CEU eTD Collection
ENVIRONMENTALJUSTICE INISRAEL: THESTUDYCASEOFTHE A thesis submitted to the Department the of Environmentalto thesis submitted A PolicySciences and of CentralEuropean Universitypart fulfilment in ofthe BEDOUIN DegreeofMaster of Science Karina GAVRIKOVA Karina July, 20 July, Budapest
INTHENEGEV 1
10
ARAB ARAB
CEU eTD Collection Central Policy, and Sciences Environmental of Department the University. European of Head the from available conditionsunder the informationon Further Negev Gavrikova (3) University,the permissionof whichwillwritten prescribe the termsthe and conditions ofany without such agreement. parties third by use availablefor made be not vestedin Centralthe University, European subject (2) the of writing) (in permission copies the Author. of without made process) be any (by not may copies instructions such Further with made. accordance copies such any of part form must UniversityCentral European inthe Library. Details may obtainedbeLibrarian.from the This page may extracts, of or (1) ownership the ofintellectual copyright and Noteson property rights:
. Master ofScience Master thesis, Central University, European Budapest. bibliographic For and reference purpo isthesis this in described bemay which rights intellectual any property of ownership The Copies (by Author. thisCopyrightwithofthesisthe anyin rests text either process) in full,
, K . 20 . 10 be made only in accordance with instructions given by the Author and lodged and instructionswith Author onlygiveninaccordancemade by the be .
Environmental justice in Israel: the case study of the of study case the Israel: in justice Environmental sesthis thesis should as: be referred to which disclosures and exploitation may take place isplace exploitationwhichmay take disclosuresand ii
to any andcontrary,the to may agreementprior to
Arab Bedouin
ae in made
in the in
CEU eTD Collection qualification or degree anotherfor ofthisany university or other institute other of learning. or submibeen hasthesis this in to referred work the of portion No Author’sdeclaration iii
tted in support of an applicationan of support in tted KarinaGAVRIKOVA
CEU eTD Collection Keywords: unequal the capacity address through to benefits how and initiatives. on harms environmental recommendations preliminary of with distribution concludes study The regarding access to injustice.environmental of patterns sixall villagescover unrecognized in environmental risks to exposure and treatment unrecognizedvillages isalarming, environmentalthe and th that revealsresearch The differentiat differentiated sewage: electricity access to and inadequate housing pollution, and chemicals waste, discriminatory water, hazardousmanagementdifferentiated waste to to exposureaccesspractices, pattern Six settlements. subsequentresidentsimpactsthe theof andon hazards and aimTheresearch. of o based is study The collected data the in study.the Israel Negev, benefits and harmsenvironmental identifie study This the degr thefor KarinaGAVRIKOVA OFTHESISABSTRACT Arab
Bedouin
ee of Master ofofScienceee Master and entitled: Environmentaljustice .
The concept of environmentalof justice concept The
inNegevthe municipalservices. s
the n analyze and
te idns of findings the n
s field research was to assess the distributionfieldassessthe environmental ofand to research was benefits
It It
compared to majority population, the majoritypopulation, to compared injustice environmental of
CENTRALEUROPEAN UNIVERSITY is submittedby:
also found that that found also .
, Bedou , s
ouig n t on focusing ae o evrnetl nutc ad nqa distr unequal and injustice environmental of cases
in,Negev, Israel the Monthand ofYearsubmission: July, 20 rlmnr ad an eerh includ research main and preliminary the iv Environmentaljustice in Israel: casethe study of he
iuto i rcgie vlae is villages recognized in situation
is Arab and
used to frame the research and to interpret to andresearch frame the to used d ces o h sse ad exposure, and system the to access ed .
nqa treatment unequal eoi minority Bedouin reat theyface is reat high. unrecognizedrecogni and situation
- building and grassroots grassroots and building of
the Bedouin livingBedouin thein ae been have n h north the in
Typesofunequal 10 ing zed . inadequate
bto of ibution
detected: detected: h field the Bedouin - eastern CEU eTD Collection enjoying s And positive their and support. attitude for Rodina,Kristina and Petrichenko Ksenia colleagues, my to grateful also am I mewith academic circles in Israel. s to introductionhis for ZoabiMazen thankfulto veryam I Szabados of Department the administrativeof assistance great mentioningthe the avoid cannot I and the University, conduct and study European to Central opportunity research and providing me with the researc the for particular, in Policy to and ScienceEnvironmental foremost go should Thanks guidance like would also I meduring wholethe ofmyprocess research. Steger supervisor,my especially am thankfulto I all, of First thesis.my writing done have I work inassistedhavemethe who all those myto expresssincere gratitude liketo would I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ocial networks, his and his wife‘s hospitality. Thanks should go to Lina Isma‘ilLina to go should hospitality.Thankswife‘shis and his networks, ocial eil hns o y red woe nry a isiig e n woe upr I was I support whose and me inspiring was energy whose friends my to thanks pecial
who , and Professor Victor Lagutov for hisfor Lagutov and Victor Professor , – .
EvgenyBelyakov, Karina Ivan Worku, Matic, Azra Causevic introduced o hn m thank to
me to the world of Environmentalof world studies.Justicethe to me y
cdmc rtn avsr Eze Tmr fr e ptec and patience her for Timar, Eszter advisor, writing academic
h grant, which hgrant, enabled my field research in Israel.
moralduring academicthe support year. v
the Bedouin community,andBedouinactivists the Irina ,
andYana Knopova. She guidedSheassistedand Herczeg Professor Tamara Professor who connected who
and
Krisztina
CEU eTD Collection CHAPTERTHEORETIC 2. OUTLINE CHAPTER1. LISTOFFI LISTOFTABLES TABLEOFCONTENTS ACKN CONTENTS OF TABLE 2.1. 1.5. 1.4. 1.3. 1.2. ISR IN BEDOUIN NEGEV 1.1. 2.1.5. 2.1.4. 2.1.3. 2.1.2. 2.1.1. 1.1.2. 1.1.1.
OWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION TO ENVI TO INTRODUCTION THE OFTHE STRUCTURE SETTINGS RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND AIMS RESE OFOVERVIEWTHE THE TO INTRODUCTION
………………. Contributionresearchofthe Studyrationale Refiningframeworkthe ofenvironmental justice Israelfor Recognition,participation and compensatio Environmentaljustice: distribution and procedures Definingenviron environmentalofthe Roots justice concept GURES NRDCIN O THE TO INTRODUCTION
......
......
......
...... mentaljustice ...... AEL ALFRAMEWORK
......
...... RONMENTAL JUSTICE RONMENTAL PROBLEM ARCH SIS
...... EERH N ENVIRONM ON RESEARCH ......
......
...... vi ......
......
......
...... n. EERH N RESEARC AND RESEARCH
......
......
......
......
...... ENTAL ......
JUSTICE AND AND JUSTICE ......
IX VI 17 17 15
25 23 21 18 17 X V
H 9 8 5 1 1
4 3
CEU eTD Collection BEDOUIN INJUST ENVIRONMENTAL CHAPTER5. ORIGINOFENVIRONMEN HISTORICAL CONTEXT, CHAPTER4. CHAPTERRESEARCH 3. 5.1. CITIZENS 4.4. OFUNDER 4.3. 4.2. 4.1. 3.4. 3.3. 3.2. 3.1. 5.1.2. 5.1.1. 4.4.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.2.1. 3.1.1.
PATTERNS OFENVIRONM PATTERNS UNRE THE STUDY: CASE GOVE THE STUDY: CASE ARAB OFTHE HISTORY OF BEDOUIN ARAB THE S OFTHE LIMITATIONS ANALYSIS DATA METHODOLOGY DESIGN RESEARCH
Post 1517 Fieldmethodologies Gatheringsecondary data Researchstrategyand phases researchofthe Pattern 2 Pattern 1 Pattern …………………………………………………… TheUnrecognized Villages: research settings and description
......
- DEVELOPMENT - CASE STUDY OF THE OF STUDY CASE ICSIG H PATTE THE DISCUSSING 1948: after the establishmentafterthe 1948: ofIsrael. State ofthe –
1948: under the Ottoman andunderOttoman the1948: British rule. - -
discriminatorymanagement waste practices differentiatedwater access to
......
...... DESIGN, STUDYAPPROADESIGN, TALINJUSTICE CONDI AND BACKGROUND
......
...... C: EEA CHARACT GENERAL ICE:
...... TUDY BEDOUIN ISRAEL ...... RNMENT PLANNED RNMENT ENTAL JUSTICE ENTAL COGNIZED VILLAGES VILLAGES COGNIZED
......
ARAB BEDOUIN IN THE IN BEDOUIN ARAB
...... vii ......
......
......
N AD MAT OF IMPACTS AND RNS
...... CH AND METHOD AND CH - PLANNED TOWNSHIPS PLANNED
...... ………………………………… ...... RSIS F H NEGE THE OF ERISTICS IN IPRAT FOR IMPORTANT TIONS
...... –
......
...... A TALE OF INVISIBLE INVISIBLE OF TALE A ......
...... NEGEV: GENERAL NEGEV: ...... OLOGY ...... – ......
...... A TALE TALE A ......
...... 52 48 44 37 34 34 32 31 29 27 27 52
60 53 48 38 37 30 29 28 V
CEU eTD Collection APPENDIXES REFERENCES ……………………………………………….. CHAPTER6. 6.2. 6.1. A HARM ENVIRONMENTAL 5.2. 5.1.6. 5.1.5. 5.1.4. 5.1.3.
CONCLUSION RESEARCH FURTHER IMPAC THE DISCUSSING
Pattern 3 Pattern Pattern 5 Pattern 4 Pattern 6 Pattern EOMNAIN AND RECOMMENDATIONS
......
...... – – – -
exposure to hazardous waste, chemicals hazardouswaste, exposureto and pollution inadequatehousing differentiatedelectricity access to sewage:differentiated systemthe access to and exposure
...... NDBENEFITS
......
...... S F NQA DISTRI UNEQUAL OF TS
...... viii
......
......
......
...... CONCLUSIONS
...... UIN OF BUTION ......
96 81 78 77 74 69
68 66 65 62
CEU eTD Collection Committee(2003 5 Table Table4 Table3 TableSocioeconomic 2. ranking ofBedouin and neighboring Jewish l Negev,2007 government Bedouin of population and establishment of Year 1. Table TABLES OF LIST . Water c Water . Jurisdiction . andarea density in Arab and Jewish localities in Negevthe Lss f plctos o apoig oncin o ainl ae gi t te Water the to grid water national to connection approving for applications of Lists .
...... onsumptioncapita) in(per localities in Negev,the 2002 - 2004)
......
...... ix
...... ocalitiesin Negev.the ...... - ...... lne tws n the in towns planned ......
......
56 5 48 46 45 4
CEU eTD Collection FigurePlan 11. FigureHigh 10. voltage lines in unrecognizedthe village ofWadi Al Na‘am. Figure 1980 8 Figure FigureHierarchy 7. requirements ofwater (liters cap per FigureNumber 6. ofbuildings demolished in unrecognizedthe villages (2001 Figure5 Arabpopulation, by 2000 1948, district, %, 4 Figure FigureEnvironmental 3. risk pointin sources Israel. F FigureInterconnection 1. between elements constituting frameworkthe ofenvironmental justice. FIGURES OF LIST igure2 - 2000 9 . Ramat . Hovav Industrial Zone Recognized . and unrecognized Bedouin villages in Negev.the Siyag . north borders, . a) Arab population in natural in population Arab a) . . Infant Mortality Rates (Per 1,000 Live Births) in the Negev by Population Groups, Groups, Population by Negev the in Births) Live 1,000 (Per Rates Mortality Infant .
......
of
the
Bedouincommunity center.
- easternNegev, Israel ......
......
regions (% of total population in region), 2000, and b) and 2000, region), in population total of (% regions
...... x
......
......
...... itaday) per ......
......
......
...... - 2007)......
......
76 67 63 59 55 49 40 13 12 11
7
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proximity to p other collectionand waste sewage, electricity, water, to access have not do villagesand unrecognized in live Bedouins 160 approximately of out Today, Bedouin. laws of number a and expropriations land further byfollowed been had settlements, Bedouin control to government the by undertaken Bedouinwithinthe ofconcentration The small the confinedand area and74). Hasson 2006, problem‖(Sw Bedouin―the as Israeliwillgovernment regard the later whatbeginning of the in concentrated and area the from leftthousand)their land50 behind Bedouin(over fledand fightingduringexpelledthe were or 1989). Falah of consisted desert Negev the of population the Israel, of State theestablishment ofthe to Prior ( watelectricity,no ―No 1.1. OUTLINE RESEARCH 1. CHAPTER 1
The Regional The Taken from the website of the Regional Council for the Unrecognized Villages in the Negev,website fromthe the RCUV Taken in UnrecognizedofVillages forRegional Council 2010. the the oe than more NEGEVBEDOUIN INISR
INTRODUCTION TO THE THE TO INTRODUCTION open . Those who remained in the Negev (approximatelyremainedNegevwho inthe 11 Those . h 14 wr ruh aot daai cag i ti stain Ms o the of Most situation. this in change dramatic a about brought war 1948 The
0 thousand 70 Council
sewagestreams, industrial complexes and military zones.
INTRODUCTION TO THE THE TO INTRODUCTION er, no sewage,WelcomeIsrael.‖no er,to nothing. no recognition, no
for the for north Arab ublic goods. Moreover, part of the villages is located in the close the villagesin locatedthe isof part Moreover, ublicgoods.
- U eastern AEL nrecognized
Bedouins RESEARCH ON ENVIRONM ON RESEARCH
ee, n ra eerd o s h ―ia‖ gvn the giving ―Siyag‖, the as to referred area an Negev,
n rgltos ht fetd h eeya lf of life everyday the affected that regulations and iie aog ninety among divided
V thousand 1 illages
in the Negevthe in
ee Bdun, 5 o 6 thousand 76 to 55 Bedouins, Negev 1 - ) ie rbs Geig 1979; (Goering tribes five RESEARCH AND AND RESEARCH
- thousand) were relocated were thousand) ENTAL JUSTICE AND JUSTICE ENTAL
one of the first attempts the of one
irski CEU eTD Collection ces o ad wtr eetiiy n iaeut gvrmna fnig o el with deal to funding governmental inadequate environmentalThus,hazards. and electricity water, land, to access rights human of context the demonstrate, in environment the of role the analyze to attempt tr unequal of patterns the establish and inequalities, of impacts region the in conditions environmental the out map to intention the with developed is study This distributionthe relatedto ofenvironmental and ills goods status recognition executio the environmental should industrial,resultingfromconsequencemunicipal, commercialand or operations groups, socioeconomic or ethnic, policiregulations,laws,and environmentalof enforcementimplementation, anddevelopment, the to respect with income race, of regardless people all of involvement and treatment fair environmentalofperspective j the from studied be of and development, industrial environmental withdistributional the to accesscanbenefits.context, this aspect disproportionate In associated harms environmental of distribution t indigenouscomesmarginalizedinitwhen Israel peopleand of group about only be not may treatment Unequal pollutingfacilities? surf the to ills This maybring i dvlpet ipeetto ad nocmn o plce, rgas n projec and programs policies, of enforcement and implementation development, in , identify ,
n of programs and policiesand programs of n n ivleet f l saeodr, eades f hi ethnicity their of regardless stakeholders, all of involvement and that on the basis of their ethnicity, the Israeli Arab Bedou Arab Israeli the ethnicity,their of basis the on that ace.
the questions of fairquestionsof the ehnss eae t te ifrnitd ramn ad as o address to ways and treatment differentiated the to mechanisms related
Is it just a coincidence that Bedouin communities are situated close to to close situated are communities Bedouin that coincidence a just it Is es. Fairtreatment es. givenhistoryissuethe the of or unfair or
(UCCCJR 1991) (UCCCJR Arab allocationenvironmentalof publicand and goods implies 2
be Bedouin ustice, whichgenerallyisustice, understood disproportiona
that no group of people, includingpeople,of group no racial, that
(Filcak2007) . Environmentalisjustice . s
there isthere questiona ofdiscrimination
though, but they are the exposed the are they but though, amn. h rsac i an is research The eatment. lly colour
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ins suffer from poor poor from sufferins , national origin, or or origin, national ,
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CEU eTD Collection nweg, ht ok a Bdun omnt truh h ln o evrnetl justice environmental (e.g. of done isframework lens the through best community my Bedouin to at research, looks less even that Andknowledge, 2005). Or and Omer 2008; Shmueli (e.g. Israel in environmentaljustice. appear (Manski2006; Bedouins 2006 Hasson and Swirski adverseenvironment minoritythe lives in (Manski 2006; preliminaryThe 2008). 2003; RCUV/AHRcitizens(Almi 2003;its of needsbasic the meetresponsibility to villagesBedouin inequality,claim environmentalhumanorganizationsrightsbecomehaveincreasinglyand issueof the activeon Al1998;Rosen Bedouins the (e.g. of Formanand Hundt 1991;David Ben pastoralismFalahanthropological (e.g. 1989), andsocial aspectsofBedouin life Meir (e.g. and GinguldFalah1989; Bedouin Negev gove thethe implicationspoliticalof and social on the addressing conducted been has research academic of amount significant A 1.1.1. environmental whenexposureto itcomes to harms. environmentalbenefits in to access equalin
to largelyavoid to Study rationale Study ing that that ing n main and iety fet te elh f t residents its of health the affects directly et al. et O
framing the research on researchframing the nly fewstudiesto devoted are
limitation Fritz 1999 Fritz COHRE 2008; COHRE
o discuss or ) ecologicalsemiimpactsthe of 1999), 1997, Dinero1997; eerh eel ht hr ae n are there that reveal research
of access to municipal to access of , Manski2007 ,
- 1993; Meir 1987; Degan 2003, Kressel 2003) and healthandKressel 2003) 2003, Degan 1987;Meir 1993; KrenawiAlmiaddition,2004;In numerous 2006). 2003, ing NCF 2006; Almi2006). 2006; NCF 2003,
ae, aiain n h and sanitation water, the 3
the nort ). ).
Bedouincommunityof withinconcept the Nevertheless, the situation in the Bedouin the insituation Nevertheless,the h - environmentaljustice and Arab minority eastern
Tarek Tarek and publicand rnment‘s urbanization policy (e.g. (e.g. policyurbanizationrnment‘s
me o suis mention studies of umber and is in violation of the states states the of violation in is and
Negev and Negev 2004;Meallem 2006; EC at polm fcd by faced problems ealth services in unrecognizedinservices
However, However,
inequalityof past past -
COHRE nomadic
ing studies people
2010;
the CEU eTD Collection o te omnte tesle, s bss o addressing for basis a as themselves, communities the for valuableprovideinformation to hopes studyacademicthis knowledge contributingto Beyond benefitsthe at and harms ofdistribution inequalitythe combatingin for basis a create and Israel of citizens understanding cult and ecological economic, equal for struggles communities Bedouin by on faced study challenges comprehensive environmental a be to aims also research The injustice. environmental cure to enco to environmental thus, goods, to access and hazards discriminationof role the raiseawarenesson inenvironmental levels to isstudyto exposure of the of purposes the of One Israel.environmentalin justice promote andbuild to ahead work This interdisciplinaryacademic thinking justice about in environmental and social context. unrecognized minority Bedouin the to justice environmental of framework the applyingfillbyneed suchto offersenvironmental studyThis justice.of framework withinthe Bedouin the and Is in community justice environmental on done research and information minimal The 1.1.2. identifyaddressmeasure environmental to injustice disproporti and treatment unfair of causes the of understanding to contribute can justice environmental of framework the within villages Bedouin in situation of analysis an Therefore, critical. remainsvillages research
Contribution of the research ofthe Contribution
aims to provide a compilation of evidence that demonstrates the urgen the compilationdemonstrates evidencea provide ofthat aims to State State of n the in
al en tee s ne t epoe h situation the explore to need a is there means rael origins,mechanisms differentiatedimpactsofandArab Bedouinof treatment andlocal levels. north onate exposure of Bedouins to environmentalhazards to Bedouins of exposure onate - eastern
Negev
Israel , 4
. ural distribution. It hopes to contribute to to contribute to hopes It distribution. ural Te td hps o nae ih the with engage to hopes study The .
urage and mobilizeand urage human resources
n the in rbes of problems north living in - eoi settlements Bedouin eastern n eonzd an recognized in itiuin of distribution , and ,
Negev
t need forneed t help to to help
and d CEU eTD Collection Jewishcitizens. to provided that to treatment equal for demands from inseparable is justiceenvironmental levels. governmental local and regional, national, Israel in majorinfluencingsecurityThethefactors ofisconcern one realitythe environmental of justice injusticein country.the social, only not of economic,polit context the in them see to need we Israel, in injusticeenvironmental of cases the understand To work. this of focus indigenoustheminority Bedouinis The them. the environmentalinjusticein of identify,causes formsanalyzeand and andto isexplore studythisaimexamples, of The roots Beck(1999, t This 2007). (Steger development industrial of effects adverse of distribution uneven and impacts sufferdisproportionallypeople, negativefrom poor and educated least the or economicstatus represen are they whether society of marginalized segments the years, many for observed been has it As society. of members the among apportioned unequally are benefits as well as hazards and risks Environmental 1.2. mightalso find this work Israelipublic, largely problemsthe ofunaware faced by residents living in Bedouin settlements, findsustainablespecificFinally,solutions.environmentalandof publichazardsawareness the environmentalbenefits,risks and to and
OVERVIEWRESE OFTHE (Shmueli2008)
5) 5) endency was embedded in ―the first law of environmental risks‖ formulated byformulated environmental risks‖ of law first ―the in embedded was endency
ical and cultural processes but also historical forces that fuelenvironmentalthe historical alsothat forces but icalculturalprocesses and –
―pollutionfollows poor‖. the
. It strongly shapes Isr shapes strongly It . ofinterest. n orth aie o ehi mnrte, omnte o lwr socio lower of communities minorities, ethnic of tatives
ARCHPROBLEM - eastern externalagencies 5
Negev, Israel, and to discuss ways to address to waysdiscuss to and Israel, Negev, aeli policies on land allocation and use at the at use and allocationland on policiesaeli
o te eoi ctzn o Israel, of citizens Bedouin the For
, working to increase communityworkingto , and t al. et -
CEU eTD Collection compensationprovided environmentaland access to benefits. decision the into community society. marginsthe of the of out comerecognizedand villages beincreasing thus other chancesto for environmentthe in residents its of participation life. their of aspect every affects it of lack The example,recognition injustice to sinceignoredcontributethemall of constitute concepts applicableenvironmentalmaybe in justicethat interconnected deeply four These environmentalinjustice in Israel wasintegratesdeveloped. It a (Shmuelijustice 2008), ofelement corrective t the on Based
access to environmental accessto benefits. compensation formulate to and risks and environmental benefitsjustic environmental of distribution the influence individuals to and marginalized groups of ability (the policy environmental manages participatio to leading processes and distribution), distribution in plays ethnicity class that role (the justice recognition equitable
edes o a ta dee ivleet f h dsrmntd n marginalized and discriminated the of involvement deeper that say to Needless and ways to address unequal distribution of environmental harms and benefits and environmental harms of distribution unequal address to ways and rivalent nature of justice proposed by Schlosberg (2004) in combination withcombination in (2004) Schlosberg by proposed justice of nature rivalent
distribution n of the diversityofthe ofaffected peoples and communities distinctasa element of
f epe ad omnte i te oiia poes hc cets and creates which process political the in communities and peoples of
playsessentialanresidents unrecognized theof for role o epsr t evrnetl aad ad ik, n differentiated and risks, and hazards environmental to exposure for e struggles),e
ofenvironmental risks and benefits, - aig rcs my rn a oiie chang positive a bring may process making the
better understandingenvironmentalcausesof the better of 6
Israeli settings. None of the of None Israelisettings. broad and inclusiveanalysisand for framework broad of - related and other decision other and related eonto o te ilg my enhance may village the of Recognition
(seeFig.1)
an
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elementsbecan i trs of terms in e villages. . For For . sses CEU eTD Collection discriminationand marginalization. i but goods, and harms environmental of distribution disadvantageous temporary of nature occasional or accidental an have not environmental injusticedoes that understand to helps approach environmentalThis injustice. light shed to helps origin ethnic or class different of distributionwiththe environmental of benefits risks,andinstitutionaland inequalities ofpeople structures influence History unfolds 2002). it (Pellow which by processes the and discrimination environmental of history the know or In Source Figure der to understand mechanisms behind the environmental justice it is also important to to important also is it justice environmental the mechanisms behind understand to der : adopted from: 1 .
Interconnection between elements constituting the framework of environmental justice.framework betweenof the Interconnection environmental constituting elements
inwhichdecisions Understanding taken. historicalare of social associatedprocesses Schlosberg 2004 and Shmueli 2008 Shmueli Schlosbergand 2004
s
h peet and present the i rte a otoe f long of outcome an rather is t 7
forms n h ros f h peet ae of cases present the of roots the on h isiuinl n infor and institutional the - em structural term
mal CEU eTD Collection usin. rmr dt ws olce drn te il rsac i Ire b mas of means by Israel in research field the during collected was data Primary questions. a give to chosen was methods researchqualitative of mix A initiatives focus grassroots (the on will be explained in lastthe chapter) 2 Objective alleviateconsequencesthe building(bottom affectedpeople of 1 Objective 2. Objective injusticein Bedouin 2 Objective inBedouin villages in 1 Objective 1. provide to Thefollowing ofresearchsets questions developedwere guidelineasa research: thefor order in region, the recommendationsaddressingfor environmental ininjustice injustice environmental to leading eastern among environmentalframeworkjustice the within situation the examinationof an offers study The 1.3.
What can be done to assure a more just assure more to donea be can What
the distribution of environmental benefits and costs? and benefits environmental of distribution the in inequalities there Are communities? unequal affected the on impacts of the scope are What and treatment? forms the are what then so, If injustice? environmental in settlements Bedouin in situation the Can
AIMSANDOBJECTIVES Arab ee, sal Te i o te td i as t ietf ad xlr te e factors key the explore and identify to also is study the of aim The Israel. Negev, 3 . Determine . . . E . . .
I Provide Bedouin dniy esrs o e mlmne i cmuiy eeomn ad capacity and development community in implemented be to measures Identify dentify xamine and describe the core barriers on the way of addressing environmentaladdressing of way the on barriers core the describexamine and settlements , describe ,
the s preliminary
impactsofuneven iig n neonzd n rcgie Be recognized and unrecognized living in north
of environmentalinjustice - and analyzeand ; eastern
recommendations -
up approach) up
Negev
distribution cases
distribution of environmental goods and risks? goodsand environmental of distribution .
8
, forms ,
and provide alternative/possibleprovideand solutions the the
for external agenciesexternal for
on affectedon . north
and nature and
-
eastern comprehensive answer to these to comprehensiveanswer .
douin villages in the villages in douin of environmentalof injustice
.
Negev be described as described be Negev
working in the fieldthe in working preliminary
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to to
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CEU eTD Collection 2008). 2008). shipping Mediterraneanlevels, to relevant particularly are pollution industrial and change climate as issues global such plain, coastal limiteditsof Because highandarea population industryandofconcentration narrow alongthe survivein facethe hostileofthe env unablebeto would Israel significant economicgrowth, without and populationsentiment that environmentincreasingand environmentalThisthe theis ofpartlyresult aState. the burdenof urbanizationand industrial Rapidgrowth development,population cultivatedlands ( of management surface poor and drought recurrent overgrazing, deforestation, shortages, are context Israeli the in that problemssocial with cope communitiesto abilityof the compromised has conflict of legacy than more for strifeinbeenwhich has region and country the of background geog its bydetermined are facing now is it problems The dynamicwithits State regionyoungest world‘s the of countries the of one Israel, 1.4. literature,laws and regulations. data secondary The sanitationand health facilities, and(seeAppendix waste III livingthe conditionsof to paid interviewsobservation. andunstructured
RESEARCH Israel. Israel is thus particularly vulnerable to potential exposure of rising ocean rising of exposure potential to vulnerable particularly thus is Israel Israel. Brown andBrown Crawford2009)
SETTINGS a gtee va eiw of review via gathered was uniquephysical, socio
ine -
oil spills, and wind andspills, oil
the Bedouin the
xtricably connected with an with xtricablyconnected ironmentin which itexists ( During the fieldmainlywasDuringthe attention observationthe s with the focus on housing, water and electricity,and water housing, on focus the with s . -
political,demographic, economicand conditions. 9
-
blown and sand and blown the available , 99 , raphical location and the historical the and locationraphical –
Middle East ( Middle East - environmental context of water water of environmental context 103 Gabrieland Cohen 1973). ). cdmc n professional and academic are putting pressure on the on pressure putting are -
blown pollution (Shmuelipollutionblown
Dhillon2008) sixty
years. The years.
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2 waste dunameveryofvalue increasesthe country the smallofsize landissuesallocationenvironmental withMajor lato and related consequencesare issuesofenvironmental inequities Arabsfor sharplymostare felt. Fig. (see Jerusalem in and Triangle‖, ―Little the peripheries,Negev) Galilee) (the Umelsouthern (the Fahm and northern the and in the majoritythe However, Israel‘sofmillion Arab population (1 1 the of region. or class inequitieethnicity.the withHence, do to little has factors environmental other and pollution of impact the and proximity,closelivein populations Arab andJewish the where Israel of industrializedregion Jerusalem Greater center, majorpopulationanother with Alongkilometer(Shmueli square2008). per persons 1800 densityof averagemillion, an with 2 covering ind population, of concentration densest of area the constitutes 2008). region (Shmueli Arab 20% and Jewish Thiscountry. the 80% of highlyispopulationNorth inthe the concentrated Approximatelyof 60% are that 2009) (CBS people 7,374,000 only of area land a covers country The
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11
CEU eTD Collection region. industrial of problem the solve could country the of South spacious inhabitants. thousand 20 than less with town small comparatively a was desert) the in city biggest the and Israel cities largest the of one (now Sheva Beer and area, populated rarely a constituted region Thejustification relocationthefor ofchemical time industriesthat thisNegevat the wasthat to (Cohen(seeFig. 2007) 2 k is 12 located which region, Hovav Ramat the to Sheva Beer and North industrial be the from to relocated facilities polluting the for conditions created and 1985 since policy environmental its modified significantly has government the Mediterrane the to way their on Aviv, Tel of area metropolitan the crossing rivers several of beds river the along flora and pollution), industrialfauna the of destruction to brought was attention and oils with mixed chemic the 70 the in country.However, the of regioninNorth the core the in built were facilities chemical the of most Israel, industrialization of beginning of the Since Thus, chemical residues and the dangerous substances from all over the country foundcountry the substancesallfrom dangerousover chemical the Thus, andresidues - 80‘s, due to uncontrolled discharges of dischargesuncontrolled to due 80‘s, l nutis cai lqi residues liquid (cyanic industries al lmtr south ilometers eoain f oltn fclte ad osrcin f e oe n the in one new of construction and facilities polluting of Relocation , 3 ). ). - an Sea. As a result, a As Sea. an at f er Sheva Beer of east
12
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: Shmueli 2008 Shmueli : 3 . Environmental risk point sources point in risk Environmental .
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hosts 17 chemical factories, concentrating over half of Israel‘s chemical plants on chemicalplantsIsrael‘s of half over concentrating chemicalfactories, 17 hosts Arab population in natural regions (% of total population in region), 2000, and and 2000, region), ofin (% population regions total natural in population Arab
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CEU eTD Collection suffers from a very high poverty rate estimated at 80% in the unrecognizedvillagesthe in(COHRE 80% at estimated rate highpovertyvery a fromsuffers communityBedouin the and high,is stratification Social 2010). (EC line) poverty the below Israel‘s of 20% can which constitutes population), (which minority Arab the within minority the are Bedouins growingsocial disparities particularlyare acute. 11%), of average OECD compa line poverty the below are households of 20% (over country the over all and Forty eastern being Besides hugeimpacts regionthe on the for platform a Habahadim decided government is region the Moreover, inendthe of50‘s in about poten Israel‘s is Sheva) Beer of (east Negev the of edge northern the in located is environmental that Anotherhazard series a to almostup pipedtake halfevaporation pondsthat site‘softhe acreage. are factories chemical the from through wastes Organic landfilling. waste and incineration solid and inorganic organic, processes one - tial risk to a large proportion of the country‘spopulationthe of proportion large a tialto risk five
Negev
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- recently recognizedrecently atr Negev eastern
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Though povertyandThough inequality remain widespread 14
s h rgo wee ih oet rts and rates poverty high where region the is Bedouin .
onstruction of this base willhavebase this of onstruction The militaryThe cityisbe planned to
villages, (see Fig.3) (see
t ioa hc pss a poses which Dimona at Th six - biological treatment, treatment, biological s fr example, for us,
. It was constructed constructed was It . Bedouin
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of Ir - CEU eTD Collection eerh n niomna jsie n the in justice environmental on research chapters. 6 of comprised is study The 1.5. f indigenousBedouin also minority. but region Southern the for only not specific be could environmentaldiscrimination.These of forms specific document to easier be will itvillages, mainvillagesmarginalizationthe Bedouinfromand ofsegregation clear andproblems, social econo settlements, Bedouin of concentration high the to due that assumptioninitial of selection The residentsin 2006) (Manski sewage open riversof 2 and prison, a severalairports, plant, power a cellincinerator,towers, petrochemicaloilandt an factories, agro and population, elect water, to access have not do before,mentionedproblems the villages,unrecognizedinabove andinsufficient funding combatingfor pollution environmental and other hazards, Bedouinsthe Whilerecognizedvi residentsof inare labourthe forceand(CBS2002). CSI district 2008). o umrz, eois r te tnc minority ethnic the are Bedouins summarize, To
ricitypublic and other services.
STRUCTURE OF THE THE STRUCTURE OFTHE of Israelof Southern the in population Bedouin Arab the of rate participation force labour The thisisarea significantly higher than in countryofthe (Manski rest the 2006). De o osat xoue o oiiy n rdain te ik f acr for cancer of risk the radiation, and toxicity to exposure constant to Due .
share some 2.5 % of the desert desert the of % 2.5 some share is lower than in other districts:onlyisinthan lower other ofArab 49% men andofArab 6% women the north - eastern
llagestownshipsandareas, green suffer fromlackaccessto of
Negev as the territory for the research was based on the on based was research the for territory the as Negev SIS Chapter erminal,closedmilitary waste toxicquarries, a zones,
north 15
(Siyagarea) o te td gvs n nrdcin o the to introduction an gives study the of 1 - eastern ,
hc cnttt sm 2 o country of 2% some constitute which
ee, sal Wie describ While Israel. Negev, with Israel‘s nuclear reactors, 22 Israel‘swithnuclearreactors, r sal n eea ad its and general in Israel or i and mic
ing
CEU eTD Collection The analysis. and interpretation data of results the summarizing 5 Chapter in described are benefits and that t during justiceemerged environmental of of history patterns the The offers Negev. It the Bedouin. in Negev problems the justice environmental of study case the to devoted is 4 Chapter studyandapproach design described.are collection data for Methods 3. Chapter in presented is research the in used methodology Discussionon offered. also is research the for framework The justice‖. environmentaloriginsof the backgivesand justicedefinition traces concept ―environmentalof environmentalof theoriesand justice.It concept discussionthe of the to devoted is 2 Chapter researchthefor region, the to inherentconditions preliminaryrecommendation and
. Aims . and objective alsoare presented. he research and the impacts of uneven distribution of environmentalharms of distribution uneven of impacts the and research he it sheds it conclusionstudyofthe is presentedin Chapt
light to the research setting and setting research the lightto 16
n aayi a wl as well analysis as and offers justificationsoffers er 6. 6. er
CEU eTD Collection Love Canal case in New York (where houses were built on abandoned toxic waste dump), thebuilt dump),abandonedwere waste toxicon houses (where York inCanalNew caseLove milestonesas industrializedthe of bruntagainst the poor the andworld‘s pollution. Among casesthe communities,minoritieslocal of struggles of out emerged It years. forty last the over shape r a is justice environmental standpoint, Shrader 2001; Foster and (Cole States United the in movements social other and struggles local the to movement justice environmental subjectthe extensiveTheofenviron to literaturedevoted 2.1.1. beapplied environmental to injustice in Israelithe setting is presented. distribution,reco framework justice environmental of nature trivalent the form elementsdistinct discussionthat of the to devoted is chapter the of part second The environmental justice justice. environmental the of roots the back traces also It environmentaljustice.in ―justice‖ constitutes what on focus the with theories justice distributionenvironmentalof benefits harms.and Thefirst is part discussiona ofenvironmental injusticeof cases the of analysisorigins frameworkinoutcomes the andthe the of of importanceenvironmental and justiceof theories the intoinsight an provides chapter This 2.1. 2. CHAPTER
R INTRODUCTIONENVI TO oots ofoots are the Houston Northwood Manor protest against sanitary landfillsanitarythe against (1978), protest Manor Northwood Houston the are the the gnition and participation. At the end of the chapter, the frameworkthe chapter, chosen the to ofgnitionend the participation.andAt
THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR THEORETICAL environmentalconcepjustice
RONMENTALJUSTICE ltvl nw ocp wih a srae ad taken and surfaced has which concept newelatively 17
-
rcet 20; JC 02. ae o this on Based 2002). EJRC 2002; Frechette t
ocp ad ie te eiiin of definition the gives and concept
mentaljustice links creationthe ofthe ( K Schlosberg
2004, 2004, 2007 and unevenand ) namely , labelled
CEU eTD Collection environmentaljustice refers to. exactlywhat to paidbeenhas littlerecently,attentionvery grown justicehave environmentaladdress to begun have that countries of number Whilea populations). income act and/or policies,programs, environmentalof terms(inproblems the on Environmentalfocusesjustice 2.1.2. injustices Saro Kenof SurvivalMovementthe infor Ogoni Nigeria(MOSOP) Peopleof the inunder 1992 byrubber(struggle 1975 C the the in inequalities address environmentally to of activitiesaredamaging effectsharmful other seekingand pollution of distribution movements protest the of cases US with Along dis South and North between debate the of different parts its findstrictly it does nor new, environmental for not justicecryis the that note to importantis it However, fromArsenalRedstone the Army base in 1983). inAlabamaTrianacase the (blackcommunity or contaminatedwith DDT was in 1982), dump waste toxic a against Americans African of (protest Carolina North in case County Warren tributionofenvironmental harms longafor time (Steger hipko movement in India (1973), the Chico Mendes rural union movement in Brazil inBrazil inmovement union rural Mendes Chico the (1973), India inmovement hipko
Definingenvironmental justice
ivities) disproportionately faced by those with the least power (minority and low and (minority power least the with those by faced disproportionatelyivities) - Wiwa. This type of protest movements originated as a response to environmental to response movementsa originated as protest ofWiwa. Thistype roots
world, in
h evrnetl utc mvmn i te ntd tts People States. United the in movement environmental justice the - tappers against the brutal conditions under whichconditionsbrutallived)underthey the againstthe and tappers especially in a context of lasting― of especially context a in
, have experienced and combated discriminationunevencombated and experiencedand have ,
18
et al. et postcolonialenvironmentalism
2007). 2007).
the
―justice‖of
leadership in ‖ - CEU eTD Collection ―environmental―injustice‖justice‖ or since environmental problems develop longa over period Kra 1995;Wenz and Westra 1994b; 1994a, Bullard 1992; Bryant and (Mohai problem a of root the is frequently racism that believe they since racism environmental injustice environmental call researches Many discussionoftheheart the (Fritz 1999). commonlymostis―environmental used, that one justice‖theinjustice‖is that one isthe ―environmentalterm the Althoughactivities. andpolicies, programs, of terms in observed be leastthe with those by faced disproportionately problems environmental the on focuses justice Environmental along (1996) with participation significancethe accentuated ofprocedural justice. reco also but maldistribution The distributionor developed. about theories only includesnot beenstudies contemporary indescribed standpoint have injustice and justice interpreting and understanding of ways environmenof theory the time, with However, encompassingissues ofrecognition, distribution, and participation‖ (Schlosberg 518). 2004, plural and broad, theoretically locally grounded, be to ―needs environmental justice global a that ismainhere argumentThe environmental world. the justicein for movements the of expressions and demands the ignore they since practiceinsufficient in Shmueli2004;(Schlosberg2008) thus, justice, distributive politicalparticipat ofand recognition as such justice ofelements distinct offshoot the undertheorizing an as justice environmental considers generally standpointon ( societies and communities the in harms and time,environmentalof periodlong primarilyjustice a was For defineddistribution as goods of environment
power such as minoritiesas such lowandpower al justice is that it does not take a holistica andtake topic, the not alto approach justicedoes it is that ft and Scheberle 1995). However, other analysts prefer the terms the analystsprefer other However, Scheberle 1995). and ft nto ad atcpto ( participation and gnition . Moreover, the theories that represent such an approach are approach ansuch represent that theories the Moreover,
19
tal justice evolved and a number of additionalof number a and evolvedjustice tal
Schlosberg 2007). 2007). Schlosberg - income populations (Fritz 1999). It mayincome It populations 1999). (Fritz Schlosberg
h lmtto o sc a such of limitation The 07. n diin Lake addition, In 2007).
comprehensiveof notion
lies at
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CEU eTD Collection risks or hazards, and/or sufferdisproportionately and/or from hazards,violations fundamentalrisksor of human rights (sub regionallocal, the at disproportionately member when exists comprehensiveThe definition environmentalfor injustice ―environmental suggeststhat injustice followingthe definition ofenvironmental justice (UCCCRJ 1991): of Summit,co People National First 1991 the of proceedings The inforth) environmental decision sociolo of role environmentalofassessmentthe anof―social justiceaspect as this equity:... to Bullardrefers civilenvironmentalism.movementandthe rights of marriage the as describedbeen haswhich E sociologicalsuchfactors ethnicity,as race, class, culture in ofenvironmental decision role as described be may which ―social‖ and incinerators; landfills, zones, military and evaluation regulations, criteria,enforcement;and ―geographic‖ rules, involves which ―procedural‖ (1995): Bullard by described were environmental unequalprotection underminedby are that equality of types basic Three (Frit racism than discrimination other for reasons create may which complicated, are and time of vrnetl justice nvironmental z 1999). 1999). z industrial, municipal and commercial enterprises and from the execution of of execution the from and policies. and programs tribal and local, and state federal, enterprises commercial and municipal industrial, disproportionate a operatio the from bear resulting consequencesenvironmental negative the should of share group socioeconomic or ethnic racial, no that means treatment Fair policies. and programs, implement regulations, laws, development, environmental the to respect with income justice Environmental - organizedbyUnited the
gical factors (race, ethnicity, class, culture, lifestyles, political power, and so so and power, lifestyles, political culture, class, ethnicity, (race, factors gical s lo understood also is o dsdatgd ehi, ioiy r te gop suffer groups other or minority ethnic, disadvantaged, of s -
- is the fair treatment of people of all races, cultures, and cultures, races, all of people of treatment fair the is making‖11). (1993, ChurchChristofCommission Racialfor forthJustice, put -
proximityenvironmenta to
s oil justice social as - 20 national), or national levels from environmentallevelsfromnational or national),
ation and enforcement of of enforcement and ation Color ( ehsafn n Gua 2002 Gauna and Rechtshaffen
niomna Leadership Environmental lhazards such asindustrial n of of n - making.
) , CEU eTD Collection distributionbased:are set (1991) ar justice of distributiveaspect a solely onfocus that approachesindicated theoreticalearlier,was it As benefitsand risks associated with industrial development ba what D 2.1.3. ( work process environmental from protection environmental justicewords, willachievedeveryonewhenbe other In 2007). decision in information;denied are accessto benefits, and/or natural resources, participation and/or and/or a as (2) (1) istributivejustice
happiness(satisfied desires); utilitarian be free andfrom to coerced interference); libertarian result of environmental factors, and/or are denied access to environmentalinvestments, to access denied are and/or environmental factors, of result
U.S. U.S. E sis should goods and services beservices and goods shouldsis of nvironmentaljustice cniee a narrow as considered e
- decision EPAn.d.; aig ado acs t jsie n environment in justice to access and/or making; ot fu mjr hlspia dcrns n hc a ubr f hois of theories of number a which on doctrines philosophical major four forth
nes r neet o pol ae h piay ocr maue i trs of terms in measured concern primary the are people of interests or (needs (free - is focused on equal distribution of environmental harms and benefits:environmentaland harmsofdistribution equal on focused is making - market operation where justice ensures the right of right the justiceensures where operation market
Bullardand Johnson 2000).
to to : distribution and procedures and distribution : guarantee hazards
Shobr 20, 07 Sul 2008) Smueli 2007; 2004, (Schlosberg and
allocated he a associated
21 lh evrnet n hc t lv, er, and learn, live, to which in environment althy
? What constitutes a fairdistributio a constitutes What ? ? health
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on
CEU eTD Collection set o distribution of aspects on concentrates on concentrates justice distributive summarize, To on majority,employingrelyinglogic,consultingthe bydetermined is ‗right‘ the where ‗right‘, is allof especiallytreatment persons, in law‖.explainsHe itis that what―continued a do effort to justiceprocedural sees 21) Filcak (2007, perceivedfairness leading procedures ofthe outcome the to distributed be to are opportunities and goods equal an to but opportunity, or good somedistribution equalof an to not ... equalan as treatment to right ―the definedas byoffered concepts the of One processesbecause environmentally activities harmful Pearce 2003; BullardColinJerrett 1994;1993;1992; (Been groups income lower and minority by borne risks environmental and health public disproportionate t addressing involves commonly most justice distributive context, environmental an In (4) (3) culturaland historical ofbehaviour patterns values and/or referring divine or to authority‖.
labour rewards benefitsofthe ofsociety); utopian ) Rechtschaffen and Gauna (2002) RechtschaffenGauna and
(Feinberg1970; Rachels 1991).
(social contract between(social government contract and citizen apply the to to hw uh s eevd n codne ih otiuin o tm, fot and effort, time, of contributions with accordance in deserved is much (how t al. et fair
theylack the
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ht is that 06 Slmn 19) Otn te omnte most communities the Often, 1998). Solimano 2006; Fla 2007) (Filcak
itnt rm niomna j environmental from distinct ocr ad epc i te oiia dcso aot o these how about decision political the in respect and concern Distributivejustice is opportunities, are ignored and ignored are .
Thus, both Thus,
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‖ 22 resources environmental justice as procedural justiceenvironmentalprocedural justiceas
(Rechtshaffen and Gauna 2002, 9), and by the byand 9), 2002, Gauna(Rechtshaffen and
components excluded from important decision important from excluded seenas fair et al. et
andknowledge
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1997 sie s itiuie justice distributive as ustice basic
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R simply to be assumed. be to simply i recognition justice, theoryof sound a attaining than rather justice, attaining about is interest the If
ecognition itnt lmns f e of elements distinct o attention no They consider goods as static as goods considerThey
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no separate recognition as distinct category of justice and argue and justice of category distinct as recognition separate no s central to the question and the resolution resolution the and question the to central s
o h isiuinl st institutional the to vrnetl justice nvironmental
and compensation and
r oor n rcdrl eiin rlvn t the to relevant decisions procedural in colour or 23 rather than due to the outcome of outcome the to due than rather
‖ (Filcak‖ 2007)
ructures and practices that mediate both mediate that practices and ructures wee evrnetl justice ―environmental where , . On the contrary, as Schlosbergas contrary, (2007, the On . .
css n eonto a a distinct a as recognition on ocuses
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CEU eTD Collection opnain E compensation. add (2002) Gauna and Rechtschaffen distributional current patterns. culture social a exclusion, institutionalised challengesimultaneously they1990); socialjustice (Young forcondition a and elementof, an both then are procedures t and inequitable socialgoods distributionthe of both address to way a as politicalprocess the on justicefocusmust respect, this In participate. not do you recognized, not are you If order. person‘s a in decline a and recognition and membershipparticipationand in the respect of lack a between link direct the note also theorists These addressed. be can they how and are, schemessuch impedimentsto inequality ― is justice recognition; and distribution both to attention requires justice 19 that demonstrating (1997, Fraser Nancy Likewise, injustice. distributive for foundation the is it because also but harm, them does and people constrains it because largerculturalpoliticaland realms. lackThe of recognition, in this view, is an injustice only not communities those of image the and communities oppressed both to damageinflicts individualthe both devaluationculturallevel, insults,andat ofdegradation,forms various unjust for reason problemthe injustice,differencesofthe ofof group part andpart isrecognition of oflack The to justice social reduce to distribution‖. mistake a is it justice, of conception satisfactory a to crucial institutions and society within he conditions undermining social recognition. Democratic and participatory decisionparticipatory and Democratic underminingrecognition.social conditions he bivalent ‖
in this sense. As with Young, Fraser insists that we have to look at the at look to have we that insists Fraser Young, with As sense. this in n re t udrtn and understand to order in
nvironmental distribution. As Young Asdistribution.
A Yug argues Young As . utc a cretv justice corrective as justice
greater community, greater including politicalthe institutionaland cur insists nte eeet o h evrnetl justice environmental the to element another e
24
t Yug n Fae epoe ht h real the what explore Fraser and Young it.
(1990)
19, 15) (1990, , lack of recognition, demonstrated by demonstrated recognition, of lack , 8 20, 2001) 2000, 98, , novs ares n h way the in fairness involves
Wie itiuie sus are issues distributive ―While f ircgiin and misrecognition, of
oue on focuses roots - making n the in
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CEU eTD Collection environmentaljustice integrating: threefold following The the to discussion applicableofenvironmental frameworkjustice in Israelithe context. justice environmental an build to necessary is it Therefore, adequately not mayexample, for US, the from approaches the that obvious became it settlements, Bedouin indicate cases fromdiffer might State thisinequalities in of forms that demonstrated Israel in justice socio environmentaljusti to approach The 2.1.5. addressedare including repair lossesthe dutythe to by responsiblethe party(Kuehn 1994) punishmentslawbreakingfor are
-
political corrective or compensatory correctiveor justice. managesenvironmental policy, and creates which process political the in communities and peoples of participation justice, recognitiondiversityofthe ofaffected peoples and communities distasa equitabledistribution ofenvironmental risks and benefits, R d earlier in the United States, India or Brazil. Furthermore, whileBrazil.Furthermore, analyzing or NegevIndia the States, United the earlierin d efining the framework the efining of reality of justice, and Shmueli(2008) and justice, of reality , demographic, and economicconditions.demographic,and ,
rmwr comprised framework be appl ied
o h seii hsoia, oil n clua conte cultural and social historical, specific the to
assigneddamageand inflicted individualson and communities environmentaljustice ce within a nation should reflect its unique geographical,unique its reflectshould nation a within ce
f the of
25
, concepts
represent Preliminaryr
proposed by Schlosberg (2004) (2004) Schlosberg by proposed
a forIsrael broad and inclusivedefinitionandof broad
esearch on environmentalon esearch
inctelement of t f Israel. of xt .
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dimension
of the framework while recognizing that three other elements are elements other three that recognizing while framework the of 26
rnetl nutcs n h cs of case the in injusticesironmental
applied to the applied to the CEU eTD Collection followingresearc researchmethodology,explorethe designed by proposed to addressedthe are questionsThese used?Whatmethodsbedone?should beshould ( unanswered question what and topic the about known alreadyis what discover about, learnt be research,shouldone conceptual frameworkthedevelop afor answer questionthe ofiswhat to and and purpose strategy, focus, clarify to helps framework conceptual articulated clearly A analysis. collectionand data inresearcher the directs designsinceit research the of essentialpart most point (2003) Rallis and Rossman As research. the to prior do to thingmajorfirst the isestablishmentframeworkAn conceptual of 3.1. METHODOLOGY 3. CHAPTER of the chapterofthe questionsanswerwillthese formedresearchstrategyto The discussedbe infollowing the part 2. 1.
What can be done to assure a more just distribution of environmentalrisks? goodsand assure to moredistributionof donejust bea What can unequal costs?and environmental the benefits distributionof of scope and inequaliti there Are communities? forms affected on impacts the the are What are treatment? what then so, If injustice? environmental in settlements Bedouin in situation the Can RESEARCHDESIGN
Rossman and RallisandRossman2003 provides a rationale for research decisions (Rossman and Rallis 2003). Thus, to to Thus, Rallis 2003). anddecisions (Rossmanresearch for rationale a provides .
hquestions:
EERH EIN STU DESIGN, RESEARCH
out ). The next questions to be asked are asked be to questions next The ).
that 27
conceptualization of the study is probably the probablyis study the of conceptualization
the
north DY APPROACH AND AND APPROACH DY - eastern
ee b dsrbd as described be Negev how the research the how s are still are s es in the in es
CEU eTD Collection ee, s gop iey o e ipootoaey xoe t ngtv environment negative to exposed disproportionately be to likely group a as Negev, the on focused was research The analyses, data discussion ofresults research Main research further the in applied be could that methods and techniques research of mix the Moreover, situation the study to helped It research. Collectioninitialofbyl meansof data ofpreliminary set the research objectives asfollows:were developmentmainofdesign, research review, documents The Theresearch can be divided phases: preliminaryinto two research and main research. 3.1.1.
examinetime and finance research.thefor map theoreticalsuggest framework; decideprocessing data on methods research;thefor the for research; methods collection data appropriate and methodology evaluate and identify collect definemain aims and objectives of preliminary research preliminary
Researchresearchstrategyphases of the and
was the locationsthe casefor studies and decide research;ofthe scope the on secondary
identified.
includedfieldthe comprised research. It secon
data through literature through and data document review;
dary was devoted to definitionmain of aimobjectives,to andandliterature devoted was
aa olcin ietfcto ad vlain of evaluation identification and collection, data , preliminary ,
A iterature and document review was the first stage of the of first stage the reviewwasdocument and iterature
rab and examinationandfinance. timeand of Givengoals, these the research;the eoi mnrt pplto o the of population minority Bedouin in Israel and to narrow the scope of the research. the of scope the narrow to and Israel in 28
recommendations
primary
data collection data and proces
and
conclusion
s methodology, . north
- eastern sing, al
CEU eTD Collection Adalah. Negev Villages,CivilLegalCoexistencefor ForumThe Rights and Unrecognized of Council Regional Right, Human for Association Arab UniversityGurion (Ben Bedouinfor Center Studies and Development and Negevthe RegionalforCenter Development by done reports and written books Thisincludes done. examination d of communitywere Bedouin and Israel on data and literature analysis of and review the First, used. beshouldmethods what and done beshould research the how understand and research the of maintheprior review documentanddone Literature was research 3.2.1. andprofessional opinions.expert and interviews unstructured villages, recognized and unrecognized in observations of means qualitativemethods.Primary wascollected data during twelvethe us research The 3.2. distributionthe ofenvironmental benefits. in underrepresented be likely to more communitiesare Bedouin Moreover, waste. hazardous industrialzones proximity to the to due consequences
Gatheringsecondary data METHODOLOGY
literatureandavailable sources in Internet. the collectedwasthrough data Secondary d oh rmr ad eodr dt cletd ih ep f h mx of mix the of help with collected data secondary and primary both ed
of the Negev), European Commission,Rights,PhysiciansHuman European for Negev), the of
Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), The (COHRE), Evictions and Rights Housing on Centre ata from Central Bureau of Statistics of Israel, numberIsrael,of ofStatistics of BureauCentralfrom ata
29
C enter for ArabMinorityfor enter Rightsin Israel , open sewage streams sewage open ,
reviewofficialof documents,
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dayIsrael research by tripto in order to identify into order focusthe
and exposure to to exposure and academic –
CEU eTD Collection friends and colleagues of one of my informer (e.g. during the trip to trip duringthe my informer (e.g. of one colleaguesoffriends and interviews: Unstructured observationsthe writtenwerein English. Hovav Ramat around tour car villages.BedouinThe recognized and unrecognized of area the around drive to used was car a villages,Bedouin III Appendix see details more (for appraisalfieldruralrapiddevelopedthe forframeworkof the reason,this For development.infrastructure and electricity, waste, housing, to villages, especiallyregard with studi case and Observation observations categories: three into divided beinterviews, unstructured recordingand data and management. can methodology research field The fieldresearch in Israeli settings and collection ofprimary wasneeded. data relationshipIsraeliofincont pattern establishthe to order relationship.In of pattern a MilesHubermananddefine (1994) primeoffielda the task asdescription work and analysis of 3.2.2. 2000 w examined. also was environmental justice of theory the on literature The research methods evaluation as Next, orks of next authors were studiedwere authors nextof orks einn qaiaie research qualitative Designing ,
2001), Young (1990), (1990), Young 2001), books Thissuchincludesmethodologicalstudied.review of of was theliterature set the Fieldmethodologies
(Rossmanand Rallis 2003).
Pto 20) and 2002) (Patton oe neves ee odce opruitcly hn meeting when opportunistically conducted were interviews some
Rawlsand Shlosberg(1991) (2004, es: The focus of observation was the livingobservationthe offocuswas The conditions in Bedouin
, 99 , : Bullard: (1993, (Marshal and Rossman 2002), 2002), Rossman and (Marshal
- 103
erig n h fed itouto t qual to introduction field: the in Learning ). Due to lack of time availabletimeand of lack to Due ). 30
1994a, I ndustrial
1994b,
Complex 2007). 2007).
1995), Fraiser ( 1995), ulttv rsac and research Qualitative
Albert Katz InternationalAlbertKatz
was also taken. All taken. also was T nm te few the name o trip was utilwas trip
dispersion of dispersion 1996, 1996, ext the ext itative 1997 ized , , ,
CEU eTD Collection Marshalland Rossman outlinedwho (2010) seven phases typicalfor analytical procedures: int its and data of reduction for data missing of collection the interpretationstimulateandbuildcoherent constantlya beingreview,was to analyzed inorder d collected data qualitative Thus, 2010). Rossman and (Marshall hand in hand go usually analysis and collection data studies, qualitative In 3.3. handwrittenwhile notes ofthem with part was recorded digital and then transcribed.recorder management: and recording Data triangulationwithfrom data observation and capture details more for III Appendix Ben and Studies Environmental of Institute Arava Israel, in communities Bedouin re with working activists environmental with conducted open unstructured, as characterized be can field the in forSchool rsnaie of presentatives (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) (6)
Offering Codingdata; the Generatingcategoriesand themes; Immersionin data; the Organizingdata; the ANALYSISDATA Searchingalternativefor understanding; the
Studies Desert which isofBen part a situationin the interpretationsanalytic through memos; non - oenetl raiain ( organizations governmental
north
rrtto. o ti rao I olwd h mdl pooe by proposed model, the followed I reason this For erpretation.
99 , - eastern - 103 the at f h itriw ws ouetd n Engli in documented was interviews the of Part ). The aim of the interviews for the most part part most the for interviews the of aim The ). an eerh Te rmr am f aa nlss was analysis data of aim primary The research. main
Negev and use the data gathered ingathered interviews data the theusefor Negevand
findingsin literature.the 31
-
GurionUniversity) NGO - rn peiiay research preliminary uring uin nvriy f h Ngv (see Negev the of University Gurion
) - gauts n poesr o the of professors and graduates , ne, n ifra. hy were They informal. and ended, . Theinterviews . conducted
–
literature was to to was h by sh
CEU eTD Collection sources based their reports on estimates only, others on primary data, and/or on government on and/or primarydata, on others only,estimates on reports their based sources is There 2006) villagesBedouin (e environmentallensBedouincommunityof the at justicethrough looked framework found was minorityenvironment adverselivesthat the only severalstudiesin,mentionthe that Bedouins be cannot available first not is study the in presented resources. various to have different groups that access Data hazardssuch asindustrial and military zones environmental to proximity close a in borders ―Siyag‖ within living communities Bedouin placeon took studyThe 3.4. literaturetriangulatedwere withingathered data interviewsthe and observations. object‖. same the of study the inmultiple methods of ―use differencesfromdifferentgathered in Denzindefines data 301) sources. (2009, triangulati the of because research this foruseful be to proved whichvalidationtechnique,triangulation identify to helped collectedmainduring Date the research stage .g. .g. (7)
: The unavailabilityThe : dat appropriate of rt 1999). Fritz , the ,
LIMITATIONS OF THE S LIMITATIONS OFTHE format presentingfor other Writingor study. the report the
lo ofitn eiec o te eoi cmuiy y ifrn sucs Some sources. different by community Bedouin the on evidence conflicting also statistical
(
Statistical Yearbook of the Negev Bedouin Negev the of Yearbook Statistical
hl nme o suis provide studies of number While
aeois tee ad atrs Al h dt ws nlzd involving analyzed was data the All patterns. and themes categories, data on unrecognizedon data villages is almost absent eadd s opeesv. o eape tog tee r suis on studies are there though example, For comprehensive. as regarded
Arab
Bedouinvillage TUDY - ad Te ieaue eiw eeld ht information that revealed review literature The hand.
a seriouslya impactedevaluationandstudy the the of , and sewageopen, streams sin northernNegevthe in is Israel. It focused on – 32
fieldresearch,wasorganized This into groups.
s
Part of the informationassembledthe andof Part ttsia ifrain n recognized on information statistical
Thus, in this research, findingsresearch,in this in Thus,
2002
.
; Lithwick .
2002;
Mealle on ason m
CEU eTD Collection only conducted with English interviewssincelimitationstudythesome were field.the poses alsoThison the in faced were studied. was languagesEnglish andRussian in written professionalliterature andacademicexample, for Thus, data. primary Language villagesthe around tour car wastak s giventhe Thus, first. trust buildthe necessary to is it people to Bedouinvillages visitthe talk and to order inmy informers that saidof One trip. research the involvementlevelof fieldanddefinedthe the in research the to allocated funds and Time shouldBedouinon explicitly data gather that categorizethem social separate asa entity. Government sources. governmental in found be cannot usually Bedouin on data The data. : agae a oe f h dtriig atr wie olcig eodr and secondary collecting while factors determining the of one was language te hr aon o tm ad iie fnnil eore ta hv been have that financial resources limited and time of amount short the : - speakinginformers. Languag eninstead ofparticipant observation. e constraints were constraints e 33
also h among other difficulties that other among ort time spent in the field,inthe a timespent ort
participationduring
s CEU eTD Collection andinGaza, andJordan elsewhere in 2006; Yiftachel2004, Israel 2001, (Parizot 2008). societiesbecontinuesand embedded to within far wider in networks Palestinianthe WestBank Arabslivingthe inthe smallof remnantscommunity,constitutes Bedouinwhich Negev The Jews. and ArabsIsraeli represent They t are Negev the of Bedouins The semifrom settledto environmentalavailability,conditions resource and varietya ofBedouin lifestyles exist, ranging t as such landarable rich potentiallyArabia, of to EmptyQuarter the or WesternSaharathe suchas deserts harshest the climates,fromof range a in located are territories Their Jordan. and Israel Egypt, Iraq, Syria, East Middle the over all traditionally exist Bedouin tribalacross boundaries (Cole 2003). sub and history common a includes which identity an to than life of way was life that of way a word Previouslydonkeys.the and occasionallyhorses camels and cattle, steppe) or range country, (open asso been have Bedouin Mostly dweller. Arabic the from derived is Bedouin word The 4.1. INJUSTICE IMPORTANT CONDITIONS NEGEV 4. CHAPTER
THE THE :
ARAB GENERAL CONTEXT, CONTEXT, GENERAL
a minority population, geographically and sociogeographicallyandpopulation,minority a
- BEDOUINOFISRAEL nomadictruly nomadic.to AE TD O TE AR THE OF STUDY CASE region prior to 1948, is an integral part of broader Palestinian broader ofintegral an ispart Araband 1948, to prior region specialized and evolved around herding; today Bedouin refers less to a to lessrefersBedouin herding; today around evolved specializedand he Fertile Crescent or Cyrenaica (Cole 2003). In relation to specific to relation In 2003). Cyrenaica(Cole or CrescentFertile he ,
he native he n te ed nml wr picply he, ot, and goats, sheep, principally were animals herd the and
O OII O ENVIRO OF ORIGIN FOR itd ih h riig f ietc i the in livestock of raising the with ciated
Arab inhabitants of the Negev ( Negev the inhabitantsof Arab
ITRCL BACKGROUN HISTORICAL 34
badawi :
in
wih a b tasae a desert as translated be can which , Libya, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Arabia, SaudiAlgeria, Libya, AB - culturally distinct from other other fromculturallydistinct
BEDOUIN Bedouin - Arab Al Arab culture that cuts cuts that culture NMENTAL NMENTAL
represented IN THE THE IN D - Baddiya Baddiya Naqab
AND ). ). - CEU eTD Collection ae oue o pten o dsrmnto aant h Bdun ad hi geographical, their and Bedouins the against discrimination of patterns on focused have 2003; Nevo 1988; Meir 1999; 1993, Fenster 2001; Rabia minority have researchers critical more years, later In 1985;Razin 2000; Soffer and Bar planningthe of of process the traced have studies Rich 2005). Meir 2004; (Kedar land of question the and transformations immigration(Ben 1997), 1994, Meir societaltransformation (Abu family, latter, politicaleconomic,the and of result the as urbanization,andmodernizationand ―no as studies ( sedentarization‖ the in described usually are Sheva), ( globalization recently most and gender, and identity of politics urbanization, modernization, the on research the of Most Bedouin2002; Almi 2003; Al Negev the of Yearbook (Statisticaldemolition for subject the are villages that unrecognized approximate and villages, recognized recently 10 and settlements 140,000 is settlements A resources. and services municipal to access townships and settlements recognized and resources; natural to access municipaland services other and water to access as benefitssuch the denied are villages that north the in existsettlements Bedouin of types two general, In Yiftachel whichbeenhas
2008) Te eois peiul lcly nw a Aa a Arab as known locally previously Bedouins, The . itce 20, 2) 2008, Yiftachel - experiencing
5,0 Bdun o wih 2 huad ie n h 7 planned 7 the in live thousand 82 which of Bedouin, 159,000
- Bedouin Rabia20 1994, - Krenawi(seealso 2004) Appendix 95). I, Bedouin settlement (Gradus and Stern 1985; Kliot and MedziniKliotand1985; Stern and Bedouinsettlement(Gradus - Galand 1985; Stern Gradus1979). - David and Gonen 2001), housing, economy, communityeconomy,housing, 2001), Gonen and David community A o o rsac i dvtd o hi subsequent their to devoted is research of lot A . various 01; Dinero 1997; KresselDinero1997;01; 1993; Marx2000; 1967, 35 deprivation
rte about written
etmtd ouain f l te Bedouin the all of population estimated n has been framed,beeninhasth s
withina RCUV/AHR of process a undergoing mads
h Bdun a a peripheral a as Bedouins the - eastern Negev: unrecognized Negev: eastern n y 6 huad ie n 45 in live thousand 76 ly
ethnic Jewish state (AbuethnicJewish state
- e main,e a‘ (rb o Beer of (Arabs Sab‘a
2003). These studies These 2003).
hc hv limited have which by concepts of byconcepts -
CEU eTD Collection Yiftachel 2003). towns‖ ―development planned into ( development to ―obstacles‖and land ancestors‘ their the Under rights. housing and development becamewidespread. 1948 since existence continues,he Hence, discrimination‖against Bedouin community. As it:he puts [and] dislocation, modernization, the informs critically ―colonialism that argues He state‖. Bedouins sees 3) Yiftachel(2008, appeared threat demographic and geographic Palestinian and Arab discourse,Israeli common another approach, thisof offshoot anAs 2004). Parizot 1989; Falah 1983, 2003; Cook, 2004; Palestinization(Abuand culture Israelistate the with struggle involvedthe in nation, Palestinian or Arab divided the of part as Bedouins sees approach recent Another Negevthe Bedouin politicaleconomicandmargi also directly affects their life in the Naqab. the in life their directlyaffects also occupation the of reality politi Bedouin to refers analysis this of extension An society. Western modern a in life to adjust to communityperipheral struggling a ―only‖ haveas beenmany studies presented in awaiting post the years, later In (Krakover 1999). (Krakover1999).
resolution as part of a ―peace process.‖ In this vein, the Bedouins, too, too, Bedouins, the vein, this In process.‖ ―peace a of part as resolution
1999, 2004; Swirski1999, and Hasson 2006
Bedouinshavebeen ― ( ethnic colonialismethnic Yiftachel a dtcmn fo te itr o te ab ad h daily the and Naqba the of history the from detachment cal which sees the rapidly growing Bedouin community as part of the of part communityBedouinas rapidly growing the seeswhich
nalization(Abu - — - 97 cuain a be tetd s eprr while temporary as treated been has occupation 1967 Saad and Yonah 2000; Abu 2000; Yonah and Saad 2 both critical foundations of the Judaization policy that that policy Judaization the of foundations critical both 0, 3 008, as a ―colonized indigenous people residin―colonizedindigenouspeople a as caused ‖ )
constant A a result, a As . of Israeli State IsraeliState of
oet ad oil erdto (Abu degradation social and poverty - . The focus has been on land, identity,land,Arabness, on beenhas focus The . Lithwick2000; and Saad sal regime, Israeli 36
ly
struggl Yiftachel2008 dispossession ). is ais
o h ebtld eih tt, has state, Jewish embattled the to ing they - mai Sitta 2001; Bar 2001; Sitta
withIsraeli authorities land,for
n ae eoe ivdr‖ of ―invaders‖ become have
factor factor , 3 ,
Statistical Yearbook of Statistical Yearbook and ) . Their concentrationTheir . that shapes that
ocd movement forced g within a settler withina g - On and Kassemand On - ad 2001; Saad
Bedouin
CEU eTD Collection regionand lived asnomadic Galilee the of Bedouin the from distinct Negev the of Bedouin the Israel, of state establishmentthe the of Before fro Negev, the in living Arab Bedouins 103,000 (GinguldBedouin BritishsinceintervenedNegevthe minimallythe littlechangeto internalthe withaffairs the of Palestineof1 from Britishrule the and Ι, War World of period The 2001). (Ben Bedouin―Real‖ ―Falakhin‖and Bedouinnamelythe groups; separate two creatingBedouin,lease land thefrom to beganGazaday present and Egypt farmersfrom Ginguld1989;(Falah agriculture production cereal fed rain andherding sheep with alongincreased land of value the limitedandbecame movement predom a to existencenomadic a from transformed Bedouin the period mandatoryBritish the in and (GinguldBedouintribeseffectivelyof was control the under Ottoman of period inthe beginningthe at Arabruleofin regionthe in century VII the AD. This wasacceleratedprocess ArabianNegevfromhavethe movedthe into Peninsula to first TheBedouin thought tribes are 4.2.1. 4.2. ofenvironmental injustice in explainBedouinofkeylife aspects ThesestudiesinNegev.may the lightroots the shedthe on resear The
1517 OFTHE HISTORY nnl semi inantly h oe n h Bdun omnt, kthd bv vr bify epoe and explore briefly, very above sketched community, Bedouin the on done ch –
1948: under the Ottoman and British rule.British and Ottoman under the 1948: et al. et - nomadic one; a period of spontaneous sedentarization occurred, occurred, sedentarization spontaneous of period a one; nomadic
1997) and by the end of this period there were an estimated 65,000 estimated65,000 an were there periodthis of end bythe and 1997) rule (1517 rule pastoralistsin desert. the the regionthe ARAB
- BEDOUIN 1917) and towards the end of the XIX century the Negevcenturythe XIX the ofend the towards and 1917) .
–
ee h vs mjrt o te ouain f the of population the of majority vast the were 37
a oa o sm 95 some of total a m
et al. et
et al. et
1997; Cole 2003). Additional 2003). Cole 1997;
1997). Under Ottoman ruleOttoman Under 1997). tribes (Falah 1985). 1985). (Falah tribes –
917 - who are culturallyare who David and Gonen and David - 1948, brought brought 1948, ly, –
CEU eTD Collection sal n 2 o te ee, hc its which Negev, the of 2% and Israel previouslyarea the of occupiedby20% Bedouinestablishmentbefore thethe ofto state the of The Bedouinwere hadwho inhabited beforeareathe ( 1948 beendisplacedhadone and Negev,Bedouinwho northwestern fromthe were Siyag area remainingthe injointribesthe eight landsto 5). Fig. land conc herds. their with migrate and lands cultivate to freedom their lost oflandofmostthe control Israeli in authoritiesNegevtook the and Bedouin the remainedwho War 1948 the during After 4.2.2.1. traditionalway oflife (Koeller 2006). but choice little given were and rangeland their allalmost to access lost Bedouin The settlement.Jewish for focus integral an became Negev Ginguld 1996; (Shamirdisplaced and expelled were or Jordan) fleetakingrefugein surrounding the Arab countries and territories(e. 1948 the of, immediateaftermath the in or During, 4.2.2. Siyag entrating the entrating -
most of the Arab Bedouin fled or were expelled to Jordan, the Gaza Strip and Egypt and Strip Gaza the Jordan, to expelled were or fled Bedouin Arab the of most Siyag Post
In 1951, eleven of the remaining nineteen tribes were forcefullywere remainingtribesnineteen the of eleven 1951, In area isarea -
19 ( Hebrew, roughly meaningroughly Hebrew, Forced relocation and confinement to the Siyag Siyag the to Forcedconfinement and relocation 48
: afterof Israel.establishment: the State ofthe known for its low agriculturallowfertility encompassits 10 justfor estimatedis to knownand Arab ,
o
nlya Bedouin in the area east of Beer Sheva on 1.5 million 1.5 on Sheva Beer of east area the in Bedouin pproximately 11 thousand remained in the Negev. remainedthe inthousandpproximately 11
confinement, l cnttts vr 0 o te pre the of 60% over constitutes elf Siyag. Siyag. 38
o ete n gv u lre at o their of parts large up give and settle to I War n 1955 two 1955 n
Swirskiand Hasson 2006). enclosure , most Negev Bedouin either had to to had either Bedouin Negev most ,
, - t al. et thirds of the residents of the residentsof the ofthirds
fence fence The State set a policy of policy a set State The g. Gazastrip,West bank, g.
1997; Cole 2003).The Cole 1997; or
reloca
demarcation - Post 1948, the 1948, Post dunam area of area dunam ted from their from ted - 97 Israeli 1967
) (see ) - third - CEU eTD Collection parts ofsociety. parts other the fromisolated area, closed and demarcated a themselvesconfinedto found Bedouin The 2006). whichlimitedgreatlyHasson(SwirskiSiyagand area movementsthe their outside Palestinian other becameArabswho Israeli citize Israel of decades two first the of most throughout result, a As t and Bedouins educationjobs,Siyagof insearch the leave to permits special required and lands original their cultivate and return not could (Tal permissionspecial without Negev the of parts other to flocks their take or leave to allowed cancelledpolicy 1966, inwas untilthe and area‖, ―closed a declared zone militarya declared was region original theirthe lands,from removed were Bedouin theWhen 2005). 1985 Falah 1967; (Marx area land controlled
2002). The 2002). ht h Bedouin the that
he restrictions imposed on imposedrestrictions he
Bedouin remained under MilitaryremainedBedouinunder administrationwhich theymeant until1966
ee and rm neig ( entering from banned were
or
markets (Marx 1967 (Marxmarkets them 39 ;
represented hmr 1996 Shamir nsin 1948 Tarek Tarek ;
Ginguld – 2004). a form of forced sedenterization forced of form a
; livedmilitaryunder government,
control Ginguld
et al. et h Bdun itit was district Bedouin The Arab , the Bedouinthe , t al. et
19 Bedouin 97). 97).
1997 Relocationof s ;
– were not not were Hamdan
likethe . CEU eTD Collection 36 ― periodicmigrationsthewell were asas rights, water Bedouin'sandgrazing the 1948, to Prior 4.2.2.2. Source: Figu reco ). Natural vegetation on the range depended on rain and was therefore considered a ― considereda therefore was rainand on dependedrange the on vegetationNatural ). re gnized, accepted and respected by those with whom they came into contact into came they whom with those by respected and accepted gnized, 5
NFC2009 . Recognized . and
RestrictedAccess ResourcesNatural to
u nrecognized nrecognized Bedouinv illages illages 40
in the Negev the in
.
‖
(Falah 1985 (Falah giftof ,
CEU eTD Collection ht lcs rdtoal poie te eoi wit Bedouin the provided traditionally flocks that lessdefinedwere bypolitical ecologicalbyboundariesthe thanproductivity land. Given the of semi traditional the to contrast stark a is This 1985). (Falah land their of outside goats of number limited a graze to Agriculture of Ministry obtainrequiredspecialBedouinit livestockshepherds grazingas to of permits the from the on 1950, In andbecamethus victims oftechnicality.a claimsland their support to evidencedocumentary provide not could centuries for it utilized establishmentJewishofthe Bedouinthe hadwho state, intimate knowledge landofthe and had Bedouinthe 1948, effectively to prior Negevofthe 98% owned(RCUV/AHR 20 that estimated is it Yet, land. of official ownership or records reliable no are there periods, Si the times twelveagriculturalJewish charged to rate farmers (Almi water; 2003; RCUV/AHR 2003 for rates domestic paying meant quota agriculture an of lack the insystems water illegally to connectingor trucks in it significantlytransporting prices, higher at water buying themselvesfound years of hundreds for resource same the relyingon been had who Bedouin alto water denied either are farmers Bedouin ones. new dig traditional wellsor use to Bedouin illegal water makingtheallocation, it for over control full given was company, water national the Mekorot, and state, the of essentialtheseaccompanied resou accessto byrestricted the RCUV 2003; (Cole territories the Bedouintypicallythe wells managementthat controlledwater the of through was it However, Allah c te ra f h Ngv a nt uvyd n ihr h Otmn r rts mandatory British or Ottoman the either in surveyed not was Negev the of area the nce ‖ and‖ like fire, airif and developed,water, not was available all to the Plant Protection Law, known as the as known Law, Protection Plant the
Jewish settlements. For those Bedouin that were still able to cultivate land,cultivate to ablestill were that Bedouin those For settlements.Jewish - gether, or given no agricultural quotas (Almi 2003). 2003). (Almi quotas agricultural no given or gether, H 20) Te eoain f h Bdun was Bedouin the of relocation The 2003). AHR
41
―Black Goat's Law‖ Goat's ―Black ter nie ieiod n economic and livelihood entire their h rces;wells declaredwere property - nomadic migrations whichmigrationsnomadic
, put further restrictionsfurther put , users(Cole 2003 ;Meallem 2006 privately owned privately 03). After the03). , 239 , ).
).
CEU eTD Collection custo Law. Acquisition IsraeliLand the by authorizedretroactively was expropriationthis 1953, in later, years Three andHasson 2006). (Swirski war 1948 the duringfled or expelledwere who Arabs of lands the control to Israel the of medium the through expropriated were ―enclosure‖ the outside lands Bedouin‘s Siyag, the to relocated forcefully being After 4.1.2.3. Israelithe economy (Marx and Shmueli 1984; Ginguld subsistentirelytoday traditionalof livelihood,the sources on seeking employment else Bedouin Negev few very Thus, regulations. governmental violated which flocks confiscated we areas grazing and sizes herd regulations; state byconfinedstrictly were livestock on reliedstill that Those landin regionthe (Ginguld IsraeliarmyNegevthe further baseslimitingSinai from the to Desert availabilitythe o ofgrazing redeployment massive a to led Egypt and Israel between signed accord peace the 1978, in But region. the insites grazing seasonal to migrate to allowed were Bedouin the and little 70‘s early herds the would with traditionallywander who women of concealment increased rearing, livestock to relating traditions and the in employment on dependence selfsufficiency,of compensation,loss without herds entire confiscationof (e.g. consequences economic and social cultural, huge had has law this of implementation the sustainability,
, as , the afte the Land expropriations Land re tightly controlled and a special police unitpolicespecial a and controlledtightly re The
rmath of the cancellation of militarycancellationofrestriction the of rmath
tt acrand ht ne ti lw nutvtd ad lctd t a at located land, uncultivated law this under that ascertained State et al. et
1997).
) service sector, high unemployment levels, loss of culture of loss unemployment levels, high sector, service
(Dinero 1997; RCUV/AHR 2003). During the 60‘s and 60‘s the During 2003). RCUV/AHR 1997; (Dinero
1950 Absentees’ Prop Absentees’ 1950 42
et al. et
1997).
– erty Law erty
Green Patrol Patrol Green
,
the situation changed a changedsituation the , designed to enable to designed , -
patrolled and patrolled wherein f CEU eTD Collection militaryairport. du government up set to order in dunams dunams: Swirsk State. the ofneeds meet to order Siyaginlandof part expropriated hasgovernment the years, the Over theirBedouinbefore tillable the availablethe area to dunams;cultivableamou area landinthe million 1.5 to comprised 1.2 in1960 Siyag area the (2006), Hasson Swirskiand to According Negev establishedwere settlements period this them that Given developmentplans (Swirski and Hasson 2006). of purpose the its for for state the 1952 available to themmaking and Palestinian refugees in of lands administeringthe government the by up set body a Authority, Development Expropriated 1996). Shamir 1979; Goering 1989; 1985, (Falah confiscatedwas tribes relocated the belongingto land eventuallythe alland years a of number for unattended it of much left Bedouin the of relocation forced the but pasture, used grazing or cultivated once was land this reality, In ownership. of regardless state, the of distanceexceedingmiles 1.5 nearestsettlement,from the could be confiscated needs urgent for nams for militaryprojects; for nams
as a as
(Yiftachel2003) (1)
reserve to settle Jew settle reserveto
t
hese were the were hese Sisi n Hso 20) I fc, ihn fw er, some years, few a within fact, In 2006). Hasson and (Swirski 88,500 dunams in the 1950 the dunamsin 88,500
i and Hasson (2006) listmajor fourexpropriation(2006) Hasson235 amounting and i to .
n ort in this area thisin (4) ishnewcomers hern Negev‘s most fertile lands, the fertilelands, most Negev‘shern
65
thousand ‘ - nted to some 400 some to nted s in order to establishJewishsettlements; to order in s strengthen planned who 43
dunams in 1980 in order to build the Nevatim the build to order in 1980 indunams
eoi townships; Bedouin decided to move to move decidedto to ing relocation
the claim of Israeli ownership over the Israeliclaim over ownershipofthe
thousand
from the northwestern Negev. northwestern thefrom ad wa land Israeli governmentIsraeli dunams, or about 20% of 20% about dunams,or newJewish during state 3 s (3) taserd o the to transferred s m 50 ome fifty (2)
thousand thousand
treated treated 45,670 45,670 Jew for ish
CEU eTD Collection activistworking with Bedouinthe community explains: subsistence. for means get to and life of style modern the to adjust difficult to it found also they but longer, any life of way traditional their maintain they not could only semi or cities.new the into pro the inlive to forced be could they where town likethe simply not theydid dignity or and rights their of violationas areas urban to relocationforcefulperceived them manyof claims that (2002) Tal reasons. re Arabs Bedouin However, 1967. in residential and Hora/Hura Shalom, Al popula Bedouin Negev entire the resettle to plans developed ( areas urban government the in them concentrating Bedouins, urbanize to decided government Bedouin the over regime military the of termination the Following 4.3. - Saba/Tel Sheva, Arara Al Arara Sheva,Saba/Tel TALE OFUNDER TALE
- AE TD: H GOVE THE STUDY: CASE nomadic way of life,nomadicofway themselvesBedouinsfoundlimited inthe locked
village or a or village th why village the of area small the within sometimes government The there. go to want not do villages unrecognized ar There
high crime rates. crime high hbt Abu Thabet ximity of rival tribes. Only about 40% of the Bedouin initially agreed to move initiallyto Bedouin agreed the of 40% about Onlytribes.rival ximity of ere is high unemployment r unemployment high is ere e a lot of problems in recognized villages. That is why people living in in living people why is That villages. recognized in problems of lot a e . There is no way for them for way no is There . mixed Another argument is that a that isargument Another new - townare DEVELOPMENT tribes Laqiya (see Fig.5; Table 1). 1). Table Fig.5; (see Laqiya - a 2006) Ras
What also happens often in th in often happens also What . -
Naqab/Ar‘ara BaNegev, Rahat, Kseifa,ShaqibAlRahat, BaNegev, Naqab/Ar‘ara There have been clashes between them between clashes been have There ,
you knowthereyou seen
as . NET PLANNED RNMENT n h lt 16‘ ad al 17‘, h government the 1970‘s, early and 1960‘s late the In a ate. All these clashes coming together within a within together coming clashes these All ate. failure. failure.
[Bedouin 44 are s communities that were used to have nomadichave to used were communitiess that
tribe issues, and issues, tribe itd oig o h twsi fr various for township the to moving sisted s
] h first The at to make a living there. living a make to
there is no industrial area industrial no is there - tion into seven urban areas: Tal areas: urban seven into tion PLANNED TOWNSHIPS TOWNSHIPS PLANNED
f hs, e Sea became Sheva, Tel these, of put
[tribes], the reason the [tribes], ting a been has ouain te Israeli the population,
themtogether
urban T - tak hat is is hat Salaam/Segev
A ing
in in s an NGO an s ar
- planned ea. Not Not ea. –
A CEU eTD Collection hs i Jws dvlpet towns. development Jewish in those modern t However, and schools. clinics health electricity, water, running as such services with and them Bedouin provide the modernize to was townships urban these establishing for rationale The familyoutsidethe home has become morerestr place take that activitiesin women of participation the hence and greater are family honour non forbidden for This ShalomSegev Laqiya Hura Kseife Ar’araBaNegev Tel Rahat Source Table theyplannedwere giving without any consid heavilysubsidized,are and population this to services basic provide to necessaryconditions communities.Bedouin the of structure social Bedouin the from departure radical that conclude possibleto is it Thus, - Sheva especially affects the freedom of movement for women. formovement of freedomespecially the affects
1 : adopted from Central Bureau of Statistics 2008; Marx 2000; Abu 2000; ofBureauMarx 2008; Statistics adopted from: Central
. Year of establishment and population of population Bedouin ofand government Year establishment .
T own
-
agnate (not immediatefamily) male(not agnate he cities‘ infrastructure and infrastructure cities‘ he ‘s
t
he urban settlement program has been divisive,beenhas given itsprogram settlement urban he
traditional way of life and t lifeand of waytraditional T YearFounded e odtos n h stlmns r vr po and poor very are settlements the in conditions he eration to the traditionalthe erationto Bedouin way oflife. 1981 1968 1972 1984 1990 1989 1982
45 icted(Dinero 1997; Meir 1987). While these towns were intended to create the create to intended were towns theseWhile
social services were perceived as inferior to to inferior as perceived were servicessocial
-
female contact that will jeopardize the willjeopardize that femalecontact - planned towns in the Negev, the 2007 towns in planned
- In urban In Saad 2008 Saad he impact it has had on the on had has it impact he Population in 2007 Populationin
areas the opportunities the areas 12,900 14,000 42,100 10,500 10,700 6,800 8,900
CEU eTD Collection Source: Table socio distress. livestock andraise to crops to space the hadlonger no deprivation,dependency, crime socialand tensions (YiftachelTheBedouins 2006). NCF 2003, Bedoui the of urbanization of consequences The it: puts municipalservices - JewishTowns Towns Bedouin Locality
2 economicindex ofIsrael
. Socioeconomic ranking of Bedouin and neighboring Jewish localities in the Negev. the Jewish Socioeconomiclocalitiesin of . neighboring Bedouin and ranking
Tarrow 2008 Tarrow repression, are setting off alarm bells, but they are not being heard in official official in heard being not quarters. are they but bells, alarm off setting are repression, neighbours from alienation frustration, growing bred Jewish immediate their and towns these between disparities Furthermore, the margin. significant a by Israel in settlements disadvantaged most ec socially, are towns The Bedouin townshipBedouin
are Te osqecs sc a cie n voec, iciiain and discrimination violence, and crime as such consequences, The .
inadequate (Goering 1979; RCUV/AHR 2003). As Lithwick (2000, 1) 1) Lithwick(2000, As 2003). RCUV/AHR 1979; (Goering inadequate s are s (seeTable ( 2) the poorest areas in the country the in areas poorest the onomically and politically dysfunctional, ranking as the as ranking dysfunctional, politically and onomically Omer Lehavim BeerSheva Arad Dimona Hura Laqiya SegevShalom Ar‘araBaNegev Rahat Tel Kseifa - Sheva
Coursen
46
the state, and animosity towards those towards animosity and state, the
n are high rates of unemployment,poverty, of rates high are n
-
Neff2001). subsist , which , economicfurthercaused r
ank
neighbours ing
at the bottom of the of bottom the at Rank 197 195 118 109 95 8 7 5 4 3 2 1
have CEU eTD Collection Most Most 2006) (NFC population the of 18% compose they althoughland the of 2.5% only use Israel villages Bedouin in density population higher per land more have Negev Negevlocalities225 of Jewish(Hamdanout 2005). localities recognizedBedouintowns in the 2 approximately up make Bedouin the Although limitin residentialfor designatedspace of lack a is there settlements,Bedouin recognized the of allIn 2004). (Baruchindustrialdeveloped areas no has towns, recognized the of Shalom,one SecuritySocialan as services governmentalsuch limited very Moreover, library. public no and office post central one bank, Arab largest the to Bedouins of access t However, authorities. mun other andsanitation same to entitled villagesare and townships of residents that means―recognized‖ of status The onlyin 2010 popul non entertainment.of placesoffices,publiclibraries, and the sufficient have. Negev The - neighbouring xset Fr example, For existent. ra Bdun townships Bedouin urban ation of more than 10 thousand, where raw sewage runs in an open channel, has begunchannel,has open an in runs sewage raw where thousand, 10 than more of ation f h Jewish the of futurefordevelopment itsg prospects and growth.
level. Most of the residents work outside their towns and obtain their servicesfromtheir obtain and towns their outside work residents the of level.Most -
though the townshipthe though wasestablished in (Adam1982 Teva V‘Din 2010) Bedouin town town Bedouin hy r ual t poie ok o ter eiet o sca srie a a at services social or residents their for work provide to unable are They
eih l Jewish communities he lack of internal or external public transportation services stillserviceslimits publictransportation external internalor of lack he labour post banks, of shortage a have towns recognized The ocalities.
- work on sewage facilities at recognized township of Kseife withKseife of township recognized facilities at sewage on work
esn n hi jrsito ta Aa localities Arab than jurisdiction their in person Rahat, which has more than 42 thousand residents, has onlyhasresidents,one thousand 42 than more whichhas Rahat, icipal services that all citizens of Israel citizensofall icipal that services ak h infrastr the lack
market, higher educat higher market, ― d the Ministrythe of d are ethnically segregated agricultural settlements for Jews for settlementsagricultural ethnically segregated are 47
(see Table 3) Table (see cue ta similar Jewis that uctures
8 % of Negev citizens, there are only seven only are there citizens, Negev of % Labour
Sewage infrastructures are inadequate or or inadequate are infrastructuresSewage ion institutions or social services.Thesocial institutionsor ion
are availableare onlyinRahat. . Overall,
receive from their localtheirfrom receive Arab localities all over over localitiesall Arab stlmns n the in settlements h wih explains which , .
Segev
use, the .
CEU eTD Collection lnig n dvlpet ehnss o cmuiis n sal Vlae i the in Villages Israel. in communities for mechanisms development and planning 1965 of Law Planning and Building The 4.4.1. conditionsinherent unrecognized to Bedouin villages. the in villages This 4.4. Arad Yeruham Omer Mitzpe Ar‘ara SegevShalom Rahat TelSheva Source Table else. hom buildtheircanwhich they on plot a than more villagesBedouinno receive only, CITIZENS
Locality
at f the of part
3
: adopted from: NCF 2006 ah ih eeos lt o land of plots generous with each
. Jurisdiction area and density in Arab and Jewish localities in the Negev the Jewish localitiesin and Arab density in and area Jurisdiction . - The UnrecognizedThe Villages: research description and settings UNRE THE STUDY: CASE Ramon
north chapter - eastern Population Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish group Arab Arab Arab Arab rvds n nlss f h stain n h urcgie Bedouin unrecognized the in situation the of analysis an provides
ee. t s devot is It Negev.
ONZD VILLAGES COGNIZED (F 20, 11) 2009, (NFC ‖ Population
established a national strategic plan, regulatingplan, strategic national aestablished 12,900 42,100 14,000 24,100 5,000 6,800 8,800 5,900 48
d o h dsrpin f hrceitc and characteristics of description the to ed
area (in squarearea (in the of residents most contrast, In . Jurisdiction kilometres) 64.000 14.095 19.621 92.942 38.749 20.081 6.005 4.593 –
TL O INVISIBLE OF TALE A
Density (peopleDensity persq kilometre) e
and nothingand uare 1 21 3
915.2 132.4 048.1 259.3 227.1 193.8 Siyag
78.1 45.6
the
CEU eTD Collection w and sewage water, runningelectricity, as such services and infrastructure basic both lacking of majority The Source: Figure (Meallem2006). Villages Unrecognized for Council Regional the from is estimate 76,364 the whilst Interior controversial: is Negev the in Bedouins on data publish govern Fig.6 (see demolition to subject became villages unrecognized in buildings the all 2004), (Qupty Since thison appear plan and effectively became unrecognized who Bedouinswith populated aste disposal, proper access roads to villages, to provisionhealth,the and decentroads of access disposal,proper aste Apni IV Appendix ; 6 Israel mental Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) socioeconomic scale and CBS does not not does CBS and scale socioeconomic (CBS) Statistics of Bureau Central mental Gottlieb2008. . Number of buildings demolished in the unrecognized villages(2001 unrecognized the Numberof demolished. in buildings governm i
h urcgie vlae ae hrceie b tin by characterized are villages unrecognized the neonzd villages unrecognized
. eiet o te neonzd ilgs r nt lsiid n the in classified not are villages unrecognized the of Residents ). ent
classified refused to to refused
t hese .
h lwr iue f 535 s rm h Mnsr of Ministry the from is 55,305 of figure lower the move to move o ti rao, ai dmgahc aa n the on data demographic basic reason, this For ― ctee settlements scattered 49
the government the .
‖ -
2007). - or or planned - shacks, cabins and tents, tents, and cabins shacks, ― populations
townships educational a illegal as ‖
did not not did
CEU eTD Collection and sewage disposal, electricity and inadequate water supply. Moreover, they are exposed to to exposed are they Moreover, supply. water inadequateelectricity anddisposal, sewage and environmental locallywaste stemming produced ofhazardsabsenceaddress from cannot they r being Without recognition. of question the inextricablywithisintertwined justice environmental villages, unrecognized of residents especially for community, Bedouin the In unrecognizedvillage settlements seven the into and lands their villagesliterallysubsequent coerciveuntilthe andmethodsusedto today forceBedouinthe off ―unplanned‖ the officially recognize to refusal government's the is controversial most But citizens‖(S mapsand Bedouin state ofthe Arabs live that in thesevillages as―invisible oftenarereferred to 2004). (Qupty country the in indicators communitysuffershighfrom unemployment density.‖ residential high and environments, neglected dwellings, dilapidatedunserviced society‖ ― villagesas the describes 38), (2003, Yiftachel 2004). Hasson 2003, RCUV/AHR 2003; (Almi harassment systematic and building illegal for fines landconfiscations,demolitions,are house there Furthermore,socialservices (Almi and 2003). i wih oenet oiy ― policy government which in , te fclt ta te oenet s lnig S i hs o oe al move to has becausetheymove.movable!they arehave there so to not Theyare it So planning. is zone government industrial the an that be facility could other it cases other in but tower, a be could say and come can they community I day any So there. not are they maps the hold they once because communities these consider not does planning regional existent as them that means today villages unrecognized these that fact The wirskiand Hasson 2006). ,
every official employee or governmental authorities authorities governmental employeeor everyofficial can find a plan of electric tower electric of plan a find can andactivistNGO n n apc. o vr pann lk dmsi pann or planning domestic like planning every So aspect. any in -
so you are here, you should move. In specific cases it it cases specific In move. should you here, are you so
say ocd h vlae t rmi foe a cutr of clusters as frozen remain to villages the forced The unrecognized villages do not appear on officialon appear not villages do unrecognized The s :
and illiteracy, with the poorest healthwelfareandilliteracy, and poorest the with 50
RU/H 2003). (RCUV/AHR
,
on top of my house, so tomorrow so house, my of top on as a man living in unrecognized in living man a as d the po the eit n n ofca map official any on exist o orest, most run most orest, do not consider not do
s rsdn o one of resident a As
o them of l
n any and - down in Israeliin down
ecognized
The
CEU eTD Collection justiceagenda. enviro an of urgency the demonstrates Negev the in settling communities Bedouin 2006). NCF(Habibelderly Jews2008;among children,andthan adults high problemsto clean hazardslackaccessrelatedandandof to critical sewage water pose environmental health dispo garbage education, services, health roads, electricity,sewage, water, for infrastructure no villageshaveunrecognized The Overall, infringedeverydaythe on basis. is villages,rightunrecognized this the of residents the For lifehealthy(Almi 2003). a live to humanof rightreceiverights,includesalsothe forms healthpart onlybut right to care, not the h their for environment adequate an in entitledindividuals ―allare 45/49, Assembly Resolution General UN the to According rights.citizen and humanbasic lack Bedouins Israel, ofcitizens as state by declared Though Complex. s environmentalborders theirfacilitiesfrom hazardson located r ae o water of rates er Bedouin
the residentsof the
settlements - on dsae, uh ihr ae o dsblt aog eoi Arab Bedouin disability among of rates higher much diseases, borne Bedouinvillages. ramificationsaffairsofThe the state suchare of
do not have or have insufficient access to environmentalinsufficienthave goods. to access or have not do
ealth and well and ealth sal, or other public services. Constant exposure to waste to exposure Constant services. public other or sal, 51
- being‖ (UN 1990). 1990). (UN being‖
uch as Ramat Hovav IndustrialHovavRamat as uch The right to health, whichhealth, to right The The harsh situation ofsituationharsh The nmental -
CEU eTD Collection the forms of unequal treatment identifiedthe intreatment unequal of forms the Thisenvironmentallistthe of comprehensivebeinjustices intend summarizes to itnot but does As leadinganalyzeunjust andtreatment to to dynamicsthe ofsocial processesbehind them. interactionsdescribethe to is patterns aimsunequallydetecting ofthe are of distributed‖.One humansbetweeninteractions of types―specific, representativeenvironmental injusticeas of patterns defines (2007) Filcak 5.1. Negev. par second The environmental harms. to exposure disproportioned with ramifications associated healthitselfand patterns theanalysis ofthe to devoted is chapter the of part first The Israel. compare and justice environmental recognize in of observation patterns the discuss will chapter following The BEDOUIN NEGEV THE INJUST ENVIRONMENTAL 5. CHAPTER i a icsin f mat o evrnetl utc on justice environmental of impacts of discussion a is t a 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.
resultmainofthe research, six ofenvironmental patterns injustice
inadequatehousing differentiatedelectricity access to sewage chemicals hazardouswaste, exposureto and pollution discriminatorymanagement waste practices differentiatedwater access to PATTERNS OFENVIRONM PATTERNS
: differentiated: sythe access to
ICSIG H PATTE THE DISCUSSING ad neonzd eoi vlae i the in villages Bedouin unrecognized and d
and the environment, where environmentalharmenvironment,wherebenefits and/or the and
C: EEA CHARACT GENERAL ICE: ENTAL JUSTICE ENTAL
stemand exposure 52
preliminaryand
RNS AND IMPACTS OF OF IMPACTS AND RNS
the
fieldresearch. eoi cmuiy n the in community Bedouin havebeen north ERISTICS OF OF ERISTICS - eastern
It i It
identified: s important s
Negev,
CEU eTD Collection access to water only water accessinto five 2009, years afterrecognition. pipelines long temporary to only runningwater ofIsrael‘s rest withcomparedthe residents consumption 4 the to comes it when lower isfigure this consumption water Average 5.1.1.1. andaffordable personalfor water and domestic uses‖ (WHO 2003). ―Thehuman entitles water right everyone sufficient,to to safe, acceptable, physically accessible 5.1.1. enjoy theyextent what to system.collection However, sewagemunicipal and waste as servicessuch tow of Residents environmental benefits. to access determine that factors key the of A discussedin this research. areas. nature, note to ). ). nalyzing the pattern of environmentalofrecognitionone is injustice nalyzing becomeobviousthat haspattern it the ns h wtr osmto i te eoi twsis s bu hl te vrg national average the half about is townships Bedouin the in consumption water The
thesebenefits is question. another However, the data describing this pattern was inco was pattern thisdescribing data the However, are connected to the national water and electricityand national water grids.Theythe also to connected are
Pattern1
both recognized and unrecognized villages do not have not villages unrecognizeddo and recognized both that field observationrevealthat the central ad loain f ae t rsdns f eoi twsis s nqa as unequal is townships Bedouin of residents to water of allocation and , , Description of the pattern the Description of in
new -
part of the town and town the of part diff recognized erentiatedaccesswater to
NC 2009) (NFC
in Israel is 135 liters per person per day (Almi 2006). However, However, (Almi 2006). day per person per liters 135 isIsrael in
towns which towns stillare in planningthe is water stages, ed
that .
One of the recently recognized villages, Derijat, got got Derijat, villages, recognized recently the of One
those living those
Arab
while (Almi2006). 53
Bedouins (2% of Israel‘s residents)Israel‘sof (2% Bedouins
Jewishsettlementsand enjoytowns accessto
far from the from far
While mplete and therefore it will not be not willit therefore and mplete existingrecognized have towns
any
center must center
or have or haveaccessto very smallvery
pay for pay
recognized (see Table(see
supplied
lay green other other ing
CEU eTD Collection
2003). by recommended requirementliving Bedouincommunities receive isdoubtfulof quality and in casesmost is far below minimumthe Almi to According quality. water poor thousand the on placed is water accessingresponsibility for villages unrecognized of residents While Source for year data 1994 ** Bedouinrecognized * townships T liters of water per person per day ofper person liters per water wellas public/shared as household a maintain and 3
Omer Lehavim Metar Arad TelSheva* Rahat* Hura* Laqye* Unrecognized A person requires 2 requires person A able able Locality 4 : adopted from Almi 2003 adopted from: Almi
. running water water running
W
ater consumption (per capita) in localities in the Negev, the localitiesin in capita) (per consumption ater Bedouins
-
5 liters of water per day in order to survive. But in order tolive order to survive. of order Butday in liters per water5 in
suffer from various water various fromsuffer
water usewater )
s rvdd to provided is
the accepted requirement is at least 50 liters per day. If cleaning an entire household entire an day. per If cleaning liters 50 least at is accepted the requirement Population Group Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Arab Arab Arab Arab Arab
, 2006 , .
are taken into account into taken are
.
r nt once t te ainl ae gi and grid water national the to connected not are h aslt mjrt o Israeli of majority absolute the the
(2003 Waterperconsumption liters/day ol Hat Organization Health World No data No data No data No 173 113 167 346 295 283 - 54 related problems, including water shortage and shortage including problems,water related ,
, the minimum living requirement comes toabout requirement 100 living minimum the ,
2006)
person
residents themselves.residents
, the 2002 m
126.3 107.8 103.3 38** 35** 24** 63.2 41.3 61.1 3 insufficie /year
nt quantity of water that that water of quantity nt 3 citizens
waterconsumption (see Fig. 7) (Howard (Howard 7) Fig. (see ( do laundry, clean, cook, clean, do laundry, Totalmunicip As a result, a As perperson No data No data No data No ( 87.7 61.7 65.3 Keinan 186 133 124 m 3
over 80 over
2005) al the ,
CEU eTD Collection 2009) while 309, populationBedouinof the settlements, are there total, In lessof than to access without villages,are There Source Figure located supp Company, Water Mekorot of tanks storage the that is worse situation the makessupplysystem.What nationalwater with distributionunequal examplesof the of One
a . Reed : n.d. 7
. inside 4 approximately of population
Hierarchy of water requirements (liters per capita per day) per capita per Hierarchy(liters of requirements water
ten and
the
individuals
they village. 112 J 112 runningwater. such as Tel Arad, Awajan Arad, Tel as such enjoy access to running water: water: running to access enjoy ewishsettlementsinNegev the
are connected to water water to connected are lying water to the to lyingwater
By contrast By - Arabvillages haveaveragean
500, 500,
, hc a mn ohr i nt once t the to connected not is others many as which of water resources is village of Wadi Al Na‘am AlWadi village of is resources water of 55
dozens of singleof dozens or
S as soon as they are establishedtheyareas soon as awawin neighbourhoods
that that eih eteet hv an have settlements Jewish
are muchare smaller the than in which hundreds of familiesliveof hundredswhich in
Jewish
population of 1,740 populationof and cities in the area, are area, the incities and farms with populationsfarmswith
(NFC 2009). (NFC2009).
Bedouin average
(NFC the
CEU eTD Collection country purpose this for one hire tractor a 4 2004) Table oflaying cost thefor pipesthe several over kilometers. connectionshouldsubmittedbe o time and connection practice, In Committee. Water the byauthorized established,be must be one to connection a for order in However, connections. W becannotcan assured,nor maintainone personal and household hyg since risk health serious very a pose conditions kilometerone thistimethan (more approximately takes Almiit (2006), The in becausewater suchaccess villagesto is irregular period prolonged for there kept is water Sometimes cold. and heat to exposed are then tractors bycarried tanksin awayfar from to accessabsence of the In 5.1.1.2.
An average family requires two containers containers two requires familyaverage An week. ater supply ater in some unrecognized Bedouin villages is partly implemented fillingpoints
store 5 .
. n re t fil to order In
Listsoffor approving applications - d osmn (e Table (see consuming , usually , with carriedout
in ), the water source isclassified source water the ), asinaccessible 2003; Almi (Howard These 2006).
containers made from hard plastic or metal, plasticor hard frommadecontainers Accesswater:to
are usually are l and tow the container, it is necessary to have a tractor. tractor. a have to necessary is it container, the tow and l thirty
minutes)distanceand from villagethe to
running
( NIS 150 per filling per 150 NIS
located several kilometers away from the villagethe from awaykilometers several located Bedouin coping strategies coping Bedouin nbehalf morefamilies or often which laterobliged are pay to
5 the application the water, the ninety . oevr te plcto fr salsig a establishing for application the Moreover, ). connection to national water grid water toconnectionnational per assistanceexternalof agencies
week; ,
residents of unrecognizedvillagesresidentsof bringmust water minutes to fill minutesm to averagecontainer an(3.5 which makes water extremelyexpensive whichwater makes ). T ). 56
therefore the filling process is usually processis filling the therefore
he price of water is water of price he the .
process to to process
iia wtr eurmn fr survival for requirement minimal water
which get permission for independentpermission for get
are kept outside, where theywhere outside, kept are to the Water Committee(2003 Water tothe higher the iene2003). (Howard Residents who do not own a a own not do who Residents
andNGOs fillingpoint (moreth
than in other parts of the the of parts other in than via
individual water
. undertaken twice undertaken According to to According , is 4 . veryhard s 3 Water
). Given ). of time of
water water - an
is CEU eTD Collection WadiAl Na‘am TelArad UmAl_Hiran WadiAl Na‘am WadiAl Na‘am Tla‘Rasheed WadiGwain Gattmat TelAlmeleh village Nameof usedanimalfor consumption, agriculturefor 10% drinkingfor 15% and about effects,as wa the to Due via water animals containers or (45%) (Almi (8%) 2006). villagersto the connected of were 47% w reserve. a containersas water Bedouinskeepmakes This houses. distant meanwhich people), 250 average familiesseveral (on t of gauge the and weak guarantee not does one havingof fact the However, 2004. in 254 to 1995 in 142 from increased connections water independent of number The Source ater survey by the Regional Council for the UnrecognizedVillagesonly the Negev, about Regional inCouncilthe for the bysurvey ater :
adoptedfrom
its qualityits
e sotg sm vlaes up well pump villagers some shortage ter
Numberof Almi 2006 Almi families
isinspected not by Ministrythe ofHealth. 20 40 34 15 16 18 10 11 15 he pipe is narrow (usuallypipeheis narrow connectionaddition, Incm).servesthe 2.54
Numberof residents 112 247 172 107 115 100 63 94 39 independent
57
29 July29 2004 April29 2004 Feb26 2004 2003 Sept 11 2 Sept 11 2003 Sept 11 2003 Sept 11 application ofDate 11 Nov 2004 Nov 11 Aug23 2004
water connections, while the rest attainedconnections,while rest the water regular - s water, which may have adverse health adverse havemay which water,
that water pressure is lower in more in lower is pressure water that
003
access to water since water to access A bout 50% of the wellofthe 50% bout 19 Oct 2004 Oct 19 2004 Oct 27 2004 Oct 27 2004 Oct 27 2004 Oct 27 2004 Oct 27 2004 Oct 27 response ofDate 9 Jan9 2005 2004 Oct 31 According to a 2004 a Accordingto
(Almi
Approved 2006) its - water is water
No No No No No No No No No flow isflow .
CEU eTD Collection of the south (except for Arava and Eilat residents), serving aboutJewish serving 350,000 children. residents), Eilat of(exceptsouth and forthe Arava HospitalSoroka 19. age under children Arab Bedouin 87,000 about with children, district's someup ofmake 40% the Bedouinchildren Arab 2004. for of Statistics Bureau Central the to people according 5 whilepopulationofthe their is proportion much lower 16 August h child on 1990‘s the from E andCryptosporidiosis virus, lamblia, (GiardiaRota population co for liable is water quality Poor administeringperson treatment. for requiredis ample quality water good anof quantity dehydration, or burns of cases the in as such frequently, more even and related di isit difficultsanitationitmakeavoid skin infectionsto scabies.suchas healthya environment,hygienealwaysoflack Theproper readily body.and the replenished to throu movement physical residents‘ to allcontribute public transportation ofabsence village the the and and house the inservices diseases. Bedouin in shortage water implicationsofhealth main The 5.1.1. contaminates water wells and causes unregulatedthe useof unpurified (Almi water 2006). ( problemsewage the the given inspected; or itmay storage become water prolonged tested not is pipes and wells containers, in water of quality The
h Bdun rb mk u aot one about up make Arabs Bedouin The 2 fficult to maintain proper hygiene for treatment of the disease.the Manymaintain offficulthygienediseases water treatment are to proper for .
h dsac fo te od te al wl t te col u, h lc o basic of lack the bus, school the to walk daily the road, the from distance The
thousand Health ramifications Health
to 5 versus children, Bedouin
be discussedbe siaiain ae at rates ospitalization
-
ghout the day, and their subsequent loss of fluids, not not fluids, of loss subsequent their and day, the ghout quarter of the water shortagethe of mn netnl odtos mn te eoi Arab Bedouin the among conditions intestinal mmon in section 5.1.4 sectionin hot, turbid, and ridden hot, with algae and rust
of
58 the the patient‘s the
Beer Sheva district which comprises some 540,000 540,000 some comprises which district Sheva Beer thousand
the ) affects ) 5 .
Soroka Hospital indicate that that indicate Hospital Soroka and of poorwater quality of and
proper treatment proper
eih hlrn ae hospitalized, are children,Jewish villages are dehydration and skin and dehydrationvillages are the quality of water, as sewage as water, qualityof the - coli of various types). Data Data types). various of coli Wheninfectionan happens
as well as for the forwell asas
serves all residents residents servesall . Inaddition, .
every
- , CEU eTD Collection water, waste disposal and health services ―impacts the community‘s ability to community‘s ability to the ―impacts services health and disposal waste water, is, counterclaim The medicallyrecommended cases, aswel consanguineous of rate high explainedwere Bedouinpopulation theby amongst ―the rate the and general population‘srate Discrimination76) 2005, CERD (UN Negev. the in Bedouin among 15.8 versus birthslive 1,000 per 4.73 was rate national the 2004, In Source Figure timesnationalthe average (Almi 2003 three than more 8): Fig. (see Israelinhighest communities,the Bedouiniswhichmortalityin see researchers the of Some : Almi 2003 Almi : 8
. In the State report submitted to to submitted report State the In Infant Mortality Rates 1,0 (Per Infant
however, that absence of basic infrastructures services such as running as such servicesinfrastructures basic of absence that however,
a arae rlgos rhbto aant ab against prohibition religious marriage…
iet ik be link direct 00 Live Births) in the Negev the by in Live 00 1980 Births) Groups,Population lassocio , high , infant mortality and largethe rates betweengap the ,
2006). 2006). the
59 -
economicdifferences‖. tween water water tween N omte o te lmnto o Racial of Elimination the on Committee UN
cesblt ad ae o infant of rates andaccessibility
rin ee in even ortion, aeur the safeguard - 2000
CEU eTD Collection damage, cardiovascular problems, birth defects, throat and skin irritskin and brainthroat defects, birth problems, cardiovascular pressure, damage, blood high cancer, toxicity, acute and chronic including problems health (2006) Meallem lesserpollutiona risk,alsoe are to but at source the from away living further populations means pollution air of characteristic transboundary the However, piles. waste burningwith interacting and to livingclosest those are pollutants e ofrisk greatest at BedouinpopulationThe burnt. plastics)are chlorine (e.g. containing objects especially when risk, major a as highlighted is burning waste Household themselves. cases numerous also problems,aggravating weeks to ditches. veryisagricultural or problematic waste barrels in out carried usually is burning Backyard andcause concern.for to related environmentalimpacts settlements other methodsdisposal waste absen the In 5.1.2. cause can quality, poor its infectious diseases or and can affect abilitythe suchproperly illnesses. water, treat to of Lack 23). 2006, (NCF infants‖ young of health
Pattern2 ,
mtig vr tik mk. eiet cam hs s asn te respiratory them causing is this claim Residents smoke. thick very a emitting ce of waste collecting waste servicesof ce ons out points and -
discriminatorywastemanagement practices
f hlrn accidentally children of storing the conditionsof the
such as backyard burning, dumping and removal to municipal inbinsto removal dumpingburning,and backyard as such
ht ―b that waste these
rig at o a eua bss a ices te ik of risk the increase may basis regular a on waste urning on the backyard.the on as the manure straw and hayandmanure pilesthe straw as smouldercandays for
waste management practices are of great significance great of are practicesmanagement waste those alreadyare asthma(MeallemwithThere those 2006). ,
the residentstheof 60 stepping on still smouldering piles and burning and piles smouldering still on stepping
xtent. xtent.
(Meallem2006).
Bedouin
h patc o burning of practice The villages resort to informalvillages to resort ation, headaches, loss of loss headaches, ation,
Thepotenti
xposure to toxic to xposure alhealth and CEU eTD Collection Israel,Bedouinsthe deserve decisionmotivate should residents, n must Bedouin to infrastructuredisposal waste of provision settlements. Bedouin the of boundaries the beyond wellliving all neighbors or theirhandlers, not that means burningwaste) frompollution airincreased dumpingand from groundwater ofcontamination (e.g. practices certain of character transboundary The sizeand ofsnakescats‖, and increas inlarge backyardsitemswaste, construction suchas provides shelter for vermin.for sheltersprovides cancer as such illnesses various cause can inhalationfibresmajorashealth risk,asbestos a ofis waste asbestos of reuse and storage The also waste. byblocked the verminscavengingand animals dumpsthe to transboun has (which contamination water ground and leachingpotential to due concern informalinanother mixedis wastesdumps dumpingof The causeoverlooked of but illness and local air pollution. environmentalsettl Bedouin ofsurveyor problems heart and respiratory coordination,kidney and liver damage, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, and worseningthe ofexisting ern tem Wd Hebron) (Wadi stream Hebron provideideal breeding mosquitoesforgrounds ot be ignored. This fact, along with the withalong fact,This ignored. be ot
This waste is usuallyremovis waste This
to receive to samethe a resources urban status, In addition to the mentioned concerns, the storage of waste and waste of storage the mentionedconcerns, the to addition In ‖ the residents of the settlement are at risk, at are settlement the ofresidents the . In the absence of an extensive waste related epidemiologicalrelated extensive waste an ofabsence the In
es the riskesthe ofdisease (Me makers to take immediate mitigation steps. As citizensof Asimmediate mitigation steps. take to makers rsls n flooding in results , ements, it is likely that waste burninglikelyimportantisanis waste it ements,that . ,
Oneofthe 61
n te trg o storage the and ed during ed environmentalandhealth problems facing local
.
communities is a national problem that that problemnational a communitiesis commonpractices ay mat) n te trcin of attraction the and impacts) dary yearlyflood hn the when a llem 2006).
usqety te inadequate the Subsequently, bly at i backyards in waste bulky f eae stream sewage s. Informal waste dumps Informal waste such ndservices.
but also populationsalso but -
dumpingin waste pests as rats ―the asrats pests
only the waste waste onlythe
becomes
sources
CEU eTD Collection been defined as a radius of five kilometers from the site the fromkilometersfive of radius a asdefined been Almshash unrecognized in live they since problems more communities Negev iswhich Hovav, Ramat ofproblem The experiencedduring fieldthe research. there. waste hazardous of storage industrialandcomplex withinthe located factoriesemissions from pools, evaporation its and more d (for villages the through passing channels sewage open as hazards such to exposed Israel by ignored environmentala achieve fullthe to in realization order improvetake healthmust right of ―aspectsisthe ofto of states steps the of one establishesRightCultural that andSocial Economic, on Covenant The 5.1.3. ofirregularity collectionof waste in towns. the inandbins garbage streets (plasticbags,andanimal bottles which waste) problemthe points to The public concernto and environmental health (Meallem 2006). and villages Bedouin plannedinadequateprovisioninsettlementsthe solidmeansmanagement unrecognized waste that isgreat of in services disposal waste of absence complete The etails see section 5.1.4.) and pollutionand section5.1.4.) etails see problem that was observed in recognized townships include abundance of waste on the on waste of abundanceinclude townships recognized in observed was that problem
(iity f niomna Poeto 2007), Protection Environmental of (Ministry ‖ Pattern3
wi
th approximately th locate villages nd industrialnd hygiene‖ This 8). GA (UN 1966, however,statement, seems be to , -
d expos ie te at ht eiet o Bdun ilgs r disproportionally are villages Bedouin of residents that fact the given
around the site. the around - Wadi Al Na‘am, with a population of approximately 4,500, and Wadiand approximately 4,500, of population a with Na‘am,Al Wadi urehazardous to chemicalswaste, pollution and 850 residents 850
n o te concerns the of One
the However, residents of unrecognized villagesunrecognizedexperience of residents However,
from ― closest proximity to to proximity closest a
major focal point of air and water pollution in the pollutionin water and air of pointfocal major -
, the 62 fall within the area of highestwhichfalldanger, of has withinarea the
RamatIndustrialHovav Complex Fig.9) (see
(Almi2003) - fet bt Bdun n Jewish and Bedouin both affects
ev odours heavy aa Hovav Ramat . Some of the homes inhomes the of Some .
rm h st, was site, the from
To f the of Two .
CEU eTD Collection ahehm ru) mt infcn cnetain o hzros hmcl ot f their of chimneys,including highlyHovavRamat chemicals out toxicplantsat carcinogens.Two and chemicals hazardous of concentrations significant emit Group) Ltd Makhteshim Compounds Bromine (particularly Hovav Ramat at factories the of Several alongwith water the materials organic compon water the until pools the in kilometers.issquarestored waste some13 The ofextending poolsareaevaporationan over area the in beds river the of chemicalthe of the Insite. theproduct factorieson T Source Figure site).the or meters (500 HovavRamatfrom road the across right located AlWadiNa‘amare he environmental ramifications of the facilityenvironmentalthe ramificationshe of : Google : Earth 9 . Ramat HovavZone Ramat . Industrial
,
some of which are known to be highly dangerous carcinogens highlydangerous be to known are which of some
(Almi2003) contaminating .
ents evaporate. evaporate. ents 63
are associated with toxic waste which is a iswhich waste toxic with associated are groundwater
past, waste waschanneled waste past, directly into one oee, t However, Txc at i nw trd in stored now is waste Toxic . xc elements oxic
uh as such ,
evaporate evaporate lessfrom and volatile -
by the the -
CEU eTD Collection cancer infections, of Residents 2003) site the from awaykilometers zone, areas distant more kilometers Health of findings the to According 5.1.3.1. site storage ( DefenseForces RamatHovavthe additionIn to stay fire.Alla explosion caused the fluid organicwaste; holdingcontainerfollowing explosiona inadministrativean order an closurereceived factory the 2001, March In Hovav. Ramat incendiary at the operates Akosol waste. toxiccontaining Ltd. Akosol and Services Environmental for CompanyGovernment
in protected rooms, while rooms, inprotected residents the ofWadi Al
.
nldn te eiet o Be Sheva. Beer of residents the including among rates mortality infant and cancer the , (Almi2003; Johal 2005)
a high proportion of proportion high a of the of
- , the Israelthe , Electric Company and Bedouin Health ramifications Health IDF
Ramat Hovav Industrial Zone Industrial Hovav Ramat
(Johal 2005) (Johal )
munitionsfactor villages report report villages the . after soldiers after
. Approximately . I miscarriages ndustrial 04 epidemiological2004
y and militaryandy the firezone, asth Complex ma , heart disease at a young age, and highlevelsofand age, young a at disease heart , fell 64 the
E
mn cide udr h ae f six of age the under children among e te D vacated IDF the ven ill and complainedandill are 65% higher than among people livinginpeople among than higher 65% are 350 M , e were siteemployees the the on WadiA
korot korot thousand
N those
a‘amleftwere unprotected study nationalcarrier site.water l
Na h live who
are ot by out carried people ‘ amis bysurrounded an
Efrat OilTerminalEfrat about heavy odors heavy about –
live within this danger thiswithinlive its a within house iiay campmilitary the piles of barrels of piles ais of radius iity of Ministry . advised
-
an oil an (Almi Israel ,
two eye
20 to to -
CEU eTD Collection aaeet evcs n unrecognized in servicesmanagement and collection waste proper of absence the of because site disposal waste a as villages the near passes also It villageUm recognizedrecentlyof includesdomesticstreampasses industrialthrough andsewage both HebronIt The waste. kilometersten to up if winds strong are there other Among flow. open problemsare unfenced an of form the in village the through directly passes sewage latter, the In Matnan. Umm Alhamam and Bir Almshash, Alzarnug Bir Alsir, Qasar villages.S unrecognized the ofmany near and through pass that mountains) Hebron and Dimona (from streams sewage untreated open additionally two Whileabsence ofsewage system in villagesthe communitythe risks poses to by itself, are there of content the water and drinking water of source mosq for problems additional creates solution this However, way the of One haveany facilities proper disposalthefor ofsewage. Bedouinvillages the of sanitationservices amongdeterminants.adequate these Healthyare environment to access and righ The 5.1.4. uitoes, rodents, or contamination of ground water and wells, which are used both as a as both used are whichwells, and water ground of contamination or rodents, uitoes,
Pattern6 t to health includes ensuring the presence of the underlying determinants of health. of underlying determinants the of presence the ensuring includes health to t odour a s fullpit(usually it
Bedouins deal with the sewage problem is building concrete or mud cesspits.mudproblembuildingsewageis or the Bedouins withdeal concrete –
the sewage:differentiated systemexposureaccess the and to and mosquitoes. Therangemosquitoes. and of
Bedouin township of Tel Sheva. The steam is used by the residents ofresidents the byused issteam The Sheva. Tel of townshipBedouin Negev are still not connected to the nationalthe sewagestill to connectedNegevare not implies m
for Batin, and Batin,
ilgs Ti cnrbts o h sntto ad health and sanitation the to contributes Thisvillages. the flocks. Moreover, there is alwaysis there Moreover, flocks. the
hiringconstructing or truck) a (Meallen2006). 65
the
mosquitoescan be unreco
gnized villagesgnizedAmra.Algrin and of the ewage lines affect the villagesof the linesaffect ewage
eoi community Bedouin up to six to up a new one. new a one. system not and do
a kilometers
need to pump to need
,
uh as such , and ,
the CEU eTD Collection additionalexpenditures for unsustainabl Generators 2006). Meallem 2003; (Almi villages Bedouin hours coupleevenings a inthe for operated D headsresidentsthe must usediesel fuel to establishedin Al Wadi carrying is example line Another the Arad. under to electricity directly live residents its of hundred one Approximately 3,700. Fur‘a Al villageof the isexamples the of One grid. the to connected s the and cities big to electricity carrying lines voltage high villagesnationalthe Interestingly, grid. isto connected somevillages waythe on of located are Thi 5.1.5. leachingthe water. into ground water of waste to environmentaldue hazardsthe to and flow water polluted of blockage the to due hazards ieselgenerators s pattern dealselectricitywith unequal pattern saccess to
Pattern4 . They e. the center of the villagethe 1 Fig.of(see center the , –
which in maninwhich
differentiatedaccesselectricity to
rdc nie ei oor ad eur dee t wr, hc means which work, to diesel require and odours emit noise, produce Bedouins who represent the poorest segment BedouinsofIsraeli poorest therepresent who society. y cases are purchased jointly by a number of familiesofnumberare andjointly a by purchased are cases y produce ,
are t are 66
0 he
). their own power viatheir power own generators.
,
aa, hr a oe sain a been has station power a where Na‘am, main an importantpublican resource. Whileelectricity theirlinesabove just run
source of electricityof in source r inefficient are urrounding areas but are not not are but areas urrounding h
with a population of population a with ,
expensive unrecognized None of the of None
and
CEU eTD Collection communities:― wo activist NGO one explained was it As roofs. their on panels solar villagesBedouin hadthe in houses the of some that observed was fieldit researchthe During 5.1.5.1. ill suchchronicforparticularly and drugs temperatures, for low at storage require ointments that conditionsmedicines,for storage varioussuchas proper provide unableBedouinsto whenare childrenfood requiredecent who refrigerators in food store inability to when cases the include ramifications Indirect Bedouins. of health the affects indirectly and directly villages the in electricity of Absence Source Figure nessesasasthma. : 10 LIFE
. H igh voltage lines igh
200 Electricity: 7 Solar panels are the solution that is adapted by residents of the place‖. the of residents by adapted is that solution the are panels Solar
in the u the in sustainable nrecognized villageof nrecognized
in order to developeffectproperly.direct Theinvolves to in order cases coping strategies coping 67
Wadi Al Na‘am Al Wadi
o f o
Bedouin community Bedouin .
kn wt Bedouin with rking
affects
Thus,
CEU eTD Collection securityandoftenure their homes illegal.are poverty Urban housing.town adequate culturally to right their of violation the is homes urban in them communitieson ( dignity‖ and peace, security,inlive somewhere to rightinvolves housing―the adequate of notion The Universal the Declaration in declared was it As villages. Bedouin in housing inadequate with deals pattern This 5.1.6. makesutilizing anenergyfor solaroption attractive power i especiallyenergy,Negev, intensitysolar the inofthe location, geographic Israel‘s of Because solarrunbyisenergy‖ mosque that 2006). (Golan multipurpose recen the Among However, if
a family can afford it, a solar hook up will supplement the electricity needs of the familythe of needselectricity the supplementwill up hook solar a it, affordfamily can a ships
Pattern5
rates en o hmef n o hs aiy icuig od cohn, osn and housing clothing, food, including medicalcare family, his of and himself of being ad living of standard a to right the has Everyone UN a singlea system solar power is eno not do not provide access to land or employment andor land to access provide not do
solar among
As it was noted noted was it As EC 19) Ti, oee, otait te elt fcd y Bedouin by faced reality the contradicts however, This, 1992). CESCR an – l rcgie vlae, h Derij the villages, recognized tly
everydaybasis. inadequate housing inadequate electricity
and necessaryservices.and social the ofHuman Rights Bedouin population. The Bedouin in unrecognized villages have no villagesunrecognizedhave in Bedouin The population. Bedouin ytm wih rvds h rsdns ih gen electricity ―green‖ with residents the provides which system, by one of my informers,my of one by In the BedouinInthe case,removing them fromand putting tent a .
(UN GA (UN 1948)
68
ugh to provide 24 ughto
t ilg i kon o hvn is own its having for known is village at equate for the health and welland health the for equate :
―The mosque in Derijat is the first first the is Derijat in mosque ―The ndependence in some cases contribute to to contribute cases somein - hour power to a household.a to power hour
ofBedouins .
high .
CEU eTD Collection rights and equality before the law as all other citizens of the State. However, when it comes to whencomesto it However, equalityallcitizenslawandasrightsState. the before other the of are BedouinsThe becauseoftheir ethnicity, culture,class religion. or negativeenvironmentalthe consequencesof share disproportionate a maybear and Bedouins, group some world real the in However, matters. related decisionininformation,participation to access as well as resources natural and benefits, investments, environmental to access to comes it levelsalsoimpliesclass, regardlessreligion race, It of gender. or fair and equal treatment jurisdictional all discrimination at indirect or direct without distributed equally are benefits E 5.2. theiron health their them denyingsubsistence environment, and territories traditional their from will displacementof the to lead that activities respect, this In society. the I demolitionviolates orders children‘sthe development. proper right to Bedouins of healthpsychological stro a have and constantlytheirpotentialhomesfaceofthe being demolished. housesdemolitions, House in new build cannot villages unrecognized in Bedouin growth, population rapid birth The n communitiesn nvironmentalge isjustice ENVIRONMENTALHARM A
ICSIG H IMPAC THE DISCUSSING
rate of Bedouinsa isof rate
g fet on effect ng and breaking their symbiotic relationship with their lands, has a deleterious effectdeleterious a haslands, symbiotictheir relationshiptheir withbreaking and ( UN CESCR1992). UN suchas offici al the Bedouin,the
the
citizens of Israel, which means that they which meansthat Israel,citizens of nerally understood as a as nerally understood
elh f h Bdun family 200 (Almi Bedouin the of health mongst the highest in the world (Almiworld highestinthe200 the mongst ,
especially ND BENEFITSND the health of the individualhealththe the of ishealthlinkedthe often of to S F NQA DISTRI UNEQUAL OF TS 69 of
- making, and access to justice in environmentinjustice to access andmaking,
young children. Moreover, Moreover, children. young
condition when environmentalwhenconditionand hazards
s
of peopl of e may be disadvantaged,as maybe e are to to are
6 . hy nemn the undermine They ). Bedouin 6 enjoyt ). However, despite However, ). the UIN OF BUTION s against their against s he samelegalhe xcto of execution sources their
when turn, turn, for - CEU eTD Collection
exc their forland dunamsof of hundreds Bedouins ( agricultural While Plan. Road‖ ―Wine the is approach examplesthe of Onecitizens. Jewish available to are however, options, of lifestyle and practices traditional the meets suburbanlocality oftypeurban or than agricultural rather villages building Bedouins Arab discriminating been has government arrangements ign By justiceand equality. Arab the of rights medicalservicein shortage a by compounded roads access proper and disposal, basic of Absence to connection 14). as suchservices and 2006, infrastructure (NCF villages the to services municipal provide to refuse illegalintheIsrael Definingunrecognizedvillagesthe ―scattered clusters‖, the as citizensofIsrael violare villagethe in v Bedouinvillagesthe officialconsequentlyofabsence ofand theunrecognized status address to inability their is Bedouins of rights citizen be to realityseemsfacts, 6
twenty Identification Card Card Identification oring - nine permits.
( Yiftachel2006)
planning 6
Jewish and one Arab one Jewishand . h eitne f neonzd villages unrecognized of existence the n h bss f t of basis the on This is just one of one justis This
will have the name o name the willhave h ol pann oto aalbe o eois los hm o ie n an in live to them allows Bedouins available to option planning only The Bedouin
option ated by the State. by ated State. the different . Each farmis Each . , it has initiated a plan to to plan a initiated has it , citizens
the . One of the examples demonstrating the controversy of the of controversyexamples the demonstrating the of One . - e 1965 he Bedouin household) on the area currentlybeingarea claimed the byon household)Bedouin f
the to dozens
tribe instead ofplace of instead the tribe residency. a lusive use. Most of the farms are establishedfarmsare without the of Most lusiveuse. plannedfor
health
the ainl lnig n Cntuto Law, Construction and Planning National of 70
examples proving that rights of Arab BedouinArabofexamples rights provingthat y oenet eet t poie eoi with Bedouin provide to rejects government the
the electric, water and sewage grids, waste waste grids, sewage and water electric, the environment
ote in municipal elections due to to due elections municipal in ote a singlea family and dozenswith provided Diffe community. Bedouin
n h gatn o huig ihs and rights housing of granting the in
and buil d xldn te fo planning from them excluding
according to to according thirty preferredby Bedouins
ige oshl farms household single of
different the et planning rent i governmenti s impede the impede s rnils ofprinciples planning which
the the es
CEU eTD Collection water denialThe of mediathe (television, computersand mobile t residents. villages.the inlights street no isrelativelyitof limitedfewa for only since generators use, operate the Evenmakingwhenfamilies refrigerator,difficultfood. it store however,to refrigerator,have a Since householdrates all allotmentat water anyreceive lower Jewishfarmerspricesfor are water Bedouinvillages with obtai to prior often access, water with individuals ten than less of population settlement Jewish While policies. demonstrates plans outlined , for example, for ,
neonzd ilgs r nt once t electricity, to connected not are villages unrecognized th n h hueod ae, Arab rates, household the an Theway choose. If Bedouin wants to live in urban in live to wants Bedouin If choose. wantthey wantthan peopleurbansettlement, the in to live to if And society. We settlement. t agricultural want or areas, modern the in live to areas, urban are that settlements in live of to possibility a have variety to want We Jerusalem. the in example for existent, offered be to want do Bedouins The least give us the opportunity to ch to opportunity usthe leastgive Among other problemsbyfacedoff Amongother inequal municipal ,
hv ti psiiiy W cm fo te oe pn agricultural open more the from come We possibility. this have o
and n bidn pris r gatd eratvl (C 20) Ti clearly This 2006). (NCF retroactively granted are permits building and a
localactivistNGO it: puts facedifficulties great is ityin an three servicesmakes average population of 1,740 continue to be offbe continueto 1,740 averagepopulation of s
access to the landthe to access n snl farms single and
to to
This contributes to to contributes This ten
(NFC 2006) (NFC heavilysubsidize times highertimes ningplanning permission theirdwellingsfor
them Bedouin ae ces o lcrct and electricity to access have in oosebetween settlements. typesof the
subsist
elephones). for Arab BedouinsdiscriminationAraband for in planning much
- 71 grid Bedouin communities are lack of access to Bedouincommunitiesto accessgrid oflack are ln te Wn Ra‖ n h Negev the in Road‖ ―Wine the along
.
As a result a As for Bedouins (NFC 2006) (NFC Bedouins for eev salr ae allotments water smaller receive ing
- more expensiveBedouinmore for a planned area, that is fine. But at But fine. is that area, planned d growing feeling of insecurity among the insecurityamong feelingof growing
by offtheir land.
the , they have to pay for the water at at water the for pay to havethey , government m s hms o o hv a have not do homes ost
r popl provided promptly are - hours a day.a hours grid. at a rate of 3.5 times 3.5 of rate a at . As for electricity,for As Moreover, while Moreover, s . The priceofThe . , most of the of most ,
or or T hereare do not not do
with CEU eTD Collection ae, hlrn wmn n mn r lf wtot ro oe ter ed I sm css te oie behaved police the cases, some In head. their over roof a them. on orders demolition some putting violentlyhomespeopleorinjured demolishing whileand without left are men and women children, a of cases, orders by homes their of out family‘ driven the oftop on are destroyed(usuallybybulldozers are houses Families the officer,and police morning. the of hours early the in out carried usually 7 of decisionsthe of Most Jewishcommunities ofBedouin in that farvillagesare area the superior to and townships. generated the in hazards environmental of distribution The housingand land rights. theirsecure to recognizedbein order to need the on Bedouinframeconcentrates the contrast, issues appliesto often This context. security a ininteraction considering of question the brings this All houses40 July on place whichtook 200 in demolishedare housesannually. 100 than Thus, usually building Allconstructionsin the Bedouins evenings. source unsustainable villages of residents
hscl eoiin tk pae y qas f local of squads by place take demolitions Physical
military 3 (NFC 2006 (NFC 3 retroactively approved, it is punishedisit retroactively approved,
without permission without
byfacilities incloseproximitylocated Bedouinsettlements. infrastructuresThe into was the city
bulldozed,leaving Bedouins300 liveplace a without to ( needs and interests of interests and needs stn o te aa Hvv nutil Zone Industrial Hovav Ramat the of siting , ; see also Appendix IV Appendixalso see ;
are forced to to forced are hc poie te with them provides which that that
27, impact
is
2010, is when t whenis 2010,
tolerated in Jewishincommunities tolerated recognition ‘
unrecognizedvillages consideredare the buy Bedouin communityBedouin the
isl for diesel affected Bedouin community, the State frames the frames State community,the Bedouinaffected , 104 , to the surface. It seems that when it comes to to comes it when that seems It surface. the to inBedouinvillage he entire villageentireal ofhe
72 oie n land and police
113 houses were demolishedwere housesin2002 113 ).
lcrct ol for only electricity north One of the recent examples of demolition,examplesof recent the of One generato - easter - -
administration officials. Such raids are are raids Such officials. administration land expropriationland of allocation and use of land. In land. of use andallocation of s n ue hs expensive this use and rs
n s where
withdemolition order ee i sc ta te are they that such is Negev , -
Arakib ee ae ihu the without made were unlicensedbuildings are
a Aljazeer illegal.w However, ope or i the in hours couple s possessions). In many possessions). sIn with approximatelywith s, a 2010 a construction
and ). 7 .
More More
157 and hile
CEU eTD Collection environmentalthefor risks and damage inflicted Bedouinon community. fairpermitexample, designeda For outcome. to not has there participationBedouinofrepresentatives. This clearly demonstrates 73
not been compensationnot adequate a power imbalance power which is
CEU eTD Collection environmentalris health waste safer facilitate to identified practices, disposal discriminatory waste to regard With alleviatingconsequencesthe of on focuswill therefore belikely to immediateanddoubtful mitigationtransformationis apolicies, Bedouinsuch record past governments the on based However, need. dire in villages is Bedouin the government‘s environment.policy healthy for needs their recognize unrecognized ofBedouin residents the for implications severe especially has risks environmental housing inadequate and electricity to access differentiated exposure, to chemic waste, exposure hazardous practices, management waste discriminatory water, to access differentiated T suggestionsfurtherfor research offered.are research the givesconclusionof andanalysis, study findingssummarizethe the of of andpreliminaryprovidesinterpretations chapter data of results patterns recommendationsthe on based and study the of findings en the discussed and presented chapter Previous 6. CHAPTER e olwn pten o ueul itiuin of distribution unequal of patterns following he vironmen
policy vil
tal injustice that were detected during the main stage of the research. Current Current research. the of stage main the during detected were that injustice tal ht eae te rvso of provision the negates that lages initiated Te oenet hud cet h polm o is eoi ctzn and citizens Bedouin its of problems the accept should government The .
by regarding resource allocation to plannedallocationregarding resource Bedouinto settlements,change a in RECOMMENDATIONS AND AND RECOMMENDATIONS initiatives at NGOs ks by means of local education and raising awareness campaigns raisingthat awareness and educationlocal of meansby ks l ad olto, eae dfeetae acs t te ytm and system the to access differentiated sewage: pollution, and als
and externalagenciesand lack ofaccess to
management grassroots level grassroots
municipal 74
Frt n icue m includes one First . municipalservices in unrecognized villages.
. and willand includepossible the solutionsfor
Some of the of Some ln wt te oiiain f the of modification the with Along evcs o eiet of residents to services niomna hrs ee identified: were harms environmental several CONCLUSIONS
nta apoce hv been have initial approaches followingrecommendations tgto o pbi and public of itigation Epsr t these to Exposure .
eff orts are more are orts unrecognized .
Moreover, Moreover,
regarding
CEU eTD Collection choice g housing,culturally adequate the Regarding irrigation bereusedcrop for appliancesDependinglevel the toilets.except on purification, processesandof greycan water system. water grey introducing by solvedpartially villages the in shortages Water associated unrecognized biodigester of introduction The motors. and refrigerators fuelling and lighting products The matter. plant anaerobicthe digestionon of work b is villages Bedouin in used be can that informalimpactsofhealth disposal.agricultural waste implement to isproposal Second andimproved lead to health conditions entirethefor household families (especially their their of behavior the modify can which actionsmitigation environmentalhealth. hazards related waste Bedouinwomen,sincedeal who one the theywithare management waste bene villagesinclude populations risk high target is f epn aes clean. areas keeping of fits of different type of settlements available for other citizens of the State. Whetherisitansettlements different available citizens ofof State. type the ofother for
causing them to produce to them causing withagricultural
Bedouin
exposure pathways, hazardous waste, vermin,general safetywaste, the measures andpathways,hazardous exposure
biodigester works on natural microbial processes that operate on waste waste on operate that processes microbial natural on works biodigester Thus, villageshelpcan soitd with associated
waste disposal waste and economic
andeven drinking. these women willwomenbecome these . h ifrain ht hud e eiee t rsdns f the of residents to delivered be should that information The where ,
waste recoveryprograms waste Meallem
organicmaterials methane gas which is readily usable for cooking, heating, cooking, for readilyusableis which gas methane
mitigate the publicmitigatethe and h ne t cnev wtr s pronounced is water conserve to need the iogas trg, ipsl rue n resale and reuse disposal, storage, (2006) suggests that it is important to educate educate to important is it that suggests (2006) overnment should provideshouldovernment 75
d ige Grey water is water Grey , ster
animalhuman and/or and products waste
One of the ―waste the of One ―
agents of change, empowered to take take to empoweredchange, of agents
problems -
and self ‖ ( ‖ -
mitigateenvironmentalthe and environmentalhealthproblems contained biogas systems that that systems biogas contained Meallem92). 2006,
relating to water the
-
from all w all from to invillagesthe - Bedouins with the withBedouins recourse‖ option recourse‖ purchasing
, ytm into systems
and , ater
ol be could children) , about about , - about about fuel using .
s
CEU eTD Collection them healththem unrecognizedvillagesresolvedandbe shouldrecognized the inproblemsHealth itsculture and promoting sustainablea way oflife. m Bedouin the willintegrate that bridge a create can village.possibilitiesthe inthe full creating cooperation for thus, activities,center the involvedin willbe elderlypeople Moreover, greenhouse. trees and club sit youth site, women‘sBedouins: of need certain filla to meant are that areas four ecologicalbuilders creat center the of techniques.permaculture newer and methods Bedouintraditional both from communityThe solarbeisdesigned center to Source Figure al Qasr of village the (BUSTAN2010) in built be to planned is that center community model the in villages Bedouin in applied be of traditionalculturalneedsandthe meetshould settlement the township,urban farmor agrarian the : BUSTAN : 2010 11 Bedouincommunityt contradict shouldandnot . Plan services in full on the basis of equality,regardless ofbasis the fullon inservices
of
the .
es work opportunities for Bedouins who for this reason will be trained as trained willbe reason this for who Bedouins for opportunities work es Bedouincommunity center and willbe and
activelyinvolved .
- powered and use other ―green‖ techniques other useand takenpowered 76 rpsd y UTN NGO BUSTAN by proposed
in construction in
inoritywhileIsraeliinsocietypreserving heiridentity. of the status of land, house or or house land, of status the of
Implementationmodelthisof process O ne of the models that canmodels the ofthat ne .
The site willsiteinclude The
-
The construction The Sir –
environmental
by providingby se Fig.11) (see e, men‘s e,
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and exploredandin the exposure to hazardous waste, chemicalsand waste, hazardous to exposure
Bedouin non fenvironmental and risks? goods
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Negev, Israel. It representsonly Israel.It Negev, dimensionone challengesofthe faced by Bedouins. At The findings of this research clearly indicate that recognition is a crucial factor and factor crucial a is recognition that indicateclearly research this findings of The , however,taking , theirinto account traditional way oflife
and
tice is not the only problem imposed on Bedouin communityBedouinthe inonlyproblemimposedon the not istice ―culturally
touch upon the subjects of subjects the upon touch Types of unequal treatment and exposure to environmental risks inenvironmental risks to exposure and treatment unequal of Types he disadvantaged position of Bedouin community determines theircommunity determinesBedouin of position disadvantaged he specific ards such as pollution from Ramat Hovav Industrial Complex,Industrial Hovav Ramat from pollution as such ards inadequate , and the environmental threat they face is high compared to to highcomparedis face they environmental threat the and , needs ‖
of the of housing. 79
etl nutc cnrbts o hi further their to contributes injustice mental Bedouin uneven access to nature and green areas, green and nature to access uneven
h stain f h Bdun iig in living Bedouin the of situation The minority or without integrating it integrating without or minority .
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rbto of tribution inefficient north The - CEU eTD Collection 80
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- net.org/document.php?pid=2670 oiis f lsr ad odr Economy Border and closure of Policies j ustice:
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CEU eTD Collection ______. 2008. Environmental 2008. ______. justice in Israelithe context. Obstacles.Planning? andParticipatory Expectations for Ready Israel Is 2005. F. Shmueli, D. Shamir,Suspended 1996. in R. BedouinsSpace: underlaw the ofIsra 2007. ______. move global justice: environmental Reconceiving 2004. D. Schlosberg, Sandler 2003. S.F. Rallis and G.B., Rossman, Originsthe on Notes A.1988. Rosen,S. ofNomadismPastoral Negev the in Villages Unrecognized the for Council Regional the About ______.2010. The RegionalCouncil Unrecognizedfor Villages inNegev the and Arab the Association Humanfor RegionalCouncil - Loeff, A., and Shahak, Y. 2006. People with disabilities in Arab society in Israel: an Israel:disabilitiesin societywith Arab Peoplein 2006. Y. Shahak, and A., Loeff, omte (D) sal URL: Israel. (JDC) [consultedJuly25 2010] Distribution http://www2.jdc.org.il/files/disability/publications/arab Joint Jerusalem: report. Research Committee change. social for opportunity resea andSinai. Negev. the URL: in Villages Bedouin _english1.jpg Arab http://www.rcuv.net/en/admin/my_documents/my_files/unr Unrecognized RCUVCESCRReport.pdf Rights. Update: to submitted Negev Report the 2003. in Villages Unrecognized The 2003. (RCUV/AHR). Rights 2384 TheoryPlanning& Practice 231 (2): 30 Oxford University York: PressInc. theories. - rch. 2401. http://rcuv.wordpress.com/about
eiig niomna jsie tere, oeet ad nature. and movements theories, justice: environmental Defining Environmental PoliticsEnvironmental
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40: -
CEU eTD Collection Tarek, N. I. I. N. Tarek, 2002. A. Tal, Invisible Citizens: 2006. Y. Hasson, and S., Swirski, Socio 1979. Y. Gradus, and E., Stern, Malbasic,K., Harper, Filcak, R., C., Cahn, F., Borthwick, Atkins, L., Antypas,A., T., Steger, Bedouin Negev the of Yearbook Statistical Bedouin Negev the of Yearbook Statistical Bar and A., Soffer, Sol 2000. D. Silverman, Shrader imano, A. 1998. 1998. imano,A. - Frechette, K. S. 2002. 2002. S. K. Frechette, uin nvriy f h Ngv URL: Negev. the URL: of Negev. University the 0yearbook http://www.geog.bgu.ac.il/fastSite/coursesFiles/bedouins/publications/statistical%2 Gurion De Regional for Center Negev the and of Development and Studies University 99.pdf h Gurion Ben Sheva: BeerRegionalDevelopment. for Center Negev the andDevelopment 423 16: MichiganPress. Publications. democracy. f eoi Ctzn i te aa (ee) y en o Ara Sprayi Aerial The of Means by (Negev) Chemicals. Naqab the in Citizens Bedouin of UniversityofCalifornia Press. [consultedMay29 2010] Ben Sheva: http://www.geog.bgu.ac.il/fastSite/coursesFiles/bedouins/publications/swirski.pdf Beer Bedouin. Negev Ekistics 2007. EasternCentralEurope. and K. Medarova, and I., 2004. 2004. ttp://www.geog.bgu.ac.il/fastSite/coursesFiles/bedouins/publications/yearbook19 Pollution
[consultedJuly25 2010] By All Means Possible: A report on the Destruction by the State of Crops Crops of State the byDestruction the on report AllPossible:ByMeansA – - 277: 224 277: Gal, Y. 1985. Plannedcritique.BedouinsettlementinAIsrael: 1985. Y. Gal, Social 451. .pdf Doing qualitative research: a practical handbook. handbook. practical a research: qualitative Doing
Oxford:Oxford University Press.
n poie ln: n niomna hsoy f Israel of history environmental an land: promised a in
[consultedJuly25 2010] i
nequality: nequality: –
230. rb soito fr ua Rgt (HRA). Rights Human for Association Arab
niomna jsie cetn eult, reclaiming equality, creating justice: Environmental
v - alues, cultural considerations in planning towns for nomads. for planninginconsiderations towns cultural
Budapest: CentralBudapest: U European
aig h Cs fr niomna Jsie in Justice Environmental for Case the Making 20. er hv: h Cne fr Bedouin for Center The Sheva: Beer 2004. . 93 . g
rowth, and the State. the rowth,and 99 Te etr o Bdun tde and Studies Bedouin for Center The 1999.
- uin Un Gurion
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vriy f h Ngv URL: Negev. the of iversity
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CEU eTD Collection .. niomna Poeto Aec (.. P) nd Evrnetl utc. URL: Justice. Environmental n.d. EPA). (U.S. Agency Protection Environmental U.S. 2005. CERD). Discrimination (UN Racial of Elimination the on Committee Nation United Econo on Committee Nation United 1966. ______. GA). Assembly (UN General Nation United United Proceedi CommissionChristThe ofRacial 1991. ChurchUnited(UCCCRJ).forJustice Abu Thabet Bedouins. Negev the of Case the Education: and Rights Human 2008. N. Tarrow,
ain (N. 90 Uie Ntos eea Asml Rslto 4/4 URL: 45/94. Resolution Assembly General Nations United 1990. (UN). Nations eebr 1966, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b36c0.html December 2010] URL: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/45/a45r094.htm URL: DC. [consultedJuly10 2010] Washington 1991, environmental color firstnationalof peopleleadership the 24 summit. October New http://www.adalah.org/newsletter/eng/apr06/ar2.pdf Adalah‘s Identities PolityCulture,and Studiesin sh.pdf http://www.arabhra.org/HraAdmin/UserImages/Files/CropDestructionReportEngli http://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/ http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/43f Israel addendum: 2004: in 2005, due parties States of reports periodic Elimination the on Convention submitted bypartiesReports under articleStates Convention:ofthe 9 International ocument http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/469f4d91a9378221 General - Ras. 2006. 2006. Ras.
EDC41Ad2 URL: CERD/C/471/Add.2. [consul http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b3712c.html
nentoa Cvnn o Eooi, oil a Social Economic, on Covenant International [consultedJuly28 2010] omn N. : h Rgt o dqae Housing. Adequate to Right The 4: No. Comment ad ipts n sal Te ae f h Bdun f h Naqab. the of Bedouin the of Case The Israel: in Disputes Land ted 24 July24 ted 2010]
ntd ain, ray eis 9: 3. 993: Series Treaty Nations, United lte 24. sletter
mic, Social and Cultural Rights (UN CESCR). 1992. 1992. CESCR). (UN Rights Cultural and Social mic,
94 of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: 13th 13th Discrimination: Racial of Forms All of 1948. 1948.
http://ecojustice.net/document/principles.htm
8 (2): 137 (2): 8 300a60.html nvra Dcaain f ua Rights. Human of DeclarationUniversal
[consultedJuly23 2010] af: Adalah. Haifa: - 158.
[consultedMay31 2010]
[consultedMay29 2010] [consultedJuly29 2010] [consultedJuly28 2010] c12563ed0053547e?Opend
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cnutd 5 July 15 [consulted
1 September 1 ,
HAGAR HAGAR
ngs of ngs URL: URL: URL:
16 , -
27, 27,
CEU eTD Collection Young, I. M. 1990. 1990. M. I. Young, 2008. ______. PlanningUnjust:and Inappropriate 2006. ______. Israe the andArabs Bedouin 2003. Yiftachel, O. 2003. (WHO). Organization Health World 1995. S. P. Wenz, and L., Westra, 19 M. Walzer, esetr 4 Hia Aaa. URL: Adalah. Haifa: 83 %202008.pdf 2008: (2) 8 Identities and http://www.geog.bgu.ac.il/membe Polity Culture, in Studies HAGAR 24. http://www.adalah.org/newsletter/eng/apr06/ar1.pdf Newsletter Saad%20and%20Champaign%20%282003%29.pdf URL: D. Development, ed. In Resistance. URL: [consultedJuly27 2010] Organization. g Basic York: New Books. Press. lobal lobal
Epilogue: Studying N StudyingEpilogue: 83. 83. j ustice. http://www.geog.bgu.ac.il/members/yiftachel/new_papers_eng/in%20Abu utc ad the and Justice pee o jsie a ees o puaim n equality and pluralism of defense a justice: of Spheres
[ Lahman:Rowman & Littlefield. consultedJuly24 2010] h Ftr o Idgnu Pol: taeis o Sria and Survival for Strategies People: Indigenous of Future The
ChampagneAbu I. and
Faces of of Faces p http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/rtwrev.pdf aqab/Negev Bedouins aqab/Negev olitics of of olitics rs/yiftachel/new_papers_2009/yiftachel%20hagar 95 h Rgt o ae. eea Wrd Health World Geneva: Water. to Right The
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[consultedJuly24 2010] r [consultedJune17 2010] Toward a colonial paradigm?colonial a Toward acism: - 47. Los Angeles:Los Press. 47. UC c onfronting onfronting - 0. URL: 108. i ssues of of ssues
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CEU eTD Collection wereestablishedfollowing ResolutionGovernment of29 881on September 2003. ofvillages were ten eight them recognized; year fortableofis the then Since the 2002. in presented Note: data Source APPENDIXI. APPENDIXES : Statistical Yearbook Statistical : ofNegev the Bedouin 2004 BedouinPopulation in Unrecognizedthe Villages, 2
96
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CEU eTD Collection Source Figure1 APP ENDIXII. : Regional Council ofRegionalCouncil : (RCUV)UnrecognizedVillages A .
Map of the Unrecognized Arab Bedouin Villages in the Negev, the Israel of BedouinMapUnrecognized Arab in Villages the Maps
97
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CEU eTD Collection Source Figure2 : RegionalCo : A .
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CEU eTD Collection Source Figure : Shmueli 2008 Shmueli : 3A .
Environmental risk point sources in Israel. sources point in risk Environmental
99
CEU eTD Collection Student Student SharonBenheim Mazen IlanaMeallem AlonShepon EladOrian Nadav DavidovichDr. Uri Dr. Gordon RaedAl 5A 4 APPENDIXIII. A. A. . Personal communication Personal Interviews Zoabi
- Mickawy Name
Fieldresearch
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Deputy Director, BUSTANDeputy Director, rightsactivist andTechnology Co Negev Management,Ben DepartmentSenior ofHealth Lecturer, System Studies Lectur BUSTAN Director, -
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Date
CEU eTD Collection services? tomunicipal anyalternatives there Are accessis What toBedouinelectricity in Jews? and Arabs benefitsaccess between and toenvironmental Bedouinthreats exposuredifferentiated toenvironmental their Is government? localNGOs with and links their are What Wha Bedouin are extent To what conditions? housing the are What caused byconditions? anyinjuries/deaths there environmental Are How zones? military fromexposure any and impact to household waste?there Is fromproximityor to industrial accessis What tosafe Bedouinsupplywater in of resources?distribution water the is What Bedouin in conditions environmental the are What 6A . Questioninterviews forthe t are their sources of their information? are t is the solidwaste the is collected? collection?Howafter managed it is
- Arabs aware of their rights and of legislation? policies and and rights ofawareArabs their
(for activists, NGOs, professionals) (forNGOs, activists,
villages?Jewish settlements?
- Arab villages and Jewish settlements? villages and Arab
- Arab villages and Jewi villagesand Arab 101
:
sh settlements? sh
CEU eTD Collection Source 7A. Health Health Waste Facilities Sanitation Electricity Water Housing Observation: : adopted from: Steger
et al. et Availability of health services (hospitals, doctors) in the villages? Availabilityservicesthe doctors) of in (hospitals, health villages? the waste in dumpedthere Is Doesvillage? sewagethe in exist D Dovillagesaccesshave toelectricity? Howreused?used?is water it Is Dovillagesaccesshave towater? areas? proximity tovillages green located Are in voltage)? high sites, dumping zones, haza proximitytovillages environmental located the in Are villages?types the the are ofin What housing
oes waste water treatment exist in the village? the oesin exist waste treatment water 2007
102
rds (industrial (industrial rds
CEU eTD Collection Access t Access Sanitation Facilities Sanitation Waste Waste Management Access to Justice Access Access to Water Access Electricity Source 8A. ASPECTS Housing o Informationo Check
: adopted 2007 from: Filcak
-
list forcomparative list evaluati
and healthand Availability of information relating to environment Availability of legal aid Number scope and of policies/laws Exposure to waste du Extent of dumping Number of containers waste/trash bins and Access to waste collection Quality of Maintenance of sanitation Access to canalization Access to waste water treatment Access to electricity Water quality Guarantee of water as public good Availability of water Distance to source/Proximity Security of location (floods) Distance from infrastructure transport Number of people per square meter ownershipLand Distan city/village) from segregationResidential (distance the Quality of construction (safety) Legality rights) (property ce from environmental hazards
waste waterwaste services
onof Bedouin
INDICATOR mps
103
-
Arab villages andsettlementsJewishvillagesArab
⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same s same RELATIVE EVALUATION ame
⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better
⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse wors worse worse worse
e
CEU eTD Collection Access to representation Access Healthy Environment Access to Resources Access infrastructure infrastructure development share in Fair Education Education Security
Personal security information on environmental issues Proper proactive and notification of provision environment distributio and Investment Access to green areas Access to recreational areas tenure Land expectancyLife mortalityInfant defectsBirth Prevalence of diseases Extent of health services Access Grade level completion Literacy rate Availability quality and of education enforcemLaw Participation in the in Participation elections the in and to health services
- related decision ent ent
n ofn funds 104
- making
⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same
⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better
⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ ⊡ worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse
CEU eTD Collection Ummof(north Alhieran Hura) Southof (Abu Rahat Zayed) Algrin(Alsayid) UmmBatin Alarakib AbufamilyJamda Ar'arat) (near Qattamat Alzarura Al Alna`amWadi Alzarura UmRatam Alzarura Alsser UmmRatam Qattamat GhwainWadi Algrin Sawa Albhira Almasadiya Dachiyya UmmMatnan UmmMatnan KhashmZna KhashmZn Alfur`a Aras Chirbet Alna`amWadi Umm / AtirAlhieran RaKhme Alsder Alhamam Bir Almashash Bir Almashash Bir Alhamam Bir AbuTalul Almaleh Tel Algrin Alna`amWadi Algrin Alna`amWadi Hadaj Bir Almakimen Almezr`a Qattamat SouthofHadaj Bir AbuTalul UmmMatnan UmmBatin Source APPENDIXIV - Mezr`a
: Almi 2006 Almi :
a
Vi
llage
: Houses Demolished through March 2005 HousesMarch Demolished through
3 homes3 home1 homes4 home1 homes2 homes12 home1 homes2 home1 home1 homes6 Mosque buildings 6 building 1 building 1 buildings 2 building 1 buildings 2 buildings 3 building 1 buildings 3 building 1 buildings 5 shops2 h 3 homes2 reservoir water 1 homes8 home1 homes2 home1 home1 container1 home1 shelter sheep 1 home1 container1 homes4 club1 containers3 containers4 Mosque container1 home1 home1 homes4 homes2 homes14 homes6 homes2 omes + 1 sheep shed omes sheep 1 + HousesDemolished
105
May2003 21, May2003 21, May2003 21, May2003 15, 2003 14, April 2003 14, April February2003 24, February2003 24, February2003 24, February2003 24, February2003 5, 2002 December 29, 2002 December 29, July2002 10, July2002 3, 2002 27, June 2002 12, June November2001 7, May2001 26, February2005 10, August2004 25, August 2004 14, June 2004 14, June May2004 10, January2004 20, January2004 20, January2004 15, 2003 December 29, 2003 December 29, 2003 December 29, 2003 December 19, October2003 20, October2003 20, October2003 20, 2003 9, September 2003 9, September 2003 9, September August2003 11, August2003 11, August2003 11, August2003 11, July2003 15, July2003 15, July2003 1, 2003 9, June 2003 9, June May2003 27, May2003 22, May2003 21,
Date
25, 2004 25,
Ministry ofMinistryInterior the ofMinistryInterior the ofMinistryInterior the Patrol Green ofMinistryInterior the ofMinistryInterior the ofMinistryInterior the Ministry ofMinistryInterior the ofMinistryInterior the ofMinistryInterior the ofMinistry the ofMinistryInterior the ofMinistryInterior the ofMinistryInterior the M ofMinistryInterior the ofMinistryInterior the ofMinistryInterior the Ministry ofMinistryInterior the ofMinistryInterior ? the IsraelLands Admin. IsraelLands Adm Police Police Police Patrol Green Patrol Green ofMinistryInterior the ofMinistryInterior the Patrol Green Patrol Green ofMinistryInterior the inistry ofinistryInterior the ImplementingBody
ofInterior the
Interior in.
CEU eTD Collection Total
127
106