Bernard, were Mrs. Nannie Jinkens, Wheatland, Mrs. Deva Sawyer, Mrs. Alfred Wit- president; Everett Miller, Flemington, ten, Mrs. Thelma Gannon, Mrs. Naomi vice president; Mrs. Faye Coffelt, Sharon, Mrs. Wilma Corbin and Mr. Hermitage, secretary; Eugene Harry- 486 Missouri Historical Review man, Weaubleau, assistant secretary; meeting, February 10, in the Joplin and Frankie Bartshe, Hermitage, treas Elks Club with homeowners whose res urer. idences were viewed on the historical homes tour, 1967, 1968 and 1969, as Howell County Historical Society special guests. The program on the The Society met April 14 at the "Mardi Gras" and Valentine themes century-old Hutton Valley Store. Ella featured color slides of Joplin build Horak related a brief history of the ings and homes. Students from the store and Dorotha Reavis spoke on Hatley Dance Studio entertained with "Getting Started In Genealogy." dance numbers. Old-fashioned Valen tines and pictures of dancers and dance Johnson County Historical Society groups were exhibited. The Society The Society held its spring meet presented its first Rex Plumbum ing, April 26, in the Old Court House, (King Lead) Award to Rex Newman, Warrensburg. The Central Missouri editor emeritus and retired veteran re State College Madrigal Singers enter porter of the Joplin Globe. Presenta tained with early American songs. A tion of this gold-plated award and play, "The Handwriting on the Wall," framed citation inaugurated an annual was adapted and produced for the recognition event to honor someone meeting by Girl Scout Troup 153. The play featured Senator George G. Vest connected with the historical back as a leading character. Members dis ground, the development and progress cussed plans for celebration of the So of the district. ciety's 50th anniversary. The Society observed the city's 97th birthday at its April 19 meeting in the Joplin Historical Society Joplin Little Theatre. The theme for Some 100 persons attended the No the evening was entitled, "Theater in vember 12 meeting in the Joplin Mu the Joplin Area." Dr. Robert K. Gil- nicipal Building. T. L. Holman, assist more, Dean Division of Arts and Hu ant professor of History at Missouri manities, Southwest Missouri State Col Southern College, Joplin, discussed lege, Springfield, presented the main "Jayhawkers vs. Red Legs," a story of address on "Non-Theatre Theatre," or the pre-Civil War period on the Kan folk entertainment in the early Ozarks. sas-Missouri border. Mrs. David Hoover also spoke on the In November the Society installed aters from 1873 to the present, and E. 28 historical markers in city parks, the Leffen Pflug and G. E. Pollock related first phase of its Historical Trail proj the history of the Joplin Little The ect. atre. A summary of theater activities The early mining history of Joplin in Joplin, Jasper County junior col was reviewed for some 50 persons at leges and the Missouri Southern Col the December 3 meeting of the Min lege was given by Milton W. Brietzke, ing History Round Table Committee. Speech and Drama Department, Mis W. F. Netzeband, retired mining engi souri Southern College. Members paid neer and chairman of the group, pre special tribute to Joplin's actors and sented an illustrated talk on the area's actresses. Pictures, programs and scrap- mining boom of 1870-1885. Mrs, A. books of Joplin theaters and stars Paul Thompson read an account of were displayed. terms used by miners in the industry and a number of persons in attendance Kansas City Westerners related stories about mining activities. At the February 10 meeting in Hotel The Society held a buffet dinner Bellerive, Dr. H. Eugene Smith, spoke Historical Notes and Comments 487 on "White Man's Diseases Among the Lawrence County Historical Society Indians." Francis Babbs, Miller banker, spoke An illustrated slide talk on "Ft. on area history at the February 8 Union: Haven on the Santa Fe Trail," meeting in Jones Memorial Chapel, was presented by William G. Hassler, Mount Vernon. The following officers acting director of the Kansas City Mu were elected: Dan Stearns, Mount Ver seum of History and Science, at the non, president; Mrs. Loyd Ellis, Au March 10 meeting. rora, first vice president; Eugene H. Dr. Robert L. Branyan, chairman of Carl, Mount Vernon, second vice presi the University of Missouri-Kansas City dent; Mrs. Jessie C. Miller, Aurora, History Department, spoke on "City corresponding secretary; and Fred G. Life Moves West: Urban Services Be Mieswinkel, Mount Vernon, secretary- yond the 96th Meridian," at the April treasurer. 14 meeting. The talk dealt with west At the April 19 meeting in Robinson ern urbanization in the latter part of Elementary School, Aurora, Mrs. Kate the 19th century. Lehman, former Aurora teacher, pre sented a program on the early history Knox County Historical Society of the town and school. Harlan R. Mr. and Mrs. V. H. Campbell pre Stark also spoke on interesting aspects sented a slide program on their trip of Aurora's history. Old photographs to Guatemala at the April 14 meeting of the area were displayed. in the Knox County High School, Edina. It was reported that approx Lewis County Historical Society imately 300 persons visited the Society's The Society held its April 12 meet museum in the basement of the court ing at the Baptist Church in May- house during "Museum Week," April wood. The program, "History of May- 13-17. wood," was prepared by Mrs. D. P. Officers of the Society are Junior Wiseman and presented by Mrs. Nolen Wilkerson, president; Dr. J. L. Cor Leach. A display of old photographs nelius, vice president; Mrs. Charley and a copy of the Maywood Missourian Hamlin, secretary; and Mrs. Junior illustrated the talk. Wilkerson, treasurer. Macon County Historical Society Lafayette County Historical Society Some 50 members attended the Some 87 members and guests at April 29 meeting at Traveller Cafe, tended the April 16 annual spring Macon. An address on the life of Her banquet in the Holiday Inn, Lexing bert Hoover was presented by the ton. Guest speaker, William Elder, Reverend Julius Rechtermann, New Marshall, discussed the procedures Cambria. Members discussed the pos used by the Saline County Historical sibility of a special program in the Society in writing the Saline County county to celebrate the Sesquicenten History. The Lafayette County Society nial of Missouri in 1971. A number of is considering such a project. old documents and pictures were dis The following officers were elected played. for the coming year: Professor Wood- row Wilson Kurth, Concordia, presi McDonald County Historical Society dent; Youree Adair, Odessa, first vice At the May 3 meeting in the Tiff president; Richard Bricken, Waverly, City Community Church, members second vice president; Mrs. William presented a panel program. Mrs. Ella H. Cullom, Lexington, secretary; and Maddin spoke on "Tiff City's Early G. L. Trent, Lexington, treasurer. History," and Mrs. Virginia Shaver dis- 488 Missouri Historical Review cussed the "Hopkins Family." The bi ison, Versailles, presented a program ographies of Doctors A. U. Chase and on the history of Fortuna and area A. J. McKinney were presented by lead mining. A display of literature Henry Chase and Bremer Chase. Earl and old photographs illustrated the Dewitt told about Bannock, a small talk. town once located near Tiff City, and Mrs. Fern Teel gave the "Later His Morgan County Historical Society tory of Tiff City." Thirty-two members attended the Society president Mrs. Pauline Car- April 27 meeting in the Morgan nell has been appointed by Governor County Bank, Versailles. Lowell Davis, Warren E. Hearnes to the Governor's author of the recently published book, Advisory Committee of the Missouri Ozark Hillman's Handbook, spoke to Sesquicentennial Commission. the group on the history of Northwest Missouri. A number of antique items Mississippi County were on display. Historical Society The museum opened for the sum Beginning with a reception on April mer season on May 30. Signs advertis 19, and continuing through May 16, ing the museum were placed on the the Society exhibited the works of highways leading into Versailles. Be sculptor Tom Runnels and painter ginning June 15, a New York City stu Ron Huff at the Society's Art Gal dent was employed at the museum lery, Charleston. during the summer months. Mrs. Audley Brown, president of the Society, has been named to Who's Who Native Sons of Kansas City of American Women, a compilation of At the February 25 meeting in Wish civic leaders. bone Restaurant, Theodore Seligson of Seligson/Eggen, Architects, pre Missouri Historical Society sented slides and a talk on "Kansas Two new exhibits, "Sterling Price- City's Architectural Heritage and Governor and General," and "A Bride Landmark Buildings." Mr. Seligson is and Her Gifts—1875," were displayed president of the Missouri Valley Chap by the Society, February 13-June 1, in ter of Architectural Historians. Jefferson Memorial Building, St. Louis. The Price exhibit featured books Nodaway County Historical Society written with the aid of the Society's The speaker for the February 23 archives. The bridal display included meeting in the Dream Kitchen, Mary a bride, her mother and children, all ville, was Mrs. Louise Landes, a recent dressed in French inspired fashions of arrival from Cuba. the 1870s. Ross Scott, Jr., a student at North Missouri "Show Me" Club west Missouri State College, Mary At the March 15 meeting in First ville, presented an illustrated program Methodist Church, Los Angeles, Cal on his travels in Italy, at the March ifornia, Al Riddle and Mary Lindholm 23 meeting in the United Methodist presented color slides of Death Valley. Church, Maryville. Members participated in a bus trip At the April 27 meeting in the to Palm Springs, May 2. United Methodist Church, Dr. James Lowe, Social Science Department, Moniteau County Historical Society Northwest Missouri State College, told At the March 16 meeting in Masonic of plans for the formal dedication, Hall, California, Mrs. Preston Hutch June 13, of the Old Hickory Grove Historical Notes and Comments 489 Rural School, located on the college House as a National Historical Land campus. mark in 1965. The awards, to indi viduals or organizations for outstanding Phelps County Historical Society contributions to history, were pre Officers of the Society are Dr. T. R. sented to the Downtown Sertoma Club, Beveridge, Rolla, president; Mrs. Martin McNally, Mrs. Edward Clay Charles Smallwood, St. James, vice ton, Sheridan Logan and posthumously president; Mrs. Jessie Rucker, Rolla, to Fred Carr. A special award rec secretary; and Mrs. Sophie Martin, ognized Mayor Douglas Merrifield for Rolla, treasurer. his assistance, interest and help to The historical museum is open dur Patee House. Dr. William Petrowski, ing the summer from 2 to 5 p.m., Sun days, Mondays and Wednesdays. associate professor of History of the University of Nebraska, Omaha, spoke Pike County Historical Society on "The Role of the Railroad in Some 65 persons attended the April Western Development." 28 meeting at the Frankford Christian Large crowds attended the annual Church. Attorney Edward Glenn of spring antique gun show, April 18-19, Louisiana related a history of the land and the spring antique show, May 22- which is now a part of the Dundee 24, with proceeds used for the devel Company in Pike County. The follow opment of Patee House. ing slate of officers was announced: Patee House was officially opened for McCune Dudley, Louisiana, president; the summer season on Memorial Day, Mrs. Tom Doyle, Curryville, first vice May 30. The building is open, admis president; Mrs. Champ Grimes, Eolia, sion free, from 10 to 5 daily, Monday second vice president; Charles Merri- through Saturday, and from 1 to 5 on wether, Louisiana, third vice presi Sundays. Many displays are new. A dent; Rose Crank, Annada, secretary; special feature is the historic Hannibal and Robert Henry, Bowling Green, and St. Joseph Railroad train, exhib treasurer. ited in transportation hall. Platte County Historical Society Putnam County Historical Society The Society celebrated its 25th an The Society held its February 20 niversary dinner, April 26, in the meeting in the Public Library, Union Weston Elementary School. W. R. ville. P. W. Porter and B. M. Husted Spratt, Parkville, a charter member, presented the program on early-day gave a resume and accomplishments of county schools. The president opened the Society since its founding, May 1, and closed the meeting with the 1945. Lew Larkin, of the Kansas City ringing of an old school bell. Star, spoke on the history of Missouri. Officers for the coming year are William Lorentz provided musical en Melva O'Reilly, president; Mrs. Walda tertainment for the 208 persons in at Ann Paris, vice president; and Mrs. tendance. Freda Hurliman, secretary-treasurer. Pony Express Historical Association Memberships total over 200. The Association held its 6th annual The Society has a display of histor awards luncheon, April 11, in Rob- ical items in the library. The exhibit idoux Hotel, St. Joseph. Each year five is changed every six weeks. special historical awards are given by Members have been preserving the Association in observance of the church and school histories, collecting start of the Pony Express on April 3, old photographs and tabulating genea 1860, and the designation of Patee logical information from cemeteries. 490 Missouri Historical Review St. Charles County ing in the Missouri Valley Trust Historical Society Building. G. T. Van Bebber, attorney The Society sponsored its 9th an and historian of Troy, Kansas, spoke nual antique show and sale, April 10- on "The Members of the Seventh Kan 12, in Three Flags Restaurant, St. sas Cavalry of the Civil War." Fred A. Charles, Antiques of 46 dealers were Hyde, chairman of the train repair exhibited in some 50 booths. committee, reported that sheet metal The Society held its April 23 annual work had been completed on the large dinner meeting in St. Peter's Catholic Burlington steam locomotive and Church Hall, St. Charles. Orval Hen tender located in Patee Park, 10th and derson, historian for the Missouri State Penn. Keeping the engine repaired and Park Board, spoke on historical events painted has long been a project of the in St. Charles during the days the Society. capitol was located there, 1821-1826. Michael Frazier, historical administra Shelby County Historical Society tor of the First State Capitol, was a Slide photographs of the Clarence special guest. community and pioneer families of the county were provided by Charles St. Charles County Timmons at the April 25 meeting in Junior Historical Society the Clarence Civic Building. Members The Society celebrated its first birth discussed museum plans and Roy Neff day with a party, April 6, at the home reported that filing cabinets had been of Rolland Kjar, St. Charles. secured for the cataloguing of museum A series of historical articles, written items. by members of the Society, are pub lished weekly in the St. Charles Jour Smithville Historical Society nal. Paterson Memorial Museum, Smith Officers for the coming year are ville, opened April 5, and will remain Diane Souchek, president; Tim Glosier, open each Sunday from 1 to 5 p.m. vice president; Leslie Brown, secre through October. Lucille Taylor served tary; Jim Toler, treasurer; and Tom as hostess on April 5 and 12 showing Schaberg, historian. respectively pattern glass and memen St. Clair County Historical Society toes of Smithville merchants and fam At the February 18 meeting in the ilies of the past and present. Jane Commercial Hotel, Osceola, President Jones served as hostess on April 19 and James Atteberry gave a picture pro 26. On the third Sunday the Museum gram on historical homes and build featured a World War II scrapbook ings in Appleton City, Lowry City and on area servicemen and on the follow Osceola. ing Sunday the Society honored the A history of the Osceola Literary So Golden Age Club with refreshments ciety and its successor, the Osceola and a tour of the Museum. Literary Association, was related at the March 18 meeting by Dr. Franklin P. Vernon County Historical Society Johnson. The board of directors met April 5 A review of changes from 1883 to at the Farm and Home Savings Asso the present time was given by John ciation, Nevada, and discussed plans Mills at the April 15 meeting. for the opening of the Bushwhacker Museum on April 15. Plans were also St. Joseph Historical Society made for a booth and parade floats The Society held its April 19 meet for "Bushwhacker Days." Historical Notes and Comments 491 Webb City Historical Society byterian Church, an event which cele- Mrs. Coleene Belk, researcher and bra ted the 20th anniversary of the author of Dueneweg, spoke at the Society's founding. Virginia Sheaff, re- March 10 meeting in the Webb City tired school teacher and the author Public Library. Mrs. Belk discussed of a number of books on Kansas City one of her books on area history history, presented a talk entitled, gathered from county tombstones. "Wandering through Old Westport." The Society sponsored a sidewalk An imaginary walking tour in the display of art and crafts from the area, Westport area was also given by Miss April 25, in Webb City. sheaff afc ^ fim regular meeting Q£ Westport Historical Society the Society in 1950. Several of Miss Over 100 persons attended the Feb- Sheaff's former pupils attended the ruary 27 meeting at the Westport Pres- meeting. Did She Understand? Columbia Weekly Missouri Sentinel, October 7, 1852. A lady asked her husband what the difference was between exportation and transportation. "My dear," replied the good-natured husband, "there is a differ ence, and I will endeavor to bring it as near your understanding as possible:— suppose you were exported I should be transported." P. M.'s Were Profitable St. Louis Globe-Democrat, September 23, 1888. A Notion Clerk. People generally think we counter-hoppers all lead starving lives, but there never was a greater mistake. If a man can sell what we call "p.m.'s" he's sure of a nice living, no matter what his normal salary is. A "p.m." is an article a little shelf-worn or unseasonable, which the firm, or the depart ment manager, marks with those letters, and which, if sold at the price marked, guarantees to the salesman a commission of from 5 to 25 per cent. Now, coinci- dently, my salary as head salesman in the gents' furnishings department is but $18 per week and there are clerks under me earning but $8 a week salary, yet my fortnightly stipend is often $50 and never as low as $36, while some of the $8 and $10 men in my department often run their salaries up to $15 and $18 per week by close attention to the "p.m.'s." Not only are we money in pocket by hustling to make these premium sales, but the man who makes the most of such sales is the one who gets a department when there is a vacant manager ship. You see, the firm keeps an account with each department, charging the manager with investments and crediting him with the returns, just as if he was running his own store and the trial balance on the 1st of January generally de cides whether the manager shall have a raise in his position or a raise out of it. And the "p.m.'s" go a long way toward saving on losses that would otherwise be inevitable. 492 Missouri Historical Review GIFTS PAUL R. BECK, Jefferson City, donor: 100th Anniversary of St. John's Lutheran Church, Owensville, Mo. R* Photographs of Jefferson City (1891), taken by Carl Deeg. E Brief History of Immanuel Lutheran Church, Honey Creek, Missouri..R MRS. EDWARD A. BOWEN, Novelty, donor: "Borron Genealogical Record: Timothy Terrill Family; Bowen Genealogical Record: John Hodges Family; Roberts Genealogical Record: John Head- rick Family." R MRS. GEORGE BRADLEY, Fayette, donor: A number of old Central Missouri newspapers including Brunswick, Central City, Keytesville, Salisbury, Glasgow and Excelsior Springs. N MRS. WILLIAM BRADSHAW, Columbia, donor: Numerous Missouri publications. R Newspaper clippings and photographs. E ROBERT BUECHER, Millstadt, Illinois, donor: "History of the Wetteroth Family of Millstadt, Illinois," by donor. R E. TAYLOR CAMPBELL, St. Joseph, donor: William R. Strachan letter, 1852, from Newark, Missouri. M Pictures and family information of George and Susannah Hawkins and John Joseph and Mary Elizabeth Taylor. M MRS. H. W. CARRINGTON, Lebanon, donor: A number of items from the library of the late Hon. Thomas L. Rubey including the dedication of Swallow Memorial Monument in the Columbia Cemetery, 1928. R ALICE CHAMBERS, Boonville, donor, through NICHOLAS A. BRUNDA, Boonville: Photograph of Joseph K. Rogers. E Lamonte Pettis County Christian, May, 1919. N Christian College, Columbia, baccalaureate address to Class of 1860, and Christian College entertainment program, Dec. 21, 1860. R CYRIL CLEMENS, Kirkwood, donor: One hundred sixteen short biographies of persons associated with Mark Twain. M Mark Twain and Richard M. Nixon, by donor. M SHEROD J. COLLINS, Kirksville, donor: Breaking New Ground: Autobiography, by donor. R WALTER DAVISON, JR., Kirksville, donor: Thomas Caldwell Davison—A Book on Genealogy, by Walter S. Davison. R *These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head quarters: R refers to Reference Library; M, Manuscript Collection; E, Editorial Office; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; B, Bay Room; and MC, Museum Case. Historical Notes and Comments 493 JAMES T. DENNY, PETTIS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Sedalia, donor: Photographs loaned for copying and information on the "Little Red School House," Sedalia, restored by Pettis County Historical Society. E REVEREND WILLIAM W. FERREN, Jefferson City, donor: Two photographs of St. John's Lutheran Church, rural Jefferson City, loaned for copying. E RALPH GREGORY, Mark Twain Birthplace Memorial Shrine, Stoutsville, donor: Letters of Albert Bigelow Paine, 1912. M REVEREND ARNOLD GRIESSE, Lohman, donor: "125 Years Given to God's Mission," Zion Lutheran Church, Jefferson City. R MRS. HENRY W. HAMILTON, Marshall, donor: Negatives of Slusher Community, Lafayette County. E SALLIE HALL HARRIS, Columbia, donor: Genealogy of the Sharpless Family, compiled by Gilbert Cope. R REVEREND ROBERT EARL HODKINS, Hallsville, donor: Thesis, "A Study of the History, Development, and Prophecy of the Red Top Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Hallsville, Missouri," compiled by donor. R MRS. OLIVER HOWARD, Columbia, donor: Briefs filed by Fox & Sac Indians & the Justice Department before the Court of Claims, 1952-54. R MR. AND MRS. IRA BEN HYDE, III, Princeton, donors: The Millar-du Bois Family; Its History and Genealogy, compiled by Eva Miller Nourse. R LARRY JAMES, Columbia, donor: "The Huey & The Hutchison Families," compiled by donor. R MRS. NANNIE JINKENS, Wheatland, donor: Cemetery inscriptions of Hopewell Cemetery, eastern Henry County. R MRS. JOE KOENIG, Rhineland, donor: Shrine of Our Lady of Sorrows at Starkenburg Silver Jubilee (1913). R STEPHEN G. LAMAR, Burlington Junction, donor: Photograph, Nodaway County Courthouse and Jail (1853). E OSCAR L. LARSON, Portland, Oregon, donor: William Jones Papers, 1870-1909, pertaining to the Chester and Iron Mountain Railroad in Southeast Missouri. M HAROLD W. LEMERT, JR., Ferguson, donor: The Lemert Family in America, The Story of Lewis Lemert and His Descend- ents, compiled by Amy Lemert Hake. R OLIVER WM. LIENHARD, St. Louis, donor: "The Olivers," compiled by donor. R 494 Missouri Historical Review EDWIN PARKER LYNCH, Pacific Palisades, California, donor: Xerox copy of Thomas Hart Benton letter, 1829. M MRS. CHARLES L. MILLER, Macon, donor: Daybooks and account books of Benjamin R. Thrasher, Macon County, May 1877-December 1891. M ARTHUR PAUL MOSER, Springfield, donor: "A Directory of Towns, Villages and Hamlets, Past and Present, of Christian County, Missouri," compiled by donor. R "A Directory of Towns, Villages and Hamlets, Past and Present, of Lawrence County, Missouri," compiled by donor. R R. GLEN NYE, San Diego, California, donor: Hibbs-Farnsworth and Related Families, compiled by donor; and Riley Smith Emmons and Priscilla Eleanor Howard, Their Ancestors and Descend ants, by Katherine June Emmons Tyler, edited by Katherine E. Watson Nye. R PICKLER MEMORIAL LIBRARY, Northeast Missouri State College, Kirksville, donor: Numerous Missouri periodicals. R PUBLIC LIBRARY, De Soto, donor: Photographs of the De Soto area loaned for copying. E MRS. BESSIE E. PYLE, Bethany, donor: Colonel John Pyle and His People, compiled by C. Homer Pyle. R MRS. BOBBIE HATTON RICHARDSON, Bragg City, donor, through MRS. VIRGINIA BoTTS, Columbia: Marsh-Hazel Cemetery Inscriptions, Dunklin County, compiled by donor. R PAUL ROWE, Kahoka, donor: The Trial of Bill Young, Accused of Murdering the Spencer Family. R ST. JOHN'S LUTHERAN CHURCH, Jefferson City, donor: A Century of Grace, 1869-1969, St. John's Lutheran Church, Route 3, Jef ferson City, Missouri. R MRS. K. J. SEAGRAVES, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, donor: Genealogy of Seagraves Sampson & Kindred Lines, by Faye S. Seagraves. R MR. & MRS. THEODORE R. SHELL, De Soto, donors: Confederate Note Plate. MC SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH, Jefferson City, donor, through MRS. D. R. TOLBERT, Jef ferson City: Misc. items relating to Second Baptist Church. R MRS. J. A. SESLER, Modesto, California, donor: "Spencer-Oldham Bible records." R "Bible records, Oldham-Sportsman." R JOHN L. SULLIVAN, Flat River, donor: Papers of John L. Sullivan. M History of Flat-River, St. Francois County, Missouri and History of Mining In the Lead Belt in St. Francois County, Missouri. M Flat River pictures and scrapbook. M Historical Notes and Comments 495 DR. WILLIAM H. TAFT, Columbia, donor: Microfilms: "Early St. Louis Newspapers, 1808-1850," by Dorothy Grace Brown, and "U. S. Library of Congress, Chronological Index of Newspapers for the Period 1801-1952 in the Collections of the Library of Congress," compiled by Paul Swigart. N TARKIO COLLEGE LIBRARY, Tarkio, donor: Representative Charles F. Booher, Memorial Addresses (1921). R REVEREND JOSEPH J. TRAWER, Jefferson City, donor, through PAUL R. BECK, Jef ferson City: Salem-Hope United Presbyterian Church, Hope, Missouri, 1860-1960. R FRED VOGEL, Jefferson City, donor: Jefferson City Daily Post, July 1908-July 1919. N MRS. KERMIT WATKINS, MISSOURI SOCIETY DAUGHTERS OF 1812, Liberty, donor: Daniel Boone in the War of 1812 Period, by Lillian Hays Oliver. R T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield, donor: History of the Mars Hill Church & Cemetery. R WESTPORT PRESS, Springfield, donor: Leaves From An Ozark Journal, 1937-1946, Volume 2, by E. T. Sechler. R HELEN L. WOODCOCK, Granby, donor: Newspaper clippings of Granby school histories. E MRS. HOWARD W. WOODRUFF, Kansas City, donor: "Marriage Records of Ralls County, Mo., 1821-1866," compiled by donor. R ROBERT GAIL WOODS, Louisville, Kentucky, donor: "Julius Edwin Edwards." R MRS. ILENE SIMS YARNELL, Versailles, donor: Picture postcards of Lake Ozark area. E MRS. BEVERLY HANSHAW YOUNG, Springfield, donor: "An Illustrated Historical Atlas Map of Greene County, Missouri, Index to Biographical Items," compiled by donor. R Applause for the Losing Team St. Joseph Morning Herald, July 15, 1870. The Falls City Club, the present champions of Nebraska, will arrive in this city this morning, and this afternoon they are to play a match game of ball with Haymakers of this city. The latter club will have out a strong nine, and as the Nebraska club are fine fielders and batters, a sharp and close game may be ex pected. The game will be played on the College Grounds, and will commence at 2:30 p.m. sharp. All who take interest in the game are invited to attend. It is to be hoped that the small boys will not keep up their infernal yelling, and especially when the visiting club happen to make a poor play. It is the wish of the Haymakers that good plays on each side will receive equal applause. 496 Missouri Historical Review MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Ashland Boone County Journal February 6, 1970—'Mr. [R. B.] Price . . . Artist . . . Banker." February 13—"No Saloon Causes Trouble," a reprint from the Rocheport Commercial, May 1888. February 20—In commemoration of the newspaper's first anniversary, a number of historical articles were reprinted from earlier issues. February 27—"The Railroad Plan, 1871," and "[Stephen St. John] Man died In cave-in 1841." March 6—"Eli Penter Was Early Ashland News man." March 13—"Boone County's 'Klondike'." March 20—"A Teacher [Georgiana Bruce Kirby] at Bonne Femme Academy Tells of Slavery," a reprint. April 3—"Rocheport Events From 1870 [Boone County] Journal." Brunswick Brunswicker February 5-April 30, 1970—"You Write The Caption," a weekly picture series. Buffalo Reflex March 12, 1970—'The Railroad Dallas County Never Had," by Ida E. Garner. Camdenton Reveille January 30, 1970—"Moved in New Court House 38 Years Ago, Jan. 23." Columbia Missourian February 1, 1970—"Missouri's $3 Bill," a picture story. February 18—A brief account of ladies fashions by Sue Schweiger, "You've come a long way, Baby—shedding bloomers along the path." De Soto and Bonne Terre PresS'Dispatch February 2, 1970—A number of short stories by readers. February P—"Big Star Shines Unseen in De Soto," a story about Elberta Nelligan and the Buckholz Place. February 16—"Roads Into the Wilderness." February 23 6- March 2—"De Soto's Honored Guest From the South [Jeffer son Davis]," a series. March 9, 16 & 23—"Conservation and Pollution Nothing New," a series. This, and the articles above, in the column, "As You Were," by Eddie Miller. March 23—The article, "Former De Soto Businesswoman Observing Her 101st Birthday," presented a biography of Mrs. Thomas Benjamin Maness. March 30-April 27—"The Curtain Goes Up for De Soto," a weekly series, by Eddie Miller. March 30—An engraving for a Confederate Civil War note illustrated an article relating its connection with the De Soto Press. Eldon Advertiser March 19, 1970-"St. Patrick's Day 1904, in Eldon, Railroaders Arrive Seeking Jobs," by Jim Bullard. Historical Notes and Comments 497 Jackson Journal February 4,1970—"There's Music In The Air, The History of the Community Concert," Part II. February 18 & 25—"History of Cape Girardeau Order of Odd Fellows, No. 675, and Rebekah Lodge, No. 508," a two-part article. This, and the article above, by K. J. H. Cochran. February 25, March 11, April 8, 22, 29—A series of old area school photo.- graphs. March 4—"Clarence Scheper, Old Time Miller, Recounts Facts About Area Mills," by K. J. H. Cochran. March 11—"The Wreck of the 'Coffee Pot' [railroad engine]." March 18 & 25—"Light From A Lantern, The story of the William William's Place," a series. This, and the articles below, by K. J. H. Cochran. April 1—"The Farmer in the Dell, The A. F. Lorberg House on Route K." April 8—A history, "The Lutheran School of St. Paul." April 15 & 22—"Towers of the Cape Girardeau County Court Building," Part I & II. April 29—"A New Tomorrow For Mill A [Cape County Milling Company]." Kansas City Star February 8, 1970—"Missouri's 'Father of Photojournalism' [Clifton C. Edom]," by Peg McMahon. February 12—"Lincoln Family History Stitched Into a Quilt," by John Edward Hicks. February 15—"Missouri's First Insurance Boss [Wyllys King] Had Plenty to Regulate." February 21, 28, March 7, 21, 28, April 4, 11, 18, 25—"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured respectively Dr. Andrew T. Still, Thespian Hall, Weston, silk mania, Joseph Pulitzer, Montgomery Blair, Charles Daniel Drake, Negroes and Alexander Doniphan. February 28, March 7, 21, 28, April 4, 11, 25—A series of postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray, featured respectively German Hospital, Coates House, Kersey Coates Drive, Masonic Temple, Orpheum Theater, St. Luke's Hospital and Fidelity Trust Company Building. March 15—"Resident Artist and Sage [Thomas Hart] Benton Misses Land of His Youth," by Jules Loh. April 19—A history of the Kansas City Call, by Helen T. Gott, commemorated the newspaper's 50th anniversary. April 27—"[Mark] Twain's Wit Concealed Sorrow," by Evelyn Bendersky. April 26—"The 100 Years of B'nai Jehudah," by Frank J. Adler. Kansas City Times February 7,14, March 14,1970—"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured respectively Arrow Rock, Ozarks and General James Wilkinson. February 7 & April 18—Postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray fea tured the Board of Trade Building and Troost Park. March 17—"Ardent Irishman [Milt McGee] a Popular Civic Leader," by John Edward Hicks. 498 Missouri Historical Review April 11—"Ernest Hemingway, [Kansas City] Star Staffer, From Cub Re porter to Literary Giant," by Henry Raymont. April 16—"Renewal for Missouri's Forests," by Margaret Shemwell, reprinted from the Conservationist. April 24—"Time Confusion Was 'Fact of Life'," by Calvin Manon. Latvson Review February 12, 19, 26, March 12, 19, 26, April 2, 1970—a. historical series on Watkins Mill. Linn Osage County Observer February 26, March 19, April 30, 1970—"History Of Osage County," a series by Hallie Mantle. March 12 & 19—A two-part article, reprinted, "History Of Saint Boniface Parish, Koeltztown, Missouri," by Father Richard G. Reichling. 'Neosho Daily News December 11, 1969-"History of Old Chase School." February 19, 7P70—"Former Student Tells History of Bullard Point School." Both Granby area school histories by Helen Woodcock. Paris Monroe County Appeal February 12, 26, March 19, 26, April 2, 1970—"History of Monroe County," a series reprinted from an 1884 history of the county. February 12, 26, March 12, 19—A history of area businesses presented in the column, "Business Anniversary." February 26—"An 1898 Letter from Alaska [written by M. S. Bounds]." March 26—"History of Santa Fe Railroad and other Santa Fe History," by Mrs. Eugene Sharp. Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic December 15, 1969—"Water Mills in Early Butler County," by George R. Loughead. April 30, 1970—"Views of History—Village of Rombauer, Thriving Commu nity at Turn of Century," by Bob Manns. St, Charles Journal January 15, 1970—"The DuSable Memorial Society," by Rolland Kjar. January 22—"Slave Years Are Recalled," by Darla Henderson. January 29—"When St. Charles Was a Slave State," by Pam Plume. February 12—"German Societies Led Migration," by Jeanne Thro. February 19—"[Louis] Blanchette, Fur Trader by Choice," by Roger Orf. February 26—"Blanchette Led Prosperous Life," by Roger Orf. March 5—"St. Joe Hospital, A Valuable Asset," by Darla Henderson. March 19—"Family Traces Itself Back 128 Years," by Jay Schultehenrich. March 26—"DAK Chapter Formed In 1909," by Deenya D. Boelman. April 2—"DAR's Mark Historical Sites," by Deenya Boelman. April 9—"A Review of The Church of God History," by Rolland W. Kjar. April 16—"The [Alfred] Payne Farm," by Peggy Simon. Ste. Genevieve Fair Play February 6-April 24, 1970—A weekly series, "History Of Our Town," by Mrs. Jack Basler. Historical Notes and Comments 499 St, Louis Globe-Democrat February 14-15, 1970—"The Automobile Age," a history of the Chevrolet plant in St. Louis, by David Brown. February 21-22—"60 Years Of Rotary," by Walter E. Orthwein. March 1, 15, April 5, 12, 19, 26—A picture series, "Then and Now," featured respectively Market Street, Pine Street, Twelfth Boulevard, City Hall, Market Street and Washington Avenue. March 16—"Thomas Hart Benton, Painter of America's Soul," by Jules Loh. April 26—"Whatever became of Theodor Anders?" with photos by Paul Ockrassa. St. Louis Post-Dispatch February 8,1970—"The Humane Society of Missouri, 100th Anniversary, 1870- 1970," a special supplement. February 27—A history of Sales and Marketing Executives of Metropolitan St. Louis. March 4—"Paul Christman: Memories Of A Daring Young Man," by Bob Broeg. March 5—"Century Of Weather," by Jack Rice. March 29—"Marlin Perkins [St. Louis Zoo director emeritus]: Friend of An- mals 60 Years," by Olivia Skinner. April 19, 21, 22, 23—A four-part series by Jack Rice featured August A. Busch, Jr. April 26—"In the Stillness At Watkins Mill," written by Richard M. Jones, photos by Scott C. Dine. Sedalia Capital February 5, 1970—"Cross Timbers History Recalls a Bygone Way of Life." This, and all the articles below, by Hazel Lang. February 19—"Knob Noster's History is Gilded by Buried Gold Tales." March 5—"Edwards Literally Received its Name from a Drawing." March 19—"The Town of Preston Was Platted Before the Civil War." April 2—"Urich Was the Original Site of Civil War Encampments." April id—"Early History of Houstonia Highlighted by Violence." Shelbyville Shelby County Herald February 11, 1970—"First White Girl [Evalene Baker Turner] Born in His tory of Shelby County," April 15—"Shelby Countian [John W. Vandiver] Patents Seeding Machine in 1858," by Mrs. Mary Vandiver. Steelville Crawford Mirror February 5, 1970-Story of The Steelville Normal and Business Institute, by Albert Reeves. February 5, 26, March 12, April 2, 16, 23, 30—A picture series, "Souvenir Photos." February 12—List of Benton Creek Teachers, Rural School Memories, Jake Prairie, compiled by J. I. Breuer. February 19—The Story of The Steelville Normal and Business Institute, by Professor J. A. Ferrell. February 19—"The Decade of the Job High School." 500 Missouri Historical Review February 26—The Story of the Fleming-Thompson School, compiled by J. I. Breuer. March 12—A history of Blue Spring School, and "Rural school memories," both compiled by J. I. Breuer. March 19—" 'Fifty years' At High Point [School]." Stover Morgan County Press March 19, 1970—A history of Holy Cross Lutheran Church, northwest of Stover. Versailles Leader-Statesman February 5, 1970—"Fortuna Was Boom Town In Early 1900s," by Omega Hutchison. April 9—A history of the Versailles library, given by Mrs. P. J. McDonough at the March 30 meeting of the Morgan County Historical Society. Webb City Sentinel February 6-April 17, 1970—"Webb City's Past," a weekly series, by Harry C. Hood, Sr. They "Took the Trip" Columbia Weekly Missouri Sentinel, June 24, 1852. Spiritual Rappings.—At Palmyra, a week or two since, a medium by request turned over a large dining table. The leaves did not fall, but adhered to the legs, making a kind of box in which three ladies seated themselves, and then the medium, laying her hand on the table, was followed by it around the room pretty rapidly, several times, rather seriously damaging the table by scratching its surface on nails in the uncarpeted floor. By request of one of the ladies the table started out of doors, but was stopped by the "carpet strip." No person touched the table except as above mentioned—the "medium" is a delicate little girl, about twelve or thirteen years of age. The full strength of four would be required to accomplish the feat described. The respectability and directness of our information, and well known high standing of those who "took the trip," leave no room to doubt the correctness of the above facts. The Rose Was More Romantic Hannibal True American, February 22, 1855. A remarkably intelligent young botanist of our acquaintance asserts it as his firm conviction, strengthened by his public observation, not the less by his pri vate experience, that plants have a decided influence upon the actions of man kind in general, and of womankind, perhaps in particular. In illustration of this axiom, he adduces, with some shrewdness, the indisputable fact that many a delicate young lady who would shrink with maiden modesty from being kissed under the mistletoe, has yet not the slightest objection to that ceremony, if it Historical Notes and Comments 501 MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES American Heritage, February, 1970: "[Peter Rindisbacher] The Boy Artist of Red River," by Alvin M. Josephy, Jr.; and "Mister Carnegie's 'Library'," by Caroline E. Werkley. American Scene [Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art], 1970: "The Missouri River, America's Waterway West," by David C. Hunt. Arizona and the West, Winter, 1969: "Lost Manuscripts of Western Travel," by John Francis McDermott. Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Spring, 1970: "Union Strategy in Arkansas During the Vicksburg Campaign," by Donald E. Reynolds. Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter, February, 1970: "The Historical Vulcan Iron Works," by Albert T. Jefferson. , April, 1970: "Historic Jefferson Barracks," by Tony Fusco. Clay County Museum Association Newsletter, February, 1970: "Edward Earl Kirk- land, Clay County, Missouri," by Hazel Moore Kirkland. March, 1970: "The Ladies Colleges of Liberty, Missouri," by Russell V. Dye. -, April, 1970: "The Crossett Family in Clay County Missouri," by Evelyn Petty. Florissant Valley Historical Society Quarterly, April, 1970: "Ellen Chambers La- motte"; "A Letter From Jane Chambers"; "Florissant News—1913"; and "Ferguson ... As I Knew It," by E. R. Schmidt. Howell County Missouri Historical Society Quarterly Review, January, 1970: "The Battle of the Courthouse: February 25, 1862," compiled by Dorotha Reavis; "School 'Daze' and Spanish Needles," by Mrs. C. H. Dotson; "Pioneer Churches Still Living," by Lourena Galloway; "4 x 2's For A Long Barn," by W. F. Willbanks; and "Richards Brothers in the Ozarks," by Dwight Richards, as told to Dick Fleming. , April, 1970: "5-Star City," by Glenn Smith; "A Few Bits of Mountain View History," by Grace Penninger; and "Gulley Store: Hutton Valley," by Ella Horak. Jackton County Historical Society Journal, Winter, 1970: "Long Henry [Thrus- ton], An Easy Mark, Never Hit," by Ethylene Ballard Thruston; "J. F. Richards, Self-Made, Richards-Conover Founder, Orphan at 12," by A. C. Jobes; "Moss Hunton's Gifts to Children More Than Money," by Mary Paxton Keeley; and "Henry Bundschu Reviews History of Slavery," by Henry A. Bundschu. Kirkwood Historical Review, March, 1970: " 'Winged Figure,' [First Presbyterian Church, dedicated in Memory of Wyllys Seymour King Family]," by Jaquelin Ambler. 502 Missouri Historical Review Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, April, 1970: "Bird's Eye View of Aurora in 1879," reprinted from the Fountain & Journal, February 13, 1879; "Aurora Postmasters and Their Appointments," provided by W. E. Wise; and "Agustus Neuton Calhoun," by Mary O. Kerr. Mark Twain Journal, Summer, 1969: "Winslow Homer and Mark Twain," by Jerry M. Williamson; and "Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri (The Ameri can Scene)," by Marguerite Kingman. , Winter, 1970: "John Sam Clemens: A Father's Influence," by Keith Coplin; "Mark Twain's Dream Self in the Nightmare of History," by Ellwood Johnson; "Mark Twain, W. D. Howells, and Henry James: Three Agnostics in Search of Salvation," by Kenneth Andersen; "In Defense of Tom Sawyer," by Elmo Howell; "The Grangerford-Shepherdson Episode: Another of Mark Twain's Indictments of the Damned Human Race," by Capt. Robert E. Lowery; and "Pudd'nhead Wilson's Election," by Stuart A. Lewis. Missouri Alumnus, February, 1970: "Centennial for a [Eugene] Field Day," by Betty Brophy. Missouri DAR Bulletin, February, 1970: "Cold Water Cemetery," by Dorothy L. Poikert. Nebraska History, Winter, 1969: "Better Britons For The Burlington: A Study of the Selective Approach of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy in Great Britain, 1871-1875," by Ian MacPherson. Oregon Historical Quarterly, December, 1969: "The Founding of Mount Angel Abbey," by Gerard G. Steckler. Ozarker, May, 1970: "The Current: Log of the Wilma," Part VIII, by Ward Allison Dorrance. Ozarks Mountaineer, March, 1970: "Coon Creek Days," by Lyle Owen. , April, 1970: "Aunt Delphia Hall Laughlin, Ozarkian Midwife," by Meda Feasel. , May, 1970: "The Charm of Ha Ha Tonka," by Opal Stewart Butts; and "History of Price Mill," by Russ How. Palmer Family Quarterly, Fall, 1969: "Ratliff Boone Palmer, Missouri Pioneer, His Ancestors, His Descendants and Allied Families," compiled by Barbara Crawford LeDoux. Pony Express, March, 1970: "Frederick Bee Organized the Pony Express—1859." Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, April, 1970: "Mark Twain, Unrecon structed Southerner, and His View of the Negro, 1835-1860," by Arthur Gor don Pettit. Trail Guide, December, 1969: "The Rhetoric of Alexander W. Doniphan," by R. Kenneth Elliott. True West, April, 1970: "Captain [William Sloan] Tough and His Buckskin Scouts," by Joseph W. Snell. Historical Notes and Comments 503 True West, June, 1970: "When the Last Trumpet Sounds '—I want to stand up with my men.'—Black Jack Pershing," by Agnes Wright Spring. Western Historical Quarterly, January, 1970: "The Mining Promoter in the Trans-Mississippi West," by Lewis Atherton; and "Mark Twain's Attitude Toward The Negro in the West, 1861-1867," by Arthur G. Pettit. Westport Historical Quarterly, March, 1970: "Westport's First Woman Realtor and Her Descendants," by Helen Waskey Embree; "Franz Hahn, the Village Blacksmith," by Adrienne Christopher; "The Old Vogel Saloon," by Adrienne Christopher; "Tecumseh's Tomahawk in Possession of Bettis Family," re printed from old newspaper clipping; "The First Battle of Westport, June 17, 1863," by William A. Goff; "Ezra Meeker—Apostle of the Oregon Trail," by Mrs. Mildred Miles Main; "When Signboard Hill Was a Picnic Place"; and " 'Telegraph' Aubry: A Riding Man," by Marc Simmons. Wi-Iyohi, Bulletin of the South Dakota Historical Society, February 1, 1970: "The Saga of a Pioneer Nurse," by Mrs. Freda Marburger Kappner. The Mortality in Flies Was Terrific Kansas City Times, June 1, 1943. The old adage about building a better mousetrap was exemplified by B. F. Douglass, who died a few days ago at Fulton, Mo. Mr. Douglass, a former screen company head at St. Louis, conceived, in 1900, the idea of making a fly swatter out of a square of common wire screen on a handle. His invention was perfected shortly before S. J. Crumbine, of the Kansas State Board of Health, launched his famous "swat the fly" campaign, which popularized a cause medical men had been agitating for years, by making vivid to the average person the disease and filth-carrying proclivities of the house fly. Eagerly the population began swatting flies. Before the Douglass era, various clumsy devices had been used—whisks made of horsehair, folded newspapers, and the like. The defect of these was that the corporosity of a fly is very light, and the solid-faced swatter created air pressures in descending which seemed to whisk the fly out from under the sweeping doom in many instances. The screen-wire swatter had the merit of letting the air through as it descended and the fly received no help in the form of a friendly boost to safety. The result was that fly-swatting became a national pastime, and the mortality among the flies was terrific. An Old-Fashioned Remedy Linn Unterrified Democrat, January 16, 1908. An old physician of the last generation was noted for his brusque manner and old-fashioned methods. One time a lady called on him to treat her baby who was lightly ailing. The doctor prescribed castor oil. "But, doctor," pro tested the young mother, "castor oil is such an old-fashioned remedy." "Madam," replied the doctor, "babies are old-fashioned things." 504 Missouri Historical Review IN MEMORIAM <>. J. RAY Brownlee, moved to Columbia in 1963. Silvey J. Ray, editorial cartoonist for Besides his wife he is survived by a the Kansas City Star from 1931 until son, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Colum 1963, died in North Kansas City, Feb bia, director of the State Historical So ruary 3, at the age of 78. Mr. Ray was ciety of Missouri; a daughter, Mrs. born on a farm in Chariton County Frank Lee Martin, West Plains; and a and there he attended grade school. brother, Rollins H. Brownlee, Brook Following service in World War I, he field. attended the Art Students League in New York, 1919-1920. ADAMS, CHARLES B., Silver Springs, During the time Ray served as reg Maryland: May 18, 1882-July 27, 1968. ular cartoonist for the Kansas City Star, he drew an estimated 10,000 editorial ADAMSON, H. C, Springfield: Decem cartoons which appeared daily on the ber 1, 1897-June 2, 1968. editorial page. Many were reproduced ANDERSON, DR. ERNEST M., Pittsburg, around the world. His drawings are in Kansas: May 7, 1888-September 24, cluded in the permanent collections at 1969. the National Press Club in Washing ton, D. C, and the Huntington Gallery BARTLETT, MRS. EZEKIEL M., Clarks- in Pasadena, California. Some 1500 are ville: July 3, 1883-March 2, 1969. also included in the cartoon collection BELL, MARION A., Los Angeles, Cali at the State Historical Society of Mis fornia: March 15, 1886-November 23, souri. 1969. Ray was awarded a citation for dis tinguished services by the Treasury BERKOWITZ, MRS. WALTER J., Kansas Department for cartoons promoting the City: April 16, 1905-January 28, 1970. sale of World War II bonds, and in 1951 he was the recipient of a medal BERRY, BENJAMIN M., Walnut Creek, from the Freedom Foundation, Valley California: March 1, 1893-March 18, Forge, Pennsylvania, for outstanding 1970. achievement in bringing about a better understanding of the American way of BOWMAN, CHARLES, Larchmont, New life. York: October 6, 1898-February 20, 1970. Ray is survived by his wife, Mrs. Claird Ray, also of North Kansas City. BRIGGS, HAROLD E., Green Ridge: Sep tember 29, 1896-April 25, 1970. ELLIS C. BROWNLEE Ellis C. Brownlee, retired Brookfield CAMPBELL, VIRGIL MARTIN, Hannibal: banker, died, May 6, in Columbia. Mr. March 2, 1895-September 1, 1968. Brownlee attended the University of CARY, HENRY MCKAY, Carrollton: Missouri, and before his retirement in September 29, 1903-February 17, 1970. 1961, he was president of the Brownlee- Moore Banking Company, an institu CHEESMAN, EARL F., Carrollton: Sep tion founded by his grandfather, a pio tember 16, 1896-February 28, 1970. neer Linn County settler. Mr. Brownlee was born, December 4, 1894, in Brook CLAYTOR, MRS. FA YE, Richmond, Cali field. He and his wife. Margaret Shore fornia: March 6. 1892-Mav 16 1969.. Historical Notes and Comments 505 CROWELL, NEWTON H., Hillsboro, MEIER, CHARLES T., Springfield: Au Oregon: July 12, 1898-November 12, gust 24, 1924-July 24, 1969. 1969. MOENTMANN, FRED, Norborne: No CULVER, DALE E., Kansas City: May vember 30, 1889-June 5, 1969. 25, 1905-November 16, 1969. MORTON, STRATFORD L., St. Louis: De DAVIDSON, R. L., JR., Columbia: Jan cember 14, 1887-February 18, 1970. uary 14, 1893-December 19, 1968. PENNEY, MRS. DAVID L., St. Louis: DAVIS, THOMAS J., Wilmington, Illi May 23, 1900-March 27, 1969. nois: June 1, 1898-January 10, 1970. PUTZEL, H. V., St. Louis: February 20, FELLOWS, BAIRD, Salisbury: Novem 1879-December 6, 1969. ber 24, 1904-May 14, 1969. REYNOLDS, R. EDGAR, Chillicothe: FERGUSON, W. M,. Cape Girardeau: September 6, 1885-January 10, 1970. August 20, 1901-November 13, 1969. RINKER, WALTER N., JR., Kansas City: HASWELL, KANAH E., Joplin: Febru May 25, 1928-March 16, 1970. ary 14, 1888-September 16, 1969. SANDERSON, JOHN R. C, Topeka, Kan HOLMES, MRS. WILMA, Fort Collins, sas: June 3, 1909-November 11, 1969. Colorado: September 7, 1884-October SARGENT, LENA M., Sacramento, Cali 14, 1968. fornia: February 13, 1866-January 29, JOHNSTON, GALE F., St. Louis: July 1970. 19, 1898-March 7, 1970. SCHMITT, MRS. JOHN H., Moberly: Born 1894-February 22, 1970. KING, ROBERT P., Columbia: April 5, 1906-August 13, 1969. SMITH, LOUIS A., Edwardsville, Illi nois: May 28, 1880-November 10, 1969. KOONTZ, EARL S., Jefferson City: Oc tober 23, 1891-February 17, 1970. SMITH, WADDELL F., San Rafael, Cali fornia: September 26, 1899-January 8, KRAMER, VERONICA FRANKEN, Her 1970. mann: September 3, 1881-November 25, 1969. STANFORD, W. E., Tahlequah, Okla homa: March 18, 1900-January 19, 1970. LEHR, RALPH, Kirksville: October 24, STEVENS, E. F., Webster Groves: April 1895-September 23, 1969. 25; 1890-November 3, 1969. MAGILL, A. C, Cape Girardeau: Oc TOFFLEMIRE, MRS. CHARLES D., Mar tober 12, 1881-February 28, 1970. shall: February 20, 1896-January 10, 1970. MCQUEEN, JOE W., Shawnee Mission, Kansas: December 8, 1891-April 19, TUTTLE, MORTON, Prairie Home: 1969. March 1, 1895-April 14, 1969. Looking Toward the Future Paris Mercury, September 30, 1873. A Justice of the Peace in marrying his first couple got the ceremony slightly mixed. He wound up by saying: "Suffer little children to come unto them." 506 Missouri Historical Review BOOK REVIEWS The Vncorrupted Heart: Journal and Letters of Frederick Julius Gustorf, 1800-1845. Edited, introduction, and notes by Fred Gustorf; translation by Fred and Gisela Kramm Gustorf (Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1969). 182 pp. Notes. Index. $6.50. The German settlements in Missouri and Illinois founded in the eighteen-thirties, often referred to as "Latin" settlements, have supplied the student of the German immigration with a rich store house of information. Unfortunately, most of it remains in the Ger man language despite the irregular appearance of translated and edited fragments. The Vncorrupted Heart, consisting of the im pressions and observations of one educated middle-class German, Frederick Julius Gustorf, is more than a fragment. It is a sub stantial contribution to both the available literature and to our un derstanding of these important settlements. What Gustorf saw fit to record often can be said to have escaped the attention of natives as well as German participants in the colonization. The rough hewn towns, the restlessness of its people, the frustrations of pioneer life, and the hardened person alities of river towns, all, are vividly reconstructed. Occasionally, the reader finds glimpses of a developing country from a pioneer to a civilized state. For example, Gustorf describes the dramatics of speculation in town lots, a horse-powered Rratwurst factory in St. Louis, a teeming, commercially oriented waterfront. Underneath his recorded observations emerges a man under going a complete metamorphosis. When Gustorf left Philadelphia in the spring of 1835 he was a romantic in search of paradise; when Historical Notes and Comments 507 he returned in the fall of 1836 he was broken of spirit and gen erally disillusioned about the vitality of the much talked about German settlements. While the transformation from optimism to pessimism was in progress Gustorf allowed his personal dislikes to color his objectivity resulting in serious distortions of reality. He found most Americans "repulsive." Kentuckians carried bowie knives, were less "civilized than Indians," and lived "in company with wolves." The foreign inhabitants of St. Louis and Cincinnati were labeled "rotten riffraff while Germans of working-class back grounds lived "like vegetables" and comprised the "excrement" of Europe. The countryside, too, did not escape his caustic pen. Originally, mountains and dense forests contained charm and romanticism, later they became symbols for a miserable environ ment. Yet within this literature of disenchantment are contained the seeds of Gustorfs contribution for all too frequently such literature had to give way to the sweep of a triumphant westward movement. While the translation of Gustorf s journal appears well done, the editor's comments and explanatory remarks leave much to be desired. Errors of fact and interpretation, the misspelling of several author s names, and footnotes without proper citations detract from the scholarly value of the book. One must also mention that the editor failed to inform the reader that a significant portion of the journal had been previously published. In addition, two maps, one detailing the route of Gustorf s travels, the other showing the Ger man settlements in Missouri and Illinois, and a reproduced page of the original German manuscript would have been a welcome addition to the book. Rhode Island College George H. Kellner The Great Platte River Road: The Covered Wagon Main line via Fort Kearny to Fort Laramie. By Merrill J. Mattes (Lincoln, Nebr.: Nebraska State Historical Society, Publica tions, Volume XXV, 1969). 583 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Bibli ography. Index. $7.95. In more than 30 years as a historian with the National Park Service Merrill Mattes has become well-known to students of the trans-Mississippi West, particularly to those with a major interest 508 Missouri Historical Review in the covered wagon migrations of the mid-19th century. Begin ning with his unravelling of the tragic story behind the naming of Scotts Bluffs in western Nebraska, Mattes has had an almost unequalled variety of responsibilities and opportunities for delving deeply into the history of the trans-Mississippi West. It is not at all surprising, therefore, that he has now made a monumental contribution to the history of America's westward expansion. Its title, The Great Platte River Road, is based on the author's thesis that the broad valley of the Platte River across Nebraska and eastern Wyoming was the grand corridor of America's west ward expansion. In that valley converged the trappers' trail, the Council Bluffs road, the California road, the military road from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Laramie, and others, forming a primitive superhighway to the West. While the Platte River on which it focuses attention bisects a neighboring state, this book should be of great and lasting interest to Missourians. Many of the notable "jumping off places" the author describes were located in Missouri, and all were reached via the Missouri River. Some of the earliest travelers of the routes which converged on the Platte were also Missourians, while Missouri financiers and entrepreneurs were deeply involved in many aspects of the traffic on the Great Platte River Road, and Missouri journalists provided historic coverage of both its routine uses and the tragic events which often beset its travelers. Throughout his career, Mattes has been seeking out origi nal overland journals and similar primary sources, and this en cyclopedic book is based on 700 or more of these contemporary sources. From these he quotes at length, carefully developing pic tures of each route, site or event in the original language of the fur traders, emigrants, soldiers and other travelers. He has applied this technique not only to in-depth studies of the border towns, trail routes, river crossings, stage stations, military posts and the famous North Platte Valley landmarks, but also to encounters with the Indian, and the cultural aspects of the covered wagon migration. Such matters as the equipment, organization, provisions, traffic patterns, camping techniques, manners, morals, religion, crime, diseases, death and burial customs are treated from this unequaled base of primary source materials. As the converging trails formed the true Great Platte River Road near Fort Kearny in central Nebraska, the author presents Historical Notes and Comments 509 a detailed picture of that historic military post and its role. Then his pictures of the road to the West become most detailed and eloquent as he presents the travelers' reactions to such key sites as Ash Hollow, Courthouse Rock, Chimney Rock and Scotts Bluffs. These landmarks along the North Platte River he treats with great authority. Just as the historic travelers looked to their arrival at Fort Laramie as the end of a major portion of their westward journey, so the author has chosen to conclude his picture of the Platte River Road with two chapters on that most historic site. Some historians may deplore the absence of footnotes from this volume, but the average reader will certainly enjoy it much more for that reason, and even the professional should find the system which Mattes has utilized acceptable. His thousands of direct quotations may be readily traced to a bibliography of more than 700 primary sources which is probably the most extensive yet compiled in this field, and of great value. Fine original maps, contemporary sketches, modern photographs and a chronology are other valuable aids contained in this book. In short, if you are interested in America's westward expansion, you must own and read The Great Platte River Road. National Park Service David L. Hieb Diamond, Missouri Books reviewed and noted in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW cannot be purchased through the Society. Inquiries for purchases should be made to the publishers. No "Hand to Mouth" Pacifier Hannibal True American, February 22, 1855. Means have been discovered for keeping babies from two to ten months old, perfectly quiet for hours. The modus operandi is as follows: As soon as the squaller awakes, set the child up, propped by pillows if it cannot sit alone, and smear its fingers with thick molasses. Then put half a dozen feathers into its hand, and the young one will set and pick the feathers from one hand to another until it drops asleep. As soon as it wakes more molasses and more feathers, and in place of nerve-astounding yells, there will be silence and enjoyment un speakable! . ' , 510 Missouri Historical Review BOOK NOTES My Journey to America, 1836-1843. Edited by Anna Hesse (Hermann, 1969). 52 pp. $2.00. Unlike Gottfried Duden's 1829 Report, delineating the golden opportunities to be found in America and especially in Missouri, Jacob Nauman's diary deals with the difficulties of transportation, the hazards of unemployment and the hardships of pioneer life. "Uncle" Nauman, according to Mrs. Hesse, tried many kinds of work in America and liked none. Traveling here and there, he was never content to remain long in one place. But with an observant eye and a facile pen he chronicled many details about his journey to and from America. Although he bought land near Hermann, where his Gaebler and Kroeber relatives had settled, clearing the land was difficult, life in an isolated log cabin was lonely for a bachelor and Jacob Nauman soon moved to other Missouri towns. He tried his hand at teaching school in Warren County and St. Charles County, but eventually his yearning for the homeland prevailed and he returned to Germany in 1846. Appended to the diary are comments about forest fires near the Missouri River, the cold wave at Hermann in 1842-1843, the appearance of frontier villages and an assortment of other subjects ranging from varieties of songbirds to the saltpetre cave near Her mann. The work is dedicated to Mrs. Hesse's mother Anna Gaebler Kemper. Included in the booklet is a genealogical chart of the Gaebler family. Ozark Stories of the Upper Current River. By Margaret Ray Vickery (Salem: Salem News, 1969). 95 pp. Illustrated. Not in dexed. $5.00. Dedicated to those who love the river, Ozark Stories of the Upper Current River is a beautiful example of printing and photo graphic art. The author's fascinating stories of Ozark life are placed like jewels in a glamorous setting. A professional photographer and newspaperwoman, Margaret Vickery has produced a volume of his torical worth with much aesthetic appeal. Full-page photographs depict the natural beauty of the Ozark hills and Ozark life and personalities. A fold-out map serves as a guide to those who may wish to tour the region. A native of the Ozarks, Mrs. Vickery has Historical Notes and Comments 511 captured the authentic flavor of the picturesque Upper Current River Country in narrative and illustration. History and Program, St. Charles, Missouri Ricentennial Cele bration. By the historical book staff (St. Charles, 1969). 80 pp. Illustrations. Not indexed. The centennial celebration of the founding of a town is an important event and even more noteworthy is a bicentennial com memoration. St. Charles is one of the few Missouri towns that has attained that age. Founded in 1769, in 1969 St. Charles citizens observed their 200th anniversary with various community events and the publication of a historical booklet. Members of the publication staff were Clarence A. Goellner, chairman; Mrs. Theodosia Rauch, author; William Goellner, de signing editor; Edna McElhiney Olson, archivist; John J. Buse, historian; and Reinhart Stiegemeier, photographer. Pages of the booklet are sponsored by business firms, educa tional institutions and organizations. There are no advertisements but credit is given to the sponsors of the pages. Inserted in the center of the booklet are yellow pages with the program of the bicentennial celebration and a listing of the names of the bicen tennial guarantors and businessmen bicentennial certificate guar antors. The history of St. Charles, a town originally French in culture, which was selected as the site of the temporary capital of Mis souri in 1821, is attractively presented and carefully researched. The front cover, printed in color, depicts the seal of tho bicenten nial. Copies of letters of congratulation from President Richard Nixon and Governor Warren Hearnes are used in the introduction. The book is dedicated "to our ancestors" and "to our descendants." More than 150 photographs and line drawings supplement the text. The full-page guide map of St. Charles' historic places and sites used on the inside front cover and the rare map showing the St. Charles commons are of special interest. According to the staff, the purpose of the booklet is primarily documentary as distinguished from historical. This thin line of distinction, however, fades as documentation becomes the stuff of history. The booklet is a lasting memorial to the St. Charles bicentennial. 512 Missouri Historical Review History of Forest Hill and Vicinity. By John Steele McCormick. Not indexed. $7.50. In 1935 the author published a series of historical and genealog ical sketches of Crawford County families entitled "Forest Hill and Vicinity" in the Rourbon Standard. In this updated version, the orig inal title of the newspaper sketches has been retained because the old settlement and school district included the area from Leasburg to Hinch and from Nixon to beyond Bourbon. To obtain added information for this volume, Mrs. Helen Coulson Land, of Leasburg, made countless interviews and wrote hundreds of letters in order to locate exact names and find miss ing links in the original series. Some of the family history data is brought up to the present time. In addition to family histories and genealogies brief chapters are included on the origins of various Crawford County commu nities, histories of schools and churches and a description of the old-fashioned singing school, all related with a wealth of personal detail which only those old-timers who were native to the commu nity and the county could remember. John Steele McCormick, a former teacher at the Forest Hill School, now teaches Spanish and History in Beaumont High School, Beaumont, California. Missouri Writers. By Literary Landmarks Committee of Mis souri Association of Teachers of English (Kirksville, 1970). 61 pp. $1.00. In 1967 the Missouri Association of Teachers of English ini tiated a literary landmarks project, proposed in 1966 by the Na tional Council of the Teachers of English. Miss Mareta Beatrice Williams, Springfield, served as chairman of the committee for the implementation of the project. Other committee members were Virgil Albertini, Maryville; Mrs. Eutopia Bailey, Centralia; Mrs. Enid Blevins, Carl Junction; Mrs. Berniece Craig, Warrensburg; Miss Berthe Daniel, Springfield; Robert Eastin, Columbia; Mrs. Richard Irwin, Jefferson City; Hubert Moore and Mrs. Madelene Sykes, Kirksville; Miss Lucy Schwienher, St. Louis; Miss Veva Tomlinson, St. Joseph; Dr. Jean Walker, Rolla; and Mrs. Ellamae Wilkins, Sikeston. The objectives of the committee, as stated in the introduction Historical Notes and Comments 513 birthplaces or homes and to publish biographical data about Mis souri writers. The task was difficult and the results are incomplete. Some of the fifty authors chosen for inclusion are famous, while others are comparatively unknown; some are authors of published books in the literary field, while others are historians, columnists or feature writers. The committee plans future publications as a part of the project. Missouri writers of both the past and the present are so nu merous and have published books dealing with such varied sub jects, that prior guidelines about types of publication, the fame of the authors, or the era in w7hich they wrote, should be established. With these guidelines, the committee could present in certain cate gories the biographies of the authors of published books before attempting the still greater task of recognizing the writers of news paper columns and feature articles. The National Register of Historic Places, 1969. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Prepared in the office of Archeology and Historic Preservation by the staff of the National Register of Historic Places (Washington, D. C, 1969). 852 pp. Illustrations. Index. $5.25. The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 provided for an expansion of the National Register of properties significant in American history, archeology and culture. The Register is the of ficial statement by which agencies and individuals, public and private, may know which properties merit preservation. Originally the National Register of Historic Places included only properties of national significance and were either units of the National Park Service or qualified for status as National Historic Landmarks. The National Register, according to the provisions of the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act, now includes properties of national, state and local significance. The states have begun to make surveys and to prepare comprehensive historic preservation plans and on this basis to nominate properties to the National Register. Financial assistance was also authorized by the 1966 Act through a system of matching grants-in-aid to states for surveys and plans and to states, local governments, private organizations and individuals for preservation of properties in the National Register. Although ap propriations have not equaled authorization, grants-in-aid have been initiated on a moderate scale. 514 Missouri Historical Review In this first edition of the National Register states and coun ties within the state are listed alphabetically. The site location, the date or period of origin, and the name of the architect or archi tectural firm if the site is a structure, and brief historical and de scriptive narrative are presented with each listing. Excellent photo graphs are included for selected sites in each state. Photographs of the Jefferson Expansion Memorial and Eads Bridge, St. Louis; Watkins Mill, Excelsior (Springs) vicinity; Bol- duc House, Ste. Genevieve; George Caleb Bingham Home, Arrow Rock; the Mitchell Petroglyph Archeological Site near Cairo, and the Missouri State Capitol, Jefferson City, are included with the fifty-two archeological and historic sites listed in the National Reg ister from thirty-three Missouri counties and the City of St. Louis. After each entry is a statement of ownership, accessibility to the public and the designation NHL (National Historic Landmark), or NPS (National Park Service), and/or HABS (Historic American Buildings Survey). A National Historic Landmark is a building, structure, site, object or district of national historic importance not administered by the National Park Service. Every National Park Service entry is administered by the National Park Service or by state or private organizations in cooperation with the National Park Service. In the Historic American Buildings Survey, National Park Service, docu mentation by photographs, measured drawings and/or data sheets has been made as a testament to a building's architectural or histor ical significance. Records are deposited in the Library of Congress. Mighty Mo, The U.S.S. Missouri, A Riography of the Last Rattleship. By Gordon Newell and Vice Admiral Allan E. Smith, U.S.N. (Ret.) (Seattle: Superior Publishing Company, 1969). 190 pp. Indexed. Illustrations. Bibliography. $12.95. From her christening by Margaret Truman, January, 1944, until 1969, the story of the battleship Missouri is skillfully told through narrative and handsome illustrations. Former captains, fleet commanders and other officers associated with the ship, re corded first-hand accounts of her exploits providing the authors with valuable primary sources. Commissioned, June, 1944, Mighty Mo, the navy's most power ful warship, was commanded by Captain William M. Callaghan. Historical Notes and Comments 515 She became a part of Task Force 58 in support of the Iwo Jima and Okinawa invasions against Japan. The ship was engaged in naval bombardment of the Japanese mainland at the time the atomic bombs were dropped and word of surrender reached the crew. It was at the end of World War II, however, that the Missouri had her day of glory. On her decks, September 2, 1945, while anchored in Tokyo Bay, Japan surrendered to the allied powers bringing a close to the Second World War. Mighty Mo became a symbol of victory and a household word throughout the world. Despite the fact that most naval warships were put into re tirement, the Missouri maintained a busy schedule in peacetime operations from 1946 through 1949. In January 1950, the ship ran aground at Hampton Roads, Virginia, presenting the navy with an embarrassing and colossal salvage problem. Mighty Mo actually suffered little physical damage and entered the Korean War a short time later. Retirement was inevitable, however. In 1955 Missouri was de commissioned and placed in mothballs at the Puget Sound naval shipyard near Seattle. It is here at Bremerton that she remains today, a symbol of peace, visited each year by thousands of people. Should she ever be needed, the Missouri would be ready to sail again. The book is appropriately dedicated to Harry S. Truman, who was junior senator from Missouri when the ship was christened by his daughter and named in honor of his home state, and who was commander in chief at the time of the World War II surrender. Three Mile Square. By Mildred Steuck Marquardt (Rich Hill: The Mining Review Printing Co., Inc., 1969). 33 pp. Illustrated. $2.00. Mildred Steuck Marquardt became interested in preserving the history of Three Mile Square when news began circulating about the proposed Kaysinger Dam. Using newspapers, letters, records, abstracts, deeds, the 1928 Bates County Plat Book, reminiscences and a few "tall tales," she has prepared a brief, nostalgic but in formative history of the three mile square that eventually became known as Pappinville. Among the twenty-three pages of narrative, the author covers the earliest settlers, the Civil War and the rise and fall of the community. 516 Missouri Historical Review St. Louis Globe-Democrat The Experiment That Failed BY HAROLD CALVERT Fifty years ago the prohibition era was launched in this country. During the years of its existence, 1919-1933, disrespect for the unpopular law, the Volstead Act, brought law enforcement in general into disrepute. Probably a great majority of the country's police officers tried conscientiously to enforce the prohibition law, but so many of their colleagues either winked at offenders or openly aided them that respect for law enforcement of all kinds was at a low ebb. My father was sheriff of one of Missouri's rural counties when prohibition came into being in 1919. The county had been dry since 1916 due to local option laws. Previously, saloons were in vogue throughout the county, but when local option was voted in, they closed their doors for keeps. The nearest place local citizens could go to "wet their whistle" after 1916 was a small town across the Missouri river—in a wet county—a few miles south of the river and inhabited almost entirely by Germans. The river ferryboat between the counties involved enjoyed a considerable increase in patronage due to this pilgrimage until 1919 when the entire country went dry. Between 1916 and 1919 bootlegging wasn't much of a problem in our county. Now and then some would-be enterprising dispenser of cheer would import a supply for resale purposes, but they were soon reported and put out of business. In fact, I recall when my father took office for his second term in 1917 the outgoing sheriff had confiscated around 100 half-pints of legal stuff from a "traveling saloon" operator. I watched the prosecuting attorney and my dad flush all this evidence down the stool after the owner had been con- Historical Notes and Comments 517 victed. It is possible my dad might have liked to save a few "jugs" for later use—medicinal purposes, of course—but the prosecutor was a fervid prohibition ist and would have frowned on such an idea. When the boys returned from World War I and found the country dry, some of them, having been enticed by the wine-loving Frenchman's habits, were disappointed. They, along with many others, sought solace in various alcoholic substitutes. For a few years such things as cooking extracts—vanilla and almond were local favorites—canned heat, a terrible tasting concoction intended for outdoor cooking, rubbing alcohol, and Jamaica ginger were used in experiments. "Jake," a mixture of ingredients none of which was ever in tended for internal use, was a potion which, if used too frequently, sometimes gave the imbiber what was called "jake-leg"—a slightly weaving and stringhal- tered walking gait even when sober. Returning servicemen were by no means the only seekers after liquid stimulation. Illegal stills began to crop up in the willows along the river and else where. They distilled corn whiskey—some of it an improvement over those first-mentioned items and some of it probably even worse. However, there was no doubt about its potency. The distillers were in and out of jail frequently because, as a rule, they were their own best customer. But a jail sentence seldom cured them from setting up business again. It was said that in the eastern part of the county bootleggers at one time wore badges of identification to keep from soliciting each other. I recall very well one still my dad and his deputy raided. They brought the copper cooking unit to the jail, smashed it thoroughly with an axe, and told my brother Herb and me that we could sell the copper as junk. Several months later they raided another location and found the same copper unit, straightened, patched up, and steaming merrily away. It had been retrieved from the junk yard and rehabilitated. The officers made sure this time the tiling was completely destroyed. The "better-type" moonshiner distilled a "superior" grade of liquor and sold his product in white-oak charred kegs to regular customers. But for every one of this kind, there were dozens of others manufacturing stuff that wasn't fit for man, let alone beast. But people drank it. I have seen contemporary companions take a swig of the stuff, go into a near epileptic fit trying to swallow it, finally get it down, smack their lips and exclaim, "Boy! that's good stuff, ain't it?" The bootlegger himself was usually a middleman between the distiller and the consumer. He bottled and sold pints and half-pints at his home or on the streets. There was one bootlegger in a town south of the river who always wore an old dilapidated overcoat—even in pretty warm weather. He must have had at least a dozen pockets, each one containing a half-pint, in that old over coat. He was a walking saloon. The only legal whiskey available was reserved for medicinal purposes. A doctor was issued scrip books and could reissue an order for a pint, provided he thought his patient was in dire need. He usually had a line of patients in dire need at his door. During prohibition many large breweries continued to manufacture near 518 Missouri Historical Review beer—beer with all alcohol removed—but, as with cigarettes without nicotine, near beer, by itself, never became very popular. Spiked or "shot" illegally with grain alcohol, however, this form of beer proved to be a good source of rev enue for bootleg joints. When legal near beer parlors first opened, signs such as the following cornball play on words frequently appeared—"Although there is no beer near here, there is near beer here." But the most universally manufactured booze during prohibition was home-brew. Homemade wine was also fermented frequently, but home-brew was easier and quicker to manufacture. There were many different recipes, but they were all basically the same. Malt, yeast, sugar, a large crock or jar, some bottles and a capper were about all you needed to manufacture the drink. It would not only blow your hat off, but frequently blew the bottle caps off before it was "ripe." Many times after capping his supply of bottled brew, the inexperienced brewer would be awakened in the middle of the night by exploding bottles in his basement. He hadn't timed his operation right and dared not go into the basement until he was sure every bottle had exploded. Flying glass and beer all over the place gave his basement the appearance of a first-class disaster area. For some this was their last effort, but others cleaned up their mess, tried again, and finally mastered the procedure. Looking back, we see the era as being somewhat fascinating but actually it was morally deteriorating. The prohibition law was unpopular with too many people and because it wasn't always enforced, it led to a disrespect for other laws and law officers. Gangsters all over the country flourished financially through the sale of illegal liquor. As my dad, a peace officer intermittently from 1908 to 1934, often said, "We had less lawlessness with open saloons." Repeal of the prohibition law came in 1933 and the "Great Experiment," admirable perhaps in theory but definitely unworkable in practice, came to an end. Those of us who had been underground for so long conducting our "investi gations" were self-conscious and ill at ease, even years later, bending an elbow in public. Somehow it still didn't seem quite legal. The Ephs and Cays Were Missing Chillicothe Constitution, May 25, 1891. A new paper out west started under difficulties. It tells its own story as follows: "We began the publication of The Rocey Mountain Cyclone with some phew diphiculties in the way. The type phounder phrom whom we bought our outphit phor the ophice phailed to supply us with any ephs or cays, and it will be phour or phive weex bephore we can get any. The mistache was not phound out till a day or two ago. We have ordered the missing letters, and we will have to get along without them until they come. We don't lique the loox ov this variety ov spelling, but mistaix will happen in the best ov phamilies, and iph the p's and c's and x's and q's hold out we'll ceep (sound the c hard), the Cyclone whirling aphter a phasion till the sorts arrive. It is no joce to us—it's a serious matter. INDEX TO VOLUME LXIV COMPILED BY MRS. MARY M. MORRIS Audrain County Historical Society, 358 Audubon, J. J., art. on, listed, 120 Academy of Squires, new members, 222 Aull, James, 205 Adair, Mr. & Mrs. Clay, 485 Aurora, art. on, listed, 502 Adair, Wilson, 487 Austin, Emily, 57 Adams, Charles B., obit., 504 Automobile, art. on, listed, 499 Adamson, H. C, obit., 504 Avery, Mayor Clarence, 482 Adreon, William Clark, 367 Aviation, arts, on, listed, 116, 120, Aid-Hodgson Water Mill, art. on, 374, 375 listed, 378 Akers, Muriel E., donor, 108 Akins, Zoe, verso back cover Oct. B issue (illus.) Alexian Brothers Hospital, art. on, Babbitt Family, 229 listed, 375 Babbs, Francis, 487 Alfred Payne Farm, art. on, listed, 498 Bain, Mrs. Bernice, 234 "Alienation of The South: A Crisis Baker, Mrs. Lucile B., 304 for Harry S. Truman and the Demo Baldwin, Mrs. Lucille, 366 cratic Party, 1945-1948," by Robert Balloon ascensions, art. on, listed, 119 A. Garson, 448-471; (illus.) Balsiger, Fred R., obit., 379 Allen, Curtis, obit., 121 Bankhead, John H., 455, 456 Allen, John S., 362 Banking in Mid-America: A History Allouez, Pere Claude, 83, 84 of Missouri's Banks, by Timothy W. Allton, John L., obit., 251 Hubbard and Lewis E. Davids, re Alma, art. on, listed, 116 viewed, 381-382 American Refrigerator Transportation Bannon, John F., "Jacques Marquette Company, 26 1637-1675," 81-87; (illus.) " 'And All For Nothing,' Early Ex Barber, Andrew, 49 periences of John M. Schofield in ^arenholtz, Bernard M., 104 Missouri," by James L. McDonough, Barkley, Alben W., 456, 461, 463 306-321; (illus.) Barnes, Charles M., Jr., obit., 121 Anderger, John, donor, 108 Barnes, Gerald, 101 Anders, Theodor, art. on, listed, 499 Barnes, Lakenan, 358 Anderson, Bill, art. on, listed, 120 Barnett, Ray, 234 Anderson, Dr. Ernest M., obit., 504 Barras, Charles M., 134 Anderson, Dr. George L., 364 Barry County Historical Society, 226, Anson, Francis, Willow Springs, black 480 smith, art. on, listed, 120 Bartlett, Mrs. Ezekiel M., obit., 504 Arator, art. on, listed, 246 Barton, Sen. David, 78 Archambault, Auguste, 231 Barton, Morton D., 103 Argent, Mr. & Mrs. C, 484 Barton, Ruth, 358 Arnholt, Gerald L., donor, 239 Bartram, Mrs. Gene, 366 Arnold, Mrs. Nettie, 480 Bartshe, Frankie, 103, 486 Arrow Rock, arts, on, listed, 116, 497 Bass, Dr. B. J., 484 Arrowsmith, Mrs. George M., obit., Bass, Helen, 105 379 Bass, Mrs. James L., donor, 108 Ashby, Capt. Daniel, 399 Bass, Lawrence, art. on, listed, 112 Atchison County Historical Society, 99, Bates County, 358, 480 —Courthouses, art. on, listed, 242 Atchison, David Rice, 42, 265 —Extension Guidance, art. on, listed, Athay, Bill, 363 242 Atherton, Dr. Lewis, 218 —F. M. Allen Family, art. on, listed, Atkinson, Col. Henry, 13, 14; 13 (il 242 lus.) Bates County Historical Society, 226, Atteberry, James, 490 358, 480 Atwood, Elizabeth Cunningham, do Bates, Edward, 163 (illus.) nor, 108 Battle of Boonville, 337 (illus.) 519 520 Index Battle of Wilson's Creek, 306-312; 308 "Big Neck Affair: Tragedy and Farce (illus.) on the Missouri Frontier," by Dor Baugher, Rolla A., obit., 251 othy J. Caldwell, 391-412; (illus.) Bauman, G. Duncan, 94 (illus.) Big Sugar Creek Country, by Joe C. Baume, E. V., 101 Schell, noted, 385 Baxter, William, 404 Bilbo, Theodore G., 457, 461, 467 Bean, Col. J. H., 304 Bingel, William, 436 Bean, Major Jonathan L., 401 Bingham, George Caleb, 71, 72, 216, Bearden, John, 99 224; "Emigration of Daniel Boone," Bearss, Edwin C, Steele's Retreat from painting by, 67 Camden and the Battle of Jenkins' Bingham, Henry V., 71 Ferry, noted, 257-258, 482 Bingham, Mrs. Henry V., 216 Bebber, G. T. Van, 490 Birbeck, Robert, donor, 108 Beck, Paul R., donor, 239, 492 Birch, James H., 407, 410; 408 (illus.) Becknell, William, art. on, listed, 243 Black Crook, 133-149 Beckwourth, James P., art. on, listed, Black, Mrs. Sam K., Jr., donor, 369 245 Blackburn, Mary, 230 Bedford, Stephen R., 178 Blackwell, William, 396, 397 Bee Hunting in Missouri, art. on, 130- Blackwood, Dr. Byrne, 485 132; 130 (illus.) Blair, Francis P., Jr., 263-288, 307-310; Beggs, Berenice B., donor, 239 263, 265 (illus.); thesis on, noted, Beinfeld, Dr. Solon, 364 249 Belk, Mrs. Coleene, 491 Blair, Mrs. Grace Ray, 361 Bell, Keller, 228, 360 Blair, Gov. James T., 361 Bell, Luanna, 227 Blair, Miss Jesse, obit., 121 Bell, Marion A., obit., 504 Blair, Montgomery, 265-288, 310; 275 (illus.); art. on, listed, 497 Beltrami, Giacomo Constantine, art. Blakey, Bernard B., donor, 369 on, listed, 378 Blalock, Myron, 467 Bender, Fannie L., 103 Blanchette, Louis, 106; arts, on, listed, Bennett, David, 47 498 Bennett, James H., 178 Blankenship, Mrs. Stella, 237 Bennett, Mrs. Julia M., 290 Bloch, Charles, 471 Bennett, Rev. Marvin, 480 Bloch, E. Maurice, 224 Bennett Spring, art. on, listed, 114 Blow, Susan Elizabeth, art. on, listed, Bentley, Jordan, 100, 227, 359, 482 114 Benton Creek teachers, art. on, listed, Blunt, Gen. James G., 317, 320 499 Boder, Bartlett, art. on, listed, 248 Benton County Historical Society, 99, Boggess, Mrs. Harry L., Sr., 101, 239 226, 481 Boggs, Lt. Gov. Lilburn W., 50-52, Benton, Mrs. Rita, 472 54-56, 76, 78; 55 (illus.) Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), 88-89, Bogie, Mrs. T. D., 293 218, 219, 223, 497, 499, 502; art. on, Bohl, Mrs. Frederick, donor, 369 listed, 248; 363, 472 (illus.) Bohley, Wilfred W., donor, 369 Benton, Thomas Hart (senator), 155, Bolinger, A. J., 105 162, 185, 214, 273, 281 Bond, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur, 222 Berg, Richard, 367 Berger, Dr. William E., 102, 362, 359 Bond, James, 483 Berkowitz, Mrs. Walter J., obit., 504 Book Notes, 126-129, 255-259, 385-386, Bernard, Burton C, 103 510-515 Bernard, Mrs. Ida, 485 Book Reviews, 122-125, 253-254, 381- Bernard, Isaac N., 77 384, 506-509 Boone, Alice H., 485 Berry, Benjamin M., obit., 504 Berry, Mrs. Emmitt, 229 Boone County, arts on, listed, 373 Bethel, Shiloh Baptist Church, art. —Courthouse, arts, on, listed, 373 —Hotels, art. on, listed, 242 on, listed, 117 —Mexican War, art. on, listed, 242 Beveridge, Dr. T. R., 489 —Schools, art. on, listed, 373 Beyer, Arthur K., 359 —Towns, art. on, listed, 242 Biemiller, Andrew, 471 Boone County Historical Society, 99, "Big Neck," front cover July issue 226, 358, 481 (illus.); art. on, 392-412 Boone, Daniel, arts, on, listed, 378 Index 521 Boone, Nathan, art. on, listed, 244 Brown, Gen. Eghert Benson, art. on, Boonslick Area, 64-80, 322-350; Gun listed, 376 smiths, art. on, listed, 119; art. on, Brown, Leslie, 490 listed, 243 Brown, Mrs. Louise, donor, 239 Boonslick Historical Society, 226, 481 Brown, Mrs. R. L., 484 Boonville, art. on, listed, 376; Thes Brown Station, art. on, listed, 242 pian Hall, art. on, listed, 499 Brown, W. Crosby, 105, 365, 366 Booth, Acena, donor, 108 Brownlee, Ellis C, obit., 504 Booth, Jennie, donor, 108 Brownlee, Dr. Richard S., 91, 100, 102, Botts, Mrs. Virginia, 481; donor, 239 218, 222, 236, 368, 472; 94, 219 Bounds, M. S., art. on, listed, 498 (illus.) Bowen, Mrs. Edward A., donor, 492 Broyles, Dr. Watkins Andrew, 362 Bowen, Mrs. John Stevens, 292 Bruns, Mrs. W. A., 102 Bowen, Mrs. Ward, 101 Brush, John, 59 Bowles, Chester, 457 Buchanan, George, 137 Bowles, George H., obit., 251 Buck, Archie, 358 Bowles, Mrs. Joe Ed., 484 Buckner, Mrs. J. T., 359 Bowlin, Rep. James, 159, 162, 172 Budde, G. Edward, 367, 483 Bowman, Charles, obit., 504 Buecher, Robert, donor, 492 Bowman, Mrs. Maggie A., 293 Buehs, Mrs. Hazel, 229 Bowman, Tony, 95 Bundy, Rex, donor, 108 Boyce, James R., 193 Burch, William S., 178 Boykin, Frank W., 454 Burgess, Mrs. Clifford, 485 Brackenbury, John, 44 Burlison, Mrs. Grace E., donor, 109 Bradford, Dr. Charles M., 216 Burnett, J. G., 141 Bradford, Louise, 484 Burns, Mrs. W. A., Sr., 230 Bradley, Mrs. George, donor, 492 Burrill, Mabel, 231 Bradley, H. E., donor, 239 Busch, August A., Jr., art. on, listed, Bradshaw, Mrs. William, donor, 492 499 Bragg, Gen. Braxton, 278 Bush, Mrs. Charles M., obit., 121 Brandt, William, 436, 437 Bush, Robert D., 255 Branyan, Dr. Robert L., 487 Butler County, Braun, Hazel, 359 —History of, art. on, listed, 245 Bray, Robert T., 101 —Opera House, art. on, listed, 242 Brazeal, Hugh L., 49 —Public Education, art. on, listed, Breckenridge, Donald, 360 115 Breckenridge, Henry M., art. on, —Water Mills, art. on, listed, 498 listed, 114 Butler County Historical Society, 99, Breckinridge, John, 272 227, 481 Breen, George F., obit., 121 Butler, John Jeremiah, art. on, listed, Brett, Bradford, 358 248 Breuer, J. I., 229, 239, 361, 483 Butterfield, David G., 60 Breuer, Mrs. Jewel, 483 Byrd, Harry F., 458 Brewer Fieldhouse, art. on, listed, 242 Byrd, Mrs. Lucille, donor, 108, 369 Bricken, Richard, 487 Byrnes, James F., 449; 453 (illus.) Bridges, Mrs. George, 365 Bridges, Mrs. Homer L., donor, 369 Brietzke, Milton W., 486 Briggs, Blanche, 297 Briggs, Harold E., obit., 504 Caldwell, Dorothy J., 230, 481; book Briggs, Jerry, 485 review by, 382-384; "Big Neck Af Bright Glowed My Hills, by Douglas fair: Tragedy and Farce on the Mahnkey, noted, 127 Missouri Frontier," 391-412; (illus.) Brinkley, Mrs. Thelma, 233 Caledonia, history of, arts, on, listed, Bristow, Mrs. Robert, 367 112 Broderick, Mrs. Curtis, 105 Calhoun, Agustus Neuton, art. on, listed, 502 Broerman, Harry, 358 Calhoun, Colt Show, art. on, listed, 246 Brooks, Dr. Phillip C, 364 Calhoun, John C, 9, 10, 12; 4 (illus.) Brophy, Dixie, 368 Callaway, Capt. James, 233 Brown, Mrs. Audley, 488 Calvert, Harold, "Experiment That Brown, B. Gratz, art. on, listed, 114, Failed," art. on, 516-518; 516 (illus.) 274, 281 Calvird, Charles, 363 522 Index Camden County Historical Society, 99, Centennial History of the First Bap 227, 358, 481 tist Church, Kirksville, Missouri, Camden County, history of, art. on, Walter H. Ryle, noted, 127-128 listed, 118; Court House, art. on, Centennial Norborne, Missouri, 1868- listed 496 1968, noted, 129 Cameron, Simon, 311 Centerview, art. on, listed, 116 Campbell, E. Taylor, donor, 492 Central Missouri State College Thea Campbell, Mrs. E. Taylor, 367 tre, thesis on, noted, 249 Campbell, Mrs. Enid, 365 Centralia, Bushwhackers raid, art. on, Campbell, Capt. James, art. on, listed, listed, 112 115 Chambers, Alice, donor, 492 Campbell, Mr. & Mrs. V. H., 487 Chambers, Charles, art. on, listed, 247 Campbell, Vance Murray, 404 Chambers, Mrs. D. R., donor, 239 Campbell, Virgil Martin, obit, 504 Chambers, Jane, art. on, listed, 501 Cape Girardeau, arts, on, listed, 374 Chambers, Maurice R., 222 —Buildings, arts, on, listed, 243 Chambers, Col. Talbot, 5, 14 —County Court Building, art. on, Chandler, Zachariah, art. on, listed, listed, 497 119 —History of, arts, on, listed, 113 Chariton County Blackberries, art. on, —Movie Theaters, arts, on, listed, 243 listed, 118 -Order of Odd Fellows No. 675, art. Chariton County Historical Society, on, listed, 497 100, 227, 359, 482 —Rebekah Lodge, No. 508, art. on, Charles I, King of England, 82 listed, 497 Charleston (steamboat), 55 Cape Girardeau County, Extension Chase, Dr. A. V., 488 Club Women, arts, on, listed, 243 Chase, Bremer, 488 Cape Girardeau County Historical As Chase, Henry, 488 sociation, 481 Chase, Salmon P., 264-288; 282 (illus.) Cape, Jim, 228 Chautauqua, arts, on, listed, 248, 373 Capitol murals, art. on, listed, 248 Cheesman, Earl F., obit., 504 Carl, Eugene H., 487 Child, Catherine E., 191 Carlin, Col. William P., 310 Childress, Mr. & Mrs. Ernest, 104 Carmichael, Dr. Emmett B., donor, 108 Chilhowee, art. on, listed, 116 Carnegie Library, art. on, listed, 501 Chitwood, Neuma, 238 Carnell, Mrs. Pauline, 365, 488 Chitwood, Ray, 484 Carondelet Historical Society, 99, 227, Christman, Paul, art. on, listed, 499 358, 481 Christopher, Mrs. O. H., 368 Carpenter, Mrs. C. S., donor, 239 Churches, Carpenter, Claude, 103 —Ashland Church, art. on, listed, 242 Carpenter, Mrs. D. B., donor, 108 —Cape Girardeau and Jackson Area Carpenter, Donna, 103 Churches, history of, art. on, listed, Carr, Fred, 489 243 Carr, Mrs. Fred, 367 —Chariton County Church, history Carr, Miss Sherrill, 101 of, art. on, listed, 248 Carrington, Mrs. H. W., donor, 492 —Church of God, St. Charles, art. Carroll County Historical Society, 100, on, listed, 498 129, 227, 482 —County Line Church, art. on, listed, Carroll County, Missouri, 1910-1968, 117 noted, 129 —First Presbyterian, Kirkwood, art. Carter, Hodding, 469 on, listed, 501 Carter, Mrs. Leah, 363 —Florida Presbyterian Church, art. Carver, George Washington, 233 on, listed, 245 Cary, Henry McKay, obit., 504 —Freedom Church, history of, art. Casebolt, Miss A. V., 290 on, listed, 246 Cass County Historical Society, 100, —Holy Cross Lutheran, Stover, art. on, listed, 500 359 —Little Bonne Femme Church, his Caswell, Lucretia, 185 tory of, art. on, listed, 242 Cauger, Theodore R., 364 —New Hanover Lutheran Church, Centenarians of Brick, Wood, and art. on, listed, 374 Stone, Hermann, Missouri, by Anna —Oakland Church, history of, art. Hesse, noted, 255 on, listed, 112 Index 523 —Olean Church, art. on, listed, 113 Cockrell, Francis Marion, arts, on, —Olivet Methodist Church, history listed, 118, 246 of, art. on, listed, 245 Coder, Vern, 367 —Pisgah Church, art. on, listed, 112 Coffee, John T., 316 —Saint Boniface Parish, Koeltztown, Coffelt, Faye, 103 art. on, listed, 498 Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 84 —Shiloh Church, art. on, listed, 117 Colborn, R. I., donor, 108, 369 Churchill, Winston, 233; art. on, listed, Cold Water Cemetery, art. on, listed, 115 502 Civil War, Cole County Historical Society, 101, -arts, on, 263-288, 306-321, 334-349 228, 360, 483 -arts, on, listed, 373, 378, 496, 503 Cole, Hannah, 72 —Battle of Lone Jack, art. on, listed, Colesville School, 59 243 Colesville Settlement, 44, 45, 57 —Battle of Pilot Knob, art. on, Colfax, Schuyler, 273 listed, 243 Collins, Sherod J., donor, 492 —Battle of Wilson's Creek, art. on, Colmer, William H., 467 listed, 242 Columbia, —Cedar Twp., art. on, listed, 112 —Boone County National Bank, art. —Fort Donelson, art. on, listed, 118 on, listed, 112 —Gen. Egbert Benson Brown, art. —Hays Hardware Company, art. on, on, listed, 376 listed, 112 —Hickman Mills, art. on, listed, 244 —J. L. Stephens Store, art. on, listed, —Independence County (Arkansas), 112 art. on, listed, 247 —Stage Coach, art. on, listed, 112 —Thesis on, noted, 249 —Streets, 1843, art. on, listed, 242 —Vicksburg Campaign, art. on, "Columbia Female Academy, A Pio listed, 501 neer in Education for Women," by Civil War Round Table of Kansas John Crighton, 177-196; 183 (illus.) City, 100, 227, 359, 482 Columbia Female Academy Trustees, Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks, 178 100, 228, 359, 482 Combs, Rep. Ralph, 101 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, Comfort, Mrs. Elizabeth, donor, 239 228, 359, 482 Commerce Town, Tyawapatia (Ty- Clark, Mrs. Harry L., Sr., donor, 369 wappity) Bottom, 153 (illus.) Clark, John B., 400, 402, 403, 411 Community Newspapers and Printing, Clark, Joseph, 442 Ben H. Nordmann, thesis on, noted, Clark, Dr. M. Graham, 368 249 Clark, R. A., 232 Concordia, art. on, listed, 116 Clark, Tom C, 458 Concordia Historical Institute, 228, 360 Clark, William, 3, 392, 394, 401, 404, Concordia Publishing House, arts, on, 405, 407, 408; arts, on, listed 118, listed, 246, 377 119; 405 (illus.) Condit, Effie May, 304 Clary, Mrs. Mary Newland, 230 Condon, Clare, 365 Clay County, art. on, listed, 247; Cros- Conservation and Pollution, arts, on, sett Family, art. on, listed, 501 listed, 496 Clay County Museum Association, 100, Conway, Capt. Joseph, arts, on, listed, 228, 360, 482 248 Clay-Platte Baptist Association, donor, Cook, S. B., 303 369 Coon Creek Days, art. on, listed, 502 Clayton, art. on, listed, 245 Cooper, Col. Douglas H., 317 Clayton, Mrs. Edward, 489 Cooper, Mrs. Glenn, 365 Claytor, Mrs. Faye, obit., 504 Cooper, Lena, 232 Clemens, Cyril, donor, 108, 369, 492 Cooper, Mr. & Mrs. Mac, 485 Clemens, John Sam, art. on, listed, 502 Coppage, A. Maxim, III, donor, 239 Clifford, Clark M., 467; 465 (illus.) Corbin, Mrs. Wilma, 485 Climax Springs, art. on, listed, 246 Corder, art. on, listed, 116 Clinton, art. on, listed, 116 Cornelius, Dr. J. L., 104, 487 Clinton County Historical Society, 360, Cornelius, William, 182, 209 483 Corrill, John, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54 Closser, Robert A., 235 Costello, Mr. & Mrs. Dan, 484 524 Index County government finances, thesis on, Davids, Lewis E., Banking in Mid- noted, 249 America: A History of Missouri's Courtney, Miss Jimmie Lou, donor, Banks, reviewed, 381-382 109, 360 Davidson, John, 368 Courtney, Pauline, 360 Davidson, R. L., Jr., obit., 505 Cow Island (Isle des Vaches) ,5-15 Davis, Brooks, 227 Cowan, Elmer, 102, 230 Davis, Jefferson, art. on, listed, 496 Cowden, Marvin, obit., 121 Davis, Lowell, 488 Cox, Eugene, 452, 459, 467 Davis, Sam, donor, 369 Cox, John C, Sr., 232 Davis, Thomas J., obit., 505 Cox, Leroy, 236 Davis, Walter M., obit., 380 Craig, Hardin, obit., 251 Davison, Mrs. Leslie, 231, 484 Cramer, Buell B., donor, 109 Davison, Walter, Jr., donor, 492 Crank, Rose, 489 Dawson, Dr. Earl B., 222 Crawford County Historical Society, Day, Mrs. Holden E., 304 101, 228, 361, 483 Deagle, George J., 135-148; 136 (illus.) Crawford County, history of, arts on, Deatherage, Alexander, art. on, listed, listed, 376 248 Crews, Nelson C, 425, 430, 431; 424 DeBar, Ben, 140 (illus.) Degenhardt, Martin P., obit., 380 Crighton, John, "Columbia Female DeKalb County Historical Society, 101, Academy, A Pioneer in Education 229, 361, 483 for Women," 177-196; (illus.) Delaney, Col. D. J., 100 Cross Timbers, art. on, listed, 499 Demand, Vernon, donor, 370 Cross, William, obit., 251 Demarce, Mrs. James L., donor, 370 Crow, Mrs. E. K., 364 Denny, James, 235; donor, 493 Crow, Ronald B., donor, 369 Denslow, Mrs. L. H., 292 Crowdus, William W., donor, 369 Denslow, William, 102 Crowell, Mrs. Frank G., obit., 380 Dent County Historical Society, 101, Crowell, Newton H., obit., 505 361, 484 Croy, Thelma Lee, donor, 109 Dent, Mrs. Winnett, 361 Crumbaugh, Eva, 298 Dentistry, history of, art. on, listed, 247 Crumbaugh, Marie, 297, 298 DePaul School of Nursing, art. on, Crump, E. H., 470 listed, 245 Cullom, Mrs. William H., 487 DeSmet, Pierre-Jean, art. on, listed, Culver, Dale E., obit., 505 374 Culver, Fred J., donor, 239 De Soto, Don Hernando, 85 Cummings, Col. Albert D., 368 De Soto, education, art. on, listed, 243; Cunningham, Harold E., obit., 251 history of, arts, on, listed, 113, 243, Cunningham, Oliver, 187 496 De Soto Public Library, donor, 109 Current River, art. on, listed, 502 Desrioux, Henri, 193 Curtis, Gen. Samuel R., 312-321; 316 Dewey, Thomas E., 465 (illus.) Dewitt, Earl, 488 DeWitt, Mrs. Marilyn, 231 Dibble, Philo, 43, 49 D Dickerson, Mrs. Grace, 302 Dabner, John, art. on, listed, 247 Dickey, O. H., obit., 251 Dickinson, Lelia Clayton, obit., 121 Dade County Historical Society, 229, Dickman, Marvin, 232 361, 483 Dickson, Rep. Harold, 235, 366 Dale, A. D., donor, 239 Dietrich, Hugo, art. on, listed, 112 Dale, E. L., obit., 379 Dillmon, Martin, 437 Dallas County Historical Society, 101, Dixon, arts, on, listed, 245, 373 229, 483 Dixon, Ben F., donor, 240 Dames, Omer J., obit., 251 Dobyns, Clara B., 297 Daniels, Mrs. Jessie, 485 Donan, Dr. A. W., donor, 240 Daniels, Otis, obit., 380 Donan, Pat, art. on, listed, 120 Doniphan, Alexander W., 42, 497; art. Daughters of Old Westport, 229 David, John Russell, "Genesis of the on, listed, 502 Variety Theatre, Black Crook Comes Donnelly, H. K., 367 to St. Louis," 133-149; (illus.) Dorn, Dr. O. A., 224, 360 Index 525 Dougherty, Cary M., 359 Ellis, Mrs. S. B., 293 Dougherty, Major John, 402; 401 Elm Ridge, art. on, listed, 243 (illus.) Elmore, Ace, 360 Douglas, Dr. James, art. on, listed, 377 Elwell, Don, 229 Dover, art. on, listed, 246 "Emigration of Daniel Boone," paint Doyle, Mrs. Tom, 489 ing by George Caleb Bingham, 67 Drake, Daniel, 388; art. on, listed, 497 (illus.) Drumm, Andrew, art. on, listed, 374 Empty Pocket, art. on, listed, 377 DuBois, W. E. B., 418 Engle, Mrs. Wanda, 361 Duden, Gottfried, 388 English Village in the Ozarks, The Dudley, McCune, 489 Story of Hollister, Missouri, by Edith Dugan, Allie, 305 McCall, noted, 126 Dugan, Elizabeth, 293, 304-305 English, W. Francis, book review by, Duley, Florence, 297 381-382 Duncan, Joseph G., donor, 370 Epperly, Mrs. Delia, 480 Duncan, Dr. William H., 191 Eppright, Patti, 105 Dunham, Tom, 233, 365 Erickson, Kenneth, 105 Dunklin County Drainage Ditch, 175 Erker, Otto R., 104 (illus.) Erlbacher, Mr. & Mrs. Robert, 363 Dunklin, Gov. Daniel, 42, 52 Esher, Jake, 140 DuSable Memorial Society, art. on, Eudaly, John, art. on, listed, 115 listed, 498 Evans, Bob, 365 Dye, Mrs. Ida Miller, obit., 379 Evans, Estwick, 154 Dyer, David Patterson, 425 Evans, Julian, 483 Dyer, William H., 181 Evans, Mrs. Laura A., 364 Evans, Mrs. R. C, 228 Everett's Ferry, 58 "Experiment That Failed," by Harold Calvert, art. on, 516-518; 516 (illus.) Eads, Daniel M., art. on, listed, 377 "Expulsion of the Mormons from Fads, Mrs. David F., 230 Jackson County, Missouri," by War Eads, James B., art, on, listed, 118 ren A. Jennings, 41-63; (illus.) Eagleton, Sen. Thomas F., 222 Earnest, Mrs. Milton, 99 Eastland, James O., 455, 469 Eaton, B. D. M., 135 Fairfield, art. on, listed, 246 Eaton, Ella, 298 Fairport Centennial, noted, 386 Ebbs, Mrs. Gertrude, 297 Farner, Mrs. Alice, obit., 121 Eddins, Frankie, 296 Fashions, art. on, listed, 496 Edgan, Robert L., obit., 121 Faulk, Odie B., 232 Edgar, William R., obit., 121 Fayette Academy, 181 Edinger, C. C, art. on, listed, 378 Federal Interstate Commerce Commis Edom, Clifton C, art. on, listed, 497 sion, 31 Edrington, Dr. Loula Larue, obit., 251 Federer, Richard L., 100 Edwards, art. on, listed, 499 Fellows, Aubrey, 100 Edwards, Gov. John C, 215 Fellows, Baird, obit., 505 Eichenlaub, Martin, donor, 370 Fersruson, arts, on, listed, 118, 247, Eichholtz, Walter H., donor, 109 377, 501 Elder, William, 487 Ferguson, Richard F., donor, 109 Eldon, art. on, listed, 496; Olean Bap Ferguson, W. M., obit., 505 tist Church, art. on, listed, 113 Ferns, J. R., 436 Eldridge, Mrs. W. E., 483 Ferren, Rev. William W., donor, 493 Eldridge, William, 360 Ferril, Howard, 360 Electric Springs, history of, art. on, Field, Eugene, 290; art. on, listed, 502 listed, 247 Field, Lt. Gabriel, 12 Elkin, John C, 410, 411 Field, John H., 193 Elkington, Robert, 235 Field, Lyman, 363 Ellender, Allen J., 461 Fike, W. D., 355 Elliff, Mrs. Ina, 365 Fillmore, Millard, 163 Elliott, Judge R. Kenneth, 233 Finch, Mrs. James A., Jr., 360 Ellis, Mrs. Anna, 361 Fink, Gary M., "Unwanted Conflict: Ellis, Dr. Elmer, 219 (illus.) Missouri Labor and the CIO," 432- Ellis, Mrs. Loyd, 487 445; (illus.) 526 Index First 100 Years, A Souvenir History of Fremont, John Charles, 231, 264-288, the City of Higginsville, Missouri, 307-311; arts, on, listed, 118, 119, noted, 386 378; 268, 269 (illus.) Fischer, Dr. Roger A., 228 Friends of Arrow Rock, 230, 361 Fisher, Mrs. Susie McK., 291-293, 299 Friends of Florida, 102, 362 Fisher, Theodore D., 291 Frissel, N. C, 174 Fitzgerald, Mrs. Elsie, 361 Frittz, Ralph, 226 Fitzpatrick, Daniel R., art. on, 88, 219; Frost, Daniel M., arts, on, listed, 247, 90 (illus.) obit., 121 377 Fitzpatrick, Teresa, 228 Fuhrman, Ed, 105 Fleming, Beulah, 232 Fuller, A., 79 Fleming, Dick, 232 Fullerton, Dr. Frank, 234 Fletcher, Thomas Clement, art. on, Furry, Edith, 482 listed, 116 Fusco, Tony, 362, 481 Flint, Timothy, 152, 154; art. on, listed, 114 Floris«ant, —Bank, art. on, listed, 113 —Convent, art. on, listed, 247 Gage, John C, art. on, listed, 374 —History of, arts, on, listed, 113, 243, Gale, Surgeon John, book on, re 248, 501 viewed, 253-254 Florissant Valley Historical Society, Gamble, Hamilton Rowan, 28, 78, 311, 101, 230, 361, 484 316 Forests, art. on, listed, 498 Gammon, James Roger, donor, 370 Forrest, Nathan B., 277 Gannon, Mrs. Thelma, 485 Gardner, Mark, 361 Forshey, Gen. A. O., 191 Garner, Jim, 365 Forsythe, Irene A., obit., 380 Garnett, John, 202 Fort Donelson, art. on, listed, 118 Garrison, R. C, 106 Fort Leavenworth, art. on, listed, 243 Garson, Robert A., "Alienation of the Fort Orleans, art. on, listed, 112 South: A Crisis for Harry S. Truman Fort Orleans Historical Society, 230 and the Democratic Party, 1945- Fort Osage, 1948," 448-471; (illus.) —art. on, listed, 116 Gasconade County Historical Society, —history of, art. on, listed, 245 230 Fort Smith, 1863, arts, on, listed, 118, Gates, Paul, 162 377 Gaylord, Gleed, obit., 121 Fort, Dr. William, 410, 411 Geary, Fred, 88, 89 (illus.) ,219 Fortuna, art. on, listed, 500 Gehrig, Mrs. R. A., 227 Foundation for Restoration of Ste. Genealogical Forum, Portland, Oregon, Genevieve, 101 donor, 240 Four-H Clubs, history of, arts, on, "Genesis of the Variety Theatre, listed, 245, 374 Black Crook Comes to St. Louis," Foutch, Mrs. Harriet, 367 by John Russell David, 133-149, Foutch, Larry, 367 (illus.) Fowler, Mrs. Frank, 364 Gentry, Ann Hawkins, 178 France, Sarah Katherine, 367 Gentry County Historical Society, 102, Francis, Kathy, 105 230, 362, 484 Francisco, Clay, 485 Gentry, Col. Richard, 74, 178, 186; 75, Frank, Bishop Eugene M., 222 179 (illus.) "Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional George, B. James, Sr., donor, 370 Spokesman," by Leonard B. Wurth George, Walter F., 455 man, Jr., 263-288; (illus.) Gerhardt, Mae, 227 Franklin, C. A., 425 Gerhardt, Paul, 227 Franklin County Historical Society, German migration, art. on, listed, 498 102, 230, 361, 484 Gibbany, Mrs. E. H., obit., 121 Frazier, Mary, 365 Gibbons, Harold J., arts, on, listed, 116 Frazier, Michael, 490 Gibson, Mrs. Ruth McCann, 102 Gifts, 108-111, 239-241, 360-372, 492- "Frederick Douglass Years," 473 495 (illus.) Gilbert, A. S., 46, 50, 51 Freeland, W. E., 301; obit., 380 Gilbert, Elsie, 368 Fremont, Jesse, 273 Giles, Mrs. Thomas P., 190 Index 527 Giles, Gov. William C, 190 Green, Mr. & Mrs. Bud, 235 Gill, Ed, 484 Green, George Fuller, 95, 238; donor, Gilleland, Mrs. Howard, 365 240 Gillham, Robert, art. on, listed, 114 Green, Katharine H., 293 Gilliam, Mrs. Richard H., Jr., donor, Green, William, 432, 437, 438, 440, 240 441; 435 (illus.) Gilmore, Dr. Robert K., 486 Greene County Historical Society, 102, Gilpin, William, arts, on, listed, 119, 230, 362, 485 247 Gregg, Sheriff Jacob, 51 Givens, Spenser H., donor, 228 Gregg, Josiah, 53, 61 Gladbach, Mrs. Fred, 231 Gregory, Mrs. Adele, 362 Gladden, Sanford C, donor, 370 Gregory, Mrs. Lillie, 304 "Glasgow," painting by Cornelia A. Gregory, Ralph, 102, 235, 366; donor, Kuemmel, 73 (illus.) 370, 493 Gleick, Harry S., obit., 121 Griesse, Rev. Arnold, donor, 493 Glenn, Edward, 489 Griffin, Frank, 294 Glosier, Tim, 490 Griffin, Lulu, 294 Glosier, Tom, 106 Griffin, Mrs. Norman, donor, 109 Goff, Mrs. Virginia, 368 Griffin, Pearl, 294 Goff, W. A., donor, 370 Griffin, Rose, 294 Gompers, Samuel, 433 Griffin, Zoe, 294 Goodell, Mrs. Clark, 367 Griffith, Arnold, 436, 437, 441 Goodman, Ken, 105 Griffith, Dale, 485 Goodrich, James W., 94, 101, 228; book Grimes, Mrs. Champ, 489 reviews by, 124-125, 253-254 Grinnell, Josiah B., 282 Goodrich, Marion E., donor, 240 Groom, Michael Arthur, art. on, listed, Goodwin, J. West, 293, 305 247 Gordon, John B., 209; art. on, listed, Gross, Isaac, 391 248 Gross, Jacob, 396 Gould, E. A., obit., 121 Gross, Stephen, 391, 393, 394 Gould, John, 55, 56 Grover, Thomas Howard, obit., 121 "Governmental Efforts at Reclamation Groves, Mrs. Veta Spence, obit., 121 in the Southeast Missouri Low Grubb, Mrs. Bessie, donor, 240 lands," by Leon Parker Ogilvie, 150- Grundy County Historical Society, 176; 150 (illus.) 102, 231, 485 Governor's Mansion, arts, on, listed, Guion, Capt. W. B., 156 375 Guitar, Mrs. A. Leonard, 481 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri Guitar, Odon, 95; art. on, listed, 373 History, 249 Gulliford, James, 368 Graf Zeppelin, art. on, listed, 244 Gump, Henry, donor, 370 Graham, Ella, donor, 370 Gunn, Mrs. Festus, obit., 251 Graham, Harry R., 430 Gunnels, Jay, 359 Graham Historical Society, 230, 484 Gupp, Jacob, 391 Graham, Mrs. Kenneth L., 103 Gustorf, Fred, Uncorrupted Heart: Granby area schools, arts, on, listed, Journal and Letters of Frederick 498 Julius Gustorf, 1800-1845, reviewed, Grand River Historical Society, 362 506-507 Grant, Ulysses S., 102, 277, 313; 278 (illus.) Grant, Mrs. Ulysses S., art. on, listed, H 243 Ha Ha Tonka, art. on, listed, 502 Graves, Mary, 365 Gravois Mills, art. on, listed, 246 Hadley, Gov. Herbert S., 422 Gray, Mrs. F. L., obit., 251 £Iagan, Mrs. Linda, 234 Gray, Mrs. Gertrude, 230 Hagee, Rev. Robert, 237 Great Platte River Road: The Covered Hahn, Franz, art. on, listed, 503 Wagon Mainline via Fort Kearny to Haile, Pat, 105 Fort Laramie, by Merrill J. Mattes, Halderman, Capt. John A., 399 reviewed, 507-509 Hall, Gene, obit., 121 Greathouse, Delores, 473 (illus.) Hall, Hazel, 297 Greeley, Horace, 280 Hall, Mrs. John R., 230 Green, A. P., donor, 222 Hall, Willard P., art. on, listed, 374 528 Index Halleck, Gen. Henry W., 311-321; 320 Heard, Mrs. Lou, 485 (illus.) Hearnes, Mrs. Warren E., 223, 481, 488 Haller, D. Pierce, obit., 251 Heath, Jennie, 297, 299 Hallsville, history of, art. on, listed, Hebert, F. Edward, 459 373 Hedges, Ralph C, 235 Halsey, Lt. Col. Milton B., Jr., 103 Heege, Mr. & Mrs. George, 104 Hamann, Mrs. Nellie G., obit., 251 Heil, Karen, 227 Hamilton, Mrs. Henry, 230; donor, Heimbeck, Dr. A. W., 235 493 Heine, Eldon E., obit., 121 Hamilton, Henry W., 107 Heinicke, Donald, 105 Hamilton, James, art. on, listed, 378 Hemingway, Ernest, art. on, listed, 498 Hamilton, Mr. & Mrs. T. M., 107 Henderson, Darla, 106 Hamlin, Mrs. Charley, 487 Henderson, Mrs. Frances, 362 Hammond, Loy L., 230 Henderson, Joseph, donor, 240 Hancock, Solomon, 59 Henderson, Orval, 100, 358 Haney, Alanzo Frank, obit., 121 Henderson, Wynn, 358 Hannan, Nellie, 302 Hendren, Mrs. John H., 360 Hannan, Viola, 302 Henry County Historical Society, 231, Hannibal, 363, 485 —history of, arts, on, listed, 113, 114 Henry, Marjorie, 359 —Rockcliffe Mansion, art. on, listed, Henry, Robert, 489 116 Hentoff, Nat, 223 Hannibal Festivals, Inc., Sesquicen Herculaneum, art. on, listed, 374 tennial, 1819-1969, Hannibal, Mis Herron, Gen. Francis J., 317-321 souri, noted, 255 Hert, Laurence, 366 Haralson, Mrs. H. I., 228 Hess, Hertha Helen, 301 Hardeman, Dr. John W., 217 Hesse, Anna, Centenarians of Brick, Hardin, Arethusa J., 185 Wood and Stone, Hermann, Mis Hardin, Mrs. Charles, 187 (illus.) souri, noted, 255 Hardin, Charles H., 185, 187; art. on, Hesse, Mr. & Mrs. Clarence, 224 listed, 114 Hibbard, Benjamin, 162 Harlan, J. D., donor, 240 Hickory County Historical Society, 103, Harlin, H. T., donor, 370 231, 363, 485 Harrell, David E., Jr., 218 Hicks, Mrs. Jennie M., 290 Harrington, Harry F., 222 Hicks, Russel, 55 Harris, Mrs. Cora E., 297 Hieb, David L., book review by, 507- Harris, John Woods, 214, 215 (illus.) 509 Harris, Mrs. Paul, 359 Higgins, Rev. Oscar, 226 Harris, Sallie Hall, donor, 493 Higginsville, history of, art. on, listed, Harris, Rev. Tyre C, 193, 194, 195 246 Harrison County Historical Society, Hilbert, Mrs. Grace, 362 102, 231, 362 Hill, Alice, 368 Harryman, Eugene, 103, 485 Hill, Mary B., 194 Hart, Dr. M. M., 484 Hartsburg, Peace United Church of Hill, Robert E. Lee, verso front cover Christ, history of, art. on, listed, 242 April issue Haseman, Mrs. Leonard, donor, 240 Hill, Mrs. Roy F., 483 Hassler, William G., 487 Hillman, Sidney, 449, 450, 452, 453, 457 Hassler, William W., 482 Hilsabeck, Mrs. Lotty, 230 Haswell, Kanah E., obit., 505 Historic Florissant, 231 Hatch, John F., obit., 251 Historical Association of Greater Cape Hatch, William Henry, art. on, listed, Girardeau, 363 374 Historical Association of Greater St. Hatcher, Rep. Robert A., 165 Louis, 103, 362 Hattaway, Herman, 100, 482 Historical Notes and Comments, 88- Haukenberry, Mrs. Herbert H., 364 132, 222-262, 354-386, 472-518 Hawgood, Dr. John A., 104 History of Forest Hill and Vicinity, by John Steele McCormick, noted, Hawken rifle, art. on, listed, 374 512 Hawkins, Mrs. Bessie, 484 "History of Mosquito Occurrence in Hawkins, Lewis, 237 Missouri," by L. W. Smith, Jr., 387- Hays, Paul C. Jr., 227 390; (illus.) Index 529 History and Program, St. Charles, Mis Hunter, David, 272 souri Bicentennial Celebration, Hunter, Mrs. Robert N., 360 noted, 511 Hunton, Moss, 501 Hodkins, Rev. Robert Earl, donor, 493 Hurley, art. on, listed, 120 Hoffhaus, Charles E., 364 Hurliman, Mrs. Freda, 489 Hoffman, Mrs. Katie, donor, 370 Husted, B. M., 489 Hoffstetter, Ray, 360 Hutchison, Mrs. Preston, 366, 488 Hofstadter, Richard, 223 Hutton, Mrs. Melvin, 360 Holcombe, Return I., 58 Hutton Valley, art. on, listed, 501 Holden, Mamie E., donor, 370 Hyde, Fred A., 490 Holman, Haskell, 367 Hyde, Mr. & Mrs. Ira Ben, III, donors, Holman, John T., obit., 121 493 Holman, Thomas L., 232, 486 Hyde, Orson, 55, 56 Holmes, Mrs. M. Patricia, donor, 240 Hyland, Robert, 222 Holmes, Mrs. Wilma, obit., 505 Hyman, Lawrence C, obit., 251 Holt, Mrs. Amanda, 101 Homer, Winslow, art. on, listed, 502 Hood, John B., 321 Hood, Robert, 77 Hooper, Tom, 105 Ickes, Harold L., 457 Hoover, Mrs. David, 486 Ide, Fred, 237 Hoover, Dr. H. Lee, 485 Illinois State Historical Library, donor, Hopper, Leo, 362 370 Horak, Ella, 486 Immell, Michael, 2 Horner, Col. Major, 399 In Memoriam, 121, 251-252, 379-380, Hoskins, Mrs. Charles, 360 504-505 Houck, Louis, arts, on, listed, 112, Independence, art. on, listed, 119 151 Indians, House, William C, 473 -art. on, 391-412 Houston, Ethel, 227 -arts, on, listed, 248, 373 Houstonia, art. on, listed, 499 —Big Neck War, art. on, listed, 114 Hovey, Horace C, art. on, listed, 243 -Kansa (Kansas), 10, 11, 12 Howard County, courthouse, art. on, —Shawnee, art. on, listed, 120 listed 375 Ingenthron, Elmo, 359, 368 Howard, Joseph B., 178, 192 Inglish, Hugh, 366 Howard, Mrs. Oliver, donor, 493 Ionia, art. on, listed, 376 Howell County, Iowa-Missouri Boundary Dispute, art. —Churches, art. on, listed, 501 on, listed, 247 —Courthouse, art. on, listed, 501 Ioway Jim, 397-399 —School, art. on, listed, 501 Isle des Vaches (Cow Island) , 5, 6 Howell County Historical Society, 232, 486 Howells, W. D., art. on, listed, 502 j Hubbard, Lee, 366 Hubbard, Timothy W., Banking in "Jack Mormons," 62 Mid-America: A History of Mis Jackson, souri's Banks, reviewed, 381, 382 —Buildings, arts, on, listed, 243 Huddleston, Mrs. Charles, 99 —Community Concert, history of, Hudlin, R. A., 429 art. on, listed, 497 Hudson, Mrs. Myrtle, 298 —Exchange Bank, history of, art. on, Huff, Fred W., obit., 121 listed, 374 Huff, Leo E., 100, 228, 485 -High School Basketball Team, art. Hughes, Gen. Andrew, 395, 401, 402, on, listed, 374 404, 405 —History of, arts, on, listed, 113 Hughes, James M., 404-407 —A. F. Lorberg House, art. on, Hughes, John T., 316 listed, 497 Hughesville, art. on, listed, 116 —Lutheran School of St. Paul, art. on, listed, 497 Hulsebus, Carolyn, 233 —Mills, arts, on, listed, 497 Humane Society, art. on, listed, 499 —Movie Theaters, arts, on, listed, Hume, Miss Etta L., 290 243 Humphrey, Hubert H., 471 —Passover Methodist Church, art. Hunt, Richard, 227 on, listed, 113 530 Index —William William's Home, art. on, Junge, Albert, 232 listed, 497 Junior Historical Societies, 97-9 Jackson, Claiborne Fox, 78, 215, 217, 265, 347-348; 347 (illus.) Jackson, Howard Lee, 215 Jackson, J. R., donor, 109 Jackson, Merle M., donor, 240 Kansa or Kansas Indians, 9, 11 (illus.) Jackson, Stonewall, 287 Kansas City, Jacksonian Politics, art. on, listed, 247 —art. on, listed, 374 "Jacques Marquette, 1637-1675," by —Aviation history, art. on, listed, 114 John F. Bannon, 81-87; (illus.) —B'nai Jehudah, art. on, listed, 497 Jagger, Mrs. Jean, 367 —Education, art. on, listed, 244 James, Frank, art. on, listed, 118 —Folly Theater, art. on, listed, 374 James, Henry, art. on, listed, 502 —Graf Zeppelin, art. on, listed, 244 James, Mrs. J. D., 483 —Harry S. Truman, art. on, listed, James, Jesse, 100; arts, on, listed, 118, 114 244, 247 —Historical sites, arts, on, listed, 243 James, Larry, donor, 493 —History of, arts, on, listed, 113-114 Jarrett, Henry C, 133, 134 —Nathan Scarritt House, art. on, Jefferson Barracks, arts, on, listed, 243, listed, 374 245, 501 —O'Hara Stadium, art. on, listed, Jefferson City in the mid-1800s, 197 114 (illus.) —Quality Hill, art. on, listed, 119 Jefferson, Thomas, 3, 213 —Railroading, art. on, listed, 114 Jeffries, Don, 354 (illus.) —Roads, art. on, listed, 114 Jekel, Oscar H., 365 —St. Joseph Railroad Bridge, art. Jenkins, Herald, donor, 370 on, listed, 114 Jenkins, Mary B., 187 —Sixth Missouri Infantry, art. on, Jennens, Bill, 359 listed, 114 Jennings, Warren A., "The Expulsion —South Central Business Associa of the Mormons from Jackson Coun tion, history of, art. on, listed, 244 ty," 41-63; (illus.) —Steamboat Race, art. on, listed, 114 Jent, Rev. John, 365 —Stockyards, art. on, listed, 244 Jesse, C. G., 294, 295 —Street Scenes, arts, on, listed, 114 Jewell, Dr. William, 178, 182, 185, 400 —Tornados, art. on, listed, 114 Jewish Historical Association of Great —Union Station, art. on, listed, 244 er St. Louis, 103, 364 —Washington Park, art. on, listed, Jinkens, Nannie, 103, 485; donor, 493 Johnson, Lt. Gov. Charles P., 137 —in 1857, art. on, listed, 377 Johnson County Historical Society, Kansas City Call, 414 103, 232, 363, 486 Kansas City Community Image, thesis Johnson, Dr. Franklin P., 490 on, noted, 249 Johnson, James, 3, 16 Kansas City, Nelson's Star, thesis on, Johnson, John, 236 noted, 249 Johnson, Robert, 45, 235 Kansas City, Theatre Buildings, thesis Johnston, Gale F., obit., 505 on, noted, 249 Johnston, Olin D., 453, 469 Kansas City Westerners, 103, 232, 364, Jolliet, Louis, 85, 86 486 Jolly, Carmen, 102 Kansas-Missouri Border Frontier, art. Jones, Charles H., 304 on, listed, 119 Jones, Harold, 362 Kansas Pacific Railroad, art. on, listed, Jones, Jane, 237, 490 118 Jones, John Rice, art. on, listed, 374 Kartsonis, Paul, 235 Jones, Mrs. Kate M., 290, 292 Keelboat, 1 (illus.) Jones, Paul M., 107 Keirsey, Sam, 226 Keller, Laura St. Ann, 227 Jones, Robert Nagel, 354 (illus.) Keller, Lucille, 227 Joplin Historical Society, 103, 232, 486 Kellner, George H., book review by, Joshua Pilcher: Fur Trader and Indian 506-507 Agent, by John E. Sunder, reviewed, Kelty, Mrs. Dan, donor, 109 124-125 Kempton, Greta, 223 Julian, Col. Allen P., 228 Kennedy, Mrs. Jewel, 236 Jung, T. George, art. on, listed, 115 Kennerly, Augustine, 407 Index 531 Kerr, Charles, 228 Lampe, Dr. A. B., 103 Kerr, Gerald, 365 Lampe, Michael, 485 Ketchen, Mrs. Guy, 229 Land, Mrs. Helen C, 229 Ketterlin, F. J., 366 Landes, Mrs. Louise, 488 Keune, Russell V., 236 Lane, George, 106, 236 Kiel, Henry, 425 Lane, Rose Wilder, verso back cover Kieper, Mrs. Ida Ray, 236 Jan. issue (illus.) King, Austin A., 165, 168, 178, 215; Laney, Ben, 470 167 (illus.) Langham, Angus L., 75 King, George, home, art. on, listed, 113 Langley, Lloyd E., donor, 109 King, Lloyd, obit., 380 Langsdale, Mrs. Clara, 360 King, Robert P., obit., 505 Larkin, Lew, 360, 481, 489 King, Wyllys, art. on, listed, 497 Larsen, Dr. Lawrence H., 364 Kingdom of Callaway Historical So Larson, Oscar L., donor, 493 ciety, 104, 233 Larson, Sidney, 472 Kingrey, Patricia, donor, 371 Laughlin, Delphia Hall, art. on, listed, Kingsbury, Lilburn, 481 502 Kingsville, art. on, listed, 116; Mas Lawhorn, George E., donor, 371 sacre, art. on, listed, 247 Lawrence County, Kirkendall, Richard S., book review —Hillhouse Family, art. on, listed, by, 122-124; 473 (illus.) 248 Kirkland, Edward Earl, art. on, listed, —Lee Cemetery and Church, art. on, 501 listed, 377 Kirkpatrick, James C, 223 Kirksville, Manufacturing Industries, —Settlers, art. on, listed, 119 thesis on, noted, 249 Lawrence County Historical Society, Kirkwood Historical Society, 104, 365 104, 233, 487 Kirtley, Sinclair, 182, 400 Lawrence Massacre, art. on, listed, 378 Kjar, Rolland W., 97, 106, 490 Lawton, Mary Florence, 237 Kjar, Ron W., 237 Leach, Mrs. Nolen, 487 Klein, Mrs. Rachel, obit., 121 Lead Belt Railroad, history of, art. on, Kline, Patton, 364 listed, 116 Kling, Mrs. Emmett J., Sr., obit., 251 League of Women Voters, art. on, Klondike, art. on, listed, 496 listed, 247 Kneale, Mr. & Mrs. Ernest, 484 Leavenworth, Gen. Henry, 400, 401, Knehaus, Mrs. Jack O., 229 402, 403, 405; 403 (illus.) Knob Noster, art. on, listed, 499 Lee, Fred L., 364, 368 Knox County Historical Society, 233, Lee, Stephen D., 100 365, 487 Leech, Howard, 362 Koenig, Mrs. Joe, donor, 493 Lefebvre, Gene E., 364 Koontz, Earl S., obit., 505 LeGrand, Roy F., 481 Koury, Capt. Michael, 104 Lehman, Mrs. Kate, 487 Kramer, Gerhardt, 224, 360 Lehmann-Haupt, Dr. Hellmut, 223 Kramer, Veronica Franken, obit., 505 Lehr, Ralph, obit., 505 Krone, Charles, 146 Leist, Mrs. Vernon E., donor, 109 Kuehn, Gerald, 484 Leitch, Mrs. Margaret H., obit., 121 Kuemmel, Cornelia A., "Glasgow," Lemert, Harold W., Jr., donor, 493 painting by, 73 (illus.) Lenoir, Walter R., 210 Kurth, Woodrow Wilson, 487 Leonard, Abiel, 400 Kuzmic, Mrs. John, donor, 371 Leonard, Abigail, 49 Leonard, Edward, art. on, listed, 114 Leonard, Lyman, 49 LaBudde, Dr. Kenneth J., 365 Leonard, Nathaniel, 202, 203, 213 Lafayette County Historical Society, Lesueur Charles Alexander, New Mad 487 rid, sketch of, 151 (illus); Tyawapa- Lafitte, Jean, art. on, listed, 374 tia (Tywappity) Bottom, sketch of, Lake, Delmar, 233 153 (illus.) Lamar, Stephen G., donor, 493 Leusenderfer, John, 136 Lamme, David S., 182 Levis, Will, art. on, listed, 248 Lamme, William, 72 Lewis, Mrs. Charles E., Jr., donor, 240 Lamotte, Ellen Chambers, art. on, Lewis County Historical Society, 233, listed, 501 487 532 Index Lewis, Henry (artist), sketch, front Luck, Robert L., 364 cover, Jan. issue Luehrs, Marvin, 231 Lewis, John L., 432, 435, 436, 440, Lugar, Charles H., obit., 380 441 Lying, John, 234 Lewis, Joshua, 48 Lyle, Alexander Lacey, 223 Lewis, Mrs. M. B., donor, 371 Lynch, Catherine, 193 Lewis, Meriwether, art. on, listed, 119 Lynch, Edwin Parker, donor, 494 Lewis, Simeon E., obit., 251 Lynch, Sophiah, 189 Lexington, arts, on, listed, 246, 247 Lyon, Nathaniel, 268-271, 306; 271 Liberty Arsenal, art. on, listed, 374 (illus.) Liberty, ladies colleges, art. on, listed, 501 Liberty Landing, art. on, listed, 118 Mc Liberty Memorial, thesis on, noted, 249 Lienhard, Oliver Wm., donor, 493 McBride, W. A., 406 Lightfoot, Dr. B. B., 102, 482, 485 McCall, Edith, English Village in the Lilly, Frank, obit., 251 Ozarks, The Story of Hollister, Mis Lincoln, Abraham, 263-288; 264 (il souri, noted, 126; donor, 240 lus.) McCann, Charles, 102 Lincoln Family, history of, art. on, McCarty, Richard, 46, 50, 55 listed, 497 McCaskill, Mrs. C. M., obit., 380 Lindenwood College, history of, art. McClellan, John L., 455 on, listed, 245 McClernand, John A., 277 Linderer, Col. L. W., obit., 251 McClurg, Joseph, 284-286; 286 (illus.) Lindholm, Mary, 488 McCollum, Clarence, 231 Lindoman, Dr. J., 140 McConnell, Mrs. Norma, 229 Linn, Mrs. Joe D., 234 McConnell, Oscar, 484 Linn, Lewis F., art. on, listed, 115 McCormack, John W., 459, 460 Linn Memorial Methodist Church, do McCormick, John Steele, History of nor, 371 Forest Hill and Vicinity, noted, 512 Linville, Thomas, 49 McCormick, Mamie J., donor, 109, 240 Lisa, Manuel, 2; art. on, listed, 243 McCoy, Bruce, 106 Lisak, Harold, 484 McCoy, Mrs. W. C, 293 Lloyd, Robert A., obit., 121 McCrae, Charles M., 295 Local Historical Societies, 97-107, 225- McCrae, Edwarda, 295 238, 356-368, 478-491 McCue, George, 218 Lockhart, Lora, 229, 483 McCullagh, Joseph B., art. on, listed, Lockwood, Delphine, 297 375 Loehr, Dr. Rodney C, 359 McCurdy, Edith, 368 Logan, Florence, 237 McCurdy, Frances Lea, Stump, Bar Logan, John A., 278 and Pulpit: Speechmaking on the Logan, Olive, 143, 144 Missouri Frontier, reviewed, 382-384 Logan, Rufus L., 429 McDannold, Mrs. Addison, 105 Logan, Sheridan, 367, 489 McDonald County Historical Society, Lonliest Campaign: The Truman Vic 234, 365, 487 tory of 1948, by Irwin Ross, re McDonough, Dayle C, 361 viewed, 122-124 McDonough, James L., " 'And All For Long, Maj. Stephen H., 3 Nothing' Early Experiences of John Looney, Jack, 136 M. Schofield in Missouri," 306-321 Lorenz, William, 489 McGee, Milt, art. on, listed, 497 Losos, Joseph O., 103 McGhee, Harriet, 191 Loughead, George R., 227 McGrath, J. Howard, 467, 468 Louis XIII, King of France, 82 McGuire, Everette, obit., 251 Louis XIV, King of France, 86 Mcintosh, Catherine Kennedy, art. on, Love, Mrs. Lucy A., 194 listed, 378 Lowe, Dr. James, 231, 488 Mcintosh, John L., 234 Lowell, Arthur E., 368 Mcintosh, Nina, 231 Lowrance, Pearl Edwin, 482 Mcintosh, Robert, 102, 231 Lowry, John, 58, 410, 411 Mclntyre, Dr. Donald J., 104 Lucas, Mrs. Anna E. Foster, 484 McKee, Mrs. Juanita, 105 Lucas, Charles, 72 McKellar, Kenneth D., 453, 458, 469 Lucas, Gen. S. D., 52, 53, 56 McKenney, Col. Thomas L., 392, 394 Index 533 McKinley, Mrs. Alice M., 238, 368 Martin, Greenbury, 404, 405 McKinney, A. J., 488 Martin, Homer, 443; 444 (illus.) McKinney, Mrs. Virginia Ray, 236 Martin, Rolla Lee, 358 McLean, Dr. Mary Hancock, verso Martin, Mrs. Ross, 105 back cover April issue (illus.) Martin, Mrs. Sophie, 489 McLellin, William, 50 Martin, Capt. Wyly, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, McLeod, Mrs. J. D., Sr., obit., 251 11, 12 McMahon, Mrs. Esther L., obit, 251 Marvel, Mrs. Mitchel A., 227 McManus, Mrs. O. O., donor, 371 Massie, Mrs. Gerald R., 360 McManus, Mrs. Thelma S., donor, 109 Masters, Major Jack, 484 McNallie, J. F., 21 Mathias, Mrs. John, 483 McNally, Martin, 489 Mathis, Mayor Jack, 482 McNeal, H. H., 232 Mattes, Merrill J., Great Platte River McNeely, Raymond, 481 Road: The Covered Wagon Mainline McNeil, Pearl, 304 via Fort Kearny to Fort Laramie, McNutt, Anna M., obit., 380 reviewed, 507-509 McQueen, Joe W., obit., 505 Mauntel, Mrs. Fred, 235 McQuitty, Ada, 298 Mauntel, Mrs. Lucille, 361 Maxey, Mrs. Ethel, 480 Mayer, Dr. Herbert T., 224 M Maynard, William, 291 Mayo, James R., 368 Macon County Historical Society, 233, Meador, L. E., 218 365, 487 Medsker, Mrs. Billy Bob, 484 Maddin, Mrs. Ella, 487 Meek, Fred J., obit., 380 Mades, Doug, 361 Meek, Hazel A., obit., 380 Magill, A. C, obit., 505 Meeker, Ezra, art. on, listed, 503 Mahnkey, Douglas, Bright Glowed My Meier, Charles T., obit., 505 Hills, noted, 127 Meier, Herbert G., 365 Mahnkey, Mary Elizabeth (Prather), Meier, Tom, 100 301; 303 (illus.) Melchert, Dr. Dennis, 359 Majors, Alexander, 51; 50 (illus.) Melton, Emory, 480 Makeever, Mrs. Effie, 232 Menefee, Mrs. C. S., 366 Makovsky, Mrs. Donald I., 364 Mercer County Historical Society, 234 Mandan Indian Villages, 4, 15 Mercile, Earl, 95 Maness, Mrs. Thomas Benjamin, art. Meredith, Judge James H., 222 on, listed, 496 Meriwether, Heath, 234 Manship, George, 47 Mermoud, Mrs. J. Fred, donor, 109, Maps, 480 —Central Missouri, 1830, 78 Merrifield, Mayor Douglas, 106, 489 —Central Missouri Railroads, 1880, Merriwether, Charles, 489 350 Mexican War, art. on, listed, 242 —Railroads of Five-County Area, 25 Meyer, Alberta J., donor, 371 —Strawberry Acreage, 36 Meyer, Dr. Carl S., 224 "March of the Caravans," 205 (illus.) Meyer, Derald, 233 Marion County Historical Society, 234 Meyer, Nancy Frazer, 365 Marionville, Cumberland Presbyterian Miami, art. on, listed, 116 and Methodist Churches, art. on, Mieswinkel, Fred G., 233, 487; donor, listed, 119 110 Marks, Quentin, 229 Mighty Ma., The U. S. S. Missouri, Marmaduke, John S., art. on, listed, A Biography of the Last Battleship, 243 by Gordon Newell and Vice Ad Marmaduke, M. M., 213, 215, 216 miral Allan E. Smith, noted, 514-515 Marquardt, Mildred Steuck, Three Miles, Mrs. Dan, 481 Mile Square, noted, 515 Miles, Gen. Nelson A., 232 Marquette, Jacques, art. on, 81-87; art. Military life, book on, reviewed, 253- on, listed, 248; 81, 84 (illus.) Marrs, Mrs. Alice, 365 254 Marsh, Robert, donor, 371 Miller, Mrs. Charles I., donor, 494 Marsh, Thomas B., 48, 57 Miller, Edward, donor, 240, 371 "Martin Cantonment and American Miller, Mrs. Erma, 365 Expansion in the Missouri Valley," Miller, Everett, 485 by Roger L. Nichols, 1-17; (illus.) Miller, Hamlin, 364 534 Index Miller, Dr. Howard, obit., 251 Missouri State Horticulture Society, 26, Miller, Ida, 96 27, 31 Miller, J. D., 428, 429 Missouri State Library, donor, 110 Miller, Mrs. Jessie C, 487 Missouri State Penitentiary, art. on, Miller, Joe, 137, 482 listed, 377 Miller, Gov. John G., 78, 215, 395, Missouri University Cornerstone Lay 400, 402, 403, 406, 410; 409 (illus.) ing, 1840, 177 (illus.) Miller, Owen, 433 Missouri Women in History, series, Miller, Steve, 102 —Zoe Akins, verso back cover Oct. Miller, Thomas, 216 issue (illus.) Miller, Mr. & Mrs. William, 230 —Rose Wilder Lane, verso back Milligan, Ruth, 231 cover Jan. issue (illus.) Mills, John, 107, 490 —Dr. Mary Hancock McLean, verso Miner, Mary, 106 back cover April issue (illus.) Mining, —Mary Alicia Owen, verso back —Arcadia Valley, art. on, listed, 248 cover July issue (illus.) —St. Joe Lead, art. on, listed, 248 Missouri Women's Press Association, —Trans-Mississippi West, art. on, 304 listed, 503 Missouri Writers, noted, 512-513 Mississippi County Historical Society, Missouri's Struggle for Statehood, 234, 365, 488 1804-1821, by Floyd Calvin Shoe "Missouri Bee Hunt," 130-132 maker, noted, 255 Missouri Bluebook, art. on, listed, 375 Mitchell, James, art. on, listed, 377 Missouri City, history of, arts, on, Mize, Eva, 299, 305 listed, 374 Mize, Fidelia, 299, 305 Missouri Editors' and Publishers' As Moanahonga (Big Neck), Iowa Chief, sociation, 290 392 Missouri Expedition 1818-1820: The Moentmann, Fred, obit., 505 Journal of Surgeon John Gale with "MonChonsia, a Kansas Chief," front Related Documents, by Roger L. cover Oct. issue (illus.) Nichols, reviewed, 253-254 Monett, history of, art. on, listed, 114 Missouri, First Mental Institution, 212 Moniteau County Historical Society, (illus.) 104, 235, 366 Missouri Fruit Exchange, 29 Moniteau County, history of, art. on, Missouri Governors, art. on, listed, 374 listed, 112 Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, Monnett, Howard N., 482 104, 234, 365, 488 Monroe County, Missouri History in Magazines, 118- —Area Businesses, arts, on, listed, 120, 247-248, 377-378, 501-503 245, 375, 498 Missouri History in Newspapers, 112- —Florida Presbyterian Church, his 117, 242-246, 373-376, 496-500 tory of, art. on, listed, 245 Missouri-Iowa Boundary Dispute, art. —Four-H Club Week, art. on, listed, on, listed, 247 245 Missouri-Kansas, —History of, arts, on, listed, 115, —Border Frontier, art. on, listed, 119 244, 375, 498 —Border Wars, art. on, listed, 244 —Olivet Methodist Church, history Missouri Lodge of Research, donor, of, art. on, listed, 245 110 Monroe County Historical Society, 366 Missouri Mansion, arts, on, listed, 375 Monroe, James, 3, 78 "Missouri Negro Press, 1875-1920," Monroe, John C, Jr., 364 by George Everett Slavens, 413-431; Montez, Lola, 144 (illus.) Montgomery, Mrs. A. Clark, donor, 240 Missouri Press Association, art. on, Montgomery, L. J., 295 listed, 114, 290 Moody, Dan, 470 "Missouri Rah Missouri," art. on, 260- Moore, Albert C, 232 261 Moore, Amanda E., 301 Missouri River, art. on, listed, 501 Moore, Mrs. Dorothy O., 484 Missouri River Improvement, art. on, Moore, Hunt C, obit., 251 listed, 118 Moore, Joseph H., 218 Missouri River Steamer (Bertrand), Moore, Lavinia, 187 art. on, listed, 244 Moore, Samuel, 400 Missouri "Show Me" Club, 488 Mora, art. on, listed, 116 Index 535 Morgan, Asa, 72 Neely's Landing, arts, on, listed, 374 Morgan County Historical Society, Neff, Roy, 107, 490 105, 235, 366, 488 Negro Hanging, 1853, art. on, listed, Morgan County Junior Historical So 112 ciety, 105, 366 Negro Press, thesis on, noted, 249 Morgan, Lt. Col. Willoughby, 14 Negroes, art. on, 413-431; art. on, Morgenhalter, Mr. & Mrs. Charles, 484 listed, 497 Morley, Isaac, 50, 51, 52, 58 Neihoff, Mr. & Mrs. Cyril, 484 Mormons, art. on, 41-63; 41, 42, 60 Nelson, Vera Joyce, donor, 241 (illus.) Netzeband, W. F., 486 Morris, Belle, 303 New Madrid, sketch by Charles Alex Morris, Mrs. J. Paul, 232 andre Lesueur, 151 (illus.) Morrison, Alfred, 213 "New Madrid," painting by Henry Morrison, Tom, art. on, listed, 120 Lewis, front cover Jan. issue Morton, Stratford L., obit., 505 New Madrid Earthquake, 151, 152; 70 Mosby, John B., 287 (illus); art. on, listed, 120 Moscow Mills, Old Rock House, art. Newell, Gordon, Mighty Mo, The on, listed, 116 U. S. S. Missouri, A Biography of Moser, Arthur Paul, donor, 494 the Last Battleship, noted, 514-515 Moser, Mrs. Boyce, 105 Newman, Rex, 486 Moss, Noel, obit., 251 News in Brief, 94-96, 222-224, 354-355, Mouck, Mrs. Clarence, 365 476-477 Mount Angel Abbey, art. on, listed, Newspapers, art. on, 289-305; art. on, 502 listed, 497 Mountain View, art. on, listed, 501 Nichols, Roger L., "Martin Canton Mounts, John F., 295 ment and American Expansion in Mounts, Nannie E., 295 the Missouri Valley," 1-17; (illus.); Mudd, Mike, 106 The Journal of Surgeon John Gale Mueller, Harvey, 365 with Related Documents, reviewed, Muff, Carl, 231 253-254 Mulligan, Col. James A., 272 Nicolay, Louis H., 100 Murphy, Melvin, 483 Nicolet, Jean, 83 Murphy, Porter, 483 Nodaway County Historical Society, Murray, Phillip H., 428, 431 105, 488 Music, "Views from the Past," 352-353 Noel, Mrs. Dora B., obit., 251 (illus.) Nohl, Fred, 360 My Journey to America, 1836-1843, Nolan, Mary, 292 noted, 510 Northcott, Col. B. F., 296 Myers, A. E., obit., 121 Northcott, Lizzie Helen, 296 Myers, Mrs. Florence, 361 Northcutt, C. W., 301 Myers, James, 391, 393, 394, 395, 396, Northwest, early history of, book on, 397, 398 reviewed, 253-254 Myers, John W., 396, 397, 399, 401 Norton, Mrs. Elsie, 361 Myers, Robert, 396 Norton, Mary T., 454 Myers, Thursey, 393 Notable Lawyers and Criminal Trials, Myrtle, Reuben, 391 by Hugh P. Williamson, noted, 128 Nouss, Rence, 102, 230 Noxon, Annie Robertson, 293 N Noxon, Thomas C, 140 Nash, Ira P., art. on, listed, 112 Nunn, W. R., 229 Nashville Flood, 1844, art. on, listed, Nuttall, Thomas, 152 Nye, R. Glen, donor, 494 112 National Register of Historic Places, noted, 513-514 O National Society of Colonial Dames in Missouri, donor, 110 O'Fallon, Benjamin, 3; 2 (illus.) Native Sons of Kansas City, 105, 235, O'Fallon, John, 2 (illus.) 366, 488 O'Gara, Rep. Frank, 472 Neal, Mary, 185 O'Keefe, Robert, 235 Neal, Minor, 178 O'Neill, Mary, 294 Neely, Homer Elisha, art. on, listed, O'Reilly, Melva, 489 377 Oechsle, Albert H., obit., 121 536 Index Ogilvie, Leon Parker, "Governmental Parks, Capt. Joseph, art. on, listed, 120 Efforts at Reclamation in the Parrish, Dr. William E., 95, 228 Southeast Missouri Lowlands," 150- Parsons, Mrs. Laura, 297 176; (illus.) Parsons, Mary, 295, 297 Ohmer, Russell J., obit., 380 Partridge, Bishop Edward, 41, 52 Oklahoma, Madstones, art. on, listed, Patten, Eliza, 289 118 Patten, Nathaniel, 289, 399 Old Hemp Press, 201 (illus.) Patterson, Jimmy, 102 Old Trails Historical Society, 105, Patterson, Mrs. Ralph, 359 235, 366 Payne, Moses U., 178, 182 Oliva, Dr. Leo E., 104 Pearce, Opal, 101 Oliver, Allen L., donor, 110; obit., 379 Pearson, Mrs. Thomas H., 365 Olson, Mrs. Edna McElhiney, 237, Peck, John Mason, 68 241; donor, 110; obit., 251 Pemiscot County Bayou, 166 (illus.) Oran Centennial, 1869-1969, noted, 258 Penney, Mrs. David L., obit., 505 Orf, Roger, 106 Penninger, Grace, 232 Ormiston, David, 296 Penter, Eli, art. on, listed, 496 Ormiston, Nellie, 296 Perkins, Marlin, art. on, listed, 499 Osage Beach, art. on, listed, 112 Perry, Bliss, 430 Osage County, history of, arts, on, Perryman, Tohn D., 190, 191 listed, 114, 244, 375, 498 Pershing, John T-> art. on, listed, 503 Otten, Mrs. M. S., 235 Peterman, Bill, 365 Otto, Mrs. Carl, donor, 371 Peterson, William T-, 237 Overton, John H., 455, 461 Petrovic, Judge Alex, 236 Owen, Ignatius P., 400, 402, 410, 411, Petrowski, Dr. William, 489 412 Pettijohn, James H., obit., 121 Owen, Mrs. Loren, 483 Pettis County Courthouse, art. on, Owen, Mary Alicia, verso back cover listed, 116 July issue (illus.) Petty, Gerald M., donor, 371 Owenby, Powell, 399, 401 Petty, Rubey, obit., 380 Owens, Sen. Don, 102 Pharis, Donald C, 101, 236 Owens, Col. Samuel C, 50, 53 Phelps County Historical Society, 489 "Ozark Berry Belt," 19 Phelps, William, 50 Ozark Fruit Growers' Association, 28- Philips, Mrs. Margaret, 193, 194 30 Phillipi, Louis, 433 Ozark Stories of the Upper Current Phister, Lawrence C, 368 River, by Margaret Ray Vickery, Phoebe Apperson Hearst Historical noted, 510-511 Society, 2*1, 363 Ozarks, Pickens, Buford L., 103 —art. on, listed, 497 Pickett, Gelbert, 367 —Fruit Tree Peddler, art. on, listed Pickler Memorial Library, donor, 494 377 Pictorial History of St. Louis, by —History of, art. on, listed, 119 Norbury L. Wayman, noted, 385 —Ozark Water Mill Trail, arts, on, listed 112, 119 Pierce, Lester, 362 Pike County Historical Society, 105, 235, 367, 489 Pike, Zebulon, art. on, listed, 114 Pilcher, Joshua, book on, reviewed, Page, Hiram, 48 124-125 Palmer, Harry, 133, 134 Pilug, E. Leffen, 486 Palmer, Ratliff Boone, art. on, listed, Pinkard, Elias, 232 502 "Pioneer Women of the Missouri Parcell, Roy, 104 Press," by Alma F. Vaughan, 289- Paris, history of businesses, art. on, 305; (illus.) listed, 115 Pitcher, Lt. Col. Thomas, 52, 53, 54, Paris, Mrs. Walda Ann, 489 56 Parish, Mary, 227 Plank Road, art. on, listed, 116 Park, Jesse, 303 Planthold, Mrs. Mildred, 94 Parker, George W., donor, 241 Plater, Mrs. M. E., 297 Parker, John, 329-330 Platte County Historical Society, 236, Parker, Nathan, Missouri As It Is, 154 489 Parker, Mrs. Nelle, 485 Pleuard, Mrs. Evelynne, 236 Index 537 Pleyer, Tony, 359 R Plume, Pam, 106 Ragsdale, A. C, obit., 251 Poindexter, John A., 316 Ragsdale, Edward, 364 Points, James, art. on, listed, 242 Rahm, Mrs. Phillip E., 364 Pollock, Elizabeth, 233 Railroads, Pollock, G. E., 486 -arts, on, listed, 119, 373, 374, 376, Pollock, Mrs. Kathleen Bishop, obit., 496, 497 251 —Bonne Terre railroad, art. on, Pollock, Samuel H., 368 listed, 245 Pollock, Thomas H., obit., 251 —Burlington railroad, arts, on, Pomeroy, Samuel, 284 listed, 248 Pony Express, art. on, listed, 502 —Mississippi River railroad, art. on, Pony Express Historical Association, listed, 245 105, 367, 489 —Missouri-Illinois line, art. on, Porteau, Mrs. Rene, donor, 371 listed, 246 Porter, Col. Joseph, 95, 316 —Observation Cars, art. on, listed, Porter, P. W., 489 244 Powell, Mrs. W. J., 297 —Santa Fe, history of, art. on, listed, Powell, Dr. William, 227 498 "Prairie Park," home of William —"Town Growth in Central Mis Sappington, 217 (illus.) souri," by Stuart F. Voss, Part Prather, Alonzo S., 301 III, 322-350 (illus.) Prather, Mary Elizabeth, 301 Ralph, Mrs. Kenneth, 473, (illus.) Pratt, Parley P., 44, 45, 48, 57, 58, 61; Randall, Jack, 482 Randall, William J., 236 46 (illus.) Rankin, John E., 468 Prentiss, Benjamin M., 311, 362; 313 Rataczak, Mrs. E. L., 365 (illus.) Rathbun, Hiram, 46 Preston, art. on, listed, 499 Rathgeber, Paul J., 100 Preus, Dr. J. A., 224 Rauch, Julius F., art. on, listed, 115 Prewitt, Moss, 182, 185, 192 Ray County Historical Society, 236 Price, Mrs. Acel, 106, 236 Ray, S. J., obit., 504 Price, James, 99 Ray, S. K., obit., 121 Price Mill, art. on, listed, 502 Ray, William, 236 Price, R. B., art. on, listed, 496 Rayburn, Sam, 452, 453, 459, 460, 463; Price, Gov. Sterling, 171, 215, 268 460 (illus.) Price, Dr. William, 216 Raytown, Princeton Courthouse, art. on, listed, —arts, on, listed, 244 114 —Blacksmith, arts, on, listed, 245 Printery, Clinton, donor, 108 Raytown Historical Society, 236 Pritchard, Jacob Leroy, 229 Rea, Frank G., 482 Prohibition, art. on, 516-518 Rea, J. W. (family), 227, 482 Provines, Frances A., 185 Reagan, Mrs. O. F., 290 Reagan, Gov. Ronald, 363 Provines, William, 178 Reavis, Dorothea, 232, 486 Public Library, De Soto, donor, 494 Rechtermann, Rev. Julius, 487 Pulaski, art. on, listed, 244 Reed, O. E., obit., 252 Pulaski County Historical Society, 106, Reeves, Col. Benjamin H., 400 236 Reiter, Ebert, 233 Pulitzer, Joseph, art. o», listed, 497 Reitz, Charles H., 100 Purinton, Julia, 292 Renault, Philip Francis, art. on, listed, Pursell, Mrs. Damon, 228 114 Putnam County Historical Society, 489 Renner, G. K., "Strawberry Culture in Putzel, H. V., obit., 505 Southwest Missouri," 18-40; (illus.) Pyle, Mrs. Bessie E., donor, 494 Repp, Dr. Arthur C, 360 Pyle, C. Homer, obit., 121 Reynolds, R. Edgar, obit., 505 Pyle, Mrs. C. Homer, 231 Reynolds, Gov. Thomas, 215 Reynolds, Virginia H., 195 Rhinehart, M. Charles, 365 Rhodes, Mattie, 297 Rice, J. M., 26 Quackenbush, James, 367 Rice, Pat, 236 538 Index Richards, J. F., art. on, listed, 501 Ruckert, Mrs. Wesley, 104 Richardson, Mrs. Bobbie Hatton, do "Rules and Regulations of the Varie nor, 494 ties Theatre, St. Louis, Mo.," 141, Richardson, James, 178 142 Richardson, Nathan, 391 Runion, Mrs. H. R., obit., 252 Richardson, W. A., obit., 121 Rural Church, theses on, noted, 249 Richison, Nathan, 393 Russell, Oland D., obit., 252 Richmond, Robert W., 365 Russell, Richard, 471 Richter, Anna B., art. on, listed, 119 Ryland, John F., 48, 78, 408; 47, 411 Rickenbrode, Miss Francyl, 362 (illus.) Riddle, Al, 488 Ryle, Walter H., Centennial History Rindisbacher, Peter, art. on, listed, 501 of the First Baptist Church, Kirks Rinker, Walter N., Jr., obit., 505 ville, Missouri, noted, 127-128 Riordan, Dr. & Mrs. John J., donors, 241 Ripley County Historical Society, 106, St. 236 Rittenhouse, Mrs. Sue J., 296 St. Charles, Rivers, Herbert, 436 -DAR, arts, on, listed, 498 Rizer, Mrs. Virginia Vancil, obit., 252 —history of, arts, on, listed, 115, 498 Robb, Fay G., 102 —St. Joe Hospital, art. on, listed, 498 Roberts, Dellie, 292 St. Charles County Historical Society, Roberts, Nellie, 292 106, 236, 367, 490 Roberts, Seva J., 103 St. Charles County Junior Historical Roberts, Thomas H., 292 Society, 106, 237, 490 Robertson, Charles, 226 St. Clair County Historical Society, Robertson, Edgar Lee, 226, 237 106, 237, 490 Robertson, Mrs. James A., donor, 241 St. Cyr, Stephen, 404 Robertson, Rev. W. W., 233 Ste. Genevieve, Robins, Mrs. Ruby M., 368 —Bolduc-LeMeilleur House, art. on, Robinson, A. M., 400 listed, 245 Robinson, E. C, obit., 252 —history of, arts, on, listed, 115, 245, Robinson, Dr. James F., 227 375, 498 Rocheport, St. John, Stephen, art. on, listed, 496 -art. on, listed, 373, 496 St. John's Lutheran Church, Jefferson —Russell Green House, art. on, City, donor, 494 listed, 243 St. John's Lutheran Church, Schubert, Roddy, Woodson, 485 art. on, listed, 113 Rodgers, Rev. Ebenezer, 180 St. Joseph City Park, art. on, listed, Rogers, David B., 481 377 Rogers, H. Lang, 222 St. Joseph Historical Society, 237, 367 Rollins, Anthony Wayne, 202, 209; St. Joseph Railroad Bridge, art. on, 203 (illus.) listed, 114 Rollins, James S., 193, 209, 210, 214, St. Louis, 216, 326; 211 (illus.) —Alexian Brothers Hospital, art. on, Rombauer, art. on, listed, 498 listed, 375 Romjue, Hon. M. A., obit., 121 —American Legion, art. on, listed, Roosevelt, Franklin D., 173, 437, 442, 115 443, 449, 450, 451, 452; 451 (illus.) —Community Image, thesis on, Root, Eleazer, 188, 189; 190 (illus.) noted, 249 Ross, Irwin, The Lonliest Campaign: —Gateway Arch, art. on, listed, 113 The Truman Victory of 1948, re —German Press, thesis on, noted, 249 viewed, 122-124 —Lambert Field, art. on, listed, 376 Ross, Lyman L., 367 —Sales and Marketing Executives, Rotary, art. on, listed, 499 art. on, listed, 499 Rowe, Burt H., obit., 121 —Urban League, thesis on, noted, 249 Rowe, Paul, donor, 494 St. Louis American, 414 Rozelle, Alice C. (Creswell) 301; 302 St. Louis Argus, 414 (illus.) St. Louis Republic, 20, 33 Rozelle, Arthur, 301 St. Louis Westerners, 237, 367 Rubottom, Mrs. Cora, 481 St. Omer Commandery, art. on, listed, Rucker, Mrs. Jessie, 489 246 Index 539 Selby, P. O., donor, 110 Selby, Thomas, 192 Sabath, Adolph J., 454 Seligson, Theodore, 488 Salem, Old Salem Cemetery, art. on, Sellers, Paul, 233 listed, 248 Sesler, Mrs. J. A., donor, 494 Saline County Historical Society, 107 Sesquicentennial, 1819-1969, Hannibal, Salley, Mrs. Laura Lee, 99 Missouri, by Hannibal Festivals, Saloons, art. on, listed, 496 Inc., Robert D. Bush, director, Sampson, Jerry P., donor, 241 noted, 255 Sandehn, Henry C, 367 Setzer, Glen, 367 Sandehn, Nancy, 367 Shain, Marshall, 481 Sanders, Mrs. Hazel Rennolds, donor, Shamski, Mrs. William E., 364 241 Shankland, Wilbur Morse, donor, 110, Sanderson, John R. C, obit., 505 371 Sankey, Mrs. Dora, 290 Shanks, John, 96 Sappington, Mrs. Clarence, 104 Shanks, John P. C, 270 Sappington, Dr. John, 216, 389-390; Shannon, George, 408 389 (illus.) Shannon, James, 191 Sappington, William B., 213, 217 Sharecropper Roadside Demonstration, (illus.) art. on, listed, 377 Sarcoxie Horticultural Association, 27 Sharon, Mrs. Naomi, 485 Sargent, Lena M., 301; obit., 505 Shaver, Mrs. Virginia, 487 Saunders, Mr. and Mrs. Ed, 358 Shaw, Dr. B. E., obit., 121 Sawyer, Mrs. Deva, 231, 485 Sheaff, Virginia, 491 Sawyer, Tom, art. on, listed, 248, 502 Sheets, Mrs. Eveleyn, 231 Scarritt, Rev. Nathan, 107 Shelby County Herald, art. on, listed, Scarritt, William H., obit., 121 376 Schaberg, Tom, 490 Shelby County Historical Society, 107, Schell, Joe C, 234; Big Sugar Creek 237, 367, 490 Country, noted, 385 Shelby, Joseph O., 287, 317 Schewe, Elenore, 358 Shelby, V. L., donor, 371; 362 (illus.) Schmitt, Mrs. John H., obit., 505 Shell, Mr. & Mrs. Theodore R., do Schneider, Aleene K., 103 nors, 494 Schoenberg, William, 437 Shemwell, Mrs. Max, 106 Schofield, John M., 280-281; art. on, Shepherd, Capt. James, 400 listed, 247; " 'And All For Nothing', Sherman, William, 265, 321 Early Experiences of John M. Scho Sherrick, Fannie Isabelle, 293 field in Missouri," 306-321; 309 Sherwood, Ben, 139, 140 (illus.) Shibley, Harry B., donor, 241 Schowengerdt, M. N., donor, 110 Shields, William, 178 Schowengerdt, Margaret, 480 Shirky, James, donor, 371 Schultehenrich, Jay, 106 Shockley, Dr. J. M., donor, 241 Schwada, Chanc. John W., 222 Shoemaker, Floyd Calvin, Missouri's Schwartz, Charles W., 222 Struggle for Statehood, 1804-1821, Scientific Expedition in 1819, 3 noted, 255 Sconce, Capt. John, 399 Shoemaker, Mrs. M. C, donor, 372 Scott, Elizabeth, 233 Sibley, George Champlin, thesis on, Scott, Herbert H., 229 noted, 249 Scott, Ross, Jr., 488 Sigel, Col. Franz, 312; 314 (illus.) Scruggs, Enos, 421 Sillers, Walter, 470 Scruton, George H., donor, 110, 241 Simcoe, Bernard "Doc," 95 Seagraves, Mrs. K. J., donor, 494 Simon, John Y., 482 Sechler, Rev. and Mrs. E. T., 229 Simpson, Mrs. Jessie, donor, 372 Second Baptist Church, Jefferson City, Simpson, Joseph, 77 donor, 494 Simrall, H. F., 100, 360 Sedalia, Sims, Lee T., 105 —County Line Baptist Church, art. on, listed, 116 Sites, John P., Jr., art. on, listed, 119 —Pettis County Courthouse, art. on, Sites, John P., Sr., art. on, listed, 119, listed, 116 230 See, Joe B., donor, 110 Sixth Missouri Infantry art. on, listed, Seehler, E. T., 483 114 Seifert Robert, 227 Skeens, Ruth, 358 540 Index Slack, William Yarnel, art. on, listed, Spanish-American War, art. on, listed, 243 114 Slaughter, Carl, 102, 231 Spiers, Martha, 229 Slaughter, Col. S. D., Jr., 364 Spratt, W. R., 489 Slave Hanging, art. on, listed, 242 Stafford, Mrs. Belva, 483 Slavens, George Everett, "Missouri Stahl, Glenn W., 232 Negro Press, 1875-1920," 413-431; Staley, Dr. & Mrs. Walter, 222 (illus.) Staley, Mrs. Walter G., 358 Slavery, art. on, listed, 496, 498, 501 Standlee, Mrs. Dorothy, 368 Sloan, T. J., 195 Stanford, W. E., obit., 505 Smallwood, Mrs. Charles, 489 Stapleton, Jack, Sr., 218 Smiser, Mrs. A. Lee, 232; donor, 372 Stapleton Mills, art. on, listed, 373 Smith, Allan E., Mighty Mo The U.S.S. Stark, Harlan R., 487 Missouri, A Biography of the Last Stark, Lloyd C, art. on, listed, 376; Battleship, noted, 514-515 441 (illus.) Smith, Mrs. Charlotte, 292 Starnes, Lee, 367 Smith, David, donor, 110 Starnes, Mrs. Lee, 367 Smith, Mrs. Emmett, donor, 241 State Board of Railway Commissioners, Smith, Dr. H. Eugene, 486 31 Smith, Harry, 360 State Historical Society of Missouri, Smith, Dr. John R., 237 —art. on, listed, 242 Smith, Joseph, 42, 54 —Officers and Trustees, verso front Smith, L. W., Jr., "History of Mosqui cover Oct., Jan., April, July issues to Occurrence in Missouri," 387-390; Steamboats, (illus.) —Bertrand, arts, on, listed, 244, 375 Smith, Laura, 300 —Stonewall, art. on, listed, 374 Smith, Louis A., obit., 505 Stearns, Anna, 483 Smith, Mrs. M. A., 297 Stearns, Dan, 487 Smith, Ruby, 231 Steele's Retreat from Camden and the Smith, Dr. Seymour A., 358 Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, by Edwin Smith, Solomon F., 148; art. on, listed, C. Bearss, noted, 257-258 116 Steeleville, Smith, T. O., 296 —Blue Spring School, art. on, listed, Smith, Gen. Thomas A., 4-5, 6, 10 500 Smith, Mrs. W. T., 297 —Cooper Lumber and Furniture Smith, W. Wallace, 218 Company, history of, art. on, Smith, Waddell F., 233, 367; obit., 505 listed, 246 Smith, Walter, 105 —Fleming-Thompson School, art. on, Smith, William E., donor, 241 listed, 500 Smithey, Anne, 366 —High Point School, art. on, listed, Smithton, art. on, listed, 116 500 Smithton Company, 182 —Normal and Business Institute, Smithville Historical Society, 237, 367, arts, on, listed, 499 490 Stees, Mary Ann, donor, 110 Snider, Dr. Felix, 363 Steinestal, Emily R., 293 Snider, M. J., 229 Stephens College, Senior Hall, art. on, Snider, Mrs. Nettie, 361 listed, 242 Soldiers' uniforms, 1890, 16 (illus.) Stephens, Earl, 231 Somerville, Ronald L., 218 Stephens, Mrs. Lora Ruth, donor, 110 "Sorghum Makin," front cover April Sterrett, Betty, 368 issue, painting by William Howard Stevens, E. F., obit., 505 French Stevens, Mr. & Mrs. Joe, 472 Souchek, Diane, 490 Stevens, Thaddeus, 264-288; 28(f (il Southeast Missouri District Fair, his lus.) tory of, arts, on, listed, 243 Stevenson, Dr. A. L., 232 Southeast Missouri Lowlands, Map, 157 Stewart, Mary Lou, 230 (illus.) Still, Dr. Andrew T., art. on, listed, Southeast Missouri State College, his 497 tory of, art. on, listed, 246 Stinson, Dr. David, 358 Southwest Fruit Growers' Cooperative Stockton, Mrs. Jesse, 366 Union, 28 Stoddard, Amos, 153, 154 Index 541 Stoddard County Historical Society, Templeman, Mr. & Mrs. Robert S., 362 368 (illus.) Stone, Mrs. Frank N., 292 Templeton, Claude A., donor, 111 Stone, Steve, 105 Templin, Lucinda De L., obit., 121 Stoutland, art. on, listed, 118 Tennis Courts, art on, listed, 377 Stover, art. on, listed, 246 Terry, Mrs. Pauline, 229 "Strawberry Culture in Southwest Thayer, Capt. Isaac, 186 Missouri," by G. K. Renner, 18-40; Thayer, Norton, 186 (illus.) Theaters, Strawberry Gaumers, 34 —art. on, listed, 375 Streck, Col. Edwin P., 230 -St. Louis, 133-149 Strickland, Dr. Arvarh, 473 (illus.) Theobald, E. I., 484 Strom, Clarence W., obit., 252 Thias, Mr. & Mrs. Edwin, 484 Strothmann, William, 102, 230 Thomas, George, 287, 321 Stubblefield, Mrs. Reva, 226, 358 Thomas, Jerry, obit., 252 Stuck, Sanford W., 235 Thomas, Lorenzo, 311 Stump, Bar and Pulpit: Speechmaking Thompson, Mrs. A. Paul, 486 on the Missouri Frontier, by Fran ces Lea McCurdy, reviewed, 382-384 Thompson, Henry C, 218 Thompson, M. Jeff, 310 Sturgis, Major Samuel D., 307 Suchman, Stan, 106 Thompson, R. C, obit., 121 Suggett, Rev. James, 399 Thompson, William P., 411 Sullivan, John L., donor, 111, 494 Thompson, Mrs. Willie, 229 Summers, Frances, 237 Thornton, A. B., 295 Sumner, Charles, 264 Thornton, Miss Artie, 483 Sunday, Billy, art. on, listed, 374 Thornton, Col. John, 401 Sunder, John E., Joshua Pilcher: Fur Thornton, Mrs. Ophelia, 295 Trader and Indian Agent, reviewed, Thorp, Judge Joseph, 61, 62 124 Three Mile Square, by Mildred Steuck Swallow, Mrs. George, 195 Marquardt, noted, 515 Swallow, George C, 344 (illus.) Thro, Jeanne, 106 Sweatnam, Martha Ellen, 237 Thruston, Mrs. Charles, 364 Switzler, Ellen, 195 Thruston, Henry, art. on, listed, 501 Switzler, W. F., 186, 192, 299, 326-331; Thurman, Mrs. Howard, 360 331 (illus.) Thurmond, J. Strom, 468 Thurston, M. F., obit., 252 Tietzen, Dr. John, 224 Timmons, Charles, 490 Taft, Dr. William H., donor, 495 Tipton, Dillon, 103 Talbot, Bishop Ethelbert, art. on, Titus, Dr. Sterrett S., 235 listed, 244 Toal, Mrs. Archie Carey, donor, 111 Talmadge, Eugene, 458 Todd, Judge David, 78; art. on, listed, Talon, Jean, 84, 85 242 Tandy, C. H., 425 Todd, Madora, 189 Tandy, Daisy, 297 Todd, Mrs. Minnie F., obit., 380 Taney County, Marriage Records, arts. Todd, Roger N., 178; art. on, listed, on, listed, 120, 378 242 Tarkio College Library, donor, 495 Tofflemire, Mrs. Charles D., obit., 505 Tarleton, Bennett, 473 (illus.) Toler, Jim, 490 Taubeneck, H. E., 294 Toomer, Mrs. Adele, 304 Taylor, Glen H., 461 Totten, Gen. James, 317 Taylor, Lucille, 237, 490 Tough, William Sloan, art. on, listed, Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D., 218-219; 502 219 (illus.) "Town Growth in Central Missouri, Taylor, William, 400 1815-1880, An Urban Chaparral," by Taylor, Mrs. William, 359 Stuart F. Voss, Part I, 64-80; Part Teed, Cecil, 223 II, 197-217; Part III, 322-350; (illus.) Teegarden, Earl, 362 Townsend, John H., obit., 252 Teel, Mrs. Fern, 488 Traber, Mrs. Hortense S., obit., 252 Television, history of, arts, on, listed, Tracy, Marquis de, 83 244 Tracy, Judge Winton, 365 542 Index Transportation, —Aviation, history of, arts, on, listed, 114, 116 Vaccarezza, Victor A., 94 (illus.) —Bus, art. on, listed, 244 Valchich, Mrs. Mildred Gleis, obit., —Kansas Pacific Railroad, art. on, 252 Vance, Kate, 144 listed, 118 Vandiver, John W., art. on, listed, 499 —Lead Belt Railroad, art. on, listed, Vandiver, Louis H., donor, 111 116 Vandiver, Mrs. Virgil, 237 —Mississippi River and Bonne Terre Varieties Theater, 138 (illus.) Railroad, art. on, listed, 245 Vaughan, Alma F., "Pioneer Women —Missouri-Illinois Line, art. on, of the Missouri Press," 289-305 listed, 246 (illus.) —Railroads, art. on, listed, 115, 244 Vaughan, G. W., donor, 241 —St. Joseph Railroad Bridge, art. on, Vernon County Historical Society, 368, listed, 114 490 —Stage Coach, art. on, listed, 112 Versailles library, art. on, listed, 500 Traughber, R. W., 227 Vest, Sen. George Graham, arts, on, Trawer, Rev. Joseph J., donor, 495 listed, 375, 378 Trent, G. L., 487 Vickery, Mrs. Margaret, 101 Trigg, Gen. Stephen, 402 Vickery, Margaret Ray, Ozark Stories of the Upper Current River, noted, Troxell, Col. A. R., 481 510-511 Truman, Harry S., arts, on, listed, 223, Vickrey, Matt, obit., 121 377; art. on, 448-471; (illus.) Views from the Past, Tuck, William, 470 —"Advertisements of Yesteryear," Tucker, O. H., 485 220-221 (illus.) Turgeon, Cy, 359 —"Missouri Courthouses," 474-475 Turner, Evalene Baker, art. on, listed, (illus.) 499 -"Missouri Music," 352-353 (illus.) Turner, Mrs. J. Marvin, obit., 252 —"Missourians at Work," 92-93 Turner, James Milton, 422 (illus.) Voagel, A. E., 102 Turner, Thomas, art. on, listed, 112 Voertman, Fred W., obit., 252 Tutt, George, 233 Vogel, Fred, donor, 495 Tuttle, Morton, obit., 505 Voluntary Health Agencies, thesis on, Twain, Mark, arts, on, listed, 115, 375, noted, 249 377, 497, 502, 503 Voss, Stuart F., "Town Growth in Cen Tyawapatia (Tywappity) Bottom tral Missouri, 1815-1880, An Urban (Commerce Town), 153 (illus.) Chaparral," Part I, 64-80; Part II, 197-217; Part III, 322-350; (illus.) Vredenburgh, Walter J., obit., 121 U Vulcan Iron Works, art. on, listed, 501 Uhlig, Walter W., 224 Uhlmeyer, Karen, 233 W Uncorrupted Heart: Journal and Let ters of Frederick Julius Gustorf, Waddell, William B., 233 1800-1845, by Fred Gustorf, re Waldo, Ray, 367 viewed, 506-507 Wales, Lucy, 184, 185, 186, 187; 177, 181 (illus.) Unions, art. on, 432-447; CIO and Wales, Mrs. Lydia, 186 Democratic Party, 449-458 Walker, Sen. Ben, 173 University of Missouri, Walker, Mrs. Frank, 234 —Brewer Fieldhouse, art. on, listed, Walker, Howard, obit., 252 242 Walker, Lucien Marsh, art. on, listed, -Football, art. on, 260-262; (illus.) 243 —148th Birthday, art. on, listed, 242 Walker, Mrs. Rose, 304 "Unwanted Conflict: Missouri Labor Wall, Samuel, 178 and the CIO," by Gary M. Fink, Wallace, Bob, 99 432-445; (illus.) Wallace, Henry A., 449, 457, 465, 468; Urich, art. on, listed, 499 451 (illus.) Usry, John M., donor, 111, 241, 372 Walthausen, Art L., obit., 380 Index 543 Wamble, Hugh, 354 Westport Historical Society, 107, 237, Waring, J. Waties, 464 368, 491 Warner, Major William, 364 Westport Press, donor, 495 Warren, W. P., obit., 252 Westwood, Howard C, 359 Washburn, Mr. & Mrs. James, 365 Wheatland, art. on, listed, 376 Washburn, Mrs. Newell R., donor, 372 Wheatley, William, 133, 134 Washington, Booker T., 421; 420 Wheeler, John W., 428, 429, 430, 431; (illus.) 429 (illus.) Washington, William T., 431; 430 White, E. B., 355 (illus.) White, Florence, 304 Watkins, Mrs. Kermit, donor, 495 White, Mrs. Herbert H., 103 Watkins Mill, art. on, listed, 375, 498, White, John R., 204 499 White, Mahlon N., 99 Watkins, Waltus Jewell, Frontier White, Mrs. Orlyn, 366 Dentist, art. on, listed, 247 White, Mrs. R. M., 303 Watson, Jerry, 234 White River Area, Watson, Thomas M., 364 —Bill Anderson, art. on, listed, 120 Watters, T. Ballard, 218, 472; 219, —History of, art. on, listed, 120 472 (illus.); donor, 495 —Hurley, art. on, listed, 120 Watts, Opel C, 368 —Marriage Records of Taney Coun Waverly, art. on, listed, 246 ty, art. on, listed, 120 Wayman, Norbury L., Pictorial His —Reeds Spring, art. on, listed, 120 tory of St. Louis, noted, 385 White River Valley Historical So Weather conditions, art. on, listed, 499 ciety, 368 Weaubleau, art. on, listed, 376 White, Sen. Robert, 165, 218 Webb City, art. on, listed, 376, 500 White, Robert M., II, 358 Webb City Historical Society, 491 White, Walter, 461, 464 Webb, Mrs. Laura, 292 Whitlow, Mrs. M. L., 359 Webb, Walter Prescott, 236 Whitmer, David, 48, 49 Webber, Marie, obit., 380 Whitmer Settlement, 43, 57 Weber, Mrs. Elizabeth, 367 Whittington, Mrs. George, 484 Webster, Mrs. Oren, 359 Whitton, Joseph, 146 Weier, George W., obit., 121 Wight, Lyman, 53, 54, 55, 57 Weir, Earnest L., 361 Wight, Mrs. Lyman, 57 Welker, Jack, 233 Wightman, Ada L., 302 (illus.) Welles, Gideon, 282-283; 283 (illus.) Wightman, W. Sam, 302 Wellington, William Edwin, art. on, Wilder, Laura Ingalls, Museum, art. listed, 378 on, listed, 244 Wells, Delbert, 105 Wilkerson, Catherine D., 101, 360 Wells, Gen. Robert W., 400, 401, 407, Wilkerson, Junior, 104, 365, 487 408 Wilkerson, Mrs. Junior, 487 Wentzville, Wilkinson, Gen. James, art. on, listed, —art. on, listed, 376 497 —Mercantile Store, art. on, listed, 376 Wilkinson, Mrs. W. F., obit., 252 Western Eagle, 164, 165 Wilkison, Mike, 106 Western Engineer (steamboat) , 3 Williams, Abraham J., 215 Western travel, art. on, listed, 501 Williams, Ben, 436 Weston, art. on, listed, 497 Williams, Clarence, 229 Weston—Queen of the Platte Pur Williams, Mayor Don, 236 chase, 1837-1900, The Rise and Fall Williams Ferry, 60 of a River Empire, noted, 256 Williams, Frank L., donor, 372 Weston, Samuel, 46 Williams, James A., 95 Westover Mill, art. on, listed, 119 Williams, Mrs. John A., 228 Westport, Williams, John Augustus, 192 —Captain Joseph Parks, art. on, Williams, John Bell, 468, 469 listed, 120 Williams, L. A., 227 —Four-Horse Buses, art. on, listed, Williams, Mrs. Larkin, 231 120 —History of, art. on, listed, 120 Williams, Mrs. Robert, 100 —Horse-racing, art. on, listed, 120 Williams, Mrs. Shelly V., donor, 111 —Tom Morrison, art. on, listed, 120 Williams, Dr. T. Harry, 227 —Vogel Saloon, art. on, listed, 503 Williams, W. G., obit., 121 544 Index Williams, Walter, 297, 300, 302; thesis Woodson, Mrs. Amanda B., 193 on, noted, 249 Woodson, Olivia, 185, 189 Williamson, Mrs. Handy, 473 (illus.) Woodson, Samuel Hughes, art. on, Williamson, Judge Hugh P., Notable listed, 114 Lawyers and Criminal Trials, noted, Woodson, Susan, 185 128 Woodson, Judge Warren, 185, 192, Willis, Clarence, 361 209; 210 (illus.) Willow Springs, Blacksmith, art. on, Woodworth, Dr. Phillip J., 96 listed, 120 Woolf, J. W., 301 Wilma, arts, on, listed, 377, 502 Wright, Mrs. Audra, 229 Wilmes, Mr. & Mrs. H. H., 361 Wright, Cora Grover, 295 Wilson, Mrs. Anna, 475 Wright, Edward, 295 Wilson, Fred, 140 Wright, Gov. Fielding, 467, 468, 470 Wilson, John, 411 Wright, Mrs. Nina, 229 Wilson, Moses G., 48, 50 Wuensche, Rev. R. W., 224 Wilson, Nathaniel W., 192 Wurthman, Leonard B., Jr., "Frank Wilson, Mrs. Ola B., 367 Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Wilson, Richard, 358 Spokesman," 263-288; (illus.) Wilson, Thomas, 52 Wymore, Jack, 360 Wilson, Woodrow, 427 Winans, Mrs. Ralph, 362 Windsor, art. on, listed, 376 Winfrey, James C, donor, 111 Winklemann, Ernest E., 100 Yancey, Mrs. Russel, 237 Winn, James, 399, 401 Yantis, Rev. J. L., 185 Winona, Falling Spring Mill, art. on, Yarger, David, 105 Yarnell, Mrs. Ilene Sims, donor, 241, listed, 116 372, 495 Wiseman, Mrs. D. P., 487 Yealy, Rev. Francis J., 102 Witherspoon, Mrs. Birdie Parks, 231 Yoacham, Daniel, art. on, listed, 378 Witten, Mrs. Alfred, 485 Young, Beverly Hanshaw, donor, 495 Wolfe, Byron B., 364 Young, Mrs. D. O., obit., 380 Wood, Lewis, 429; 430 (illus.) Young, Mrs. Grover, donor, 111 Wood, Reuben L., 440; 439 (illus.) Younger, Cole, art. on, listed, 118 Woodbury, Levi, 155 Woodcock, Helen L., donor, 495 Woodcock, Myron, 230 Woodruff, Mrs. Howard W., donor, 495 Zebu Ion Pike Expedition, 3 Woods, Anderson, 70, 74 Zimmerman, Mrs. H. M., 231 Woods, Dr. Farris H., 481 Zink, Wilbur A., 103 Woods, Robert Gail, donor, 495 Zobrist, Dr. Benedict K., 223 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR VOLUME LXIV OCTOBER, 1969- JAMES W. GOODRICH JULY, 1970 ASSOCIATE EDITOR CONTRIBUTORS VOLUME LXIV CALDWELL, DOROTHY J., associate editor, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Columbia, Missouri. BANNON, JOHN F., S.J., professor of History, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri. CRIGHTON, JOHN, professor of History, Stephens College, Columbia, Missouri. DAVID, JOHN RUSSELL, instructor in American Studies, Wydown Junior High School, Clayton, Missouri. FINK, GARY M., assistant professor of History, Mankato State College, Mankato, Minnesota. GARSON, ROBERT A., doctoral candidate, London School of Economics, London, England. JENNINGS, WARREN A., associate professor of History, Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, Missouri. MCDONOUGH, JAMES L., assistant professor of History, David Lipscomb College, Nashville, Tennessee. NICHOLS, ROGER L., associate professor of History, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. OGILVIE, LEON PARKER, associate professor of History, Francis T. Nicholls State College, Thibodaux, Louisiana. RENNER, G. K., member of the faculty, Missouri Southern College, Joplin, Mis souri. SLAVENS, GEORGE EVERETT, professor of History, Quachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia, Arkansas. VAUGHAN, ALMA F., newspaper librarian, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Voss, STUART F., doctoral candidate in History, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. WURTHMAN, LEONARD B., JR., assistant professor of Speech, San Fernando Valley State College, Northridge, California. CONTENTS VOLUME LXIV Page THE ALIENATION OF THE SOUTH: A CRISIS FOR HARRY S. TRUMAN AND THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY, 1945-1948. By Robert A. Garson 448 "AND ALL FOR NOTHING" EARLY EXPERIENCES OF JOHN M. SCHOFIELD IN MISSOURI. By James L. McDonough 306 THE BIG NECK AFFAIR: TRAGEDY AND FARCE ON THE MISSOURI FRONTIER. By Dorothy J. Caldwell . . 391 FRANK BLAIR: LINCOLN'S CONGRESSIONAL SPOKESMAN. By Leonard B. Wurthman, Jr 263 THE COLUMBIA FEMALE ACADEMY: A PIONEER IN EDUCATION FOR WOMEN. By John Crighton 177 THE EXPULSION OF THE MORMONS FROM JACKSON COUNTY, MISSOURI. By Warren A. Jennings 41 THE GENESIS OF THE VARIETY THEATRE: The Black Crook Comes to St. Louis. By John Russell David 133 GOVERNMENTAL EFFORTS AT RECLAMATION IN THE SOUTHEAST MISSOURI LOWLANDS. By Leon Parker Ogilvie 150 JACQUES MARQUETTE, 1637-1675. By John F. Bannon, S.J 81 MARTIN CANTONMENT AND AMERICAN EXPANSION IN THE MISSOURI VALLEY. By Roger L. Nichols 1 THE MISSOURI NEGRO PRESS, 1875-1920. By George Everett Slavens 413 PIONEER WOMEN OF THE MISSOURI PRESS. By Alma F. Vaughan 289 STRAWBERRY CULTURE IN SOUTHWEST MISSOURI. By G. K. Renner 18 TOWN GROWTH IN CENTRAL MISSOURI, 1815-1860: AN URBAN CHAPARRAL, PARTS I, II, III. By Stuart F. Voss 64,197, 322 THE UNWANTED CONFLICT: MISSOURI LABOR AND THE CIO. By Gary M. Fink 432 Missouri Women In History Mary Alicia Owen Mary Alicia Owen, writer, folklorist and ethnologist, was born in St. Joseph, Missouri, January 29, 1858, the daugh ter of James Alfred Owen and Agnes Jeanette Cargill Owen. Educated at private schools and a student at Vas- sar College 1868-1869, she began her literary career by contributing a col umn on old settlers to the St. Joseph Saturday Democrat. Many of her early stories were published in Century and Overland Monthly under the pseudo nym of Julia Abbott. From childhood, Mary Alicia was interested in folk tales which she heard from the people of different races who had settled in the river town of St. Joseph, including Negroes, Indians and French-Canadians. After reading a book of Indian legends by Charles Godfrey Leland, she cor responded with the author and sent him samples of folklore which she had written. Leland suggested that she publish her work. With Mr. and Mrs. Leland, she went to London in 1892 where she read a paper on Voodoo tales before the International Folklore Congress. Her paper was so well received that she readily found a British publisher for her first book, entitled Voodoo Tales, As Told Among the Negroes of the Southwest. Published in 1893, five years later the book was reprinted in America with the title Ole Rabbit's Planta tion Stories. Her sister, Juliette A. Owen, and Louis Wain illustrated the book. In 1892 she was admitted to tribal membership with the Sac Indians, joined their secret societies and wrote about their beliefs and customs. Among her other published works were Folklore of the Musquakie Indians, The Daughter of Alouette and an Ozark Gypsy and Oracles and Witches. She was an honorary member of the English Folklore Society, councilor and life member of the American Folklore Society and president of the Missouri Folklore Society from 1908 until her death in 1935. In 1940, Dr. H. M. Belden, editor of the University of Missouri Study, Ballads and Songs, dedicated the vol ume to the Missouri Folklore Society and to the memory of Mary Alicia Owen. Her article entitled "Social Customs and Usages in Missouri During the Last Century" was published in the October 1920, issue of the MISSOURI HISTOR ICAL REVIEW. She was the first individual life member of the State Histor ical Society of Missouri. For many years her biography was included in the British Who's Who and in Who's Who in America. She made friends with the people whose tales she recorded in their own vernacular. At her funeral in St. Joseph, January 2, 1935, six Negro men served as active pallbearers while the honorary pallbearers were men of civic and social prominence.