DOCSLIB.ORG

World Bank Document

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World Bank Document Report No. 48566-MR Report No.Mauritania Sector Development Options to Enhance Private 48566-MR Policy Mauritania Policy Options to Enhance Private Sector Development Public Disclosure Authorized Country Economic Memorandum April 2010 PREM 4 Africa Region Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized SMH Hydrocarbon Company of Mauritania SNIM National Company of Mining Industries SOMELEC Mauritanian Electricity Company SONELEC Division of SOMELEC UNDP United Nations Development Programme VAT Value-Added Tax WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) WDI Worldwide Development Indicators WDR Worldwide Development Report WHO World Health Organization WTO World Trade Organization Vice President: Obiageli K. Ezekwesili (AFRVP) Country Director: Madani M. Tall (AFCF2) Sector Director: Sudhir Shetty (AFTPM) Country Manager: Francois Rantrua (AFMMR) Sector Manager: Antonella Bassani (AFTP4) Task Team Leader: Manuela Francisco (AFTP4) iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................ vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... viii 1. MAURITANIA’S ECONOMIC GROWTH HISTORY ................................................................... 1 A. Brief History of Mauritania’s Growth ............................................................................................. 1 B. Political and Cultural Aspects .......................................................................................................... 8 C. Social Aspects and Poverty Trends .................................................................................................. 9 D. Current Investment Climate: Implications and Costs for Growth ................................................. 10 E. Four Key Constraints on Private Sector Development .................................................................. 14 2. THE INFORMAL ECONOMY: DRIVERS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................................... 22 A. Drivers of Informality from the Fiscal Policy Perspective ............................................................ 22 B. Small Business Taxation ................................................................................................................ 35 C. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations ................................................................................... 40 3. LABOR MARKET IN MAURITANIA: AN ANALYSIS OF LABOR INFORMALITY AND SKILLS MISMATCHES ................................................................................................................... 43 A. Overview of the Labor Market ...................................................................................................... 43 B. Understanding the Informal Sector ................................................................................................ 48 C. Skills Mismatches .......................................................................................................................... 53 D. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations ................................................................................... 58 4. COMPETITION POLICY AS A TOOL TO INCREASE COMPETITIVENESS AND ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION .................................................................................................. 60 A. Current Competitive Setup in Mauritania ...................................................................................... 60 B. Framework on Fighting Anti-competitive Market Conduct .......................................................... 64 C. Cost and Benefits of Implementing Competition Law and Policy ................................................ 75 D. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations ................................................................................... 77 5. COMPETITIVE SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES ......................................................................... 82 A. Rationale for and Typology of Special Economic Zones and Associated Regimes ...................... 82 B. Identifying a Special Economic Zone Regime Adapted to the Mauritanian Context .................... 88 C. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations ................................................................................... 95 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 101 iv List of Annexes: Annex 1: Economic Indicators .................................................................................................................. 108 Annex 2: Main Provisions and Incentives Included in the Proposed Investment Code` .......................... 112 Annex 3: Economic Growth and Effective Enforcement of Competition Policy and Law ...................... 113 Annex 4: Drivers of Tax Evasion ............................................................................................................. 116 Annex 5: Labor Chapter - Descriptive and Empirical Results .................................................................. 119 Annex 6: Evolution of the Special Economic Zones ................................................................................ 126 List of Boxes: Box 1.1: Mauritania’s Industrial Sector Structure ..................................................................................... 5 Box 1.2: Morocco’s Experience with Developing Agriculture and Tourism ............................................ 7 Box 1.3: The Costs of Informality ........................................................................................................... 16 Box 2.1: What is “Informality”? .............................................................................................................. 23 Box 2.2: Factors Fueling Informality: Burdensome Regulations and Weak Enforcement ...................... 24 Box 2.3: METR Economic Concept ........................................................................................................ 28 Box 2.4: Example of the METR Calculation for the Small Business Regime (Turnover Tax between 4-10 percent) in the Manufacturing Sector in Mauritania .......................................... 29 Box 2.5: Key Areas for Taxpayer Education and Assistance .................................................................. 38 Box 2.6: Improving Local Business Environments by Streamlining Regulatory Fees and Parafiscal Instruments at the Local Level ................................................................................. 39 Box 4.1: Fostering Competition: The East Asian Miracle Revisited ....................................................... 66 Box 4.2: Highlights for Competition Law Design ................................................................................... 68 Box 4.3: The Attributes of the Kenyan and the Zambian Competition Bodies ....................................... 70 Box 4.4: Steps in the Administration and Enforcement of Competition Law ......................................... 71 Box 4.5: The South African Experience with Competition Law Implementation ................................... 72 Box 4.6: The Role of Competition Policy Advocacy .............................................................................. 74 Box 4.7: Government Aid Control Programs Helps Channel Public Resources towards Development . 75 Box 5.1: Successful Special Economic Zones around the World ............................................................ 84 Box 5.2: Examples of Less Successful Special Economic Zones ............................................................ 87 Box 5.3: Rules Regarding the Incentive Regime, WTO Agreements and Recommended Practices ...... 90 Box 5.4: The Economic Contribution of Tuna Fishing Industry in Mauritius ........................................ 94 Box 5.5: Checklist for the SEZ Dialogue ................................................................................................ 99 List of Figures: Figure 1.1: GPRSP-II Strategic Objectives and Identified Interventions ................................................. 14 Figure 2.1: Time Spent to Pay Taxes in Mauritania and in Some Other African Countries .................... 25 Figure 2.2: Comparison of the METRs for Various Tax Regimes for Small Businesses ........................ 33 Figure 2.3: Informal Payments to Facilitate Compliance with Various Administrative Requirements in Mauritania (% of Firms) ............................................................................. 37 Figure 3.1: Unemployment Rates across Age Groups ............................................................................. 45 Figure 3.2: The Unemployment Rate among Groups with Various Levels of Education ........................ 46 Figure 3.3: Employment by Sector in Rural Areas .................................................................................. 47 Figure 3.4: Employment by Sector in Urban Areas ................................................................................. 47 Figure 3.5: Level and Composition of Informal Employment ................................................................. 48 Figure 3.6: Informality over the Lifecycle ..............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Looters Vs. Traitors: the Muqawama (“Resistance”) Narrative, and Its Detractors, in Contemporary Mauritania Elemine Ould Mohamed Baba and Francisco Freire
    Looters vs. Traitors: The Muqawama (“Resistance”) Narrative, and its Detractors, in Contemporary Mauritania Elemine Ould Mohamed Baba and Francisco Freire Abstract: Since 2012, when broadcasting licenses were granted to various private television and radio stations in Mauritania, the controversy around the Battle of Um Tounsi (and Mauritania’s colonial past more generally) has grown substantially. One of the results of this unprecedented level of media freedom has been the prop- agation of views defending the Mauritanian resistance (muqawama in Arabic) to French colonization. On the one hand, verbal and written accounts have emerged which paint certain groups and actors as French colonial power sympathizers. At the same time, various online publications have responded by seriously questioning the very existence of a structured resistance to colonization. This article, drawing pre- dominantly on local sources, highlights the importance of this controversy in study- ing the western Saharan region social model and its contemporary uses. African Studies Review, Volume 63, Number 2 (June 2020), pp. 258– 280 Elemine Ould Mohamed Baba is Professor of History and Sociolinguistics at the University of Nouakchott, Mauritania (Ph.D. University of Provence (Aix- Marseille I); Fulbright Scholar resident at Northwestern University 2012–2013), and a Senior Research Consultant at the CAPSAHARA project (ERC-2016- StG-716467). E-mail: [email protected] Francisco Freire is an Anthropologist (Ph.D. Universidade Nova de Lisboa 2009) at CRIA–NOVA FCSH (Lisbon, Portugal). He is the Principal Investigator of the European Research Council funded project CAPSAHARA: Critical Approaches to Politics, Social Activism and Islamic Militancy in the Western Saharan Region (ERC-2016-StG-716467).
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetique Des Sujets
    CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................. 2 SUBJECT ALPHABETICAL INDEX ..................................................................................... 3 Geographical divisions .............................................................................................................. 47 Formal divisions ........................................................................................................................ 53 SUBJECT SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION ....................................................................... 55 General works ........................................................................................................................... 56 Philosophy and psychology ....................................................................................................... 57 Religion ..................................................................................................................................... 58 Social sciences ......................................................................................................................... 59 Politics ...................................................................................................................................... 60 Economics ................................................................................................................................ 62 Law ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Haratin and the Mauritanian Roadmap to Combat Slavery
    A Roadmap To Where? The Haratin and the Mauritanian Roadmap to Combat Slavery UNREPRESENTED NATIONS AND PEOPLES WORKSHOP LEWIS & CLARK LAW SCHOOL PORTLAND, OREGON Disclaimer This report is not intended to be legal advice to any person or entity. The report is a scholarly analysis of the legal issues involved in the report prepared by law students studying law at Lewis & Clark Law School in Portland, Oregon. The authors are not licensed to practice law in the United States or any other country. Any person or entity who reads the report should consult his or her own legal counsel for legal advice. A ROADMAP TO WHERE? The Haratin and the Mauritanian Roadmap to Combat the Aftermath of Slavery Editors: Shannon Garcia Samantha MacBeth Contributors: Aaron Baxter Shannon Garcia Christina Gonzalez Samantha MacBeth George MacDonald Jason (Jong Sun) Park Annie Szvetecz Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Workshop Lewis & Clark Law School, 2014 Table of Contents Preface............................................................................................................................................. v Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... vi Map of Mauritania ........................................................................................................................ vii SOCIALLY CHAINED BY THE “CONSEQUENCES” OF SLAVERY ..................................... 1 History of Mauritania.................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • State of Play of EU-Mauritania Relations
    DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS State of play of EU-Mauritania relations ABSTRACT Mauritania, an important ally of the EU in the fight against terrorism in the Sahel, faces several inter-related development challenges: ensuring an efficient use of the revenue derived from natural resources, economic diversification and improved governance. The severity of these development challenges is increased by difficult political relations between the three main ethnic groups in the country, the dominant group being the Arab-Berber Bidhan. They constitute less than one-third of the country’s population, but dominate economically and politically. The Haratin, the largest group in the country, is made up of descendants of black Africans enslaved by the Bidhan (freed or still enslaved). The third group in the country is the West Africans or Black Mauritanians. Mauritania’s post- independence history is marked by repeated attempts by this group to assert its non-Arab identity and claim for a more equitable share of political and economic power. The tension that these divisions create is a problem in itself, but they can also be appropriated by violent Islamist insurgencies in the region. The urgency of this challenge is further complicated by the likelihood of increased climate change effects that the country is currently not adequately prepared for. This study therefore discusses the main political, economic and development challenges that contemporary Mauritania is faced with, illustrating how these challenges can only be properly grasped with consideration to their historical evolution. Based on this, the study investigates the current basis for EU-Mauritania relations and suggests a select number of policy areas for consideration, as this relationship continues to evolve around issues of mutual concern such as security and development.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Table of Contents 1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.1 Version Comparison ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................17 2 System Architecture ..............................................................................................................................18 2.1 Controller Selection .......................................................................................................................19 3 Installation .............................................................................................................................................21 3.1 Standalone .....................................................................................................................................21 3.1.1 Windows PC Host .................................................................................................................21 3.2 Homeseer .......................................................................................................................................22 3.3 Registration ....................................................................................................................................23 3.3.1 Standalone .............................................................................................................................23
    [Show full text]
  • Constitutional Reform in Times of Transition Constitutional Reform in Times of Transition
    CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN TIMES OF TRANSITION CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN TIMES OF TRANSITION EDITORS ÁLVARO VASCONCELOS GERALD STANG BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN TIMES OF TRANSITION EDITORS ÁLVARO VASCONCELOS GERALD STANG © 2014 Arab Reform Initiative. All Rights Reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Arab Reform Initiative. Arab Reform Initiative 71 rue Fondary, Paris 75015, France Arab Reform Initiative c/o The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, Sadat Tower, Tenth floor, PO Box 55-215, Leon Street, Ras Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon www.arab-reform.net The Arab Reform Initiative does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented in this publica- tion do not necessarily reflect the views of the Arab Reform Initiative. Any statement, opinion or view in relation to any person or organisation which is not specifically attributed to the Arab Reform Initiative may not necessarily reflect that of the Arab Reform Initiative. Composition by Metropolis Design Partners Cover image (Tab59) Flickr Translation by Wael Sawah ISBN 979-10-93214-00-9 May 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS 06 FOREWORD BASSMA KODMANI 08 INTRODUCTION: PRIORITISING THE LEGITIMACY OF THE PROCESS ÁLVARO VASCONCELOS 15 CHAPTER SUMMARIES 20 THE MAKING OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION RADHA KUMAR SOUTHERN EUROPE IN THE 1970S 26 LOCAL AND REGIONAL GOVERNANCE IN THE PORTUGUESE CONSTITUTION: A CASE STUDY IN DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION EDUARDO CABRITA 37 CONSTITUTIONAL
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races
    OufO 3 1924 074 488 234 All books are subject to recall after two weeks Olin/Kroch Library DATE DUE -mr -^ l99T 'li^^is Wtt&-F£SeiW SPRIHG 2004 PRINTED IN U.S.A. The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924074488234 In compliance with current copyright law, Cornell University Library produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 1994 (Kambtitrge i^istotical Series EDITED BY G. W. PROTHERO, LiTT.D. HONORARY FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. THE COLONIZATION OF AFRICA. aonbon: C. J. CLAY AND SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, Ave Maria Lane. ©lasBoiu: 263, ARGYLE STREET. Ecipjis: F. A. BROCKHAUS. jjefagorl:: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. JSomlaj: E. SEYMOUR HALE. A HISTORY OF THE COLONIZATION OF AFRICA BY ALIEN RACES BY SIR HARRY H. JOHNSTON, K.C.B. (author of "BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA," ETC.). WITH EIGHT MAPS BY THE AUTHOR AND J. G. BARTHOLOMEW. CAMBRIDGE: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1899 9 [All Rights reserved-^ GENERAL TREFACE. The aim of this series is to sketch tlie history of Alodern Europe, with that of its chief colonies and conquests, from about the e7id of the fifteenth century down to the present time. In one or two cases the story will connnence at an earlier date : in the case of the colonies it will usually begin later.
    [Show full text]
  • Mauritania – the Other Apartheid?
    MAURITANIA – THE OTHER APARTHEID? GARBA DIALLO Written 1993 Contents Abbreviations 4 Mauritania 5 Acknowledgements 6 The Present Crisis 7 The 1989 clamp-down Elections in 1992 The History of Mauritania 12 Arab arrival Population 14 Minority nightmare The ethnic division Racism in Economic Life 18 Concentration on the North The Land Ownership Issue 20 The Organisation of Senegal River Valley (OMVS) Understanding the Mauritanian Crisis 22 Mauritania compared to the Sudan Mauritania and South Africa – a comparison Better than South Africa? Worse than South Africa? Apartheid practice in Mauritania Features of Apartheid? The Origin of Racism in Mauritania 28 Mauritania as a buffer state The Ould DaDdah Regime The Armed Forces 31 Cultural Discrimination in Mauritania 33 Distorted education 2 Slavery 35 Abolition of Slavery Slavery continues Slave Militia Mauritanian Refegees in Senegal and Mali 38 Democracy à la apartheid? 40 The African Liberation Forces of Mauritania (FLAM) 41 The implications of the Situation in Mauritania 42 Mauritania Chronology 43 US Congress Condemns Human Rights 46 Violations in Mauritania. 3 Abbreviations CMSNS Comité Militaire du Salut National (Military Committee for National Salvation) FLAM Forces de Libération Africaine de de Mauritanie (African Liberation Forces of Mauritania) FURAM Le Front Uni pour la Résistance Armée en Mauritanie (The United Front for Armed Resistance in Mauritania) OAU Organisation of African Unity OCAM L‟Organisation Commune Africaine et Malgache (Organisation of the Afro-Malagasy Community)
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict Analysis of Mauritania
    Conflict analysis of Mauritania January 2014 Sumedh Rao About this report This report provides a short synthesis of some of the most recent, high quality literature on the topic of conflict in Mauritania. It aims to orient policymakers to the key debates and emerging issues. It was prepared (in November 2013) for the UK Government’s Department for International Development, © DFID Crown Copyright 2014. This report is licensed under the Open Government Licence (www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence). The views expressed in this report are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of GSDRC, its partner agencies or DFID. Expert contributors Camilla Toulmin, International Institute for Environment and Development Annabelle Powell, International Institute for Environment and Development Suggested citation Rao, S. (2014). Conflict analysis of Mauritania. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham. This paper is one of a series of four conflict analyses on north-west Africa. The others are: Hinds, R. (2014). Conflict analysis of Tunisia. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham. Strachan, A.L. (2014). Conflict analysis of Algeria. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham. Strachan, A.L. (2014). Conflict analysis of Morocco. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham. About GSDRC GSDRC is a partnership of research institutes, think-tanks and consultancy organisations with expertise in governance, social development, humanitarian and conflict issues. We provide applied knowledge services on demand and online. Our specialist research team supports a range of international development agencies, synthesising the latest evidence and expert thinking to inform policy and practice. GSDRC, International Development Department, College of Social Sciences University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK www.gsdrc.org [email protected] 2 GSDRC Conflict analysis of Mauritania Contents 1.
    [Show full text]
  • LET4CAP Law Enforcement Training for Capacity Building MAURITANIA
    Co-funded by the Internal Security Fund of the European Union LET4CAP Law Enforcement Training for Capacity Building MAURITANIA Downloadable Country Booklet DL. 2.5 (Version 1.1) 1 Dissemination level: PU Let4Cap Grant Contract no.: HOME/ 2015/ISFP/AG/LETX/8753 Start date: 01/11/2016 Duration: 33 months Dissemination Level PU: Public X PP: Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission) RE: Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission) Revision history Rev. Date Author Notes 1.0 18/05/2018 Ce.S.I. Overall structure and first draft 1.1 30/11/2018 Ce.S.I. Final version LET4CAP_WorkpackageNumber 2 Deliverable_2.5 VER WorkpackageNumber 2 Deliverable Deliverable 2.5 Downloadable country booklets VER 1.1 2 Mauritania Country Information Package 3 This Country Information Package has been prepared by Alessandra Giada Dibenedetto Ce.S.I. Centre for International Studies Within the framework of LET4CAP and with the financial support to the Internal Security Fund of the EU LET4CAP aims to contribute to more consistent and efficient assistance in law enforcement capacity building to third countries. The Project consists in the design and provision of training interventions drawn on the experience of the partners and fine-tuned after a piloting and consolidation phase. © 2018 by LET4CAP…. All rights reserved. 4 Table of contents 1. Country Profile 1.1 Country in Brief 1.2 Modern and Contemporary History of Mauritania 1.3 Geography 1.4 Territorial and Administrative Units 1.5 Population 1.6 Ethnic Groups, Languages, Religion 1.7 Health 1.8 Education and Literacy 1.9 Country Economy 2.
    [Show full text]
  • “Mauritania Is an Eye:” a Community Association's Effort to Promote Unity
    “Mauritania is an Eye:” A Community Association’s Effort to Promote Unity A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Sidi Becar A. Meyara August 2017 © 2017 Sidi Becar A. Meyara. All Rights Reserved. This dissertation titled “Mauritania is an Eye:” A Community Association’s Effort to Promote Unity by SIDI BECAR A. MEYARA has been approved for the School of Communication Studies and the Scripps College of Communication by Devika Chawla Professor of Communication Studies Scott Titsworth Dean, Scripps College of Communication ii Abstract MEYARA, SIDI BECAR A., Ph.D., August 2017, Communication Studies “Mauritania is an Eye:” A Community Association’s Effort to Promote Unity Director of Dissertation: Devika Chawla This dissertation project explores how members of a Mauritanian association in the Greater Cincinnati area of Ohio/Kentucky work together to achieve a semblance of unity. The association is made up of two main Mauritanian groups - Afro-Mauritanians and Moors. Historically, these two groups have had a history of tension, which came to a head in 1989 after a suspected coup d’état plot organized by Afro-Mauritanians against the ruling Moorish government. Consequently, the Moorish government committed many atrocities against Afro-Mauritanians who were robbed, killed, and expelled from the country. Africa Watch reports that between 1000-3000 Afro-Mauritanians endured these atrocities. Drawing on 16 in-depth interviews and fieldwork observations, I seek to understand how members of this divided group work together to promote unity and the forces that encourage/hinder their efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • 'A Sword Hanging Over Our Heads'
    ‘A SWORD HANGING OVER OUR HEADS’ THE REPRESSION OF ACTIVISTS SPEAKING OUT AGAINST DISCRIMINATION AND SLAVERY IN MAURITANIA Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations.. © AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL 2018 Cover photo: Collage of Mauritanian activists and human rights defenders EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED, CONTENT IN THIS DOCUMENT IS LICENSED UNDER A (from left to right): Mekfoula Brahim (WHRD, Pour une Mauritanie verte et CREATIVE COMMONS (ATTRIBUTION, NON-COMMERCIAL, NO DERIVATIVES, INTERNATIONAL 4.0) démocratique), Abdallahi Mattalah (anti-slavery activists, IRA), Cheikh Baye LICENCE. (youth activist, Mouvement du 25 février), Maimouna Sy (Collective des veuves HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY-NC-ND/4.0/LEGALCODE du passif humanitaire) and Mamadou Sarr (Secrétaire Exécutif FONADH). FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE VISIT THE PERMISSIONS PAGE ON OUR WEBSITE: WWW. Quote from: Yacoub Ahmed Lemrabet, President of Kavana, Nouakchott, June AMNESTY.ORG 2017 © Amnesty International/Private WHERE MATERIAL IS ATTRIBUTED TO A COPYRIGHT OWNER OTHER THAN AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL THIS MATERIAL IS NOT SUBJECT TO THE CREATIVE COMMONS LICENCE. FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2018 BY AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL LTD PETER BENENSON HOUSE, 1 EASTON STREET LONDON WC1X 0DW, UK Index: AFR 38/7812/2018 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 METHODOLOGY 10 BACKGROUND 12 Political context: Two coups, Two elections and a third term? 12 International support to Mauritania: ‘war on terror’ and irregular migration 13 1.
    [Show full text]