ULLETIN B Vol.24. No.1- January 1953 Chicago Nciiural His tory Mus eunt

\, WM * Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 195S

Chicago Natural History Museum in Chicago and St. Louis. In 1923 he founded -THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 The Buchen Company, of which he is presi- Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 dent. He is a resident of Winnetka, Illinois. The emperor penguin in its ant- Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 arctic home, as shown in a habitat group in one of the Museum's THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES TWO STAFF VETERANS halls of birds (Hall 20), appears on our cover. Lester Armour Samuel Insull, Jr. RETIRE; OTHER CHANGES The specimens in Sewell L. Avery Henry P. Isham this were collected Rear- Wm. McCormick Blair Hughston M. McBain group by A number of in the staff of the Walther Buchen WiLUAM H. Mitchell changes Admiral Richard E. Byrd in J. Cummings Clarence B. Randall Walter Museum—retirements, transfers, new ap- Albert B. Dick, Jr. George A. Richardson "Little America" for the Brook- John G. Searle and Joseph N. Field pointments, resignations, effective from field Zoo and were to Marshall Field Solomon A. Smith presented 1 —have been announced Colonel Marshall Field, Jr. Louis Ware January by the Museum by the Chicago Zo- Stanley Field Albert H. Wbttbn Clifford C. Gregg, Director. Details of the John P. Wilson ological Society. most important follow: OFFICERS Dr. Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator of African Stanley Field President Marshall Field First Vice-President Ethnology at the Museum for the past Henry P. Isham Second Vice-President retired 31. Something About Penguins Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-President twenty-six years, on December Solomon A. Smith Treasurer Dr. Hambly's career in the Department of The of is less Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary penguin reality hardly strange R. Assistant has been marked notable John Millar Secretary Anthropology by than the penguin of fancy and fiction. achievements. In Penguins, of about seventeen species, are 1929-30 he was leader THE BULLETIN ^^_ flightless birds of southern, mostly antarctic, of the Frederick H. -^'*'-*' *" EDITOR oceans. They swim with flipper-like wings. Rawson West African Clifford C. Grbgg Director of the Museum One species has an estimated 3,800 tiny Expedition, in the CONTRIBUTING EDITORS feathers on the top of its forearm; one species course of which he ex- holds its on its feet while it incu- Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology single egg vast areas of Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany plored bates; the young of another species are gath- Shabat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology Angola (Portuguese ered into community groups under the care West and Ni- MANAGING EDITOR Africa) of a few adults; and another species gets geria. The H. B. HartK Public Relations Counsel compre- transportation in migration by sitting on hensive collections ice cakes and ASSOCIATE EDITORS drifting sits, fasting, on the ice, that he brought back, its molt. Helen A. MacMinn Christine Tardy during twenty-day One species has representing many certain places where its individuals go to die. tribes of both coun- Wilfrid D. Hainbly Members are requested to inform the Museum The upright pose, apparent shortsighted- tries, form a large part promptly of changes of address. ness, pompous dignity, and black-and-white of the exhibits in the Hall of African Ethnol- evening-dress effect, suggesting human ogy (Hall D). beings, have resulted in penguin toys, pen- Dr. the WALTHER BUCHEN ELECTED Hambly supervised installation of guins in advertisements shown smoking the exhibits in Hall as well as TO BOARD OF TRUSTEES D, supple- cigarettes and reading books, and, most African exhibits in Hall E and mentary famous of all, the penguins baptized in error Walther Buchen, prominent Chicago adver- Australian exhibits in Hall A-1. He has by St. Mael on Anatole France's Penguin executive and founder of The Buchen tising been responsible for much scholarly research Island. was elected a member of the Company, in the African field and also in craniometry Austin L. Rand Museum's Board of Trustees at a meeting and is the author of a number of scientific Curator of Birds 15. held December publications of the Museum. In addition, Mr. Buchen fills the he has written many popular books for both vacancy caused by the children and adults. recent death of Leo- laboratories of the Museum's Department Born in Clayton, Yorkshire, England, pold E. Block. of Botany, retired on Dr. Hambly, after graduating from Hartley Mr. Buchen, well- December 31. Mr. College became a schoolteacher. In 1913 he known for his hunting Copulos came to the was a member of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan of big game in Africa, Museum in 1910 after Archaeological Expedition for the Wellcome has been inter- a career as a commer- long Historical Museum of London. When the ested in the activities cial artist, becoming first World War began in 1914, he enlisted in of the Museum. He the first of the techni- the British Royal Naval Division, a service has contributed to the cians engaged in the similar to the United States Marines, and Department of Zo- preparation of lifelike fought at Gallipoli and in France. ology large collections Wahhcr Buchen reproductions of Following the war he was a lecturer in of African animals, plants of the world for biology at Eastham Technical College and particularly birds, obtained on two expedi- the exhibits now a research worker for the Industrial Research tions in recent years. In the summer of 1952 housed in Martin A. Board in London. Dr. Hambly came to the he sponsored and led an expedition to East and Carrie Ryerson Milton D. Copulos United States in 1926 and joined the staff of Africa especially for Chicago Natural History Hall (Plant Life, this Museum at that time. his years Museum. During Hall 29). In 1914 Mr. Copulos left the at the Museum he became an American Mr. Buchen, who was born in Theresa, employ of the Museum for a period of years, citizen and was awarded the of Doctor Wisconsin, began his adult life as a member degree working at the Wistar Institute of Anatomy of Science Oxford for his in of the faculty of the University of Illinois, by University Philadelphia and at the American Museum African research. after earning a Master of Arts degree there. of Natural History in New York. He re- In 1915 he entered advertising and rose to Milton D. Copulos, for many years an turned to Chicago Natural History Museum executive with in the important positions agencies artist-preparator plant reproduction (Continued on page 6, column 1 ) January, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages FOUR YEARS ON A ZOOLOGICAL EXPEDITION IN COLOMBIA By PHIUP HERSHKOVITZ world, area for area. Its mam- permit. All animals have para-sites and ASSISTANT CURATOR OP HAllllALS comparing malian fauna may prove to be even more there was no shortage of fleas, lice, mites, COLOMBIAN Zoological Expedi- varied. One result of the expedition is proof ticks, etc., on mammals shot or trapped. with of the THEtion, personnel one, writer, that Colombia, though only about one- Rupert Wenzel, Curator of Insects, reports left on November and Chicago 22, 1948, twentieth the size of all North America, has that my collection of external parasites in- arrived in the next Barranquilla, Colombia, at least one-half as many kinds of mammals. cludes many new to science. He is especially after a in Miami to day stopover change And no wonder! Colombia connects the two enthusiastic about a parasitic fiy belonging It returned to on planes. Chicago Septem- American continents, it faces both the to a group heretofore known only from the ber 16, 1952, the same route. by Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and it borders Old World. It is the most primitive type in The Colombian Zoological Expedition, on Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and its group and, strangely, was found on the which was in the field for three years and ten Brazil, sharing their faunas. most sjjecialized species of bats. months, is one of the continuous col- longest It is but fair to record, at this point, one in the of the ALL-EMBRACING VARIETY lecting expeditions history anomalous case where the capture of mam- Within Colombia's territorial limits are mals was incidental to botanizing. In poking found all the world's climates and nearly all about palm groves to get a certain kind of the major geographic regions and biophys- palm for Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Curator Emeri- ical zones of South America. The country is tus of our Department of Botany, I discov- composed of the northern limits of the Andes, ered, in the tree selected, a very rare arboreal longest and second highest mountain chain spiny rat that was previously known only in the world; a vast piece of Amazonian from the first specimen sent from Colombia jungle drained by the mightiest river in the a century and a quarter ago. world; the largest share of the South Amer- ENCOUNTERS MILITARY ACTION ican llanos or pl?iins comparable to our prairies or to the Argentine pampas; the Unsettled political conditions and official semi-arid Caribbean coast and the desert of censorship in Colombia made travel in gen- the Goajira Peninsula; the humid and for- eral difficult and a planned itinerary impos- ested Pacific Plain and Piedmont, a portion sible. In some cases I was able to complete of the basin of the Maracaibo, which is collecting and leave a region just before the South America's largest lake; and far-flung bits in isolated mountains or "lost worlds" of the original Guiana highlands. Any phys- ical part of a major South American geo- graphical region not represented in Colombia is made up for by distinct but fully com- features with others that AREA WORKED BY EXPEDITION parable together are strictly its own, such as the lofty, isolated Colombia, intercontinental crossroads of South mountain mass known as the Sierra Nevada America, where Philip Hershkovitz, Assistant Cur- de Santa Marta whose San ator, spent almost four years on an expedition for highest peak, the Museum. Collecting areas in which he did his Cristobal, towers nearly 20,000 feet above principal work arc indicated by dots. sea level.

EPICUREAN SIDE TO COLLECTING Museum and the longest of the Department of Zoology. The main objective was to Hunting and trapping mammals is ardu- study and collect Colombian mammals as ous, time-consuming, and, as often as not, part of the Museum's long-range South little or not at all rewarding. When the American zoological program. It was chief concern is the collection of mammals, planned to cover as much territory as pos- the taking of other kinds of scientific speci- sible in an attempt to secure a highly varied mens, not specifically requested by a col- representation of the fauna. Previously, league, becomes purely incidental because so there was but a handful of specimens of little time and energy is left for extra work. Colombian mammals in the Museum. As a The interest in game birds of the late Board- result of the expedition, our collection of man Conover, long-time Trustee of the Colombian mammals was increased by Museum, combined with my interest in eat- nearly 4,000 specimens representing about ing them, resulted in a collection of skins of PART OF A NIGHT'S CATCH and It is the 1,000 species subspecies. now most of the Colombian species of tinamous, The long-tailed teddybear-like animals displayed by largest and most representative in the world. curassows, guans, chachalacas, and quail. A one of Assistant Curator Hershkovitz's native the rarest of American carnivores. Even this material is only a surface good many of my turtle dinners are com- helpers represent This is the first published photograph of the species, scratching. Colombia remains less known memorated by the victims' shells, duly which is called bassartcyon. It is a relative of the ra- zoologically than any other comparable area numbered and catalogued, in the Museum coon. Also shown is a weasel of the same species in the world in spite of the fact that it is just study collection. Many rare, and some new, common in North America. as conveniently accessible today to human frogs and lizards were among specimens travel as it was to animals back in geological picked up and kept as consolation prizes for insurgents moved in. In other instances, time when it was the crossroad for inter- returning to camp without any mammals however, after considerable preparation and continental exchange of faunas. Neverthe- after a long night hunt with jacklight. expense, I would reach a desirable locality less, we do know that Colombia's faunal Very often birds, lizards, snakes, and frogs only to be turned back by police because of wealth is unrivaled. It has already been are caught in traps set for furred animals, military action in the area. One kind of shown that its bird fauna is the richest in the and are then preserved, if circumstances frustrating travel experience was my arrival Page I, CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 195S at a village where, I had been assured by the Contrary to what may be the popular To be sure, there are many species whose regional commander, everything was tran- notion, there are relatively few species of distribution is widespread and not affected quil and perfectly safe. I found the village mammals unknown to science. It is almost by such physical barriers. Yet among these perfectly safe indeed— it had been converted certain that no species larger than a common there are animals that respond to isolating into a garrison! But the countryside, where rabbit still remains outside our catalogues. factors in such manners that it becomes diffi- I should have to make camp as center of col- In Colombia, only among bats and very cult to determine just what kind they are. lecting operations, was swarming with small rodents and marsupials may we expect These representatives of what proves to be guerrillas. I preferred not to expose to to find complete novelties. The rare mam- the same species living on opposite sides of theft or confiscation my precious and largely mals are those known only from one or a the river or the mountain chain may be so irreplacable collecting supplies and equip- few specimens and Colombia has rare ani- different in coloring, markings, or size as to ment, and so I left the region entirely to plan mals galore. This factor makes collecting in appear to be unrelated. Large series of another trip elsewhere. Colombia a very satisfying experience. It is specimens from all localities, however, very The expedition had three main gravita- particularly gratifying to have sufficient readily show whether they are variable ele- tional centers of operations. The first in time in the field for getting enough specimens ments of the same form or are really different Barranquilla, on the Caribbean coast, just to take the animal out of the class of rarities. species. The Colombian material now assembled in the Museum with the additional specimens acquired from time to time will constitute the indispensable basis for revising our knowledge of the origin, distribution, and intercontinental relationship of the animals of the Western Hemisphere. Like almost all Latin Americans, Colom- bians give courteous treatment to well- behaved foreigners. Scholars from all lands are warmly received by their Colombian colleagues and well attended by government officials. In spite of the civil war that raged during the whole of my stay in Colombia and the suspicions that my field activities, espe- cially the night hunting, must have aroused at times, I was never unnecessarily molested, never seriously hindered, and generally al- ways helped in meeting my responsibilities and fulfiUing my mission for, as every one— in Colombia explained it, el bien del pais the good of the country.

l-XPEDITION CAMP IN A RAIN FOREST DALLWIG LECTURE TOPIC: The site is in the Andes of southern Colombia, at about 7,500 feet above sea level. It is on the Central 'LIFE—WHAT IS IT?' Cordillera alongside the Magdalena River where the stream is barely 50 feet wide. The forest in the back' afternoon lectures at ground, on the opposite side of the stream, is on the geologically distinct Eastern Cordillera. In his Sunday the Museum during January, Paul G. Dallwig, above the mouth of the Magdalena River, Indeed, the reason for repeated collecting in the Layman Lecturer, will discuss "Life— was the center for receiving mail, storing the same places year after year, decade after What Is It?" He will attempt answers, equipment and collections, and purchasing decade, century after century, is not only to based on the most reliable scientific data principal supplies during 1949. That year get specimens and information missed the thus far available, to such questions as: collecting was done in the departments of last time but also to change the status of "How did life start?" "Where did it start?" Bolivar, Cordoba, and Magdalena where no species from rare to common in our collec- "Is it electricity?" He will also discuss systematic collections of mammals had ever tions, thus permitting their proper study and reproductive processes of plants, animals, been made before. The 1950 center was classification. and human beings. The same lecture will be Medellln, provincial capital of the Depart- Colombia's highly varied topography and given on each Sunday afternoon of the month ment of Antioquia, in a valley of the western its great number of strongly contrasted major —January 4, 11, 18, and 25. chain of the Andes at 5,000 feet above sea geographic features add zest to collecting and During February, Mr. Dallwig will not level. During 1950 and the early part of 1951 studying the country's fauna. Great river appear at the Museum because of an out-of- a number of stations ranging in altitude from basins like that of the Orinoco and the town lecture tour. sea level along the gulf of Urabd to 16,000 Amazon have many kinds of animals found Members of the Museum may use feet on Mount Ruiz, in the departments of in the one but not in the other. The north- their membership cards to attend these Antioquia, Caldas, Tolima, and Choco, were south running ranges of the Andes mark off lectures without advance reservations. worked. The capital of Colombia, Bogotd, animals on the eastern side of the mountains All others, with the exception of accredited 8,640 feet above sea level, in the eastern that are different from those of the western. representatives of the press, must make chain of the Andes, was base for the re- Most of the aiiimals found at the base of the reservations in advance. Reservations may mainder of 1951 and in 1952 until I left the mountain chains are unlike those of their be made by mail or telephone (WAbash country. Collecting during this last period summits. Even one bank of a not necessarily 2-9410). The lectures are free. They start was done in the headwaters of the Magdalena wide or specially long river may hold a large promptly at 2 p.m. and end at 4:30 p.m., River, the Amazonian divisions of Caquetd population of a conspicuous animal, like a including a half-hour intermission for relaxa- and Putumayo, and around Bogota itself, in fair-sized monkey, that is entirely absent tion or for tea or coffee in the Museum cafe- the departments of Cundinamarca and from the other bank and all the territory teria, where smoking is permitted. Admis- Boyac4. beyond. sion is restricted to adults. January, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 IF YOU'RE COLD, TRY ESKIMO METHODS OF KEEPING WARM By CHRISTINE TARDY it will soak into apparel and effectiveness on two things: materials and BULLETIN STAFF WRITER escape, your clothe you in ice. design. IN THE MIDST of the most ad- Steam issuing from the mouth, nose, and The clothing discussed here is ba.sed on vanced technical development on WE, eyes can be a menace, too. It is dangerous Vilhjalmur Stefans.son's recommendations earth, have adequate shelters for protection for a man in extreme cold to be anything but for Arctic use, drawn from the ideas of a from cold weather and haven't had to rely clean-shaven at all times, because steam number of Eskimo peoples, and not all on The on the mainly clothing. Eskimos, from his breath will condense as frost on the Eskimos dress in the manner to be described. other hand, do not have our technology and face. Unless he can place a warm hand Stefans.son's ideal winter outfit weighs less against his freezing face from time to time, than ten pounds, and every part of it except frostbite might set in. If a beard is in the the boots is as pliable as velvet, made from way, the hand will freeze before it has the lightly furred skin of the wild reindeer or defrosted the beard enough to warm the face. caribou. A typical Eskimo outfit that is The same holds true for most fur-pieces comfortable at 50 degrees below zero consists around the face. Eskimos frequently use fur of undergarments made from caribou fawn- around the hood of the parka, but it is kept skin—socks, pants, shirt, and mittens—with the fur side next to the body. Over this go garments of caribou yearling—trousers, coat, boots, and mittens—with the fur side facing out except for soles of boots and mitten palms. Caribou is best because the fur con- sists of hollow hairs. An outfit like this

COUTURE MOTIF BY AN EXPLORER

For extreme cold, the famous Arctic authority, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, recommetided an outfit that drew upon the best ideas of many Eskimo tribes. Over underwear of caribou with the fur facing the skin, the model puts on identical garments for outer wear—trousers, boots, and mittens — but with parka, LESSON IN ESKIMO ECONOMICS the fur facing out. The outer garments shown here arc of seal. The model in this and other pictures on The Eskimo husband hunts the animals used for his this page is Miss Nancy Worsham of the Raymond wife's fur coat and his own. The wife prepares the Foundation staff. skins and furs and tailors the complete outfits for both. The sealskin mittens worn by the model are made with thumbs on both sides. When the palm have had to depend primarily on clothing for side freezes and becomes stifl the mittens are re- so the soft be used while the protection. So they have evolved some versed, palm may other side thaws. highly efficient warm clothing, based on principles we could well apply when we leave HUDSON BAY STYLE our warm shelters and go out in bad weather. well away from the face, unless it is wolverine No two Eskimo tribes dress quite alike. The model will not frost. wears a caribou parka of an Eskimo woman of north- In how to buck the it's im- fur, which accumulate learning cold, eastern Canada. For warmth, the fur side faces collects on and this portant to understand some of the peculiar Vapor sunglasses, too, inward. The outer leather acts as a protection properties of cold air and their effects on you. creates a serious problem in the prevention against the wind, while the inner fur holds a layer of air that heat from Cold air is dry air because the moisture in it of snowblindness. Eskimos protect their keeps body being dissipated. There is a hood hanging down the back large enough freezes and falls to the ground. eyes by wearing strips of wood with small for carrying a baby. slits cut through, and these do not collect BEWARE OF OVER-DRESSING condensing vapor as readily as glass. makes use of air insulation in two ways— This immediate freezing of moisture in SAFETY IN LAYER OF AIR there is a blanket of air between the two extreme cold, although it produces a few of clothing, and each layer of clothing desirable conditions, is more notable for its The most important thing you can know layers has air trapped in the hollow hairs of the fur. many disadvantages. Probably more people about air (for protection in cold weather) is is not available to of have frozen to death because they did not that it is a nonconductor of body heat. Such an outfit us, is material the understand the dangers of moisture than for Therefore, you should try to coat yourself course, but there a embodying — same that can be obtained here— any other reason. It is, in fact, possible to with a layer of air and this can be done. principle as an eiderdown is a freeze to death by being clothed too warmly! Eskimo winter garb, using the air-insulation down. "As warm quilt" and with for The trouble in this comes when you start principle, affords the best cold-weather pro- common simile, good reason, perspiring, because, unless the moisture can tection known. The outfit depends for its {Continued on page 7, column 1 ) Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 1953

STAFF CHANGES— replacing Mrs. Anne Stromquist, who has rocks were deposited at the bottom of a (Continued from page 2) resigned. Miss Cox will specialize in lectures shallow sea during Triassic time, about 180 on She in that million (then Field Museum) in 1930 and has been geology subjects. majored years ago. here continuously ever since. science at Barnard College (Columbia Uni- Such were the geographic and geologic of which she is a Miss of the Mr. Copulos was born in Verria, Greece, versity), graduate. settings exploratory paleontological and came to the United States in 1901. He Virginia Sharp, a graduate of Iowa State field work carried on for several months last where she in horticul- the writer. Vertebrate fossils are is a graduate of the School of Applied Art, University, majored year by Battle Creek, Michigan. ture, has been appointed secretary of the usually quite rare in formations such as Department of Botany. these, but a number of skeletons of reptiles RESIGNATIONS AND APPOINTMENTS Luis de la Torre has been appointed Asso- have been found in avalanche tracks and Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Curator of Oceanic ciate in the Division of Mammals, where he brook beds. One of these, an essentially will assume his new duties as Ethnology, will continue his taxonomic and distribu- complete skeleton of a small marine reptile, director of the Bemice P. Bishop Museum of tional studies of the mammals of Guatemala. was first noted on the exposed surface of a on 1953. has been Honolulu January 1, He The mammals of that country have never large slab of shale by a young lad who, at to succeed appointed been comprehensively studied, and he is well the time, thought that it looked like the the late Sir Peter Buck ^^^^^^HH fitted to carry on this important work at bones of a lizard. He did not, of course, ^^^^^I^^^H as the Museum. realize the full meaning of the discovery ^^^^^^^^^^B important museum, Mr. de la Torre, born in Madrid, Spain, until many years later when he read an ac- .^^^1 which specializes in entered the University of Michigan in 1942 count of fossils in a Sunday newspaper supple- ^H "" ^^ scientific research in H| ^^M and specialized in the study of mammalogy. ment. This reminded him of his early boy- H the Pacific area, the summers of 1946 and 1947 he hood observation, and he went back to take ~ ^H During Dr. obtained ^h^ ^^1 Spoehr was a temporary assistant at the Museum in another look. To his great delight, Albert ^H/'^^^v ^^1 his university educa- the Division of Mammals. Schwald found his specimen exactly as he ^^Kr*^^ ^^1 tion at both Stanford Miss Bertha M. Parker, a teacher of sci- had remembered it and he excavated it with and the ^^F n^ ^^H University ence in the intermediate and high-school the greatest care. The specimen is now in H^^ ^ ,^1111 University of Chicago, grades of the Laboratory School at the the collection of the University of Munich receiving his Ph.D. in University of Chicago, has been appointed where it was studied. AlMander Spcrhr anthropology from to an honorary post on the staff of this Rocks of similar age and character along Chicago in 1940. Since Museum as Research Associate in the Depart- the southern fringe of the Alps have pro- that year he has been a member of the ment of the N. W. Harris Public School duced a magnificent fauna of vertebrate staff His- anthropology of Chicago Natural Extension. Miss Parker is the author of fossils, and it seemed worth while to explore At first he in tory Museum. specialized many books and pamphlets on science for the possibilities in the northern limestone American Indian ethnology, but his interests children and also of science-education books Alps. Fossils were known to occur in black later turned to the Pacific islands. In 1947 for teachers. shales along the Klostertal, but no one knew he conducted an expedition to the Marshall Miss Lillian A. Ross, Associate Editor of how rich this occurrence might be. In order Islands for the Museum, and in 1949-50 he Scientific Publications, has been appointed to gain some idea, I quarried out a consider- led a second Museum expedition to the Associate in the Division of Insects of the able amount of shale at a convenient place Mariana Islands. His scientific writings Department of Zoology in recognition of her near Mr. Schwald's farm and close to the include monographs and papers on American interest and accomplishment in the study of spot where he had found the skeleton of ethnol- Indian and Pacific archaeology and spiders. Rhatieonia roihpletzi. ogy, the more important of which have ap- Bones were found in three fossil levels. In peared in the scientific series of this Museum. REPORT ON FOSSIL FAUNA the rather restricted area of the quarry, Dr. Spoehr is chairman of the National OF AUSTRIAN ALPS there was unfortunately no complete skele- Research Council's Subcommiteee on Pacific ton, but isolated bones of several different By RAINER ZANGERL Archaeology, scientific consultant to the animals were found, and I have little doubt curator of fossil reptiles Pacific Science Board, and an editor of the but that entire skeletons could be obtained Western Austria is a of and American Anthropologist. In 1952 he re- country steep by large-scale operations. The frequency of ceived a Guggenheim Fellowship to further spectacular mountains, belonging to the east- occurrence of the isolated bones per cubic sector of the central which extend his ethnological work in Micronesia. em Alps, yard of rock is far smaller, however, than in from the Riviera Switzerland to the During Worid War II, Dr. Spoehr through the southern Alps—so small, in fact, that was on leave from the Museum to serve as a region south of Vienna. A deep valley, the systematic excavation would not produce lieutenant in the United States Naval Reserve Klostertal, runs from the famous Arlberg results commensurate with the effort and and saw duty in the Central Pacific. divide westward to the Upper Rhine and the cost involved. Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, Curator of Economic marks, unmistakably even for the layman, Botany, has resigned from the staff of the the junction of two major systems of alpine Daily Guide-Lectures Museum, effective December 31. In Jan- rocks. North of the Klostertal are the uary he will assume the position of Curator jagged cliffs and peaks of the northern lime- Free guide-lecture tours are offered at of Useful Plants at the Missouri Botanical stone Alps; south of this valley are the more 2 P.M. daily except Sundays under the title Garden in St. Louis. During his five and gentle forms of the crystalline central mas- "Highlights of the Exhibits." These tours one-half years with this Museum, Curator sive composed of granites, shists and gneisses are designed to give a general idea of the Cutler specialized in research on the origin (metamorphic rocks). entire Museum and its scope of activities. and development of useful plants. He con- The northern limestone Alps in this area Special tours on subjects within the range ducted or took part in Museum expeditions consist primarily of rocks formed during the of the Museum exhibits are available Mon- to Cuba, Peru, and the Southwest. geological middle age of the earth, the Meso- days through Fridays for parties of ten or Miss Dolla Cox, who has been secretary of zoic Era, some 200 million to 75 million more persons. Requests for such service the Department of Botany for several years ago. must be made at least one week in advance. months past, has been transferred to the Facing the Klostertal are wildly eroded, Although there are no tours on Sundays, James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond spectacular, vertical cliffs of limestone and the Museum is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Foundation where she will be a staff lecturer, dolomite many hundreds of feet high. These (4 p.m. on weekdays). January, 1953 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

HOW ESKIMOS KEEP WARM— as you'll see later), but not as warm for its weight as caribou. STAFF NOTES {Continued from page 5) down, like caribou fur, consists of hollow DESIGN IS IMPORTANT Mrs. Lenore Blanchard Warner of the that are filled with and there is fibers air, Even with the warmest material in the of as a repre- warmer than a properly designed Department Botany appeared nothing world, design is equally important as a keep- In down sentative of the Museum on two recent tele- down-filled garment. weighing less, warm factor. Because creates overheating vision one over the over and warmth- programs, WNBQ and has an advantage caribou, the of a such serious problems, design gar- other on WGN-TV. She American is an criterion in displayed for-weight important judg- ment must to release excess heat permit you Indian dolls and answered about materials to be worn in cold questions ing actively and moisture as well as it in. Here the keep them. The dolls were selected from the weather. Insulation from cold means of by fact to work with is that cold air important collection that the Museum recently used in an air ha.s the additional advantage of layer is heavier than warm. The Eskimo parka is a special exhibit under a loan arrangement to the outside, so that adjusting temperature a one-piece jacket, about fingertip length, with Mrs. Warner. . . . Dr. Sharat K. Roy, no matter what the weather, provided it's and has an attached hood. There are cords Chief Curator of and Dr. Robert are to feel Geology, below freezing, you likely just at the wrists and the neck, and a belt is H. Denison, Curator of Fos.sil Fishes, at- right. sometimes worn at the waist. If you want to tended the recent annual meetings in Boston in all warmth and moisture, you pull SOME NOTES ON FURS keep of the Geological Society of America. these cords tight. But when you get too Because we all have to invest in winter warm, you might first loosen the belt at the coats from time to time, it be well to might waist, permitting some of the accumulated MEDALS FOR PHOTOS other furs. Since examine materials, mainly moisture from your body to escape. Since The attention of all who are interested in here for men to wear it is not the custom the cold outside air is heavier than the warm nature either as amateurs or this will be of use to women photography, fur coats, mainly air around your body, it will not cool you is called to the will be better off professionals, again Eighth (the men financially by pur- much; so you might next loosen the cord at Chicago International Exhibition of Nature cha.sing down-filled coats). Arctic animals neck. This creates a draft of heavy your to be held in 1953. to have warmer than others Photography efarly are likely pelts cold air down the front of you inside falling Entries in the contest must be submitted need so we will discuss because they them; outer and it also permits the your garment, and the exhibit of furs used from time to time the by January 17, accepted those by warm air to rise from your body. If you are will be the Febru- Eskimos. some of the furs are not pictures held at Museum Although .still not cool enough, loosen the cords at your 2 to March 1. Silver medals and ribbons or available to nonetheless a ary desirable us, wrists and take off your mittens. Then you will be awarded to winners in each classifica- will an idea of the total accounting give will have fuller circulation of the air. tion of each division. Those interested life the Eskimo can draw may abundance of upon. For very cold weather, the jacket or parka obtain official forms and a is not warm for its entry complete Polar-bear fur weight, should always have sleeves cut deeply summary of the conditions of the contest by but it is extremely strong and durable, it at the shoulder line to permit you to enough to the Museum. The contest sheds and it is and application snow, fairly waterproof, pull your arms in next to the body, should and exhibit are co-sponsored by the Chicago so Eskimos make trousers from it for un- become too cold. That way you can they Nature Camera Club and the Museum. use. wool is usually rough Mountain-sheep pull them in, tuck the sleeves in your belt to even warmer for its than probably weight keep out the air, and be warm again in no caribou, but it is not as durable and it holds time. NEW MEMBERS snow. Winter boots should be made of leather, Associate Members Of furs available to us, we will not polar felt, heavy canvas, or a combination of these. and mink because Marion E. Mrs. Frances B. consider otter, marten, Rubber is a good conductor of chill and it will Miss Merrill, they are too costly for most pocketbooks. not allow moisture to escape from the feet. Wagner used sometimes in Annual Members Of the many others, fox, Further, boots should never be oiled or coats or shirts the is warm for David Adler, John C. Arntzen, Richard by Eskimos, greased, for either substance will fill up the it outlasts but the M. Barancik, Walter D. Bronson, John H. its weight and caribou, air chambers that are serving to keep in Walter W. Miss Elisa- is mats with Clark, Cruttenden, skin fragile and the hair wetting body heat. beth Fenemore, Robert S. Fenn, Mrs. Daniel and gathers snow badly. Wolf has the same AVOID GREASE ON SKIN J. Gallery, Dr. Jules Gelperin, Eari H. Graff, objectionable characteristics but is stronger Edward Graff, William A. Grigsby, Miss than fox. Wolverine, used by the Eskimos It is believed that a coat of popularly Audrey C. Harris, Jerry Herdina, Miss Pearl and cuffs because it will for trimming on hoods grease on the skin, especially the face, Krause, Mrs. Joseph Kuhn, Dr. Judith U. does not collect frost, is rare, but otherwise help to insulate against the cold, but this is Levitt, P. A. Martins, Dugald S. McDougall, it is about as good as domestic dog. not true. It interferes with the normal Vincent O'Brien, Bernard M. Peskin, Don Mrs. T. J. Beaver is fine for a coat. If unplucked, it escape of moisture and perspiration exuding Pringle, Miss Marge Rademacher, Stanley Savage, William A. Sherwin, keeps snow from caking and sheds rain some- constantly from the body, and this accumu- Reedy, Nelson D. Stoker, Dr. Frank V. Theis, Dr. what. While not warm for its weight, it lated moisture can freeze under the grease. John R. Thompson, Howard D. Watt, wears well. Muskrat is not as warm as A visit to the Museum's Eskimo exhibits Allen S. Wilber beaver per coat, but is probably warmer for in Joseph Nash Field. Hall (Hall 10) may its weight. Squirrel is about the same as provide you with useful information. muskrat. Rabbit possesses high warmth-for- GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM but is too for use. weight fragile practical : Next Audubon Lecture January 3 Department of Anthropology Of the seals, hair seal is not warm for its From: Albert C. Langsner (deceased), weight, but it is strong and water-snow "Animals Unaware," a lecture with motion presented by Mrs. Simon Rosen, Evanston, resistant. Fur seal has about the same quali- pictures in color by Howard Cleaves, will be 111. —ethnological specimens it as it is the Illinois Audubon on ties to recommend beaver, provided presented by Society Department of Geolofty: at 2:30 used unplucked, too. Domestic sheep Saturday afternoon, January 3, From: Jarra Gem Corp., New York City (mouton), not native to the Arctic but used o'clock in the James Simpson Theatre of the —Jarra rutile gem; Arthur M. Ritchie, extensively there now, is inexpensive, dur- Museum. The public is welcome to attend, Olympia, Wash.—17 specimens of siderite able, and grease-resistant (this is important. free of charge. concretions, Washington Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 195S — KOREA CULTURE EXHIBIT In a collection of writing materials an- BY H. B. HARTE cient paper, writing-brushes,— seals, and ink- fIFI¥ 'XEARS AGO MANAGING EDITOR making materials is an early document, an M TOE MUSEUM examination paper for an official government HAS HELD the spotlight of pub- This be called a for more than appointment. might prede- WARlic interest on Korea cessor of the modern civil-service test paper, Compiled by MARGARET J. BAUER two and one-half years, and the focus was and shows ancient Chinese influence (the sharpened by the mission last month of From the Annual Report of the Director for Museum has similar specimens from China). President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower. the year 1903: The was be applicant required to write an essay Nevertheless, although everybody may "Library.—The accessions in this his for the impor- about here indicating qualifications job. talking Korea, hardly anyone tant division of the Museum were specially Incidentally, the man seeking favor in the about the its knows much country, people, noteworthy and numerous during the year paper on display was rejected by the king, and their culture. To provide some back- who had the final say after a board of exam- ground of information the Museum has iners consisting of scholars had weighed the placed a special exhibit of Korean ethnologi- contents of the document. cal and archaeological material in Stanley Objects indicating beliefs in superstitions Field Hall, where it will remain until Jan- are displayed. There are divining boards uary 31. that were used for telling personal fortunes Old Korea, whose early history is frag- and to predict major national events. Shown mentary and largely dependent upon legend, are charms upon which many persons was first settled by Chinese apparently depended for hope of good luck—small metal emigrants about 1100 B.C. and for several disks, like coins, with symbolic devices upon centuries developed a culture paralleling them that were worn usually in combination that of China. This culture experienced its with tassels. There are also actual coins greatest fruition in a "golden age" about the used in the monetary system, most of them 16th century. But, like that of many other inscribed with words meaning "worth 5." civilizations, Korea's era of eminence in arts and industries came to an abrupt end in war. BLABOKATB HAIRDRESS the country in 1592-98, and CLARK'S gazi;llh Japan conquered The exhibit indicates that styles of hair- craftsmen were installed in 1903 the late Carl E. the best Korean artists and dress were elaborate. Pride was taken in Group by Akeley, who to work for new masters. collected the specimens on an expedition to taken to Japan coils of hair on the heads of piling up brides, Africa. Now in Akeley Memorial Hall was almost (Hall 22). For several centuries Korea bridesmaids, and women attending court. world and became known as cut off from the To augment their own hair, women used hair Even just closed. An increase of 222 titles over the "hermit nation." partial recovery switches, examples of which are shown. and not until the 19th those received in any previous year has to be was exceedingly slow, Many of the switches were made from long to recorded. This exceptional increase was due century was the country reopened foreign- hair cut from heads of youthful males, who, to the fact that its continued to exchange transactions were ers. Subsequently history it appears, were not permitted to have hair- for the first time inaugurated with several be tragic, especially in the 20th century. cuts until time for betrothal. Likewise the learned institutions and societies bone of contention in the war in both at Korea was a long hair of immature girls was cut—from home and abroad. The number and value which Japan defeated Russia in 1904-5, and underneath where it wouldn't show—and of the publications thus obtained increases in 1910 it was annexed formally by Japan. carefully saved for making switches. Apart end of World yearly, and every effort is made to extend the Regaining freedom at the War from hairdressing for great occasions, into the mailing list with this object in view." II, it all too soon was plunged switches were used to make up for the is the entire present conflict that disturbing deficiencies of women with naturally thin world. hair or those whose tresses were depleted by Paricutin Volcano Studies Resumed The material in this special exhibit is from the ravages of age, illness, or other mis- Dr. K. Chief the H. N. Higinbotham Korean collection fortune. Yet with all this attention to ap- Studies begun by Sharat Roy, Curator of on a that was presented to the Museum in 1899 pearance, women of the upper classes in old Geology, previous expedition when Paricutin volcano in Mexico was in but has not been on exhibition since 1943. Korea seldom appeared in public. The exhibit occupies two cases and ranges in Shoes of straw, underwear of cloth made eruption will be continued now that the volcano is extinct or at least inactive. Dr. scope from objects representing the peak of from grass, children's clothes in bright colors, Korea's ancient culture to ethnic material of hat ornaments, hair ornaments, jade combs, Roy was scheduled to leave Chicago in the last week of December and will remain at recent years before the shambles wrought by mirrors, ear pendants, and girdle pendants Paricutin for several weeks. the present turmoil. are among articles of personal attire shown. The collection, although small, is varied. Thimbles (made of cloth) and other objects On the present expedition it will be pos- There are several elaborate garments of used in sewing are also exhibited. sible, as it was not on the previous visit, for courtiers and ladies of the time when Korea Musical instruments are represented by an Dr. Roy to climb to the summit of Paricutin had its own royalty, some beautifully em- ancient kind of zither and a drum, both used and make observations right at the volcano's broidered silk and woolen cushion covers to provide rhythm for the court dancers. crater. It will be possible also to collect that were once sent from the provinces as There are some good examples of ancient some types of volcanic specimens not avail- tributes to the king, a few ornamental glazed pottery, fine bowls and other utensils able when studies and collecting were objects carved of jade, and a number of small of brass, cooking vessels of steatite, some restricted to the vicinity of the base. There jade cylinders in which men of means carried ingenious equipment for fishing, a deck of is a possibility that Paricutin, like other their toothpicks. An oddity is a decorative playing cards, fancy pearl-inlaid hat boxes volcanoes that have died down, might erupt folding wooden screen with paintings on its for which certain Korean craftsmen were again, and so the present quiescent period panels telling a story. This kind of screen once famous, and various objects of bamboo offers opportunity for further studies. Dr. was used to establish privacy at home and matting and basketry. Of the old Korean Roy will have the co-operation of Mexican was always carried by wealthy travelers to culture represented by most of the objects geologists and members of the United States maintain the dignity of aloofness. in this exhibit, little remains today. Geological Survey.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS ULLETIN Vo 1.24. No.2-Februaiy 1953 Chicacfo Natural History Museum

8th Chicago International Nature Photo Exhibit February 2— March I Paget CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 195S

Chicago Natural History Museum a million children repeatedly throughout THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 the school terms. Other sections of the "The Is So is the title Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 public were reached through publications, Sky High" Tan Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 both popular and technical, issued by the given by Seng Huat, photog- to the Museum's own press. Furthermore, in- rapher, picture reproduced on our cover. Mr. who lives THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES formation resulting from the research Tan, in submitted it Lktbk Armour Samuel Insiux, Jr. activities of the scientific staff was dis- Penang, Malaya, Sewell L. Avery Henry P. Isham for the Eighth Chicago Interna- Wm. McCormick Blair Hughston M. McBain seminated by articles and pictures in Walther Buchen Wiluam H. Mitchell and and tional Exhibition of Nature Pho- Clarence B. Randall magazines newspapers by special Walter J. Cummings to be held the Chi- Albert B. Dick, Jr. George A. Richardson radio and television broadcasts. tography by Joseph N. Field John G. Searle cago Nature Camera Club and the Marshall Field Solomon A. Smith Marshall Field, Jr. Louis Ware Museum in Stanley Field Hall Albert H. Wbttbn Stanley Field ALL MUSEUM from 2 John P. Wilson OFFICERS February through March RE-ELECTED BY TRUSTEES 1. The animal shown hanging OFFICERS from the highest branches of a Stanley Field Pretideni All officers of the preceding year were Marshall Field First Viee-Pnndent tropical tree is a baby siamang re-elected at the Annual of the Henry P. Ishah Second Vice-Prendent Meeting Raf- Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vice-President (Symphalangus syndactylus Treasurer Museum's Board of Trustees, held on Jan- Solomon A. Smith .^ fles), a close relative of the gib- CUFFORD C. Gregg. .; Director and Secretary uary 19. The re-election of Stanley Field John R. Millar Assistant Secretary bons. A f^J^l account of the to the office of President marks his return exhibit of photographs will be to that position for his 45th consecutive found on page 3. THE BULLETIN year. Few individuals have had comparable EDITOR records in this kind of public service, and Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum few institutions have been favored by so CONTRIBUTING EDITORS long and consistent an administration under Curator Paul S. Martin Chief of Anthropology such a deeply interested and sympathetic allies, Guatemala; John Hedley, Edinburgh, Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany —2 of Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology leader. Scotland civet skins, claw honey bear. Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology Other officers re-elected are: Marshall North Borneo; Harry Hoogstraal, Cairo, MANAGING EDITOR Egypt—62 birdskins, Africa; Marshall Field, First Vice-President; Henry P. — H. B. Harte Pu6Kc Relations Counsel Laird, Suva, Fiji 3 frogs, 27 lizards, New Isham, Second Vice-President; Samuel In- Hebrides and Fiji; Dr. Reuben A. Moser, ASSOCIATE EDITORS Third Vice-President; Solomon A. sull, Jr., Omaha, Neb.—2 birdskins, Nebraska; Mu- Helen A. MacMinn Christine Tardy Colonel Clifford C. Smith, Treasurer; Gregg, seo de Historia Natural de La Salle, BogotS, Director and Secretary; and John R. Millar, Colombia—46 mammals, Colombia; Verne are to Inform the Museum Members requested Assistant Secretary. These officers, except C. Record, Chicago—large hornet nest, promptly of changes of address. Bernard — Mr. Isham, who has completed his first Cordova; Benesh, Burrville,Tenn. 141 pinned insects, Tennessee; Chicago year as Second Vice-President, have served Zoological Society, Brookfield—2 mammals; the Museum for many years. MUSEUM VISITORS IN I9S2 V. Critchton, Wellington, N.Z.—2 wood- boring beetles. New Zealand; Mr. and Mrs. REACHED TOTAL OF I,30S,SS6 J. W. Donovan, West Palm Beach, Fla.— Attendance at Chicago Natural History GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM collection of Canadian nonmarine mollusks; Dr. Carl J. Iowa—36 Museum in 1952 totaled 1,305,556, a con- FROM MANY SOURCES Drake, Ames, truebugs, G. over the when various localities; Lloyd Gage, Yuma, siderable gain preceding year of Department Anthropology: Ariz.—collection of sea urchins, Mexico; Ray the number of visitors was 1,251,752. As From: C. F. Childs, Lake Forest, 111.— Grow, Gary, Ind.—head and wing of bird in those admitted free of charge past years, 2 Tibetan temple lamps, India (Gavia immer), Indiana; Dr. A. J. Nicholson, outnumbered those overwhelmingly paying Mont.— 11 55 bats, of Billings, porpoise skulls, admission fee cents Department Botany: the nominal (25 plus Japan; Harley Schwass, Chicago—gray fox, From: Dr. Fred A. Barkley, Yonkers, 5 cents federal tax) charged to adults on Illinois; Texas Game and Fish Commission, N.Y.— 174 algae, Jamaica; Botanische Ab- certain days. Free admissions amounted Rockport—collection of marine inverte- teilung, Vienna, Austria—106 miscellaneous to 1,170,786 persons—visitors on free days brates, Gulf of Mexico algae, Central Europe; Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, Saturdays, and Sundays) and (Thursdays, Lombard, 111.— 171 miscellaneous phan- Library: Members of children, students, teachers. erogams, Bolivia and United States; Dr. From: T. N. Campbell, Department of the Museum, and uniformed officers and Maxwell —S. Doty, University of Hawaii, Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin; enlisted men of the armed forces. Those Honolulu 66 marine algae, North America;— L. Kibbe, Carthage College, Carthage, 111.; paying for admission numbered only 134,770, Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Barrington, 111. Dr. Karl P. Schmidt, Homewood, 111. central and southeastern or less than IOJ-2 per cent of the total. 5,722 phanerogams, United States; Floyd A. Swink, Cicero, 111. Balanced against the Museum's operating —360 phanerogams, Illinois, Indiana, and Museum Board of Trustees Elects budget of more than $1,000,000 a year, the Michigan; Dr. M. Cardenas, Cochabamba, Harold Trapido a Contributor average cost to the institution for each, Colombia—61 phanerogams, Bolivia; Dr. visitor entering its doors is around 80 cents, Dr. Harold Trapido, of the Institute of Henry Field, York Harbor, Me.—51 fungi, in recent Memorial Labo- as other years. 52 phanerogams, Massachusetts and Florida; Tropical Medicine, Gorgas The educational influence of the Museum, Donovan S. Correll, U. S. Department of ratory, Panama City, Canal Zone, was however, was far greater than this break- Agriculture, Division of Plant Exploration— elected a Contributor by the Museum's down indicates, for its message was carried and Introduction, Beltsville, Md. 391 bry- Board of Trustees at its meeting on Jan- Alaskan to hundreds of thousands besides those ophytes, Highway uary 19. Contributors are a special mem- who visited the building. The James Nelson Department of Zoology: bership class designating those who give and Louise Foundation or materials valued at to Anna Raymond From: Dr. Argentine A. Bonetto, Santa money $1,000 with school lectures and the N. W. Harris Fe, Argentina—collection of fresh-water $100,000. Dr. Trapido is the donor of Public School Extension with portable clams, Santa Fe, Argentina;— Luis de la important collections of amphibians and natural-history exhibits reached about half Torre, Ann Arbor, Mich. 357 insects and reptiles to the Department of Zoology. February, 1953 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 3 NATURE'S STORY TOLD IN ANNUAL PHOTOGRAPHIC EXHIBIT

Natural History Museum held anywhere in this country or abroad. with internal fluorescent lighting that CHICAGOwill become, in part, a picture gallery in In fact, it ranks among the few largest brings out the colors and details. There the period from February 2 through March shows even when grouped with those whose are so many transparencies that groups of 1, when the Eighth Chicago International subjects are not limited to nature or any about 200 are shown each week of the Exhibition of Nature Photography is held other restricted field. exhibition period. In addition, at 3 o'clock in Stanley Field Hall. Both amateur and professional photog- on two Sunday afternoons, February 15 raphers submit their and 22, there will be special showings of the work, and the entries transparencies in the James Simpson Thea- for this year's event tre, where they will be projected in greatly have exceeded 3,000. magnified form. Background music will From among these match the moods of the pictures. The the panel of judges public is invited, and admission is free. has selected more Each of the two divisions includes three than 200 and prints classifications of pictures: animal life, plant 800 approximately life, and general (the last includes scenery, color-transparencies geological formations, clouds, etc.). Awards for display. The of silver medals and honorable-mention judges were R. B. ribbons have been made to the prints and Horner, photogra- slides adjudged the best. Permanent recog- pher and Associate of nition is accorded to the medal winners on the Photographic So- a bronze plaque at the Mu.seum given by ciety of America; Mrs. Myrtle Walgreen, a camera enthusiast Dr. J. W. Hudson, and member of the Chicago Nature Camera acting chairman of Club. Two special medals are awarded by the Department of the Nature Division of the Photographic Biology, Loyola Uni- Society of America, which has given a versity, and president Class-A rating to the annual Chicago of the Chicago Orni- exhibit.

•THE WALKING HILLS'

This photograph of a strikingly beautiful dunes scene was entered for the Nature Photography Exhibit by Karl Obert, of Santa Barbara, California. Because this Bulletin went to press before the judges made their decisions, publication of any of the photographs in this issue does not necessarily signify acceptance for the exhibit.

The recording of the phenomena of nature thological Society; W. by camera is closely related in purpose to C. Radebaugh, pho- the Museum's own functions of investigating tographer; Douglas nature in all its aspects, preserving speci- E. Tibbitts, Staff mens that tell its story, and, by exhibits and Illustrator at the Mu- other means, spreading information about seum; and Miss Mir- the earth, its origin and composition, and iam Wood, Chief of the plants, animals, and peoples that the Museum's Ray- inhabit it. Thus the alliance that began in mond Foundation. 1946 between the Chicago Nature Camera The exhibit is in Club and the Museum has been a natural two divisions. Prints one, and it has resulted in a series of annual constitute one divi- photographic exhibits. sion and are dis- Each year there have been more pictures played on screens in in the Chicago International Exhibition, Museum exhibition selected each time from a greater number cases in Stanley Field •DIATOMS IN DARK FIELD' of entries submitted by an ever-growing Hall. The miniature A photomicrograph showing tiny unicellular algae invisible to the naked eye. In the above are about 1,500'times life-size; the number of contestants living in farther transparencies, which reproduction they magnified photograph in the size submitted for exhibition magnifies them 3,000 times. parts of the world. In its special field of make up the second The delicate sculpturing of the siliceous skeletons of these microscopic plants is nature this exhibit has photography come division, are installed revealed in this entry for the Nature Photography Exhibit, which was submitted South to be recognized as the largest of its kind nearby in special cases by William M. Angus, Jr., 6916 Oglesby Avenue, Chicago.

Audubon Lecture February 28 swamps, upland marshes, and deep woods. The Riddle of Man The public is invited, and admission is free. The Illinois Audubon Society will present Every human life involves an unfathom- Members of the Illinois Audubon "Oddities in Nature," a lecture with color- Society able mystery, for man is the riddle of the and of the have seats in the film by Walter H. Shackleton on Saturday Museum may universe, and the riddle of man is his reserved section of theatre afternoon, February 28, at 2:30 o'clock in the upon pre- endowment with personal capacities. The the James Simpson Theatre of the Museum. sentation of their membership cards to the stars are not so strange as the mind that The film records events in the lives of small ushers, but reserved seats must be claimed .studies them, analyzes their light, and creatures inhabiting Kentucky lakes, not later than 2:25 p.m. measures their distance.—Harry E. Fosdick Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN FebriMry, 195S RESEARCH AND EXPLORATORY FISHING IN GULF OF MEXICO

{The writer of the following account of aries and sounds. The oysters along the derlying cause of the upset in balance that fisheries research and Robert F. Inger, Assist- entire Gulf Coast have diminished at an makes a "red tide" possible. ant Curator of Fishes, recently returned with alarming rate during the past few years and Since 1946, the white-shrimp fishery, collections for the Museum made possible by lawsuits between the oyster, oil, and paper which had been carried on in the northern their participation, at the invitation of the industries involving enormous sums are Gulf, has declined. Fortunately, however, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in a 1,500- perpetually in the courts. pink shrimp were discovered in fairly deep mile exploration cruise aboard a govern- The menhaden processing-plants for fish oil waters in the Florida Keys and brown ment motor-vessel.) and fish meal have been enlarged since 1946, shrimp off the Texas coast. This gave a and new have been built all to the construction of By LOREN p. woods plants along great impetus shrimp curator of fishes the Gulf coast. Menhaden are fishes fa- boats and gear that were capable of working mous for maintaining fabulous schools for in deep water. The availability of larger GULF OF MEXICO, in spite of its several years and then THEready accessibility and its long shoreline suddenly disappear- in the southern United States, has received ing. The life-histories no over-all or detailed study from ocea- of these fishes, which nographers and biologists, particularly ich- belong to the herring thyologists, until quite recently. The family, are almost un- reasons for this are not hard to find. The known. The spawning oceanographers studying the Gulf Stream and nursery areas, the concentrated on the Caribbean Sea and parasite that is sup- the Florida Straits, while the ichthyologists posed to cause steri- were content to sample the interesting lization in the males, reef fishes of the Florida Keys and the and even the food are abundant fauna of Mississippi Sound, unknown. There is just east of the Mississippi River delta, still no adequate and of Laguna Madre along the shore of Alacran Rocks knowledge in spite of Ba southwestern Texas. To carry on work «Tampico V\£ BANKS the fact that the men- away from the shore required large boats as Triangles ^i?^ haden fishery has for well as considerable financial support. the past few years Within the past ten years, however, a ranked first in volume great need for information, both physical of the United States and biological, had been discovered by East Coast fisheries several different though curiously inter- with a catch in 1948 related industries. The oil industry had of more than a bil- MAP OF GULF AREAS REFERRED TO BY CURATOR WOODS extended its fields into the tidelands and lion pounds. It was desired information on the substratum and only in 1948 that the five species of North boats and experienced men then, in turn, general geomorphology of the Gulf Basin. American menhaden were distinguished. made possible the exploitation of the exten- This industry also supported research on Most of the and in the sive and extremely productive shrimp beds the chemistry and general physical ocea- shrimping fishing Gulf was carried on in the shallow of Campeche Banks in the southern Gulf of nography of the northern Gulf and was previously waters near shore. This zone has Mexico. These banks, to the north interested in such research as the present and always in lying the been to considerable fluc- . and west of the Yucatan peninsula, had past distribution of the foraminifera over past subject been United States the entire Gulf. tuation in production resulting from natural previously frequented by causes as well as the direct influence of man. fishermen only for red snappers. The paper mills and plastic mills located natural near the mouths of several navigable rivers The outstanding catastrophes af- All of the large coastal industries men- fisheries have been the fish kills as well as the oil refineries were vitally fecting along tioned previously plus the rapidly expanding interested in the effects of their effluent the Texas lagoons and coasts. These are fisheries (including fish processing-plants caused sudden cold northern winds that for pollution on the animals living in the estu- by menhaden and tuna), creating and chill the shallow water, even to the extent facing many oceanographic and biological of forming ice, thus killing the fish to con- problems, have pointed out again and again siderable depth. The coastal fisheries the pressing need for exploration and in- require from two to three years to recover formation on the Gulf. The oil and oyster from severe "norther" kills. industries had long supported research re- Another natural calamity is the "red tide" lating to their immediate and specific that affects not only the beach and tourist problems; the shrimp fishermen had done business along the Florida west coast but considerable exploration for new grounds had to some extent the fisheries by killing surface and experimented with new gear at and shallow-water organisms including their own expense but had reached their young shrimp and the young of some com- limits. mercially important species of fishes. A Sporadic oceanographic research was "red tide" results from periodic increase of carried on from time to time by various microscopic one-celled organisms that con- private and government institutions off the 'ANCHORS AWEIGH!" tain reddish-brown pigment. The great mouth of the Mississippi. Shore-based Motor Vessel "Oregon" of U. S. Fish and Wildlife numbers of such animals are sufficient to inshore biological research limited in time, Service leaves harbor at for Pascagoula, Mississippi, give a reddish cast to the sea. The long- scope, and financial support has long been fishing grounds. Large roofed tank astern carries a range effects on fisheries the "red tides" is the concern of the states bordering the Gulf supply of bait. On cruise, two Museum ichthyologists by were aboard to collect specimens. not known. Unknown also is the basic un- and of the United States Fish and Wildlife 5 February, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page

Service. It is only recently that the require- fishes and these have been discovered on collections have been made bearing on this ments of broader basic information over Campeche Banks in unlimited quantities little-known subject. large areas have become crucial to the under- at certain seasons, although their distri- Most important to the Fish Division of standing, predictions, control, and perpetu- bution and occurrence throughout the year Chicago Natural History Museum and to food are not known. in several other museums who ation of the many industries ; and yet ichthyologists sources in the Gulf. Bait is notoriously scarce and generally are working on various aspects of the fish This need is being met by some conference close inshore in shallow water along the life of the Gulf has been the accumulation and co-ordination among the research Pacific coast of Central America, and it is of very large collections and a great deal of workers and institutions along the Gulf carefully conserved by the countries there. data regarding the ecological and geographi- coast and especially by the work of two large The tuna bait-fishes of the Gulf have been cal distribution of the fishes of the Gulf. research vessels brought into the Gulf in determined, and their abundance and occur- Our studies of offshore fishes of the northern 1951 by the Fish and Wildlife Service. rence on Campeche Banks are being studied Gulf have greatly increased our knowledge These are former tuna clippers, converted for by the Oregon staff. Surveys have been of the environmental factors that influence various types of research, the sister ships made in the Gulf and are to be made in the the distribution of a given species in depth. Alaska, based at Galveston, Texas, and Caribbean to determine the amount and The collections have given us a pretty clear Oregon, based at Pascagoula, Mississippi. kinds of tuna available there. Through the idea of the kinds of fishes that live together The Alaska is equipped and staffed for courtesy of the Fish and Wildlife Service, and make up the fish community at various doing all types of oceanographic research: the writer and Robert F. Inger, Assistant depths and over particular kinds of bottom. the chemistry and physics of the seas and Curator of Fishes, have been permitted to The members of the Oregon's stafi have related biological problems concerning participate on behalf of the Museum in concerned themselves with obtaining and plankton and larval fish. The Oregon, on cruises of the Oregon. tabulating quantitative information on the other hand, devotes its efforts to dis- Incidental to this exploration, which has shrimp and fish. covering and exploring new shrimp beds and extended into every part of the Gulf, is the The fishes of Campeche Banks were very extending the area and determining the landing of large quantities and a great poorly known until the Oregon began its periodic surveys of the shrimp beds there. From preliminary study it now appears that in the offshore regions, considering the bottom fishes from 8 to 50 fathoms, the fauna is essentially the same as at these depths off the coasts of Mississippi, Loui- siana, and Texas, with very few additional tropical species present. It seems very likely that at these depths the fauna is continuous from the northern portion of Campeche Banks westward along the adjoining coasts of Mexico and Texas as far east as Cape San Bias, Florida. This continuous distribution does not appear to be the case with fishes living in shallow water. There are some tropical elements entering into the southern Gulf area that are not found along the northern Gulf. It is believed that somewhere along the Mexican coast, probably between Tam- pico and Veracruz, shore fauna character- istic of the northern Gulf gradually becomes dominated by tropical species. In lagoons and estuaries of the Yucatan peninsula there are several kinds of fishes, such as SORTING CONTENTS OF A TRAWL CATCH silversides, top minnows, and a halfbeak, in similar habi- Members of the crew begin task of segregating many kinds of fishes and shells dumped on deck of "Oregon** whose nearest relatives live from a single haul of one of the big dragnets. From such catches Museum curators garnered many specimens. tats near the southern tip of peninsular Florida. On the shallow coral reefs of the productivity of known beds. Along with variety of fishes from every kind of habitat Cayos lying near the western edge of shrimp exploration goes the search for from 7 to 500 fathoms and from within sight Campeche Banks the fish fauna has been additional kinds of fishes, such as tuna, of shore to the center of the Gulf. There found to be practically identical with that hake, flounder, and tilefish, that may be have been also accidental side trips up a of the coral reefs of the Dry Tortugas, exploited commercially, and the develop- Mexican River, to escape a hurricane, and Florida. ment and testing of new and better types investigations of the faunas of unexplored It is believed that when the data obtained of gear both for shrimping and fishing. coral reefs lying 60 to 90 miles offshore on on our two collecting trips to Campeche the Campeche Bank. These explorations Banks (made in August, 1951, and Decem- SOURCE OF TUNA led to the finding of bones of the nearly ber, 1952) are combined, we will have suf- The discovery by tuna fishermen that extinct West Indian seal. Time would ficient information to understand the geo- the Gulf coast was actually nearer to the never have been spent on these reefs had graphical distribution of the fishes of these source of tuna in the tropical East Pacific the Oregon not been forced to take shelter banks and the extent of the relationship of than was California resulted in the con- from storms in the lee of the Cayos. Also, this fauna to that of the rest of the Gulf of struction of a tuna cannery on the Gulf while cruising in both north and south Mexico and, to a lesser 'degree, to the ad- coast and the building of two vessels to portions of the Gulf during the spring and jacent banks and reefs lymg in the Carib.- -U serve it. This enterprise requires live bait- fall bird-migrations, many observations and bean Sea.

*j *«' Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 195S

New DeSnitlon of News . . . accused of eating so many ducklings as to Dr. Austin L. Rand, Curator of Birds, survival of a will to the in the autumn on FISH EATS BIRD! affect the the broods. Many go Philippines marshland traveler has reported young an ornithological expedition. Celestino By AUSTIN L. RAND ducks and young grebes diving, to be seen Kalinowski of the Museum taxidermy CintATOR OF BIRDS no more, and has blamed the pike. Some- staff, will collect mammals, birds, and rep- T HAS BECOME commonplace to hear times perhaps the young bird has simply tiles in Peru, beginning in April. Cruising I about birds eating fish. The government come up unobserved, but enough pike's aboard a 37-foot auxiliary schooner, an gets out reports on the relation of fish-eating stomachs have proved to have young ducks expedition will collect fishes along the coasts birds to fish hatcheries. The cries of com- in them to demonstrate that pike do eat of Central America and the West Indies. mercial fisheries have caused inquiries to be ducklings. Strangely enough, pike in some This expedition will be conducted by instituted into the food of cormorants that areas eat many ducklings but in others they Donald Erdman, ichthyologist retired from were supposed to be eating the fish before do not eat them. The muskellunge, as the U. S. National Museum, Washington, they grew up enough for us to eat. The might be expected from its large size, is also D.C. Mr. Erdman, now a resident of Costa scarcity of salmon on some of our northeast- supposed to feed on ducklings. Rica, is owner of the cruiser. has the allocation of four to Mexico. ern streams caused But it's not alone young birds, or small There are expeditions of of biologists to study the effect kingfishers birds, that are eaten by fishes. A 24-inch Clifford H. Pope, Curator Amphibians will leave in the to and mergansers on salmon fry and finger- bass is recorded as having been caught while and Reptiles, early year collect and salamanders in mountains lings. it still had the legs of a full-grown coot pro- study fishes back some of their own of the Mexican state of Sonora and also in But get by jecting from its mouth. From beak to tip birds. facts fit the old "man- Dr. Sharat K. Chief eating The of its outstretched legs the coot measured California. Roy, of left in for a 17 inches and it weighed one pound and a Curator Geology, January further of Mexico's famous Paricutin quarter. Angler fish, weighing between 40 study which is now dormant. Emmet R. and 50 pounds, have been found to have volcano, eaten birds. One had the band from a Manx Blake, Associate Curator of Birds, will go to Mexico in the for an shearwater in its stomach, and another had spring ornithological Late in the Loren P. an adult American merganser. survey. year Woods, Curator of Fishes, will collect marine life of Birds of tropical and subtropical seas the west coast of Mexico, centering on the have been examined that, from scars on Acapulco area. their legs, evidently had been attacked by a fish and seized by the feet but were able to FOSSIL-PLANT SURVEY escape. A white-winged black tern ofi Cor- Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator of sica has been seen to disappear under water, Botany, will explore parts of the eastern presumably dragged under by a fish. United States from Virginia northward in search of fossil plants of Triassic age (about MUSEUM EXPEDITIONS 185 million years ago). Emil Sella, Curator in the of FOR 1953 LISTED of Exhibits Department Botany, will spend June and July in Tennessee and The 1953 program of expeditions and field North Carolina collecting material for the bites-dog" definition of news but are prob- work for members of the Museum's scientific Museum's Hall of Plant Life. ably not widely known. staflt (and some associates not on the regular Dr. Robert H. Denison, Curator of Fossil To one who has fished for large-mouth staff) has been announced by Colonel Fishes, will collect in important fields of black bass amongst the cypress trees and Clifford C. Gregg, Director. Collecting Pennsylvania. Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator bonnets of water hyacinth and has seen assignments will be carried on both in of Fossil Reptiles, will investigate ecological these bass strike savagely at surface lures foreign lands and the United States by conditions that produced rich fossil deposits as soon as they hit the surface, it comes as sixteen individuals or groups of workers. in certain parts of Indiana. Eugene S. no surprise to find that bass strike at and The largest undertaking will be the 19th Richardson, Jr., Curator of Fossil Inverter catch such birds as Maryland yellow-throats season of operations, from about May to brates, and George Langford, Curator of that flutter across the water close to the October, of the Museum's Southwest Fossil Plants, will collect in Illinois, Indiana, surface. Archaeological Expedition led by Dr. Paul and adjoining territory. Young ducks, too, are good game to the S. Martin, Chief Curator of Anthropology. Henry S. Dybas, Associate Curator of large-mouth, and probably many a young Dr. Martin will be accompanied by other Insects, will make three seasonal ^trip^ duck finds its way into the maw of a bass. members of the staff, students from univer- (spring, summer, and autumn) to collect On a pond where bass had taken many sities, and local labor recruited to assist on insects and observe prevalence conditions young ducks, a fisherman made a floating the "dig" of prehistoric Indian culture sites in various areas of the southern Mississippi model of a mother duck, powered it with a in the mountainous region near Reserve, Valley and the Middle West. Dr. Fritz motor and propeller, and attached to it by New Mexico. This project involves col- Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, will lines of various lengths several floating mod- lecting artifacts of peoples who populated collect on the coasts of Oregon and Wash- els of downy ducklings. In each duckling the area as far back as 3,500 years ago and ington. was concealed a hook. The whole flotilla reconstruction of their history. In addition to expeditions. Dr. Karl P. was set afloat and drifted across the pond. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, will 'lost world' exploration Mother steamed ahead, with young follow- represent the Museum at the International Den- ing. Soon the bass, used to a duck diet, The little-known "lost-world" area of Zoological Congress in Copenhagen, the began to grab the ducklings. When the Venezuela will be botanically explored by mark, and Curator Rand will represent model was retrieved several prize bass had Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Curator of the Museum at the Eighth Pacific Science been taken. Phanerogamic Herbarium, scheduled to Congress in Manila. Robert K. Wyant, In northern waters, where northern pike leave early in the year. He will be accom- Curator of Economic Geology, and Chief or jack-fish, as they're called in the north, panied by Charles GriflSn, a Missouri Curator Roy will go to Washington, D.C, abound in duck-nesting waters, pike are naturalist. to undertake special research on meteorites. February, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page?

MUSEUM PALEONTOLOGIST children's programs will appear in the Immigrant from South . . . TO APPEAR ON TV March issue of the Bulletin. For the CHICAGO AREA GRAY FOX afternoon lectures, each Member of the "This Wonderful a new World," weekly Museum is entitled to two seats in the By COLIN CAMPBELL SANBORN television show Channel 'curator op mammals (WENR-TV, ABC, reserved section upon advance application 7:30 that will feature 7, Mondays, p.m.) by mail or telephone (WAbash 2-9410). The gray fox and opossum are two south- scientific and cultural the subjects, presents Seats will be heldId in thet Member's name ern mammals that were almost unknown in first of several Chicago Natural History before the lecturei until 2:25: p.m. the Chicago area twenty-five years ago. Museum on March 2. On that programs Each has gradually moved northward since date Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator of Dallwig on Tour; Will Resume then until today the opossum is abundant Fossil Invertebrates, will demonstrate how Museum Lectures in March and the gray fox is reported with increas- scientists life on the earth as it investigate ing frequency. was hundreds of millions of years ago. In Paul G. BaSfSJig, the Layman Lecturer, The most recent instance of a gray fox is addition to a discussion of this subject with is suspending his appearances at the one found in a poacher's trap by Ranger Klose, producer of the program, Museum during February because of an "Woody" Harley Schwass and received by the Mu- motion will be shown of Curator out-of-town lecture tour. His next lecture pictures seum through the interest of Dr. David at the will Richardson collecting Coal Age fossils 250- Museum be on Sunday, March 1, Thompson, Senior Naturalist of the Cook million old in the Braidwood area of at 2 p. M., when he will present "A Museum years County Forest Preserves. The Museum Will Illinois. The curator will also Zoo Is Exciting Too." The same lecture County, also has one from near La taken in will be at 2 p. m. on each of the Grange display fossil specimens and other material repeated — 1948, two from Highland Park trapped in from Museum exhibits and research collec- other Sundays in the month March 8, 15, 1946, and one from near Peru, Illinois, shot tions to illustrate his Other members 22, and 29. Members of the Museum may subject. in 1940. Undoubtedly there have been of the Museum's staff will in this attend the lectures without advance reser- appear others taken of which no record has been educational series later. vations by presentation of their membership kept. cards. For reservations for the This is one of a number of recently insti- others, The black tail-tip in the gray fox distin- tuted activities by which Museum com- March lectures and also for Sundays in the guishes it from the red fox, in which the munication with the public through the April, when subject will be "Living is white. The fox lives in and Their of be tail-tip gray medium of TV is being increased. Seven Races Way Life," may wooded country and often climbs sloping young women of the Raymond Foundation made during February by mail or telephone trees or ones with low branches. It has cos- lecture staff have been appearing in inter- (WAbash 2-9410). mopolitan tastes and eats almost anything, view programs about Museum subjects on but it has a strong preference for meat. all four Chicago television stations, and Noted Here Mycologist Many injurious rodents are taken by it, and other programs of this type are to be pre- Dr. Rolf Singer, specialist in Basidiomy- some birds, eggs, fruit, berries, and mush- sented throughout February. Definite dates cetes, has arrived at the Museum for a three- rooms. It will take chickens if the owner and hours, however, cannot be scheduled month stay to study South American fungi keeps them poorly housed or unprotected, sufficiently in advance for announcement in the Cryptogamic Herbarium. He was for which the fox cannot be blamed. here. At frequent intervals every day on awarded a John Simon Guggenheim Me- Gray foxes, of which there are numerous every Chicago station, Museum "spot" morial Fellowship in 1942-43, which was forms, range over the eastern United States announcements are appearing. The Mu- renewed for 1952-53, for the study of sub- to Florida and west to the Great Lakes seum has been co-operating also in tropical and tropical fungi. He spent the region, and also California, the Southwest, educational programs of universities, col- first few months of his fellowship-year at the and south to northern South America. It leges, and other institutions by furnishing Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University. is to be hoped that the gray fox will estab- material and information in fields for which Dr. Singer has taken part in many myco- lish itself in the wooded parts of the Chicago it is the primary source. logical expeditions to the Caucasus, Central area from which so many of our native Asia, and the American subtropics and mammals have been extirpated. He was professor extraordinary Lectures, Movies Start March 7 . . . tropics. at the National University of Tucumdn, Curator in Seminar ADULTS, CHILDREN INVITED Argentina (1948-52), from which he took TO MUSEUM THEATRE a leave of absence in September, 1952. He Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil is the author of a new classification of the Reptiles, addressed a biological seminar at The Museum's annual Saturday after- the of Notre on "The polypores, agarics, and boletes (The Agari- University Dame noon Spring Course of illustrated lectures Practical Side in the Discussion of the caleg in Modern Taxonomy, Lilloa, 1949) for adults on science, travel, and exploration and of about 100 other publications, books, Morphological Method." and the series of Saturday morning motion- monographs, and short articles. Recently picture for children will begin on programs he the first account published comprehensive Jr. November March 7. Both programs will continue on Cutler, Roger Grange, 17, of the of and now is Agaricales Argentina 1952. 528 pages. $8 Saturdays throughout March and April in preparing a treatment of South American the James Simpson Theatre of the Museum Fieldiana: Botany, Vol. 26, No. 1. Orchids Agaricales. and are free. of Guatemala. By Oakes Ames and Dono- The lectures for adults are provided by van Stewart Correll. August 29, 1952. Technical Publications buckram the Edward E. Ayer Lecture Foundation 408 pages. $4, paper; $5, The technical were Fund. The first one will be "Siam," by following publications Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 33, No. 2. Phil- Herbert Knapp, at 2:30 p.m. on March 7. issued recently by Chicago Natural History ippine Zoological Expedition 19U6-191t7, The children's programs, presented under Museum: Mammals. By Colin Campbell Sanborn. the of the James Nelson and Anna November 28, 1952. 80 pages. $1.50 auspices Fieldiana: Anthropology, Vol. 40. MogoUon Louise will start on Raymond Foundation, Cultural Continuity and Change—The Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 34, No. 5. A Collec- 7 at a.m. of the March 10:30 with "Story Stratigraphic Analysis of Tularosa and tion of Birds from, Mount Cameroon. By Desert" and an animated cartoon. Cordova Caves. By Paul S. Martin, John Rudyerd Boulton and Austin L. Rand. Complete schedules of both the adult and B. Rinaldo, Elaine Bluhm, Hugh C. October 9, 1952. 30 pages. $ .40 Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 195S

COELACANTH, 'FRONT PAGE FISH,' IS IN MUSEUM fiiWYE^ffiS Ag3Q The newspapers recently have had of this important early stock of fishes have numerous some even all been based on fossilized skeletal remains. M THE UM accounts, rating prominent space on front pages, about a To have a near-relative available for study little-known species of fish that the South of the soft anatomy is great good fortune. Compiled by MARGARET J. BAUER

From the Annual Report of the Director (the late Dr. Frederick J. V. Skiff) for the year 1903: "Maintenance.— It was stated in my last report that the building was perfectly safe, and I have no hesitation in reiterating that statement, and no anxiety need be felt as to any accidents occurring either to visitors or to those employed in the building, but the periodical attempts to improve the outside appearance of the walls have ceased as it has been conclusively proven that such efforts were ineffectual. In fact, the intro- duction of new plaster in patching seemed to loosen a larger area than was repaired.

The roof of the Museum building is, perhaps, today in better order than it ever has been, and it is doubtful if the interior has been so well protected from leakages since the construction of the building; but this con- dition is due to constant vigilance." NEWS SPOTLIGHT FOCUSES ON MUSEUM EXHIBIT Model on exhibition in Hall of Fishes an of a (Hall O) represents Latimeria chalumnae, example 350-niillion' Daily Guide-Lectures year-old type of fishes still living in the seas. The fish is a member of the family Coelacanthidae. The Coelacanths were believed to have been extinct since Cretaceous time (75 million years ago) until the recent Free guide-lecture tours are offered at of a Professor L. B. South African with a acquisition specimen by J. Smith, ichthyologist, consequent big 2 P.M. daily except Sundays under the title on front the world over. The Museum model of Latimeria is based on and de- **splash" pages photographs "Highlights of the Exhibits." These tours scription published by Professor Smith, who studied a specimen caught in 1938. The capture in December, are to give a general idea of the 1952, of another Coelacanth very similar to Latimeria, brought the above Museum exhibit, installed in 1945, designed of activities. back to widespread attention in the press early this year. entire Museum and its scope Special tours on subjects within the range of the Museum exhibits are available Mon- African ichthyologist. Professor J. L. B. Information based on the soft anatomy for of ten or Smith, of Rhodes University, is quoted as should shed considerable light on the struc- days through Fridays parties for such service identifying as a Coelacanth. tural organization of the group from which more persons. Requests be at least one week in advance. The Coelacanth (hollow-spined) fishes, the first land-vertebrates arose. must made there are no tours on belonging to the larger group of Crossop- A model of Latimeria chalumnae, con- Although Sundays, the is from 9 a.m. to 5 P.M. terygian fishes, were believed to have been structed by Leon L. Pray from photographs, Museum open extinct since Cretaceous time (75 million may be seen in the Hall of Fishes (Hall O) (4 P.M. on weekdays). years ago). On December 22, 1938, a living at this Museum. specimen of a Coelacanth, later named LoREN P. Woods NEW MEMBERS Latimeria was in a Curator Fishes chalumnae, captured of Corporate Member trawl in 234 feet of water three miles off Walther Buchen the mouth of the Chalumna River, near Curator to Resume Life Member East London, South Africa. Pope Studies In Field Louis Ware The recent stir in the daily press began Associate Members with the acquisition by Professor Smith Clifford H. Pope, Curator of Amphibians Isidore Brown, Howard T. Greene of a second specimen, caught about Decem- and Reptiles, plans to make during late ber 21, 1952, apparently of a species different winter and early spring a study of the habi- Annual Members from the.first. It was netted in only 60 feet tats of the salamanders of southern Cali- Mrs. James J. R. T. Bishop, Stanley L. Mrs. Norman of water, 200 yards offshore from Anjuan fornia. This will add a new field of Chessman, Eugene Cotton, J. Dunbeck, Mrs. A. Norman Into, Dr. Island, one of the Comoros situated off the investigations to those he has already Ormand C. Julian, Mrs. Maurice H. Lock- northwest coast of Madagascar. This worked in the southern Appalachians and wood, Mrs. Paul D. V. Manning, Mrs. place of capture is more than 1,700 miles in central Mexico. In the summer of 1952, James P. Margeson, Jr., Mrs. Edward D. north of the locality of the first. he carried on field studies of salamanders in McDougal, Jr., Mrs. George W. Moyers, of the first of The only parts preserved speci- the region Jalapa, Veracruz, and collec- Wilbur J. O'Brien, Frank O. Prior, Mrs. men were the skin and part of the skull. tions of reptiles and other amphibians were Robert P. Resch, Sister Richard, Mrs. John Most of the soft parts of the second specimen made there. He will also visit the Mexican Shedden, K. I. Thompson, Mrs. Thomas are well preserved, but apparently the head state of Sonora to secure series of desert M. Ware, Richard F. Watt, Dr. Paul K. Reinald Werrenrath is badly damaged. reptiles for the study collection of the Weichselbaum, The Crossopterygian (fringe-finned) Museum. group, in addition to the Coelacanth branch, Color photographs will be made to record much of their natural colors in preservative, contains another subgroup, the Rhipi- the various salamander species and their as do salamanders. In these amphibians, distians (fan-finned), from which the am- haunts. Such pictures are especially valu- color differences are of great value in phibians descended. Anatomical studies able in working with animals that lose classification.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS RULLETINU Vol.24. No.3- Mil R-h 1953 Cliicaqo Natural IJis tojy yiii s V. 1 1 in

Siamese Temple Guardian Figure (from film with opening lecture in Spring Series, March 7—April 25) Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 195S

Chicago Natural History Museum Fine Arts Building in Jackson Park into -THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshaix Field, 1893 which the material had been moved. RoowTelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 Akeley's first habitat representations of {Photo courtesy of Herbert Knapp) Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 African were antelopes consciously statu- The gigantic figure that appears with a of esque groups, minimum vegetation on our cover represents a spirit- and THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES groundwork. The next major step was guardian of a temple in Siam. It Lester Aruour Samuel Insull, Jr. the representation of the backgrounds by a sets the tone of the color-film of Henry P. Ishaii Sewell L. Avery in combination with the Wm. McCormick Blair Hughston M. McBain landscape painting that fascinating country which is William H. Mitchell Walther Buchen life-size foreground accessories. the subject of the opening lec- Walter J. Cuiimings Clarence B. Randall The enormous success of the "battle Albert B. Dick, Jr. George A. Richardson pan- ture, March 7, in this year's John G. Searlb Joseph N. Field orama" or in the Marshall Field Solomon A. Smith "cyclorama" post-Civil Spring Course in the James Simp- Marshau. Field, Jr. Louis Ware war era in American cities provided an im- son Theatre of the Museum. Stanley Field Albert H. Wetten John P. Wilson pressive example of exactly this combination Herbert Knapp, of Los Gatos, of modeled foreground and painted back- California, well-known traveler OFFICERS ground. In the 1880's had at least of President Chicago and producer documentary Stanley Field two Marshall Field Firl Viee-Preaident such panoramas of the largest size, motion-pictures, will be the lec- Second Viee-Pretidenl Henry P. Isham "The Battle of and "The Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-Preaident Gettysburg" turer. Other lectures on far-off Treaaurtr Solomon A. Smith Battle of Missionary Ridge." The domed places will be given each Clifford C. Grbgc Director and Secretary Saturday John R. Millar.... AstiBtant Secretary structures for these spectacular creations afternoon through April 25. The quite dominated Wabash Avenue. The vast titles and speakers for each date circular paintings of the cycloramas were 60 are on page 4. THE BULLETIN feet high and hung on the walls of circular EDITOR buildings 130 feet in diameter. the Muteum CuffobdC. Gregg Director of Akeley found one of the artists employed CONTRIBUTING EDITORS on these extraordinary landscapes to be ment here, finished no less than sixty-three Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology exactly the man who could adapt this exhi- Thbodor Just Chief Curator of Botany backgrounds before his death in 1938. In Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology he to train an able succes- Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology addition, helped MANAGING EDITOR sor, the late Arthur G. Rueckert. H. B. Harte Public Relatiotu Couneel The reader further interested in this bit ASSOCIATE EDITORS of Chicago history should refer to "How a Great Battle Panorama Is Helen A. MacMinn Christine Tardy Made," by Theodore R. Davis, in St. Nicholas (Decem- ber, 1886, vol. 14, pp. 99-112). Members are requested to Inform the Museum promptly of changes of address. Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology A FROM HISTORY CHAPTER Spring Visiting-Hours Begin OF MUSEUM'S EARLY DAYS Visiting hours from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. will EXHIBITION of animals, espe- go into effect at the Museum from March 1 an extension of hour THEcially of mammals and birds, in family through April 30, one groups or natural aggregations in museums beyond the 4 o'clock closing time observed of natural history was a revolutionary inno- during the winter months. A further vation in its day. The techniques involved extension to 6 p.m. closing will be made on had a multitude of origins. It was the late May 1, to continue in effect through Labor Carl E. Akeley who initiated the program Day, September 7. of such habitat groups in this Museum when he joined our staff in 1894. Technical Publications Akeley for some years had a private SOURCE OF MUSEUM TECHNIQUE The following technical publications were in Milwaukee the success studio and, by Scene in a institution of Chicago the 1880's. Artists issued recently by Chicago Natural History of his invention of the method of on a movable mounting platform arc shown painting one of the Museum: animals by a process of sculpture (instead huge "battle panoramas" or "cycloramas" that drew crowds to two domed structures on Wabash Avenue of by stuffing them), had gained the repu- Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 34, No. 6. Sec- before there were movies. One of the artists, the tation of the taxidermist in Sexual Characters and being leading late Charles Abel Corwin, later came to the Museum ondary Ecological the invitation of Sir William Competition. Austin L. Rand. Novem- America. On and adapted the circular^wall painting technique for By ber 1952. 6 .10 Flower, who was Director of the British use in backgrounds of animal habitat groups. 12, pages. $ in Museum (Natural History), London, Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 34, No. 7. More Akeley was about to go to England to under- bition technique to the Museum— Charles New Species and New Records of Fishes take an exhibition program in the then still Abel Corwin, whose name came to stand from Bermuda. By Robert H. Kanazawa. new London building. But he was irre- next only to that of Akeley in the annals of November 20, 1952. 30 pages. $ .50 diverted the even American museums. Corwin combined real- vocably by greater Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 34, No. 8. On the istic detail a challenge to his abilities presented by the with flair for large-scale paint- Mollusk Fauna of the Land-locked Waters empty halls of the still newer Field Colum- ing. His work was in convincing perspective of Bermuda. By Fritz Haas. December bian Museum, as the Chicago institution was and always adjusted or adjustable to the 18, 1952. 5 pages. $ .10 known at the time. In 1894 this Museum's planned foreground and the dominating Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 34, No. 9. South nucleus of assembled the "real" animal collections, by figures. A census of the halls American Non-Marine Shells: Further Re- World's Fair the of Natural great Chicago year before, Chicago History Museum shows marks and Descriptions. By Fritz Haas. 'sieemed lost in the spacious halls of the fair's that Corwin, in his two periods of employ- December 29, 1952. 26 pages. $ .60 March, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S MUSEUM BOTANIST TO EXPLORE VENEZUELA'S 'LOST WORLD'

EXPEDITION that will require known flora. The region is the scene of never been scaled. Others, like Mount ANhundreds of miles of travel afoot and Conan Doyle's Lost World and appears also Roraima, can be ascended only from one side. canoe in one of the world's loneliest and in literature as the locale of Green Mansions by — The tepuis, which also extend on the west least-known areas the famous— "lost world" by Henry Hudson. In —the region is the into southeastern Colombia and on the east of southern Venezuela will be under- world's highest waterfall Angel's Falls of merge into the sandstone mountains of British and Dutch Guiana, attain their most spectacular and extensive development in southern Venezuela. To date, each tepui that has been explored has yielded a highly endemic flora and, to a less spectacular degree, fauna. Hundreds of new species of plants have been found as a result of explor- ing these table mountains. Many of the unusual plants growing in this area belong to primitive and isolated genera and families, related in a number of instances to groups found in Africa and Australia. In other cases their nearest relatives are species found in the Andes of western South America.

These tepuis have been cut off from the main Andean chain for a long time, geo- logically speaking, and are widely separated from the Andes by the level low llanos or treeless savanna-like areas. Since no fossils have been found to date, the age of the sand- stone composing the tepuis is unknown. How long the tepuis themselves have been cut off from each other is also speculative. The fact that each of the has devel- TABLE-TOP MOUNTAINS OF 'LOST WORLD' tepuis oped an isolated endemic flora and, in most This is the type of terrain that will be explored in Venezuela by a Museum expedition led by Dr. Julian A. cases, a fauna peculiar to it, poses a fascinat- Steyermark, Curator of the Phanerogamic Herbarium. The little'known and sparsely populated region has a in evolution. distinctive flora, including many rare plants, and may yield new species. ing problem IMPORTANCE OF THE REGION taken early in March by Dr. Julian A. Mount Auyan-tepul. One of the objectives Botanists in consider this area one Steyermark, Curator of the Phanerogamic of the expedition will be to reach the summit general of the most unusual in the world. In the Herbarium of the Museum. of Chimanta-tepul and explore the hundreds Western Hemisphere it is believed that a The Venezuela Botanical Expedition will of square miles on top because the flora and of new of evolution- fauna there are believed to different greater number species begin with the sailing of Curator Steyermark be very ary significance remains to be discovered in from New Orleans to La Guaira, port for from those at the base of the mountain or in other of the the will at this region than any part New Caracas, the capital, whence he will fly to a along slopes. Camps be made World. For this reason the Museum is point of penetration of the "lost-world" area. various points at the base of the mountain, obtain as much material as on its and on the anxious to pos- After the plunge into this region. Curator slopes, summit. sible for its herbarium. Steyermark will be cut off completely for Many of these tepuis have never been nine Dr. Bassett several months from civilization. He will explored (tepuf is the local Indian word for During the past years, Curator at New York Botanical have as field assistant one compatriot, mountain and is pronounced te-pwee). Iso- Maguire, and his have been Charles Griffin, a young northern Missouri lated from the Andean chain on the west and Garden, colleagues explor- a of these in Venezuela naturalist, who will also collect birds and northwest and from the Coastal Range ing number tepuis and Dutch Guiana. His most mammals for the Museum's Department of (Cordillera de la Costa) on the north by and British recent which has left for the Zoology. The rest of the party will be hundreds of miles, they stand above the expedition, just "lost world" of will native carriers, who are essential on an ex- forested lowlands and grassy upland plateau, Venezuela, explore The mountain ex- pedition of this kind because supplies and resembling the isolated buttes and table Acop&n-tepui. being his the one provisions for the entire period must be mountains of the western United States. plored by party joins (Chimant4- to be Curator borne for the long overland treks on the The base of these truncated masses may tepui) investigated by Steyer- mark. Therefore the botanical results of backs of porters. It is estimated that the start at only 500 feet above sea level in the these will be journeys afoot may total fully a thousand western part of the "lost-world" area or at separate expeditions published a New York Botanical miles and involve climbing over bluffs to 3,000 to 3,500 feet in the elevated eastern as joint report by Garden and Natural altitudes of 8,000 feet or more. The expedi- section, but their summits may be higher Chicago History Museum. tion plans to return sometime during the than 9,000 feet. They are roughly four- late summer. sided, although their form may be irregular. During 1944 Curator Steyermark explored Their sides are precipitous sandstone bluffs Mount Roraima, Mount Duida, Mount PLAN TO EXPLORE StrMMIT thousands of feet high. Each mountain Ptari-tepui, SororopSn-tepui, and Carrao- The primary object of the expedition is usually has two or three separate stories or tepui. Several hundred new species were the exploration of Chimantd-tepu!, which, levels of bluffs, each escarpment or bench described as a result of the exploration of together with Acop4n-tepuI, forms the larg- being 1,000 to 2,000 feet of sheer precipice. these mountains. It is expected that many est of the table mountains in southern Many of these tepuis have nearly vertical interesting new species of plants will be dis- Venezuela, and the collection of its little- cliffs on all sides and, for this reason, have covered by the present expedition. Pagsi CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 1953 SATURDAY AFTERNOON TRAVEL LECTURES AND COLOR FILMS

SATURDAY afternoons in March as he frequently does, to lecture here. This April II—Iran ONand April, Members of the Museum, season he brings a color-film account of an Kenneth Richter their guests, and the general public can sit expedition through New South Wales into Here is a film reputed to present the most comfortably in the James Simpson Theatre tropical Queensland. Of all lands, Australia complete picture sequence ever screened of and, through the magic of color motion- is perhaps the land of greatest contrasts, a land in which the struggle of modern oil pictures and the imagery of eloquent ex- both in its native peoples and in its many interests is carried on against the back- plorers and scientists, visit some of the strange animals. ground of an ancient civilization. Kenneth world's far-away places. March 28—African Life Richter, of Bridgewater, Massachusetts, well The annual Spring Course, provided by Julian Gromer known for his important social documentary the Edward E. Lecture Foundation Ayer films, shows the most modern achievements of will on March 7 and continue A journey 8,000 miles by air to Lagos, Fund, open of engineering side by side with a handicraft on each afternoon in March and in Nigeria, opens this lecture and color-film Saturday civilization unchanged through the cen- Lectures at 2:30 P.M. Limited by Julian Gromer, world traveler and April. begin turies. He introduces his hearers to the of Illinois. At the accommodations make it necessary to restrict sportsman Elgin, Lagos daily life of the people in the cities and of admission to adults. free motion- armchair travelers find a harbor beautiful Special the primitive tribal organizations in moun- will be for children with graceful coco palms. People are seen picture programs given tain villages. their and on the mornings of the same Saturdays Qasting nets, making mud bricks, under the auspices of the James Nelson and April 18—Adventure in Bororo Land Anna Louise Raymond Foundation. Sasha Siemel Following is the complete schedule of this RESERVED SEATS Known to the natives of Matto Grosso season's lectures for adults: FOR MEMBERS as the "Tiger Man" because of his exploits March 7—Siam in with and bow and No tickets are necessary for ad- hunting jaguars spears Sasha Siemel in this lecture and film Herbert Knapp mission to these lectures. A sec- arrow, presents the story of Brazil's great ranches. Siam, a land almost unchanged with the tion of the Theatre is allocated to He shows also the life of the primitive passing of the centuries, has a story-book Members of the Museum, each of Bororo Indians who live on the edge of the capital in Bangkok that is a Venice of the whom is entitled to two reserved cattle country. The Bororos are one of the Far East. Herbert Knapp, of Los Gatos, seats. Requests for these seats few tribes that have retained their ancient California, is well-known for his documen- should be made in advance by dress and customs and have kept their tary color films of exotic lands. His present telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or in blood free from mixture by the expedient of film takes the audience inside the Temple of writing, and seats will be held in killing any child not typically Bororo. A the Emerald Buddha and to nearby gardens the Member's name until 2:25 feature of the movies is a colorful dance to of luxuriant orchids. There is a trip by o'clock on the lecture day. placate the spirit of the jaguar. sampan through miles of floating houses and markets on Bangkok's traffic-choked April 25—Land of the Ancient Maya canals and then through a tropical wonder- Arthur C. Twomey land on the Chao Phya River, Siam's life- cutting mahogany logs. Mr. Gromer takes line to the outside world. Also shown are his audience into the bush-country interior This lecture and motion picture presents tribes in the mountains of the north, domes- where the Chief of Lassa introduces his five the highlights of four expeditions to Hon- ticated elephants at work in the teak forests, wives. The film shows how a tribesman duras conducted by Dr. Arthur C. Twomey, curator of birds and director of education ancient court dances, and ritualized Siamese obtains a wife and how evil spirits are boxing that begins with a prayer and a driven away by a medicine man. The audi- at the Carnegie Institute. Although his dance and rewards the victor with flowers. ence also sees six hundred natives armed primary objective in the field was the study and collection of the varied and abundant — with poisoned arrows, spears, and leather March 14 Quebec Wilderness birds in the shields and helmets in a battle over rights tropical country's steaming Country he to a watering pool. jungles and dripping alpine rain-forests, Earl L. Hilfiker also deals with the life of the people. The April 4—TiP-O-THE-MlTTEN A vast wilderness area of breath-taking ruins from which we derive our knowledge beauty lies to the north of the great Ottawa Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr. of the ancient civilization of the Mayas are the for a of the film River in the northern part of the province The northern tip of mitten-shaped Lower background large part and lecture. of Quebec. In color films and vivid narra- Michigan with its magnificent forests, lush tive, Earl L. Hilfiker, of Rochester, New bogs and marshes, blue lakes, clear streams, York, presents a survey of this wild country and verdant farmlands is the setting of Dr. Daily Guide-Lectures with its dense timber growth, lakes, and Olin Sewall Pettingill's film and lecture. streams. This is the homeland of the moose, Here at the University of Michigan Bio- Free guide-lecture tours are offered at beaver, spruce grouse, loon, and timber logical Station is unfolded a story of scien- 2 P.M. daily except Sundays under the title wolf, all of which play a role in the films. tific study and discovery. The "action" of "Highlights of the Exhibits." These tours It is a fishing country to warm the soul of a "live" sand dune is studied with plant are designed to give a general idea of the the most avid fisherman. ecologists. The viewers are taken along with entire Museum and its scope of activities. ichthyologists to track down the dreaded Special tours on subjects within the range March 21—Land Down Under sea lamprey that has been ravaging Great of the Museum exhibits are available Mon- Alfred M. Bailey Lakes fishes. The film documents the lives days through Fridays for parties of ten or It is always an event of special attraction of mammals, birds, amphibians, insects, and more persons. Requests for such service for Museum audiences when Dr. Alfred M. plants, and it presents scenery of gorgeous must be made at least one week in advance. Bailey, formerly a member of the staff of splendor. Dr. Pettingill is an associate pro- Although there are no tours on Sundays, this institution and now Director of the fessor of zoology at Carleton College, North- the Museum is open to visitors as usual Denver Museum of Natural History, returns. field, Minnesota. from 9 A.M. to 5 p.m. March, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

'EXTREME ADJUSTMENTS' insects into thinking him part of the scenery. ILLINOIS AUDUBON SOCIETY FOUND IN CHAMELEONS His pivot eyes may be his only moving LECTURE ON MARCH 22 parts, and they make a strange thing to By CHRISTINE TARDY "Bonaventure Diary," a lecture illus- BULLETIN STAFF WRITER watch. The eyes move independently of trated with color motion-pictures, will be each other except when the chameleon finds FEW WEEKS AGO, a box arrived at given on Sunday afternoon, March 22, at it convenient to focus them both at the the Museum from Madagascar, that 2:30 o'clock in the James Simpson Theatre A same time on the same object—and then he island off the east coast of Africa that has of the Museum under the auspices of the seems to have stereoscopic or binocular been the source of a large number of zoolog- Illinois Audubon Society. Robert C. vision, to judge from the accuracy of his ical surprises. When Dr. Karl P. Schmidt, Hermes, photographer for a Royal Ontario aim with his projectile tongue. Chief Curator of Zoology, and excited mem- Museum expedition, will be the lecturer. When the chameleon sights a likely look- bers of his staff gathered around to open the His narrative and film tell the story of the ing morsel in this way, the next thing to out crawled a green gecko, a series great bird colony of Bonaventure Island in package, occur happens so fast that it's hard for the of skinks, and three magnificent chameleons. the Gulf of St. Lawrence, just three miles north of Peninsula. birds Two of the chameleons were extraordi- Gasp6 Among shown in the film are gannets, kittiwake nary. If you remember the little creatures and razor-billed auks. you bought at carnivals in your childhood, gulls, murres, puffins, The is and admission is free. the tiny lizards that would sit on your public invited, Members of the Illinois Audubon shoulder and change color every so often Society and of the Museum have seats in the (they called them chameleons, but they may reserved section of the theatre upon pre- aren't—they're actually anoles, a type of sentation of their membership cards to the American lizard), then you will know the ushers, but reserved seats must be claimed zoologists' reactions when they got a look not later than 2:25 p.m. at some of the biggest chameleons in the world. Unfortunately, the trip by air- express had been too much for the larger of the two big ones and it died the day it is a sort of refuge. The island was cut off arrived, but the other big one—18 inches in the earliest era of the age of mammals. long—took at once to its new environment It has lemurs but no monkeys, harmless and promptly proceeded to feast on snakes—no poisonous ones. There are cockroach and spider delicacies with zest. GIANT CHAMELEON OF MADAGASCAR plenty of insectivores but few carnivores Chameleons are the most short-lived of and no hoofed animals except for the wild This rare creature, held by Hymen Marx, Assistant are to have swum over. all reptiles, with a life-span of only two or in the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, is 18 pigs that thought inches and one of the chameleons ever to nature three years, and it is impossible to judge the long largest Hence, working with what she had, reach this country. It is of the species Chamaeleo age of an adult. So, because the surviving produced more variations of the insecti- lateralis. The animal will live out its life at Brook' a Chamaeleo and the other vorous chameleon on Madagascar than have big one, lateralis, field Zoo and then will be preserved at the Museum. smaller Chamaeleo pardalis seemed to be managed to survive evolution anywhere else so Dr. Schmidt decided to in the world. thriving well. human eye to follow. Its very long tongue, turn them over to Brookfield Zoo until twice as long as its body, tipped with a EMOTION CAUSES COLOR CHANGE choose to die and return to the Museum they sticky, weighty knob, darts out an amazing in a state to be studied. To the The lateralis, while at the Museum, was preserved distance to adhere to the prey and pull it observed to maintain a dark uniform best of the Museum zoologists' knowledge, back into the mouth. very the lateralis is the only one ever to come green color—this when it wasn't excited or big The chameleon gets a good grip on the to this and alive; so everyone upset about anything. If the color of its country stay branch or twig by grasping it with its is anxious to it that background changed with no other accom- keep way. peculiar tong-like feet. On each foot, two panying disturbance, the lateralis would they're 'extremists' toes lie on one side and three on the other, take on a blending color. and these groups of toes are opposed. The slowly suitably aurora borealis isn't the But if it encountered some disturbance such The built-in only tail serves as a fifth grasping organ and may chameleons as sudden motion, then fear or anger would thing that makes interesting. be wrapped around the twig also. The feet bundles of cause it to change color very rapidly and As Dr. Schmidt says, "they're are not at all adapted for a life on the —the most offering ob- extreme adjustments." They possess re- ground, and this is why chameleons are radically spectacular that served was a to orange with white markable projectile tongues, eyes pivot found around woody vegetation. Other- change in direction of each stripes down the sides. This latter type of any independently wise, they are found in all kinds of climates for color is caused by a hormone- other, feet like tongs made grasping and habitats, each adapted to its particular change stimulated while the former branches but quite useless on the ground, environment and different from those of reaction, type seems to be controlled through the eyes and prehensile tails. other environments. This is not to say that and the central nervous system. Most of these features are aids in feeding, they are found everywhere, however—of to the since the tastes of chameleons are limited to the genus Chamaeleo, half the species are These amazing reptiles were sent spiders, grasshoppers, and other insects. found only on Madagascar, while Arabia Museum by a former student of Dr. Schmidt's Dr. Chameleons are very slow-moving creatures, has two species, India has one, and Africa at the University of Frankfurt where zool- and their excessively slow movements are has the rest. The common species, known Schmidt taught in 1950. This German exactly what is required for stalking their even to Aristotle, has spread along the ogist, Karl Ludwig Koch, made an expedi- prey. They will sit on branches almost Mediterranean coasts to Spain and tion to Madagascar late in 1952 to collect motionless, and their coloring is so adap- Palestine. specimens of the peculiar Madagascar tive that look like of the branch. fauna for various European zoos and mu- they part ISOLATED HABITAT But when an unsuspecting insect alights seums. His interest is mainly in reptiles nearby, it is doomed to be swept into the Madagascar became isolated from the and amphibians, and this Museum requested series is chameleon's stomach in a fraction of a second . course of events going on in evolution else- specimens of which the present an When he sits still, the chameleon fools where, as did Australia, and as a result it installment. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 1953

ONE OF THE SPINDLE-TREES, A NATIVE OF KOREA By EMIL sella Books shrubs and small this is curator of exhibits, botany trees, genus widely distributed through the northern hemisphere A striking new model, a fruiting branch extending occasionally south of the equator {All books reviewed in the Bulletin are of an Oriental spindle-tree, has recently been to the islands of the Indian Ocean and to available in The Book Shop of the Museum. added to the synoptic exhibits in Martin A. Australia. However the largest number of Mail orders accompanied by remittance in- and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Plant Life, Hall these trees and shrubs occurs in the warm cluding an allowance for postage are promptly 29). Native to Japan and Korea, this regions of southern Asia. filled.) attractive spindle-tree, Euonymus kamiUoni- anus var. yedoensis, was introduced as an Many species and varieties are grown as PLANTS, MAN AND LIFE. By Edgar ornamental in the Western World at the ornamentals. Being hardy and not partic- Anderson. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1952. 245 pages. Price $4.

This is one of the best books on plants to appear for a long time. The author, Edgar Anderson, assistant director of the Missouri Botanical Garden and one of the most prominent figures in plant research, is dis- tinguished for his ability to arouse interest in new methods and fields of research. He has a simple story to tell but a story so linked with the habits and migrations of man that it involves such seemingly unre- lated personalities as a Mexican farmer who grew several kinds of corn, an American botanist who could find no place to keep all his specimens, and a Russian geneticist who was liquidated. We know less about our cultivated plants and the weeds that follow man, Dr. Anderson says, than we do about the wild flowers and birds of many remote places. Even scientists who can name plants collected in Guate- malan mountains or the jungles of South America are baffled by and have little in- terest in common garden plants and weeds that have been associated with man for thousands of years. Fortunately, a few A NEW EXHIBIT IN DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY botanists recognize the need for a better Close-up of fruits on branch of an Oriental spindlc-tree (Euonymus hamiltonianus var. yedoensis). This re- understanding of our useful plants and have production, prepared by Emil Sella. Curator of Exhibits in Botany, may now be seen in Martin A. and Carrie begun to study them. The methods they Hall Life, Hall Ryerson (Plant 29). developed and the difficulties and adventures they encountered in applying their methods beginning of the present century. The ular as to soils, they are well adapted for form the most interesting parts of the book. living material was obtained from the shrubberies, while some evergreen species The routine followed in field work and in Morton Arboretum near Illinois. The are used for is seeds Lisle, hedges. Propagation by laboratory research on useful plants and model is the result of combined or of mature wood in the fall. prepared by cuttings weeds is described fully but simply so that efforts of Frank Artist- Preparator Boryca, The spindle-tree is closely related to the the layman can readily understand not Samuel and the Preparator Grove, Jr., climbing bittersweet, Celastrus scandens, a only the methods used but also the sig- writer. woody vine found in the rich woods of nificance of the results. For the benefit of This small tree with handsome opposite eastern North America. A model of the any readers who want detailed information leaves produces clusters of unpretentious latter has been on display in Hall 29 for a on our cultivated plants, one chapter out- greenish-white flowers that appear in the number of years and may now be seen lines the status of our present knowledge of month of June. This modest early appear- together with this Oriental spindle-tree in useful plants, and suggested readings are ance is more than made up as the fruit Case 869. listed, with comments, at the end of the ripens in the latter part of September. The book. colorful of its four-celled display rosy-pink This is a book that every person interested even attractive as Girl Scouts Study at Museum capsules becomes more in nature and in the products of man's intelli- the and reveal small capsules partly open On Saturdays during February, Girl gence and skill should read. Living things oval aril-covered seeds of brilliant crimson Scouts in groups of as many as two-hundred and artifacts are usually considered unre- color. clusters of The numerous hanging girls came to the Museum for nature studies, lated; yet Dr. Anderson brings out not only fruits persist even after the leaves have with the staff of the Raymond Foundation the importance of plants in the development fallen, retaining their colors until hit by as instructors. After meetings in a lecture of man but also the transformation man has on weeds hard frost. room, the girls were conducted on tours of wrought on many useful plants and The generic name Euonymus, often exhibits by their Museum guides. The as well. Paul S. Martin spelled Evonymus, is the classical name of studies were for the purpose of aiding them Chief Curator of Anthropology one of the European species. Including in attaining Girl Scout nature-proficiency various forms of deciduous and evergreen badges. and Hugh C. Cutler March, 1953 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page?

Fishing Notes From All Over . . . 2-9410). The lectures are free. They start On Saturday Mornings . . . promptly at 2 p.m. and end at 4:30 p.m., LAKE MICHIGAN IS CALLED FREE including a half-hour intermission for relaxa- MOVIE PROGRAMS AN 'AQUATIC DESERT' tion or for tea or coffee in the Museum cafe- OFFERED CHILDREN teria, where smoking is permitted. Admis- In conversation, the staff of the Depart- A series of eight free motion-picture pro- sion is restricted to adults. ment of Zoology often refers to Lake Mich- grams for children will be presented at the as an desert. We think of it igan aquatic — Museum on Saturday mornings during as a sparsely populated habitat excluding, GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM March and April. On four of the programs, of course, the human population. Deep, explorers who are to appear also in the relatively cold bodies of fresh water, such Following is a list of the principal gifts spring lecture course for adults will tell their as our Great Lakes, are not rich in animal received during the past month: stories for the children. life. children's Department of Anthropology: The programs, under the auv On the other warm lakes of the James Nelson and hand, shallow, From: Theodore Nakutin, Chicago—fur pices Anna Louise in the tropics may swarm with life. One parka, Alaska Raymond Foundation, will be given at 10:30 such place, the Great Lake of Cambodia, A.M. in the James Simpson Theatre. Chil- Department of Botany; Indo-China, has a fantastic fish crop. Great dren may come alone, accompanied by From: Prof. Eizi Matuda, Chiapas, Mex- Lake lies in the lower part of the Mekong parents or other adults, or in from ico— 134 phanerogams, Mexico; Claude R. groups River basin. the lake over- schools, and other centers. No tickets Every spring Mowry, Reno, Nev.—Pinus washoensis, clubs, its it reaches four times are flows banks until Quercus washoensis, Nevada; O. A. Oaks, needed. Following are the titles and its low-water surface area. This tremendous Wilmette, 111.—plank of Fijian Kauri, plank dates of the programs: increase in size is brought about by the of Podocarpus, Fiji Islands; Floyd Swink, March 7—Desert Life coincidence of the rainy season in Indo- Chicago—412 phanerogams, Indiana and Illinois China with the swelling of the Mekong One film on American southwestern des- River by the melting snows of the Him- Department of Geology: erts and the Indians; a second film on desert of French and its alayas 2,300 miles upstream. From: L. J. Blanchard.JBakersfield, Calif. Morocco people Dr. P. Chevey of the Oceanographic —Horse Canyon agate, California; Mrs. Also a cartoon Institute of Indo-China estimates the annual Marion Rubens, Chicago—double strand March 14—The Rabbit That fish catch of Great Lake to be 100,000 tons, seed-pearl necklace; Dr. William B. Thomas, Runs N.J.—collection of fossil fishes and ON Snowshoes of which 23,000 tons are exported to Java. Lyons, concretions, Greenland As the total surface area at high water is Movies of the snowshoe hare, one of 3,800 square miles, the annual yield is Department of Zoology: nature's most fascinating creatures, with about 26 tons per square mile. The surface From: American Museum of Natural His- story told by Earl L. Hilfiker New York —3 South area of Lake Michigan is 22,400 square tory, City weevils, — America; Bernard Benesh, Burrville, Tenn. March 21 Arizona miles. In 1946, a moderately good fishing — 2 pupae of Dynastes tityus (rhinoceros All seasons in color life of the In- year, 11,192 tons of fish were caught in film; beetle), Tennessee; Chicago Zoological So- the Lake or one-half ton dians; Grand Canyon. Alfred M. Michigan, roughly per Brookfield—mammal Luis ciety, specimen; will tell the mile. Bailey story square de la Torre, Ann Arbor, Mich.—94 ecto- As it's an desert. we say, aquatic parasites of mammals, Guatemala; Dr. March 28—Spring Comes to a Pond Robert F. Inger Georg Haas, Jerusalem, Israel—2 worm The first frogs, small mammals, birds, and Assistant Curator of Fishes snakes, Israel; Harry Hoogstraal, Cairo, flowers that appear in the Chicago Egypt—2 frogs, 14 bats, Egypt, Giza, and Abu Sir; Richard I. Johnson, Belmont, region DALLWIG RESUMES TALKS Mass.—collection of fresh-water clams. New Also a cartoon ON SUNDAY AFTERNOONS England states; Dr. Juan A. Rivero, Maya- — guez, Puerto Rico—2 coral snakes, Ven- April 4 Wild Life in Action from a month's out-of-town Dr. Returning ezuela; Wolfgang Weyrauch, Lima, Strange and comical behavior of birds, G. the Peru—collection of shells, Peru speaking tour, Paul Dallwig, Layman mammals, reptiles, and other creatures, will resume his afternoon Lecturer, Sunday with Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr., as talks at the Museum in March. His subject storyteller for the month is "A Museum Zoo Is Ex- NEW MEMBERS 1 1 —Alaskan Eskimos citing Too," to be presented at 2 p.m. on all The following persons became Museum April five Sundays—March 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29. Members from January 19 to February 11: Films by Walt Disney of an Eskimo and in the Lecture his The lecture, given partly Contributor family Hall and covers inci- partly among exhibits, Dr. Harold Trapido Also a cartoon dents in the lives of wild animals that Associate Members 18—Adventure in Bororo Land illustrate their intelligence and behavior April Hamilton Allport, Dr. Abraham Goldstein under varied conditions. Among especially The story of cowboys and Indians in the Annual Members famous animals in the Museum whose Matto Grosso region of Brazil. Sasha Arthur J. Bidwill, Mrs. Herbert A. Bor- stories will be told are the gorilla Bushman, Siemel, who made the film, will narrate land, Dr. Stanley Budrys, Raymond the giant panda Su-lin, and the man-eating his adventures, including wild-animal Canaday, Theodore Chandik, Bernard J. lions of Tsavo. A feature of the lecture is hunts Cunningham, Dr. Leonard F. Farrell, Harry a dramatization of a day in Africa. N. Brimson Milan Her- Gifford, Jr., Grow, April 25—Olympic Elk zog, William H. Hillier, John L. Hopkins, Members of the Museum may use One of Walt Disney's True Life Adven- Rajko Lozar, Mrs. Frederick Orr Ludlow, their membership cards to attend these ture Series Merrill W. MacNamee, Frederick Mayer, lectures without advance reservations. Fritz Mayer, L. R. O'Brien, Martin T. Also a cartoon All with the of accredited others, exception O'Brien, William L. O'Brien, L. O. Paul, the representatives of press, must make Charles D. Peacock III, Ralph Pellow, reservations in advance. Reservations may Herbert J. Pulham, Miss Sadie Purvis, Egypt's ancient culture from before 3000 be made by mail or telephone (WAbash W. J. Stark B.C. is illustrated in Hall J. Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 295$ PRIZE WINNERS IN THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL NATURE PHOTO EXHIBITION

'BUBBLE BLOWER'

By Louis Quitt, of Buffalo. Awarded silver medal first prize in the Aninial'Life Section of Nature Photography Exhibition.

F. G. Hibbard, Milwaukee; L. D. Hiatt, Toledo; Rich- ard H. Jackson, Cincinnati; Robert Leatherman, San *INTO NOWHERE* Bernardino. Calif.; Floyd A. Lewis, Hollis, N.Y.; Dr. R. M. Moose, San Bernardino, Calif.; Margaret Mc- 'LEAF PATTERN' Charles o( San Awarded silver Alfred By Wilson, Diego. Kenny, Olympia, Wash.; Renfro, Bellevue, By M. M. Deaderick. o£ California. Donald T. J. Alan Carpenteria. first in the Section of Wash.; Ries, Normal, III.; Foster, medal prize General Nature Awarded silver first in Plant- San Diego; Ralph Presgrave, Toronto, Canada medal prize Life Section Photography Exhibition. of Nature Exhibition. Mabel Ross, Salt Lake City; E. R. Rotherham, Photography Victoria, Australia; Dr. Fred J. Ruch, Plainfield, N J.; Leonard Rue. Columbia, N.J.; W. H. Savary, Plain- On this page are reproduced the photo- field, N. J.; Emil K. Schmidt, Omaha; H. A. Thornhill, Merced, Calif.; L. A. Thurston, Detroit; Leslie Tucker, that won the first —silver nois. She has had previous museum lec- graphs prizes Willowdale, Ont., Canada; Elvin Warrick, Urbana, 111.; E. Clarence D. medals—in the animal-life, plant-life and Burdette White, Merced, Calif.; Cook, turing experience .... Miss Christine Lakeside, Mich.; Ferrel Hessing. St. Louis; E. J. Hike, general sections of the Division of Prints in Port Orchard, Wash.: Harry Hoke. Stillwater, Okla.; Tardy has been promoted to Associate S. Creek Mrs. Katherine the International Exhibi- Guy Hylton, Stony Mills, Pa.; Public Relations Counsel after served Eighth Chicago Jensen, Pittford, N.Y.; Gene Wolfsheimer, Sherman having tion of Nature Photography. The exhibit Oaks, Calif.; W. L. Coleman, San Bernardino, Calif. since November, 1951, as assistant to H. B. Walter T. New York O. A. was held in Field Hall from Feb- Jervis, City; Kidwell, Harte continues as Public Relations Stanley Pasadena; T. Llyle Keith, Canaan, N.Y.; Leota Otis (who ruary 2 to March 1 under the auspices of Kisor, Olympia, Wash; George Riediger, Hollywood; Counsel). Miss Tardy, a frequent contrib- Harold L. Schroeder, San Francisco; Walter Skove, the Museum and the Chicago Nature Cleveland; Samuel Stem, New York City; Raymond utor of BtlLLETiN feature articles, has been S. St. Louis; L. A. Yager, Bos^eman, Mont.; Camera Club. Vogel, given special duties in radio and television Howard E. Foote, New York City; Elizabeth S. Los H. W. Following are lists of medal winners and French, Angeles; Greenwood. Hollywood; activities .... Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Comdr. J. L. Kenner, San Francisco; Smith Mac- will awards of honorable mention: Mullin, Inglewood, Calif.; Mrs. Estttlle Marker, Oak- Curator of Fossil Invertebrates, appear land, Calif.; Tad Nichols, Tucson; Floyd Norgaard, Monday, March 2, at 7:30 p.m. on the tele- MEDAL WINNERS Los Angeles; Charles J. Norona, Los Angeles Prints: Victor Pagel, Milwaukee; W. A. Price, Ramsey, vision program "This Wonderful World" B. B. Elizabeth B. Animal-Life Section: Louis Quitt, Buflfalo, N.Y.— N.J.; Randall, Orinda, Calif.; over station WENR-TV. Four members of Bubble Blower Ranson, New York City; R. S. Riley, Berkeley, Calif.; C. Hubert J. — Plant-Life Section: M. M. George Simmons, Carlsbad, N.M.; the Raymond Foundation lecture staff Deaderick, Carpen- New York Dr. William W. Calif. — Paiiem Thelen, City; Tribby, teria, Leaf Memphis Miss Miriam Wood, Miss Harriet Smith, General Section: Charles Wilson, San Diego. Miss Marie and Miss Calif.—Into Notchere SPECIAL MEDALS FOR COLOR SLIDES Svoboda, Nancy Awarded by (he Photographic Soeiely of America Worsham—have recently brought Museum Color Slides: Dr. William W. Tribby, Memphis, Tenn.—"Mud Animal-Life Section: Louis N.Y.— information to television viewers on five Quitt, Buffalo. Pattern"; V. E. Ward, Angels Camp, Calif.—"GroirWi Drtigonfiy Clinging to Naiad Case on Stone" different programs over stations WNBQ and Plant-Life Section: Leota Otis Kisor. Olyrapia, Wash.—Amanita muscarin WGN-TV Miss Lillian A. Ross, Asso- General Section: James Y. T. Leong, Honolulu, ciate Editor of Scientific Publications (and Hawaii—Kilauea Eruption STAFF NOTES Associate in the Division of Insects), is col- HONORABLE MENTIONS lecting spiders for the Museum collections Prints and Color Slides, All Sections while on a trip of several weeks in Mexico. Chicago Area Dr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of William Louise Ted .... Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Curator Angus, Jr.; Broman; Famng- Zoology, gave a series of lectures on animal ton; Earl Heinz; Terrence Brille; W. J. Javurek, Cicero; of the Phanerogamic Herbarium, was guest- Grace H. Lanctot; Mrs. Charles R. Walgreen; Gladys geography at the University of Toronto Easter, Hazelcrest; Mary Florence Tucker; Louise star February 22 on "Press Conference," H. G. Strasser last month and spoke before the Royal Agnew; Mitchell; Joseph television program over WGN-TV. He was Canadian Institution on "A Naturalist's Outside Of Chicago Area interviewed on his expedition to the "lost Jerome Glimpse of Peru." On February 22 he ap- Cheung Yu-Chiu, Hong Kong; Drown, world" of Venezuela a Decatur, Ga.; O. C. Edwards, S. India; by panel consisting Bangalore, peared as a member of a panel of zoological Howard Foote, New York City; Florence Harrison, of Robert Northshield of the Szin-Times, Redondo Beach, Calif.; Ervin Kirchner, Omaha; Otto authorities to identify animals by their Litzel, New York City; Robert Murray. Falls Church. Lloyd Wendt of the Tribune, Arthur Snyder Va.; Milan Pavic, Zagreb, Yugoslavia; Louis Quitt, voices on the Chicago-originated network- Elmo of the Daily News, and Ross de Lue of the Buffalo; Meloai. San Jose. Calif.; W. Arthur television program "Zoo Parade" (WNBQ- Young, Webster, N.Y.; H. J. Ensenberger, Bloom- Herald-American. Lee Schooler was mod- ington. 11!.; Marian Moore, Cincinnati; Jack Roche, NBC) .... Mrs. Jean Shultz has been ap- Caldwell, N.J.; Anders Sten, Vika Sweden; M. M. erator of the program. a lecturer on the staff of Deaderick, Carpenteria. Calif.; Caryl Firth, Trappe, pointed the Ray- Md.; Carolyn de Cou Howard, West Hartford, Conn.; mond Foundation filling the caused Wilbur Wier, San Diego vacancy of Dorothy Beatty, Chambersburg, Pa.; Eugenia by the resignation Mrs. Jane Monson. More than 1,000 examples of carved Buxton, Memphis; Irma Louise Manhattan Carter, Mrs. Shultz, whose specialty is is Chinese from about 1500 B.C. to the end Beach, Calif; Dr. M. A. Chantler, New Toronto. zoology, jade, Canada; L. C. Harvey. Brownsville, Ont., Canada; a graduate of Principia College, Elsah, Illi- of the 19th century, may be seen in Hall 30.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS

Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 195S — Chicago Natural History Museum English it wants translating. Here and method. Upon arrival and unpacking at Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 there you might, I think, have condensed the Museum, the fish specimens were found Rooaevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 some sentences. I go on the plan of think- to be well preserved and to have retained Tklkpbone: WAbash 2-9410 ing every single word which can be omitted their life colors. without actual loss of sense as a decided The particular species of piraiiha received, THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES gain. Now perhaps you will think me a attaining lengths up to about 10 inches, IJSTEK Ariioub Saiiubl Insull, Jr. meddling intruder: anyhow, it is the advice happens to be of the most ferocious type Sewell L. Avery HE^™Y P. Isham Wm. McCoRMiCK Blair Hughston M. McBain of an old hackneyed writer who sincerely called "man-eating." Schools of them are Wiluam H. Mitchell Walther Buchen wishes you well." famed for deadly attacks on animals and Walter J. Cummings Ci^rence B. Randall Albert B. Dick, Jr. George A. Richardson The letter reflects an unfailing aspect of human beings fording streams or swimming Joseph N. Field John G. Searle — Marshall Field Solomon A. Smith the character of Charles Darwin his un- in them. Louis Ware Marshall Field, Jr. willingness, in however small to hurt Stanley Field Albert H, Wbtten degree, John P. Wilson the feelings of his young correspondent. MUSEUM HOLDS CLASSES the manner of OFFICERS Perhaps the suggestions FOR CAMP LEADERS Stanley Field President needs to be called to the attention of editors Fim Vice-Prexidmt Marshall Field as much as the advice itself needs to be set Several hundred camp counselors of the Henry P. Isham Sttond Viee-Pretident Samuel Insull, Jr. TKird Viee-Pmident forth to would-be writers. Chicago area attended a nature course con- Treamrtr Solomon A. Smith ducted in sessions at the Museum Clifford C. Gregg Direetor and Seeretam Karl P. Schmidt all-day R. Millar AtsiOant Seeretam on John Chief Curator of Zoology March 17, 24, and 31. The instructors were members of the James Nelson and Anna Louise THE BULLETIN SOMETIMES TRILLIUMS Raymond Foundation's lecture staff. The course was sponsored by the EDITOR ARE OUADRILLIUMS day camp committee of the Chicago Camp- CUFFORD C. Gregg Director of the Mu»eMm Do you know the beautiful white ing Association. Subjects covered included CONTRIBUTING EDITORS spring flower of the lily family, the white trillium? plants, insects, reptiles, amphibians, mam- Paul S. Martin Chie/ Curator of Anthropology birds and their Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany It is to be found in moist woodland in all mals, calls, fossils, miner- K. Roy ChUf Curator of Geolosy Sharat of northeastern North America. Most of alogy and Indian lore. Lectures on these Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology the lilies their flower in subjects were supplemented by dis- MANAGING EDITOR have parts threes, open and the trillium almost has three cussions, tours of Museum exhibits, and H. B. Habte Public Relations Counsel always work in small leaves on its single stalk, three green sepals groups. Raymond Founda- ASSOCIATE EDITORS tion lecturers classes and three white petals in its flower, with six who conducted were HiLBN A. MacMinn Christine Tardy stamens with their yellow pollen and three Miss Miriam Wood, Miss DoUa Cox, Miss greenish stigmas inside. Just as there are Marie Svoboda, Miss Edith Fleming, Miss Members are requested to inform the Museum four-leafed clovers, when all normal clovers Nancy Worsham and Miss Harriet Smith. promptly of changes of address. have three leaves, so there are "quadril- liums," ordinary trilliums with all the parts Antioch College Pays Tribute in fours—four leaves, four sepals, four petals, ADVICE ON SCIENTIFIC WRITING To Museum Service eight stamens, and four stigmas. There are As editor and consulting editor and mem- a great many other varieties of the white For its co-operation in a "study-work- ber of editorial boards, I long ago found it a trillium—some with the flower all green, and-earn" plan for college students, Chicago useful defense to have at hand a slip on some with the sepals turned into petals, Natural History Museum has been awarded which was printed Charles Darwin's advice and beautiful double ones, like white roses. a certificate of recognition by Antioch Col- to a young colleague. This charming quo- If you know a woods where the trilliums lege in Yellow Springs, Ohio. Students at tation provides support of an unimpeach- bloom, hunting for these strange varieties is Antioch divide their school year between able kind to my own editorial policy and a fascinating game for May. periods of formal classroom work on the practice, a support often needed. The Karl P. Schmidt campus and on-the-job training in various enclosure of Darwin's words with a manu- Chief Curator of Zoology types of businesses and institutions all over script sent back to be rewritten in shortened the country. The Museum has been par- form has, I hope, sometimes softened the SHIPMENT OF SPECIMENS ticipating in this program since 1946, and blow to a young contributor who finds him- has given temporary employment to seventy- IN DRY ICE TESTED self at the beginning of a task he had thought two students. Some of these young men finished. The quotation, from a letter to Ten piraiihas or "cannibal fish" caught in and women have been employed in the John Scott dated December 11, 1862, is the Paraguay River in the state of Matto scientific departments of the Museum, while as follows: Grosso, Brazil, arrived recently at the Mu- others have assisted in junior capacities in "I have read your paper with much in- seum packed in dry ice. the administrative offices. The plan is still terest. You ask for remarks on the matter, Arrangements for the shipment were in operation, and several Antioch students which is alone really important. Shall you made by Henry L. Cook, vice president of are currently employed. think me impertinent (I am sure I do not the Liquid Carbonic Corporation, Chicago, mean to be so) if I hazard a remark on the on a recent visit to Brazil. Dry ice was Belfast Museum Aide Here style, which is of more importance than some sent by air and boat to the location where think? In my opinion (whether or not fishing was in progress. Immediately after George Thompson, Keeper of the Ethno- worth much), your paper would have been being caught the fish were quick-frozen in graphic Section of the Belfast Municipal much better if written more simply and less dry ice which has a temperature of 110 Museum and Art Gallery, Belfast, Ireland, elaborated—more like your letters. It is a degrees below zero (Fahrenheit). is spending several months at Chicago Nat- golden rule always to use, if possible, a short By air the shipment could have been ural History Museum. He is in this country old Saxon word. Such a sentence as 'So delivered in Chicago within about four days, on a Fulbright grant to make a study of purely dependent is the incipient plant on but it was deliberately delayed in transit American museological methods. The Bel- the specific morphological tendency' does for a few additional days to obtain more fast museum includes natural history as well not sound to my ears like good mother- complete data on the merits of the packing as ethnography and art. April, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S

MUSEUM CURATOR IS AUTHOR OF GUIDE TO MEXICAN BIRDS R. BLAKE, Associate Curator rence. While many of the residents are hundreds of thousands of tourists spend EMMETof Birds at Chicago Natural History also represented in the United States, more their vacations in our sister republic. Many Museum, is the author of Birds of Mexico, than 80 species live only in Mexico, and ask museum ornithologists to recommend A Guide for Field Identification, a book of some 400 others do not range beyond its suitable bird guides for the areas to be more than 650 pages scheduled for publi- northern border. Obviously, Mexico affords visited. Until recently Sturgis' Field Book cation April 10 by the University of Chicago unique opportunities for bird study, both of Birds of the Panama Zone (1928) has had Press. The book is lavishly illustrated by for the novice and for the specialist. to serve the whole of Middle America north Douglas E. Tibbitts, Staff Artist of the In recent years increasing numbers of to our southern border. Museum. Americans have looked to the es- tropics, The publication in 1950 of George M. Sutton's Mexican Birds, First Impressions, was a welcome boon for those who wish to

study Mexican bird life, but the need for a comprehensive field guide remained. This need encouraged the preparation of the forthcoming handbook. Birds of Mexico. Written primarily for the bird watcher, it treats all of the 967 species that have been recorded from the Mexican mainland (in- cluding Baja California), the adjacent waters, and associated islands. Although essentially a guide for Mexico, and arbi- trarily limited to the birds of that country, it will serve almost equally well in Guate- mala and elsewhere in northern Middle America.

AIDS SIGHT IDENTIFICATION

The scope and content of the book are suggested by the title. Its primary objective is the sight identification of birds in their natural habitat. Emphasis is placed on the more conspicuous diagnostic characters, and attention is directed to aspects of seasonal MASKED DUCK status, distribution, habitat, or song that Male in front, female behind. One of the illustrations by Douglas E. Tibbitts in "Birds of Mexico." serve to facilitate or corroborate the iden- tification. The Mexican distribution of For a long time there has been a distinct pecially Mexico, for new experiences in bird each species and geographical variety is need for a book of this type describing and study. Completion of the Mexican portion briefly outlined and comparisons are often illustrating the remarkably rich and varied of the Pan American Highway now provides made with birds that are superficially sim- bird fauna that populates Mexico. Almost easy access from the north, and today ilar. The simple keys to conspicuous field of the in one-eighth species known the world characters, and text descriptions of plumages have been found within its political bound- are augmented by 329 detailed line- aries. Influenced both the by temperate THIS MONTH'S COVER- drawings. north and by the tropical south, Mexico's bird life far exceeds in number of forms Our cover is an enlarged repro- that of the United States and Canada com- duction of the frontispiece in tlie EXPEDITION TO PERU bined. Generations of ornithologists have forthcoming handbook, "Birds of to studied Mexican birds, and specimens num- Mexico, A Guide for Field Iden- The Zoological Expedition Peru, bered in the scores of thousands are pre- tification," which is discussed 1953-54, in charge of Celestino Kalinowski served in museums the world over as ma- on this and other pages. It shows of the Department of Zoology will leave Chi- terial for research. Yet, so large is the a collared aracari, most abundant cago on April 12. Mr. Kalinowski will spend fauna and so complex its origins, relation- of the three kinds of toucans one year in south central Peru collecting ships, and distribution that our knowledge found in Mexico. All members of mammals and birds in the mountains and of Mexican birds today is roughly com- this characteristic tropical Amer- foothills between Junin and Cuzco. parable to what was known about the bird ican family have notably large A Peruvian by birth, Mr. Kalinowski was life of the United States three-quarters of a bills which appear heavy but ac- trained by his father, who was a well-known century ago. tually are quite light because of collector for the British Museum (Natural their cellular internal structure. NEARLY 1,000 SPECIES History). He has made valuable collections Toucans inhabit wooded regions, from the area near his home in the forest of Almost 1,000 species of birds and more chiefly in tropical lowlands, and southeastern Peru. than twice as many geographical varieties, are essentially birds of the forest carries on the representing 89 families, have been found crown. They are fruit-eaters and, This year's expedition mam- in within Mexico's political boundaries. This like woodpeckers, nest In cavities mal survey of Peru begun 1912 by the total, remarkable for a country lying largely in trees. The species illustrated late Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, former Chief in temperate regions, includes more than ranges from southern Mexico to Curator of Zoology, and continued by the 750 resident species and about 200 winter Colombia and Venezuela. Museum through other members of its staff visitants and transients of regular occur- and independent collectors. Pags l^ CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 1953

Author and Artist . . . his schooling, but that was of minor impor- tance. He went into the tropics, fortunate BLAKE FASCINATED BY BIRDS SINCE BOYHOOD; in having the veteran naturalist-explorer, TIBBITTS' ILLUSTRATIONS IMBUED WITH LIFE Ernest Holt, as leader of the expedition to initiate him into jungle ways. That the the on the trail and (A description of the new book, Birds OF man, but to a naturalist-explorer who will collecting, long days the long hours Mexico, appears on page 3.) penetrate distant jungles in strenuous and preparing specimens agreed with and that he a even dangerous travels, it is necessary. We Bob, was success, we By AUSTIN L. RAND find Bob lessons as a can judge by the fact that a few months CURATOR OF BIRDS taking boxing boy, after his return he received excelling at track, and winning boxing titles. and accepted a MANNER OF MAN is this chance to head an Once, on a summer vacation from college, expedition to Venezuela who writes a book about Mexican WHAT he found himself in a Florida carnival where for our Chicago museum (then called Field birds? The fact that he's six foot two, Museum of a professional boxer offered a purse of $75 Natural History). There, on 190 is graying, and one weighs pounds, fortyish, to anyone who could stay four rounds with little-known mountain called Turumi- and an affable wears horn-rimmed he : spectacles him. Bob not only stayed four rounds, but quire, made what may be a record single- smile tells us little because naturalists, like handed he collected 803 96 knocked out the pro. Though it hardly birds, reptiles, come in various sizes and shapes. and 37 sprinters, comes under the heading of track, there's a mammals in 35 days. The frequency with which the Museum is story that Bob, returning from South Caro- Returning and completing his master's asked, "How does one become a natural- lina to Pittsburgh where he was doing grad- degree at the University of Pittsburgh was uate work, covered the 900 miles on roller routine for Bob. Then came more expedi- tions: skates, as an economical method of travel. to British Honduras for Carnegie Mu- A naturalist alternates his periods of seum, to Guatemala for Chicago Natural travel and activity with periods of quiet re- History Museum, and finally in 1935, a on search in the seclusion of a museum study. place our staff. More expeditions fol- As a student Bob excelled only in biology. lowed; ranging from our Southwest to the Other subjects didn't interest him. But his Guianas in South America, on each of which he collected writing began early. When he was ten a scientific specimens and roost of thousands of purple martins oc- materials for exhibition. cupied the Greenwood square. The towns- Then came the war; in 1942 Bob entered people thought them a nuisance. The fire- the Army and served with the Counter men, armed with shotguns, sought to abate Intelligence Corps in North Africa and in the nuisance by a frightful slaughter. This Europe. Back the United States in 1946 so perturbed Bob that he wrote a long letter with the rank of captain and various medals of protest to the local press, a letter that, including the Purple Heart, he was soon in the published in full, put the ten-year old lad Museum again. in embarrassing limelight. RESEARCH AND WRITING One thing a naturalist needs above all is tenacity of purpose, and to find his reward There's a saying in museum circles that EMMET R. BLAKE in work well done. With a B. A. degree specimens might as well be left in the jungle The author of **Birds of Mexico" at his desk. from Presbyterian College, only one thing as stored, unstudied, in museum drawers. was obvious to Bob. He was going to work Their value is in the use made of them; it ist?" leads to into the me probe background in a museum. The need for a higher degree lies in the information that is yielded by of this one. To most naturalists the urge was a corollary, as was the need for part- them, and published, to be available to all. , to natural study history comes early. The time, paying employment. Pittsburgh had Back from the war. Bob dug into studying bent of the determines the of — twig shape a museum, a university, and a Y. M. C. A. tropical American birds collections from the tree. So it was with Emmet Reid in — where Bob had a half-promise of a job as countries which he'd made expeditions. Blake "Snakey" to his boyhood friends in boxing instructor. There he went. Then His time was occupied with research and South to his Carolina; Emmet teachers; came a period that was a kaleidoscope of and Bob to his intimates. At the of age museum experience, taking university four, under his mother's direction, he was studies and art work, a graduate instruc- the in a nest in the feeding young sparrows torship in zoology, giving boxing and swim- 'BIRDS OF MEXICO' BOOK attic window of their Greenwood home. At ming instructions, and doing remunerative IN MUSEUM SHOP the of ten he was and age skinning "stuffing" odd jobs. Here he first came under the birds under the of a distant rel- The Book of the Museum tutelage influence of professional naturalists: W. E. Shop will have of "Birds of Mex- ative, and assembling his own museum. C. Todd, now Curator Emeritus of Birds copies ico" available for At Presbyterian College in Clinton, South of the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh, and purchase by or on mail order. The Carolina, the sympathetic guidance of his Rudyerd Boulton who later came to be visitors, subtitled "A Guide for Field professors, especially Dr. Marshall W. Curator of Birds at Chicago Natural His- book, is Emmet Reid Brown, history professor, and the late Dr. tory Museum. Identification," by Associate Curator of Frank Dudley Jones, who also had a deep Blake, Birds, FIRST VENTURES IN FIELD with illustrations Staff Artist interest in natural history, allowed Bob to by E. Tibbitts. It is develop his main interests. He gathered Many a naturalist got his start in his Douglas pub- lished the of material for another museum. Room was chosen field by going on an expedition. By by University Chicago Press. The is $6. found for this in a dormitory awaiting mod- now Bob knew how to prepare museum price On Curator ernization, and over the door in a dramatic specimens, and he knew what museums Saturday, April 18, Blake will be in the Book pose was placed a buzzard that came to wanted. Bob's chance came to go to Brazil present to bear the name of one of the less popular and Venezuela on a National Geographic Shop autograph copies pur- chased visitors. professors. Society expedition which needed someone by A sound physique is an advantage to any who could collect. It meant interrupting April, 1953 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 writing. During this period he married poster announcing Museum lectures to the A Special Exhibit . . . Bird. With their two children He has finished the Margaret public. just painting STEPS IN THE MAKING they now live in Evanston, whence he com- large-scale landscap)e background for a sea mutes regularly to the Museum. The Mu- otter habitat group, and has others for a OF A BOOK SHOWN seum has published descriptions of new tapir group and a Nile River marsh-bird By JOHN R. MILLAR DEPUTY DIRBCTOR birds, revisions, and faunal reports from his group in hand. It might send another man pen. A pamphlet on how to prepare birds mad, or grizzle him with worry, but Tibbitts MAKING OF A BOOK is no small in the field was a Museum need, and Bob stays cheerful. THEchore. It requires much time and co- supplied that. Born in Reedburg, Wisconsin, in 1919, he ordinated efforts of many people. Although Then came the Mexican handbook, a went to the University of Wisconsin. At most of us are deluged with printed matter of two-and-a-half year task. There's a lot one time he was following his natural history all kinds, some of which seems to spring known about Mexican birds; there's the interests into game management, but settled up spontaneously overnight to land in the for a arts in zo- incinerator the next the nature Catalogue of the Birds of the Americas, pub- straight course, majoring morning, with extra art work. He'd and of in of lished by our Museiun, that occupies about ology, some sequence events the production two-and-one-half feet on the book shelf and always drawn things, and in school his lab- printed matter is understood by few. attracted the attention of of lists all the kinds of Mexican birds, amongst oratory drawings The publication by the University his for whom he illustrated a of to be a use- others, with ranges and the names under professors Chicago Press what promises which they used to be known; there's the general zoology book. A Fishes of Wisconsin ful and popular book on the birds of Mexico, was and he written one of Natural Birds of Middle and North America, now planned prepared pen-and-ink by member Chicago measuring about two feet on the bookshelf drawings and water-colors for that. History Museum's staff and illustrated by His work was four has been chosen as the occasion and still incomplete, put out by the United college interrupted by another, war he served with the combat for a exhibit that out the States National Museum, with descriptions years when temporary points in the British North involved in a book of this and keys. But this knowledge is inaccessible engineers Isles, Africa, steps making and he his B. A. from kind. This exhibit will be on view to all but the specialist with a library and Italy. Returning, got special of in and 1 to a collection to work with. The many Amer- the University Wisconsin 1948, from. April 30 inclusive. to the that autumn. Book is divided into three icans going to Mexico and the continually came Museum production that of the author, the increasing interest in birds demanded a key DEMANDS ARE ALWAYS 'URGENT' provinces: publisher, to unlock this store of knowledge; to make and the printer. The author starts the ball The walls of his office are lined with paint- with an idea. entails it available to the many. This is the need rolling Authorship ings of birds, fishes, and mammals in various that dictated the present volume, Birds of stages of completion, and prominently dis- Mexico, and this is the volume, I predict, played is a bulletin board with up to a score that will meet this need admirably. of requisitions for illustrations, each re- Artist of Broad Talents quested "as soon as possible." He commutes from nearby Palatine where ARTIST is a versatile man. Doug- he lives with his wife, Marion, and their las E. Tibbitts' splendid illustrations in OUR three-year old daughter. He has little time Birds of Mexico represent only one facet of just now for his hobby of photography, but his varied artistic talents and the myriad his continued activity in the study of natural history, which earlier produced a published paper on the behavior of the red-winged blackbird, recently resulted in his making the first Chicago record of the pigmy shrew, a he in his specimen caught garage. BLUE-HOODED EUPHONIA Within the broad field of natural history Male at left, female at right. An illustration by in art, his especial interest is the painting Douglas E. Tibbitts in **Birds of Mexico." of birds and mammals. It's unfortunate that the Mexican handbook could not have having something worth while to .say, the more of his paintings in color, like the training and skill to say it, and, in the case frontispiece that is reproduced on the cover of non-fiction, the facts to back up what is of this Bulletin. But the 329 line-drawings said. It is here that the Museum enters that show what examples of each family are the field. One of the functions of Chicago like serve their purpose well, for in that Natural History Museum is to acquire and field Tibbitts is a master. preserve specimens of the animal and plant life of the world, particularly of the New Daily Guide-Lectures World. Over a period of years, by collec- Free guide-lecture tours are offered at ting, by purchase, and by exchange with DOUGLAS E. TIBBITTS 2 P.M. daily except Sundays under the title other institutions and individuals, the Mu- Illustrator of "Birds of Mexico.** "Highlights of the Exhibits." These tours seum's study collection of birds has come to are designed to give a general idea of the contain all but a very few of the birds tasks he performs at the Museum. As Staff entire Museum and its scope of activities. known to occur in Mexico. This collection Artist you may find him one day drawing Special tours on subjects within the range was primary source material for the author the tiny teeth of a cretaceous mammal with of the Museum exhibits are available Mon- of the book under discussion. The Maseum the aid of a microscope, or the flowering days through Fridays for parties of ten or also maintains one of the largest and best parts of an orchid, a fossil fish, or a cere- more persons. Requests for such service of the libraries devoted to natural history. monial dance mask, to illustrate a scientific must be made at least one week in advance. Also, by virtue of its standing among scien- paper; the next day he may be making a Although there are no tours on Sundays, tific institutions here and abroad, the Mu- broadly outlined illustration for nature the Museum is open to visitors as usual seum is able to borrow from other collections leaflets aimed at school child level, or a from 9 A.M. to 5 p.m. and libraries both specimens and books Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 195S

when desired for study purposes. These The publisher is a merchandiser. He in the latest official flora of Great Britain services are examples of the basic nature of chooses what to print, estimates what the and Ireland, published in 1952 and recently the Museum's contribution to research in market will be, determines the format of received at the Museum, the name shamrock the natural sciences. the publication, the size of the edition, ad- is no longer applied to any plant—in fact, vances funds, and hires the He the word shamrock simply does not appear AN AUTHOR'S OBLIGATIONS printer. promotes sales and handles distribution. anywhere in the book. All the plant species In writing for publication it is the obli- Publishing is a risk-business venture with of Great Britain and Ireland known to bot- gation of the author to submit complete profit as its normal motive. Material may anists are listed in the book which is the copy, including title page, preface, table of be published for entertainment, or for prop- first new official flora of the British Isles to contents, list of illustrations, and the illus- aganda to sway public opinion. Exceptions be published in more than twenty-five years. trations themselves—all in a form suitable to these purposes are those instances where Earlier floras had used the word shamrock the publisher may wish to spend his money as an alternative name for several plants— for the benefit of mankind, as is the case in the most famous contenders for this desig- the publication of scientific reports by mu- nation were the wood sorrel and the common seums and other scientific or educational white clover (or Dutch clover). institutions. The printer is a manufacturer. He must DALLWIG LECTURE TOPIC know how to print material according to specification and be equipped to do so. But IS 'LIVING RACES' aside from hoping that a particular book "Living Races and Their Way of Life" is may be a credit to his craftsmanship and the subject of the Sunday afternoon "lay- successful, so that further printings may be man lectures" to be presented by Paul G. needed, the printer has no risk and need Dallwig in April. Mr. Dallwig will be heard not have any interest in the matter. Very at 2 P.M. on April 5, 12, 19, and 26. He often the publisher also may be in the will take his audience on an imaginary trip printing business but the distinction between around the world and introduce them, the two remains. enterprises through the medium of the 101 bronzes by MUSEUM PUBLISHING ACTIVITY Malvina Hoffman in Chauncey Keep Mem- orial Hall, to the principal living races of Chicago Natural History Museum is both mankind. publisher and printer. As publisher it is Members of the Museum may use interested primarily in contributing to the their membership cards to attend these advancement of knowledge by making the lectures without advance reservations. results of research by its stafl available to All others, with the exception of accredited other workers. As printer it is interested representatives of the press, must make in doing a good job economically. Because reservations in advance. Reservations may most of its publications are distributed on be made by mail or telephone (WAbash exchange to other seSentific institutions the 2-9410). The lectures are free. They start world around, there can be no hope of a promptly at 2 and end at 4:30 p.m. in- SWALLOW-TAILED KITE monetary return. The only compensation is cluding a half-hour intermission for relaxa- One ol the illustrations E. Tibbitts in the receipt of scientific reports from other by Douglas tion or for tea or coffee in the Museum cafe- the new book. "Birds of Mexico." The text is by institutions for addition to the Museum's Emmet R. Blake, Associate Curator of Birds. teria, where smoking is permitted. Admis- Library and the satisfaction of serving a sion is restricted to adults. useful purpose. for publication. The author should be fa- The April lectures are the last of the The exhibit, in Stanley Field Hall, dis- miliar with printing processes and the lim- current season, but Mr. Dallwig will return plays a representation of Museum specimens itations of machine typesetting. With this with a new series late in the autumn. and the literature on which the writing knowledge he will understand the need for was based, the author's notes and final careful editorial work on his manuscript to manuscript, original drawings by Douglas E. Illinois Audubon Lecture correct style, spelling, and punctuation, and Tibbitts, and steps in the printing process On April 12 to check references and eliminate inconsis- Sunday, culminating in the finished book. The tencies before the final copy is typed. To The last of the "screen-tours" in the University of Chicago Press and Photopress, postpone this critical scrutiny until galley or current season of the Illinois Audubon So- Inc. co-operated in providing much of the page-proof is available greatly increases ciety will be presented in the James Simpson material displayed. editorial work by the publisher and costs of Theatre of the Museum on Sunday after- printing. Proofreading is done by a qual- noon, April 12, at 2:30. "From Coast to ified employee of the printer to detect errors A SHOCK FOR ERIN Coast" is the title, and Alexander Sprunt, for which the typesetter is responsible. Jr., of Charleston, South Carolina, will be Reading proof is also done by the author A tradition was shattered last month on the lecturer. He will show color films of and by the publisher or his editors to detect St. Patrick's Day when Dr. Theodor Just, the life of birds in all parts of the country errors of fact, statement, or construction. the Museum's Chief Curator of Botany, made by some of the foremost natural The addition of a single comma to a line called attention to the fact that there is no science photographers. The public is in- may require resetting the line. Resetting longer any such plant as a shamrock—at vited, and admission is free. Members of the line may involve resetting the whole least, none recognized under that name by the Illinois Audubon Society and of the paragraph. If the change is made after the botanists. Various three-leaved plants that Museum may have seats in the reserved book has reached page-proof stage the have been called shamrocks and used by section of the theatre upon presentation of makeup of whole chapters may have to be millions of people each year for "the wearin' their membership cards to the ushers, but altered. Thus the final costs of printing o' the green" are now officially designated reserved seats must be claimed not later mount excessively. only by other names. Dr. Just found that than 2:25 p.m. April, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 EXHIBIT SHOWS PERMIAN REPTILES RELATED TO MAMMALS By RAINER ZANGERL function of these long spines. It is safe to curator of fossil reptiles state that the bony spines were covered of the general evolutionary history and connected by skin. Thus Edaphosaurus THEfurry animals, the mammals, is fairly well (and Dimetrodon, see below) had a much known far into the distant past. Two large greater body surface than an animal of groups of reptiles, the pelyeosaurs and the equal size lacking a dorsal fin. Since living therapsids, are related to the mammals. So reptiles control their body temperatures close is the skeletal resemblance^of some largely by moving into or out of the heat Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 1953

LECTURES FOR ADULTS the educational work conducted for children PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN ON APRIL SATURDAYS by the Museum .... The story of the CONTINUE THIS MONTH shamrock was told on St. Patrick's Day by Four more afternoon lectures Four more free Saturday Miss Christine Tardy, Associate Public motion-picture programs on science and exploration remain to be for children will be presented at the Museum Relations Counsel, and George Thompson in the James Simpson Theatre during on Saturday mornings during April. On given of the staff of the Municipal Museum in They will complete the annual two of the programs, explorers who made April. Belfast, Ireland, over television station Spring Course, provided by the Edward E. the films will tell their stories for the WGN-TV. Mr. Thompson is currently Lecture Foundation Fund. Lectures children. Ayer working at Chicago Natural History Mu- at 2:30 p.m. All are illustrated with The children's programs, under the aus- begin seum on a Fulbright grant .... Dr. Theodor motion in color. Limited accom- of the James Nelson and Anna Louise pictures Just, Chief Curator of Botany, has been pices modations make it necessary to restrict Raymond Foundation, will be given at 10:30 appointed a member of the committee on admission to adults. Special free motion- A.M. in the James Simpson Theatre. Chil- guidance of the Botanical Society of America will be given for children dren may come alone, accompanied by picture programs .... Henry S. Dybas, Associate Curator on the mornings of the same Saturdays parents or other adults, or in groups from of Insects, Charles H. Seevers, Research under the auspices of the James Nelson and schools, clubs, and other centers. No tickets Associate in Insects, and Eugene S. Rich- Anna Louise Raymond Foundation. are needed. Following are the titles and ardson, Jr. Curator of Fossil Invertebrates, Following is the schedule of lectures for dates of the programs: last month attended meetings in St. Louis adults: of American of the Midwest Section the April 4—Wild Life in Action 4—TlP-0-THE-MlTTEN Entomological Society. Mr. Seevers and April Story by Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr. Mr. Richardson presented technical papers. Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr. April 11—Alaskan Eskimos April 11—Iran April 18—Adventure in Bororo Land Kenneth Richter GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Story by Sasha Siemel Following is a list of the principal gifts April 18—Adventure in Bororo Land received during the past month: April 25—Olympic Elk Sasha Siemel

Department of Anthropology : April 25—Land of the Ancient Maya From: Robert D. Jones, Jr., Coal Bay, NEW MEMBERS Arthur C. Twomey Alaska—Aleut type skull (female), Cherni The following persons became Museum Island, Aleutians; Robert Trier, Chicago— No tickets are necessary for admission Members from February 12 to March 13: archaeological and ethnological specimens, section of the to these lectures. A Easter Island Associate Members Theatre is allocated to Members of the B. T. Brennan, Stephen Drago, Miss each of is entitled to Department of Botany: Museum, whom Elizabeth J. Hurlbut, William Laing, Her- of two reserved seats. Requests for these From: University California, Berkeley bert J. Watt seats should be made in advance by — 15 phanerogams, Andean region of Peru; de Annual Members telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or in writing, Instituto Agronomica Norte, Belem, Brazil—40 Instituto Dr. C. E. Allen, Osborn Andreas, 2^nas and seats will be held in the Member's phanerogams, Brazil; de Mexico —17 H. Beers, Harold L. Bredberg, Max E. until 2:25 o'clock on the lecture Biologia, City phanerogams, name Robert Charles S. Mexico; Dr. Earl E. Sherfif, Chicago—253 Bronner, Cain, Craigmile, day. L. Miss phanerogams, Hawaii; United States Na- Mrs. Mary Crown, Harry Fellowes, H. Mrs. James A. tional Museum, Washington—240 compos- Alice Gallagher, Griffin, Edwin A. T. B. Hale, Frank D. itae, Colombia Jr., Hale, STAFF NOTES Huth, C. W. Kuhnen, Albert H. Levy, Department of Geology: Chapin Litten, Dr. Charles Milton Mann, From: Dr. Emilio lacarelli, Italy—cin- Earle A. Mann, Paul E. Mathias, Mrs. Bryan Patterson, Curator of Fossil nabar specimen, Italy; E. E. Schneider, William W. Miller, A. E. Montgomery, B. Mammals, who has been engaged for more Chicago—quartz rock and crystals, Texas; Ernest Oechslin, Jr., Dr. Frank Papiar- — L. B. H. than a year in Argentina on fossil vertebrate Jon Whitfield, Evanston, 111. part and niak, Dr. George Perkins, Putnam, of Illinois A. Homer R. Rizner, research, is scheduled to return to his post counter-part of elytron cockroach, Jerry Putterman, Charles L. Smith, Edward R. Smith, How- at the Museum the first week in April. Mr. Department of Zoology: ard W. Stange, George Tonn, Benjamin Patterson's mission was made possible by From: Harry L. Cook, Chicago—8 fishes, D. Waldie, Donald A. Weidler, Arthur the award to him of a Guggenheim fellow- Brazil; Luis de la Torre, Highland Park— Wlochall .... I. Curator of ship George Quimby, 24 mammals, Guatemala; Robert J. Drake, Exhibits in the Department of Anthro- — land Tucson, Ariz. 5 shells, Mexico; Henry TV pology, spent several days in the University Hildebrand, Port Aransas, Tex.—preserved Programs Postponed of Michigan's Carbon-14 Laboratories at fish (Corvula sanctaeluciae), Gulf of Mexico; Due to circumstances beyond the control observe on —432 mam- Ann Arbor last month, to work Harry Hoogstraal, Cairo, Egypt of the Museum, the scheduled appearances 14 birdskins, 60 115 lizards, 14 dating anthropological material by the Car- mals, frogs, of members of the scientific staff on a tele- snakes, Egypt; Robert W. Pennak, Boulder, bon-14 method .... Mrs. Nancy Peters, — vision program called "This Wonderful National Bank of Colo. small collection of non-marine shells, formerly of the First — World," announced in previous issues of the Assistant Li- New Mexico; Burk Smith, Oak Park, 111. Chicago, has been appointed have been indefinitely postponed. 9 wasps. United States; Dr. John G. Wil- Bulletin, brarian. A vacancy on the Library staff This was one of a number of program liams, Kenya Colony, East Africa—2 bird- had been occasioned by the recent resigna- American skins, Atlantic Ocean; Dr. Marshall Laird, changes made by Broadcasting tion of Mrs. Louise Boynton Denison, follow- Lauthala Bay, Fiji—11 lizards, Fiji Islands; Company-Paramount Theaters, Inc., Administrative Assistant .... Miss Harriet Dr. Russell E. Mumford, Cortland, Ind.— ing the recent network mergers. Smith, a lecturer on the Raymond Foun- 12 bats, Indiana; Museo de Historia Natural dation staff, was the featured guest inter- de la Salle, Bogot4, Colombia— 14 snakes, be seen at viewee on the Beulah Karney Show over Colombia; Paul Pazzaglia, Chicago— do- Animals not in zoos may radio station WENR March 2. She told of mestic cat skeleton, Chicago Chicago Natural History Museum.

PRINTED BV CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS ^

- RULLETIN. 2 U Vol 4 , No. 5 M ay- 1953 Chicacjo Ncilurcil History Museum

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Sea jotter Tnrn to puge 3) Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 195S

Chicago Natural History Museum young or beginning artist. The result, how- THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshaix Field, 1893 ever, is a broad span of effects in texture, Our cover shows the habitat Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore DriTe, Chicago 5 color, design, and form, and provides a most group of sea otter recently in- Telephone: WAbasu 2-9410 interesting juxtaposition of the achieve- stalled in the Hall of Marine ments of children with those of adults. THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Mammals (Hall N) on the ground YOUNGSTEKS STRESS COLOR CONTRAST floor of the Museum. Material for IJBTER Abhour Samuel Insull, Jr. Sbwell L. Aveby Hekry P. Isham the group was collected by the Hughston M. McBain There is, in fact, a difference in the way Wm. McCormick Blair Aleutian Walther Buchen Wiluam H. Mitchell classes for the two are conducted. Zoological Expedition, Clarence B. Randall groups Walter J. Cumiiinos 1952, with the co-operation of the AiJiERT B. Dick, Jr. George A. Richardson Children, their instructors find, are highly Joseph N. Field John G. Searle United States Fish and Wildlife Marshall Field Soi/)mon A. Smith imaginative about their work and may, for Louis Ware Service on Amchitka Island (see Marshall Field, Jr. striking color contrasts in Field Albert H. Wetten example, employ Stanley story on page 3). John P. Wilson otherwise realistic attempts. Teachers en- OFFICERS courage students to overcome problems of Stanley Field Praidtnt co-ordination and visualization, finding that Marshall Field FirtI Vice-Preridtnt some are at Henry P. Isham Second Vict-Praidenl already apt discerning design Third Vice-Presidenl Samuel I nsull, Jr elements. Among their chief tasks is that Solomon A. Smith Treaturer EXPEDITION TO STUDY CurroBD C. Gregg Director and Secretary of presenting material that will stimulate John R. Millar AmietarU Secretary BIRDS IN MEXICO ideas in a child, leaving the execution of the piece pretty well up to the child. Highly An ornithological expedition to conduct THE BULLETIN desirable materials are found all through extensive field work in many areas of Mexico EDITOR Museum halls. Animal habitat groups rank got under way at the end of April with the CurroBD C. Grboo Director o/ ikt MuMum as high favorites, and this portion of the departure of Emmet R. Blake, Associate CONTRIBUTING EDITORS classwork is presented with considerable en- Curator of Birds. Mr. Blake will spend Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology thusiasm. One youngster liked all the ani- about three months in the country, and will Thkodor Just Chief Curator of Botany mals unlike those in a visit of the states SharaT K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology because, zoo, they probably most Mexican P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology Karl stand still, whereas a second, who prefers except Yucatan, surveying the bird life, MANAGING EDITOR birds, finds them easier to draw than people and incidentally collecting some mammals H. B. Harte Public Relatiom Countel "because they have more interesting faces." and reptiles as well. ASSOCIATE EDITORS Whatever the artists' favorites may be, HONORED AT BOOK LUNCHEON Helen A. MacMinn Christine Tardy viewers will find manifested in the drawings of as qualities sincerity, warmth and humor Mr. Blake and Douglas E. Tibbitts, Staff to Inform the Museum Members are requested well as excellence in form, color and design. Artist of the Museum, were honored at a promptly of changes of address. Teachers for this group are: Mrs. Dorothy luncheon given by the University of Chicago F. Bender, Mrs. Marion Lukens, Mrs. Press on March 26. The occasion marked

. Adelheid Mrs. Velma and Special Exhibit During May . . Hirsch, Miller, the then forthcoming publication (April 10) Gerard Monti. by the university press of Birds of Mexico, NATURE-ART BY CHILDREN A Guide Field of which EXPERIMENTS IN DESIGN for Identification, AND OLDER STUDENTS Mr. Blake is author and Mr. Tibbitts is By MARGARET G. BRADBURY The students of Miss Ethel Spears illustrator. Dr. Morton Groezins, head of department or zoology of the adult class in the artist, (teacher general the university press, was host. Present Parts of some exhibits will appear in drawing basic course whose work appears in were Frederic Babcock and Alfred Ames, also make admirable use of duplicate at the Museum during May when this exhibition) editor and reviewer respectively of the students from the School of the Art Insti- the subject matfe in the Museum galleries Chicago Tribune's Magazine of Books; Van tute of Chicago have their annual special in their studies of composition and design Allen Bradley, book editor of the Chicago exhibition in Stanley Field Hall of Chicago principles. The interests of this group fre- Daily News; Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, Natural History Museum. The students quently extend beyond the animal groups Director of Chicago Natural History Mu- to a use of other them the will display drawings created around natural exhibits, among seum; and Rollin D. Hemens and Robert L. skeleton artist in realism will history subjects they have studied during mounts. An Mittenbuhler of the university press staff. classes held at this Museum under a co- prepare a drawing of an animal after first examined and sketched its operative arrangement of many years' having skeleton, standing with the Art Institute. The exhi- giving greater assurance of accuracy in pro- Daily Guide-Lectures bition will be on view from 1 to 31. portions. A student experimenting down May Free afternoon guide-lecture tours are The are children of the Junior more abstract avenues will incorporate iso- participants offered daily except Sundays under the title School and adults in elementary classes of lated bone shapes into his design. Another "Highlights of the Exhibits." These tours the whose work has been select- area attractive to this group comprises the Day School, are designed to give a general idea of the ed their instructors as the best of the exhibits of primitive art of South Sea by entire Museum and its scope of activities. From the group peoples, among whose extraordinary designs year's accomplishments. They begin at 2 p.m. on Monday through of thus two members these modem artists find splendid study drawings assembled, Friday and at 2:30 P.M. on Saturday. of this Museum's staff—Gustaf Dalstrom, material. Special tours on subjects within the range Artist in the Department of Anthropology, It is always a pleasure to find the Museum of the Museum exhibits are available at and the writer—selected the group to be instrumental in educative processes, which other hours, morning or afternoon, Mon- placed in the final exhibit. Arrangements is truly one of its functions. The tendency days through Fridays, for parties of ten or for the judging were made through Mrs. C. has been to focus attention on students of more persons. Requests for such service S. Hewlett, head of the Art Education De- natural history, but more than it ever sus- must be made at least one week in advance. partment of the Art Institute. pected the Museum has been a storehouse The drawings are all rendered in pastel to delight the very soul of the student of Although there are no tours on Sundays, chalk, a medium particularly flexible and fine art, as revealed in the designs and illus- the Museum is open to visitors as usual suited to the experimental tendencies of the trations of this special exhibition. from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. May, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages RARE SEA OTTERS OF ALEUTIANS IN NEW HABITAT GROUP By COLIN CAMPBELL SANBORN One mammal of the region, Steller's sea on shore and comes ashore two or three CURATOR OF UAHHAIS cow, which was large and slow-moving, was times a day. The rest of its time is spent in WAS THE QUEST for beaver that soon exterminated because it was killed for the water hunting, feeding, and playing. ITled to the first exploration of many parts meat. The fur of the sea otter was so greatly The sea otter's main article of food is sea of the western United States and Canada. valued that the trade in its skins grew to urchins. Other favorite items are moUusks, More valuable fur-bearing mammals, the enormous proportions. An estimated fifty crabs, and a few fish. It sometimes dives sea otter and the fur seal, played a large thousand were killed in 1786. The slaughter to great depths to get its food and is often part in the exploration and colonization of could not go on forever and, as furs became seen a mile or more off shore. The food is the bleak and stormy Aleutian Islands and scarcer, the Russians put certain conserva- eaten while the otter lies on its back, its chest and abdomen serving as a table. Some of the hard-shelled moUusks are bro- ken open by hammering them on a rock, brought from the bottom for this purpose. The rock rests on the otter's chest and the mollusk is held in both forepaws and brought down against the rock. The ability to balance food on the abdomen, even in rough weather, is remarkable. The southern .sea otter of the California coast feeds extensively on abalones.

AGILE IN WATER

When in the water, and not feeding, the otter is usually on its back. It cleans and scratches itself, often bringing its flippers forward for inspection or grooming. It can turn a somersault in the water from this position and often rotates itself lengthwise in the water, turning over and over. Mating takes place in the water. There seems to be no particular mating season, but mating has been observed more often in spring than at any other time of year. There is only one pup produced and it is born ashore in a sheltered place among the rocks. Full-grown otters are about four feet in length and weigh around seventy-five pounds. The color varies from a black to a dark brown and some old ones have a silvery SEA OTTERS-A NEW HABITAT GROUP IN HALL N gray face, head, and neck. The fur is quite Because their fur was so valued, these rare creatures from the Aleutians had narrow from total highly escapes oily, so that it does not absorb water. The extinction by ruthless hunters, under both the Russian and American regimes in the islands. voice is high and sharp and, at a distance, the coast of Alaska. A new habitat group tion measures into eEfect to try to save the of the extremely interesting sea otter was remaining animals. recently installed in the Hall of Marine PROTECTIONS REINSTITUTED Mammals (Hall N) on the ground floor of the Museum. In 1867 the United States purchased The Aleutian region was discovered in Alaska and all restrictions on hunting were --f^ 1741 Vitius a and Alexei removed so the ruthless hunt for fur by Bering, Dane, ; began •TABLE MANNERS' OF SEA OTTER Chirikof, a Russian, commanding two ships again. This continued until 1910 when The animal's eating habits are curious and amusing. on a Russian both the fur seal and the sea otter came government-sponsored explor- It lies on its back in the water and places a rock on ing expedition. Accompanying the expe- under government protection. The fur seal its chest. Holding a mollusk in both forepaws, as dition was the naturalist George Wilhelm has once more become well established and Artist Margaret G. Bradbury's drawing indicates, the otter cracks the shell against the rock. It then Steller who published the first accounts of the sea-otter population is increasing slowly extracts the meat and uses its chest and abdomen as the natural of the area. but The former of the history Among satisfactorily. range a table for its meal, undisturbed by rough seas. other things, they brought back about nine sea otter extended from southern California hundred sea-otter skins. These attracted to Alaska. Today there is one small "pod" sounds like a whistle. The killer whale is so much attention that years of sea otter (the term for colonies of this animal) in of the otter. and fur seal hunting for the Russian market southern California and numerous others on the only active enemy resulted. the southern Alaska coast and on some of GROUP FROM AHCHITKA The natives of the region, the Aleuts, the Aleutian Islands. were pressed into service and sent out to The sea otter is a typical marine mammal, The material for the new group in the sea in their frail skin-boats to hunt otter. more at home in the water than on land. Museum was collected on Amchitka Island Many of the Aleuts were lost on these hunts. The hind feet, with which it swims, have by the Aleutian Zoological Expedition in The people were exploited in other ways become flippers, but its front feet still re- 1952, conducted by the writer, with the

also, and the population dropped rapidly. semble those of a land mammal. It sleeps {Continued on page 8, column 1 ) Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 1953

WEST INDIES EXPEDITION work, difficulties and even hardships in the world. Patagonia is one of the world's SAILS ON SCHOONER field, is actually the simplest part of museum great fossil fields and the Ameghinos were research work. The more difficult part be- the first to explore it. The new and fas- Indies The Museum's West Zoological gins after the collections have reached the cinating specimens discovered in a constant in the last Expedition began operations museum. First, the specimens have to be stream by Carlos were rapidly described by of March with the of Donald week sailing put in condition for study, a task that of Florentino, who, working early and late, Costa Erdman from Puntarenas, Rica, course varies with the nature of the ma- could barely manage to keep abreast of the the aboard his 37-foot auxiliary schooner, terials. For fossil vertebrates, this is very flood. The preparation of detailed, properly Booby. Mr. Erdman, an ichthyologist for- laborious and time-consuming. The bones, illustrated monographs was obviously im- staff of the United States merly on the often fragile and delicate, have to be freed possible under such conditions, and the D. is National Museum, Washington, C, from the surrounding matrix, which is often legacy left to posterity by Florentino, who under a conducting this expedition special very hard, and months may be spent on the died at the relatively early age of 56, consists Natural arrangement with Chicago History preparation of a single specimen. in large part of a long series of papers con- the Caribbean until Museum. Cruising In the case of the collections brought taining brief, unillustrated diagnoses of new Mr. Erdman and his some time in August, together by the Marshall Field Expeditions, forms. Without access to the specimens on fishes in the waters shipmates will collect some ten years elapsed before all of the which they were based, the great majority various Central Ameri- along the coasts of material was prepared for study. With the of these diagnoses cannot be utilized for islands of the West Indies. can countries and specimens available, the next step is to de- purposes of identification, nor can the valid- to be Panama. His first port was Balboa, termine the species represented. Only after ity of the numerous species proposed be of Costa Mr. Erdman, who is now a resident this has been done can the contribution, to determined. The Ameghino Collection was, Rica, acts as his own sailing skipper. knowledge represented by collections be ac- of course, private property. After Floren- curately assessed and the preparation of tine's death, it was boxed up to remain undertaken. Determina- inaccessible until the A 'BUSMAN'S HOLIDAY' detailed reports relatively early 1930's, tion of material may range from a rather when it was purchased by the Argentine IN SOUTH AMERICA simple to a very difficult task. The degree government and placed in the Museo Ar- By BRYAN PATTERSON depends directly upon the state of previously gentino de Ciencias Naturales. Due to CURATOR or FOSSIL UAMllAtS published work and the accessibility of these various difficulties, few of the collec- determined earlier collections tions of South American fossil mammals a Museum scientist leaves for adequately that are pertinent to the new collection contained in North American and European WHENan extended stay on another con- under study. If the literature is inadequate museums are adequately determined. tinent, those who happen to read about his and earlier collections are very widely departure usually visuaUze him as spending TWO FOUNDATIONS GIVE AID scattered and in large part not prof)erly his time in a tropical rain forest, in a deso- determined, the difficulties can be enormous. In 1938, thanks to the grant of a Carnegie late, arid region, or in comparable exotic This was the situation confronting anyone Corporation for travel from surroundings. Usually he does, but not al- grant-in-aid who attempted to determine the material the American Association of Museums, I ways. In my own case, I have just returned obtained by the Marshall Field Expeditions. was able to visit France and and from a fourteen-month stay in Argentina, England to examine South American fossils in Paris all but three weeks of which was devoted to A UNIQUE FOSSIL FAUNA and London. This solved certain intensive work on fossil mammals contained problems, collections of South American fossil but on the other hand made it even more in museums—exactly the sort of work that Major mammals are contained in more than a evident that only an examination of the I do in Chicago. dozen institutions in three continents— Ameghino Collection would suffice for com- The explanation of this does not lie in South America, North America and Europe. plete identification of the Marshall Field any aversion on my part to field work— The type specimens, that is those on which collections. I had hoped to do this in the quite the contrary—but in the fact that in the descriptions of the species were originally early 1940's, but the war years and other regard to the particular problems on which based, are mostly in Argentina. Most of work that had come up in the meantime I was engaged the field work had already the material contained in North American intervened. In 1951, however, through the been done. Thanks to the support of Mar- and European museums has never been award of a John Simon Guggenheim Memo- shall Field, now First Vice-President of the compared with these types, and it is not rial Foundation Fellowship, it was at last Museum, the institution conducted a series possible to identify specimens with any as- possible to make the long deferred journey of paleontological expeditions to Argentina surance from the descriptions given in the to South America and to examine the and Bolivia from 1922 to 1927 under the literature. This is due to special and in- Ameghino and other collections contained in leadership of Elmer S. Riggs, formerly Cu- teresting circumstances. Our knowledge of the excellent museums of Argentina. Every rator of Paleontology, These expeditions South American fossil mammals and of the possible facility for work was afforded me brought back to Chicago a magnificent chronology of Cenozoic continental deposits while there, and amid such pleasant sur- representation of the fossil mammalian is in very large measure due to two remark- roundings and with so much of interest to faunas of southern South America that range able Argentines, the brothers Florentino examine, the months passed by like weeks. in age from Eocene to Pleistocene. I joined and Carlos Ameghino. Between them they Nearly every question that had been in- the Museum staff too late to participate in brought to light what was in effect a new soluble at long range proved capable of the fun of collecting the material, but I fell world of life, the mammals of Tertiary South solution with the original types at hand. heir to the numerous research problems America, which are completely unlike any It is now possible, twenty-five years after involved. occurring elsewhere in the world. they were collected, to begin the final phase The of the work the of work on our South American fossil HOME WORK IS HARDEST greater part Ameg- hinos accomplished over half a century ago mammals. The 1927 in which the year expeditions was carried on without any official support. is a measured in closed long time ago, terms Florentino operated a small stationery store, of Visiting Hours Change May 1 a human lifetime, and it may well be and on the slender profits from this sup- asked, "Why the long delay?" The collect- ported himself and financed Carlos in a long Beginning May 1, summer visiting hours, ing of specimens, although it may involve series of collecting expeditions in Patagonia, 9 A.M. to 6 P.M., will go into effect, con- travel to' far comers of the earth, strenuous then among the least-known regions of the tinuing until September 7 (Labor Day). May, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 THE BIRTH AND DEATH OF PARICUTIN VOLCANO IN MEXICO By SHARAT K. ROY* din to the clatter of the blazing inferno; spectacular to show. Stunned CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY spectators flaming arcs leaped out of the crater and stood motionless, even burst into cheers, that with a flash ends in ^NE begins bursting gas bubbles sent out fiery umbrel- unmindful of the fact that they were cheer- smoke"—that is the life of El "0" story las; cherry-red chunks of lava, cinders, and ing a volcano. the Tarascan Indian for Monstruo, name the ashes hurtled 3,000 to 4,000 feet into the air volcano Paricutin. As volcanoes Parl- NOW ASLEEP OR DEAD? go, and fell crashing down the cone, gleaming cutin died a prematuredeath, but while it incandescently. It was the most awe- Is Paricutin now dead? Except for a lived, it put on one of the greatest shows on inspiring display of nature's fireworks the wisp of steam and gas spouting around the earth. Bypassing infancy, it reached adoles- land of the Aztecs has ever witnessed. Ve- crater, it shows no other sign of life today. cence in a matter of hours. Its fiery bosom suvius in its heyday had nothing more Perhaps, like its extinguished neighbors, it has gone to a sleep from which there is no awakening. Yet, it is impossible to predict the life-span of a volcano. Krakatoa, near Java, became disastrously active after a repose of two centuries, destroyed scores of towns and villages, and snuffed out the lives of 36,000 people. Vesuvius had been dor- mant so long that it was overgrown with thick vegetation, but in 1631 it became violently active and has been intermittently active ever since. The name "Volcano" comes from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. The traditional concept of a volcano is that it is a cone-like hill or mountain with a crater at its summit, whence at times are ejected rocks, cinders, ashes, and lava. Actually, a volcano is a vent from which hot or molten material is ejected from the depths of the earth. The essential feature of a volcano is the conduit or volcanic pipe that connects the magma chambers of the interior with the exterior of the earth. This does not mean that the interior of the earth is molten. Seismic records records on a VOLCANO IN ACTION (earthquake registered seismograph) indicate that the outer shell How Paricutin looked in the early days loUowiag its sudden eruption in a cornfield in 19-43. of the earth behaves like a solid for about outswelled a maiden's prayer and rose to a height of 150 feet in less than a week. On the first anniversary of its birth, the cone attained an altitude-of better than 1,000 feet and assumed a perfect geometric shape —one that Euclid might well have envied. From the vents of the cone, red-hot lava poured out at an average rate of 2,700 tons per minute and crept forward fanwise like a crevassed glacier aflame, leaving death and desolation in its wake. The temperature of the lava a mile from its vent registered 1994° Fahrenheit. Every six seconds, occasionally at longer intervals, either in the dark of night or in the light of day, amidst billowy clouds of steam, gas, and dust, fountains of fire lit the sky; terrific blasts shook the peaceful countryside; dust columns borne aloft by the uprushing gases behaved like a thunder cloud; lightning and thunder added their

*Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of Geology, returned in April from a two-month journey in Mexico during which he studied PARICUTIN CRATER AS IT IS TODAY the now dormant Paricutin volcano and col- An aerial view of the famous Mexican volcano, now dormant. The crater has two throats with a long ridge lected volcanic rocks. He also visited silver between them. Until recent months it was belching forth smoke, sparks, and thousands of tons of lava that and other mines and collected specimens of ravished the countryside for miles around. In the volcano's present inactive state, it was possible for Chief ores and minerals. Curator Sharat K. Roy to reach the rim after an arduous climb. Photograph is by courtesy of Dr. Carl Fries. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 195S

1,800 miles. But there are magma cham- dominant and active role in volcanic erup- sive eruptions; that of the latter is much bers or reservoirs of molten rocks underlying tions. It is these gases that cause the ex- more fluid and remains so down to much certain regions known as volcanic belts or plosive puffs and send solid rocks, cinders, lower temperature (800° Centigrade). The belts of fire. There are two such belts and ashes, dust, and bombs flying from the gas thus escapes much more rapidly without Parlcutin lies in one of them—the one that crater. A volcano builds its cone from these explosive violence. There are, however, ex- encircles the Pacific Ocean and extends fallen fiery objects, not from lava flowing ceptions to this general rule. Paricutin is a along the Andes, Central America, Mexico, out of the crater. The only lava that helps point in the case. The lava of Parfcutin is the United States, Canada, Alaska, the in the building up of a cone is that which basaltic or basaltic-andesite. According to Aleutian chain, Kamchatka, Japan, the is blown out. Ejected lava clots, exposed to the general rule its lava should be fluid and Philippines, and Java. the air, harden and fall, assuming various it should be less explosive than it had been. forms, usually with spirally twisted ends The explanation for the exception is that NEW VOLCANOES PROBABLE (bombs, lapilli, etc.). Exploded lava in the even the much more fluid basaltic magma The volcanic belts are lines of weakness crater forms dust and ashes. Cinders are may become viscous by standing in the characterized by fracturing, faulting, and ejected lava-fragments from which gases conduit and behave as viscous acidic lava, folding in the earth's crust. They thus are have escaped. Volcanic dust, because of its both in the manner of its flow and its favorable sites for volcanic activities. Vol- light weight is carried away hundreds of explosive character.

A PEACEFUL VILL.4GE BEFORE THE LAVA FLOWED EXCEPT FOR A STEEPLE TOP, VILLAGE HAS VANISHED The tiny community of Parangaricutiro. which was wiped out and buried, as was The flow of lava has completely engulfed the little settlement of Parangaricutiro. also its sister village of Paricutin from which the volcano receives its name. All of the inhabitants were forced to evacuate. No trace of their homes remains. canic forces, however, could be sufficiently miles by the prevailing winds. The dust Parlcutin was born in a cornfield on Feb- powerful to make their own outlets and from Parfcutin is known to have drifted to ruary 20, 1943. Dionisio Pulido, a Tarascan volcanoes may originate where no connection Mexico City, a distance of 200 miles. Indian from the nearby village, Paricutin, between them and a fracture line appears Where, then, did the lava that engulfed state of Michoacan, Mexico, and his boy to exist. Such is the case in the Highwood two villages—Paricutin and Parangaricutiro were the only eye-witnesses of the momen- Mountains in the great plain of central —and spread over acres and acres of fertile tous occasion. The elder Dionisio was Montana where no evidence of a line of land issue from? From vents in Parlcutin's plowing for corn when he heard a low rumble weakness could be determined. As a rule, sides, not from the crater. Will this stupen- and saw a spiral of smoke (steam) behind though, new volcanoes break out only in dous outpouring create an empty tunnel his furrow. The initial explosions shook the volcanic areas. That there will be new vol- within the earth from which it came? So fertile fields and ejected fragmental ma- canoes at site of is a far as is it will not. reser- the Paricutin almost known, Magma terials, clouds of dust, gas, and ashes. From from the numerous ex- voirs are certainty. Judging constantly making readjustments these ejected projectiles Paricutin built a tinct volcanoes Paricutin it can of their lost contents. There be some surrounding might 1,500-foot-high cone. At the beginning, the be safely assumed that underlying the region subsidence of the overlying area, but it cone gained height rapidly, but as its base there is a chamber await- would be noticeable. magma restlessly hardly broadened more and more material was ing to break through. Lava is the name for applied magma needed and altitude was gained slowly. The immense weight of the crust exerts (molten rock) issuing at the earth's surface. a tremendous pressure on the gases dissolved Both the liquid material and the rock FIERY LAVA TERRIFIES in the are forever seeking formed from are called lava. Dif- magma. They magma Lava first issued from the vents at the an escape outlet. The chief magmatic gas ferent types of volcanoes discharge different base of the cone as an incandescent viscous is steam. The combustible gases are hy- kinds of lavas. Even one and the same liquid, but, as it advanced, it became coated drogen, hydrocarbons, and various com- volcano may erupt a variety of lavas. In with a crust that broke off at cascades pounds of sulphur. The combustion of the main, however, there are two kinds of exposing a molten glowing interior. The these gases, especially that of the hydrogen, lavas that volcanoes eject—silicic or rhyo- moving of the tumbling, jostling mass of produces the only true flames seen at an litic, and basic or basaltic. The silicic kind lava is a fearful The individual eruption. Other "flames" are merely incan- may contain as much as 75 per cent of silica; fiery sight. flows were from 12 to 20 feet but the descent lava fragments shot into the air. the basic about 50 per cent of the bulk thick, total thickness of all the flows Paricutin never did emit sulphurous gases; composition. The lava of the former is superposed the volcano 300 to chlorides, ammonium chloride in particular, viscous, even at a very high temperature adjacent to ranged from formed abundantly. The gases, especially (2000° Centigrade), and its contained gases 450 feet. In the nine years of Parlcutin's the super-heated steam, play the most escape with difficulty, giving rise to explo- activities it has discharged nearly 700 million May, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 cubic feet of lava encompassing some 16 In circles that discuss evolution the idea HERPETOLOGIST RETURNS square miles. is current that food-competition is important FROM WEST COAST The lava was not alone destructive—the between species. It may even be stated as a On February 4 Clifford H. Pope, Curator ash killed most of the trees, particularly the rule: two species with the same food habits of Amphibians and Reptiles, left Chicago resinous pines, within a radius of several cannot live in the same place. Competition with a double to make a miles from the volcano. This ended the drives one out unless the other has different purpose: reptile and amphibian reconnaissance of the north- tapping for turpentine and livelihood for food habits. Differences in food habits seem ern part of the western coast of Mexico and hundreds of people who have seldom enjoyed especially evident when you look at closely to study the habitats of the salamanders of three square meals a day. With the de- related species, and these differences are our own West Coast. The lower parts of struction of vegetation, the animal life disap- brought about in a variety of ways. One northwestern Mexico are too dry for .sala- peared also. Birds that fed on seeds took very common way is a difference in habitat. manders, whereas the humid coa.stal regions to wings for happier grounds; small animals The long-eared owl hunts in the woods and of Washington, Oregon, and California are —deer and rabbits—migrated to fertile fields its cousin, the short-eared owl, hunts in the ideal for them and harbor one of the dis- and with them, for obvious reasons, went meadows; the song sparrow favors drier tinctive faunas of the world. the coyotes. shrubbery while its cousin, the swamp spar- Two and a half months of work and 11,000 Good sometimes comes of evil. So will it row, lives in wetter shrubbery. miles of travel were required to complete come for the thousands living by the simple THE SIZE FACTOR the project. All but two or three of the faith of Indians. Volcanic ash, on decom- twenty-two salamander habitats were position, makes good soil. Dionisio may Another way is a difference in size. The visited. Success of this part of the venture not plough the lava fields of Parfcutin for downy and hairy woodpeckers of our wood- depended largely on two weather conditions, corn again, but the Dionisios to come may, lots are very similar except that one is larger temperature and rain. The field trip was and perhaps they will reap a far richer and adapted ito take larger prey while the favored by abundant rain but hindered to harvest than ever before. other is smaller and adapted for smaller some extent by cool weather. The low Uruapan, the nearest town to Paricutin, food items. Sometimes species feed differ- temperature was not a serious handicap but famed for its lacquer work, may be reached ently. The Baltimore oriole picks flowers merely prevented the collecting of large from Mexico City by automobile, plane, bus, and pecks through their sides while the series, a minor object of the work. One of or train. The road to Paricutin is bad, orchard oriole probes into flowers as they the two habitats missed lay beneath the dangerously so. Part of it is traveled by hang on the branches. snows of the High Sierras and presented a automobile over bridges constructed of two The same factors may be at work within a considerable dilemma because at the time of planks that are little wider than the tires, species. When a pair of birds "sets up the year when it is available most of the and part of it on horseback. At the journey's housekeeping" and starts "raising a family" other habitats have already become too dry . end you are at the edge of the lava flow. they can no longer drift about looking for It might be remarked that herpetological Here you must decide if you care to have a easy living and places where food is plenti- collectors are forever confronted by similar look at the crater. You have but two ful. Their wanderings are restricted by — weather dilemmas, Curator Pope comments. choices: walk across the lava three and having a fixed point, the nest, as their center one-half miles as the crow flies—or go of interest. The two individuals must draw around it (a distance of twelve miles). Do on the food supply from an area about the not cut across if you are not surefooted or nest. If their food habits were the same, female has a long, slender, curved bill for into holes for if you happen to tip the scale heavily. Go competition would be extreme and, if food probing them, creeper-fashion. The female in wood too hard around it, and the chances are you will get were scarce, perhaps critical. may get grubs there. Return by nightfall. It is hardly We know how different in appearance the for the male to chisel. the to be wandering around in the sexes be—how different is the place may appear- DIET VARIATION BY SEX dark. ance of the rooster and the hen of our It is that further domestic fowl, the drake and the duck of the possible study may bring Battle of the Sexes . . . to additional cases of sex mallard, or the red male and the green female light differences that are of to the THEIR DIET DIFFERENCES of the scarlet tanager. These sexual differ- advantage species in ences have been mostly correlated with dis- enabling the sexes to eat different things. MAKE THEM DIFFERENT The size of female hawks play and mating. But logically there should larger probably By AUSTIN L. RAND fits to take be differences between the sexes in feeding them larger prey than their CURATOR OF BIRDS behavior and food adaptations. The basic smaller mates are able to take, and the that the battle of smaller size of certain female USED TO THINK idea is contained in the old nursery rhyme: songbirds I the sexes so ably portrayed by James probably fits them to take smaller prey "Jack Spratt could eat no fat. Thurber in his drawings and in his prose was than their larger mates can take. The larger His wife could eat no lean. artificial, a man-made and woman-made bill of the male hornbill, the smaller bill of So betwixt them both, you see, thing, a product of civilization, certainly. the female, the straight bill of the male west- They licked the platter clean." Thurber, of course, only deals with one ern grebe, and the upturned bill of the female species of animal—humans. But recently To the two birds of a mated pair, limited perhaps give each sex slightly different I've come to see the competition between the to a single area, it would be a decided advan- advantages in getting food. sexes as widespread and of far-reaching con- tage to have different food preferences or Selection could have its effect in the popu- sequences. It is probably as old in the adaptations for food-getting. And we find lations, the forms with the greater difference animal world as sex iteslf. that there are cases of this. The most in feeding habits of the sexes being the more In a booklet with the severe title Secondary striking is that of the huia of New Zealand, successful in raising and leaving progeny. Sexual Characters and Ecological Competition, about which I've written in a recent Bulle- Thus, slowly, differences between the sexes published by the Museum, I've outlined the tin (June, 1952). Both sexes have similar would accumulate. However, it must be possibility of competition for food between food preferences—both like especially wood- kept in mind that this sort of evolution would the sexes being a factor in evolution and inhabiting insects—but they get their food in be limited. The drifting apart of the sexes responsible in part for characteristics of different ways. The male has a short, would be checked by the necessity for their structure and traits that distinguish the straight, stout bill for digging out the wood- coming together periodically, for at least a sexes. boring grubs, woodpecker-fashion. The short period, at nesting time. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 195S

SEA OTTERS— little of the transient warblers, on their way GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM {Continued from page 3) to their northern nesting grounds, that the Following is a list of the principal gifts series of notes of twelve species of warblers co-operation of the United States Fish and received during the past month: is of technical interest. Finally, it is com- Wildlife Service. The time of year repre- to be able to the familiar bird Department of Botany: before the sea such forting play sented is March, growth From: Otto Ger- songs of our dooryards to visiting children Rohweder, Hamburg, as kelp has appeared. The rocks are bare —33 and other bird-lovers. many Commelinaceae and Bromelia- snow. A and the land partly covered by ceae, San Salvador; Dr. E. E. Sherff, Chi- It should be mentioned that the Albert R. large male otter and a female with pup are cago— 11 type-specimen negatives Brand Bird Song Foundation, of Cornell shown resting on the rocks in a sheltered of : University, has made a magnificent record Department Geology bay. of some of the characteristic sounds of the From: B. F. Hazel, Fort Peck, Mont.—2 The U. S. Fish and Wildlife representative fossil Montana Panama rain forest, at the Barro Colorado invertebrates, on Amchitka, Robert D. Jones, Jr., was Island Laboratory, through a complete Department of Zoology ; host to the expedition and generously pro- diurnal cycle from dawn to dusk and dusk From: A. Whiting, Ind.— 16 vided information about the otter as well Bognar, to dawn. mammals, Indiana and Texas; University as such material facilities as transportation, Karl P. Schmidt of California, College of Agriculture, Ber- lodging, and food. The staff of the Arctic — Ckief CurcUor of Zoology keley 5 beetles, Oregon and California; Dr. Health Research Center in Anchorage, Alfred E. Emerson, Chicago—world-wide Alaska, was extremely helpful in many ways. collection of termites; Lucien Harris, Jr., Major Robert Rausch of the Center, who is Botanist Returns from Cuba Avondale Estates, Ga.—2 cocoons of a skip- studying the parasites and diseases of the per, Georgia; Harry Hoogstraal, Cairo, Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Curator Emeritus of —49 worm snakes and 20 otter, accompanied the expedition. The Egypt ticks, Botany, recently returned from a field trip H. Souza de Rio de Janeiro, Museum expresses its thanks also to the Egypt; Lopez, of nearly three months in Cuba. He con- Brazil —19 lots of non-marine shells, Brazil; officers of Headquarters, Alaska Command, tinued studies, in which he has been engaged Dr. Henry van der Schalie, Ann Arbor, for to visit Amchitka, and to permission Mich.— collection of non-marine On- for several years past, of the Copernicia shells, them and the Air Base officers at Shemya Canada palms native to the provinces of Camaguey tario, Island for transportation. and Oriente. He was accompanied by John The animals were prepared for exhibition W. Thieret, a botanist from the University by Staff Taxidermist Frank C. Wonder. of Chicago. The background is the work of Artists STAFF SOTES Douglas E. Tibbitts and Leon L. Pray. NEW MEMBERS Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator of Fossil Invertebrates, a paper on The following persons became Museum presented in the of Members from March 14 to April 15: "Techniques Study Pennsylvanian PHONOGRAPH RECORDS Insects" before the meeting of the Pennsyl- Associate Members vania Academy of Science held in April at Thomas W. Alder, Frank C. Dumelle, .... Loren P. Volume II. Annville, Pennsylvania AMERICAN BIRD SONGS, Edward Howard Feinstein, Frederick D. Woods, Curator of Fishes, and Robert F. Recorded by Dr. P. P. Kellogg and Dr. Gardner, G. A. Huggins, E. A. Krider, Oren Inger, Assistant Curator of Fishes, last A. A. Allen. Comstock Publishing Com- Elmer Miller, Miss Clara A. Scheiner attended the of the Ameri- New York. bird month meetings pany, Ithaca, Fifty-one Annual Members can Society of Ichthyologists and Herpe- songs on five vinylite records. Price Lester H. J. Boatwright, Harry Burkema, tologists in New York. Mr. Inger gave a $10.50. John F. David Cohn, J. J. Collier, Christian, paper on the distribution of the fresh-water L. A. Frank Coubeau, Frank It scarcely needs to be stated that the Harry Cook, fishes of Borneo .... Before his recent de- Nellie to the F. Fowle, Jr., Mrs. T. Guernsey, Roy voices of birds are equally of interest parture on a botanical expedition to "the C. Ingersoll, Lester Ivry, T. L. Kelce, most technical of ornithologists and to the lost world" area of Venezuela, Dr. Julian Rudolph Kelemen, Edmund Kutchins, Fer- amateur naturalist and bird-lover. The new Curator of the Herbarium, dinand W. Lagerholm, Hervey L. Mac- A. Steyermark, album of bird includes the voices of in an songs Cowan, J. A. Middleton, W. F. Mont Pas, was heard over Radio Station WBBM birds of and a series of ten familiar gardens Miss Elizabeth Phelps, Emil T. Rank, interview about his project. "Chuck" Wiley shade trees, ten familiar birds of the road- Adolph A. Rubinson, Earle A. Shilton, G. A. was the interviewer .... Dr. Theodor Just, side, nineteen birds of lakes and marshes, Shields, Charles Lambert Smith, Harry Chief Curator of Botany, spoke on "Evolu- Walter Paul and twelve warblers. The quality of repro- Starr, Elmer H. Stonehouse, tion and Paleobotany" at a seminar of the Albert B. Tucker, Leon F. Urbain, duction is greatly improved over that of the Suter, University of Notre Dame on April 14. He Maurice B. Dr. Mark Wicks, Truman first album of bird and compares Viek, in a conference songs Wood was also one of the speakers favorably in fidelity with the reproductions on "The Needs of Systematics" in Washing- of frog voices in "Voices of the Night." ton, D.C., April 22, under the auspices of The capture on records of the voices of the National Research Council. some of the birds most characteristic of the PLEASE NOTIFY MUSEUM North American wilderness, like those of IF YOU'RE MOVING Dallwig Lecture Season Ends the common loon, whistling swan, and sandhill crane, is a triumph of ornithological Members of the Museum who The popular Sunday afternoon "layman field work. It is especially satisfying to change residence are urged to notify lectures" of Paul G. Dallwig ended for the have on record the voices of other marsh the Museum so that the Bulletin current season with his appearances at the birds that are heard by the general public, and other communications may reach Museum during April. Mr. Dallwig will or at least by the farm boy, but are not them promptly. begin a new season in the autumn, for which associated with the birds from which they Members going away for extended details will be announced later. come. The "slough-pumper" (bittern), the periods may have Museum matter He was the speaker at the April 23rd of pied-billed grebe, and the rails may be sent to their temporary addresses. meeting of the Publicity Club Chicago. named in this class. We ordinarily see so His topic was "Let's Begin to Live."

PRINTED BV CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS RULLETINLJ Vol. 2 4. No. -.Juno 1953

•»^r ^ Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 1953

Chicago Natural History Museum prey, the collector will find, with far less -THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 effort and in far shorter time than if he had Our cover shows a stand of Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 to rely on his own resources, numbers of the Yarey palms, some of the largest Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 very tiniest shells that often contain animals and most of the still alive. magnificent kinds of THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Fritz Haas many Copernicia palms in Cuba. They are abundant in Lestgk Armour Samuel Insull, Jr. Curator of Lower Invertebrates Sewell L. Avery Henry P. Ishau some of the eastern parts of the Wm. McCoRMicK Blair Hughston M. McBain Walther Buchen Wiluam H. Mitchell island where in certain districts Clarence B. Randall Walter J. Cummings Museum Trustee and Director they form large stands—in some Albert B. Dick, Jr. George A. Richardson Joseph N. Field John G. Searle Win Freedom Awards places pure, in others mixed with Solomon A. Smith Marshaix Field one or two other but un- Marshall Field, Jr. louis Ware Clarence B. a Trustee of the species, Albert H. Wetten Randall, Stanley Field til recently left undisturbed. The John P. Wilson Museum, and Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, photograph was made by Dr. OFFICERS Director, will both be honored with Free- B. E. Dahlgren, Curator Emeritus Stanley Field President doms Foundation Awards for 1952 at a pre- Marshall Field ftr«< Vice-Preaiiient of who returned sentation to be held the Botany, recently Henry P. Ishah Second Vice-Prendenl by Freedoms Foun- from a Museum to Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-President dation at the Club on June 3. The expedition Treasurer Chicago Solomon A. Smith Cuba. Dr. Dahlgren reports: CuFFORD C. Gregg Director and Secretary awards were first announced at Valley Forge, John R. Millar AssistatU Secretary "With the great increase in cattle Pennsylvania, on February 22. breeding that has come with the The award to Mr. Randall, who is chair- introduction and admixture of THE BULLETIN man of the board of Inland Steel Company, Brahma stock, almost all nonag- EDITOR is in the magazine-article category, in recog- ricultural land is now being clear- Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum nition of the excellence of his authorship of ed for Under the on- "Free Is Not a License" grazing. ' Enterprise Hunting CONTRIBUTING EDITORS of stands in The Atlantic slaught bulldozers, large Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropohty published Monthly. Curator of palms disappear from one week Theodor Just Chief of Botany The award to Colonel Gregg is in the Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology to another, together with the Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology public-address category in recognition of spiny shrub that has invaded EDITOR merit for his talk, "Renewing Our Faith in MANAGING most of the old pastures, the Public Relations Counsel Freedom," made before the Y.M.C.A. of H. B. Hartb whole turned into masses of Springfield, Illinois, at its annual retreat last ASSOCIATE EDITORS wreckage pushed into heaps for Tardy September. Helen A. MacMinn Christine burning. Thus, of the large 'yar- Freedoms Foundation is a nonprofit, non- or stand of of which nonsectarian devoted eyal' Yareys to Inform the Museum political, organization Members are requested the photograph shows a small promptly of changes of address. to "bringing about a better understanding part, only a few outlying and less of the American way of life." Each of the accessible individual now awards will consist of the Foundation's palms remain." NATURE PROVIDES AID George Washington Honor Medal and a TO SHELL COLLECTORS check for one hundred dollars.

It is by no means difficult to collect big shells, once the collector has learned where Curator Wins Fellowship to look for them. However, for the smaller Both the geological and botanical color- In recognition of scholarship, Dr. Robert and smallest ones, it is a different matter, pictures will be used for slides and other H. Denison, Curator of Fossil Fishes, has and it often takes hours to locate one or illustrative material in lectures been awarded a John Simon Guggenheim presented two specimens of snail shells of, say, one- for children by the Museum's James Nelson Memorial Foundation fellowship for studies sixteenth of an inch in length. and Anna Louise Foundation for on paleozoic vertebrates in Norway, Sweden, Raymond nature has an easier Public School and Children's Lectures. Mr. Fortunately, provided and England. He is scheduled to go to Mitchell is the of an entire way that produces better results. Various Europe in August. photographer of animals of medium size, both in fresh water book color pictures of Museum exhibits and the ocean, have developed a keen published by the institution under the title Clarence Mitchell interest in tiny shells, though for reasons Engaged Colorama, which is still one of the most In quite different from the human collector's. European Project popular items in the Museum's Book Shop. For instance, the larvae of some caddis- Color photographs for use in the Mu- flies use minute fresh-water shells, snails as seum's educational work are being made in Gifts to the Museum well as clams, to cover their cases. Thus France and Switzerland by Clarence B. the collector will find all the small species Mitchell of Chicago. Mr. Mitchell, whose Following is a list of the principal gifts with these caddis- of shells that live together contributions to the Museum several years received during the past month: flies represented on their cases. ago resulted in his election to the roll of Department of Anthropology: On the seashore, especially in warm and Contributors, is also Research Associate in From: C. F. Childs, Lake Forest, 111.— tropical regions where the beaches are Photography on the Museum staff and the temple lamp, Tibet covered with coralline growth and this present undertaking is being carried out in growth is covered again with sessile animals the latter capacity. He and Mrs. Mitchell Department of Botany: From: and sea plants that offer ideal hiding places, sailed for Europe on May 8 and are expected —United States Customs Service, it is almost impossible to look for individual to return about July 1. Chicago Lagerstroemia speciosa, Siam; New York Botanical Garden—Dahlia minute shells. In this situation bigger Mr. Mitchell will seek unusual examples foeniculi- folia, Mexico animals, such as starfish, sea-cucumbers, of various kinds of terrain to illustrate and sea-slugs, feed upon smaller animal life phases of geology and stands of trees, Library: of and, among it, on very little shells. By flowers, and other plants typical wild From: Robert Trier, Chicago; Charles J. opening the stomachs of these animals of floras in a variety of ecological situations. Erasmus, Bogota, Colombia June, 1953 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S

'UNEXPLORED CHICAGO' of the area, much of the modern city and its SOUTHWEST EXPEDITION IS PROMISING FIELD suburbs were built on the old sites. Only DIGS AT A MYSTERY because has By archaeologists know what been ELAINE BLUHM 195S Southwest Archaeological Expe- found in the areas can (The ASSISTANT IN ARCHAEOLOGY neighboring they dition of the Museum has begun its season of predict what may be found in the Chicago YEAR come to the Mu- operations in the Pine Lawn Valley area of people region. In James Nelson and Anna Louise seum with boxes of arrowheads and west-central New Mexico, near the town of EVERY Raymond Hall (Hall 4) several of the ex- that have collected on farms Reserve. Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator scrapers they hibits grouped under the title "Indians Be- and Forest Preserve around of Anthropology, who is leader of the expe- paths Chicago fore Columbus" show stone, shell, and bone and the suburbs. want the archae- dition, and Dr. John B. Rinaldo, Assistant They tools and pottery like those we may expect to in for the field late in May. ologists identify these specimens. "How to have come from local sites. Archaeology, left old are they?" they ask. "How valuable As work proceeds, additional archaeologists THIRTY CENTURIES AGO are they?" If they bring only arrowheads and other helpers will join the Museum men The earliest research will or spear heads, frequently it is hard to tell people, whom we might call on the "dig." Excavations and made no be until some time in how old the specimens are, for, although the Early Hunters, pottery. They continued September. hunted animals in the series early Indians made more large f)oints and with spears tipped with This is the nineteenth of expe- stone in later Indians made more small ones, some large spear points, often one and one- ditions to the Southwest and the tenth year half to Mexico large ones are usually found on late sites. three inches long. They gathered which work has centered on the New It is easier to estimate the age of pottery sites. In the accompanying article. Dr. in fragments, for the form and method of Martin tells what has been accomplished manufacture of pottery changed more past years and why further digging and re- through time; but pottery is hard to find search are needed in order to picture life because often it looks like the ground itself. among the prehistoric Mogollon Indians.) The scientific value of the artifacts to the By PAUL S. MARTIN on the information archaeologist depends CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OP ANTHROPOLOGY that comes with them. A random collection US SUPPOSE that you owned a —a knife from Illinois, a point from Wis- comfortable home in a beautiful pine consin, and a scraper from Michigan—is of LET forest surrounded by mountains and that a less value than a group of tools from a given means of livelihood was at hand. Would field with a definite location. If the collector suddenly abandon your home, work, and has picked up not only arrowheads but also you beautiful surroundings and move elsewhere scrapers, knives, worked flint chips, and unless you had a very good reason for doing perhaps even pieces of broken pottery, he so? I certainly would not, unless I were brings in a better picture of the culture of actually shoved out. the Indians who lived on the .site, and it is Yet this is exactly what the Mogollon easier to estimate the age of the collection. Indians did. For nearly 4,000 years they LOCAL ARCHAEOLOGY LITTLE KNOWN had built homes, hunted, and gathered wild foods—had planted corn, beans, squash, Actually, if we were to draw a map of the made and performed religious rites state of Illinois and indicate on it the areas pottery, —in short, had carried on all the essentials that have been well explored and are well of a happy, well-organized, well-rounded ex- known archaeologically, we would have to istence—and then—poof!—had abandoned mark the area around Chicago "unex- the Pine Lawn Valley area of what is now plored." Although archaeologists from the New Mexico. various schools and museums in the state What powerful force or forces caused this have spent considerable time exploring and action? digging in central and southern Illinois, few We do not yet know. have done any work in the region now The past expeditions of the Museum, covered by Lake, Cook, and Du Page ANCIENT HARDWARE OF CHICAGO AREA however, have amassed a considerable counties. The Late Mississippi Indians who inhabited the of information. In an to region now dominated by America's second city amount attempt We know, from the records of LaSalle, may have made tools and utensils like those of their find out more, the 1953 Southwest Archaeo- and other that the Joliet, early explorers, Fort Ancient neighbors to the east. This exhibit logical Expedition is now going into the Miami Indians lived about 1600 where Chi- is in Hall 4, devoted to Indians before Columbus. field to dig further on sites in the vicinity cago now stands and that the Illinois tribe of Reserve, New Mexico, the same general was living farther south around what is now seeds and nuts for food and them on ground area where excavations have been conducted Starved Rock and Ottawa, Illinois. By a mortar, a stone with a depression in the for the past nine years. 1800 the Miami had moved south and the center. The skins they wore were scraped HISTORICAL GAPS REMAIN Potawatomi were on hand to greet John and cleaned with small pieces of fliint with Kinzie when he settled here in 1803. The edges sharpened by chipping. These To get the scene in focus, let us backtrack exhibits in Mary D. Sturges Hall (Hall 5) hunters may have lived in this area more a few thou.sand years. Our series of inten- show costumes, tools, and weapons of these than 3,000 years ago. sive excavations, one of the longest-continued historic Indians of the Chicago region. When these early hunters began to settle operations of the kind ever conducted in But of the prehistory of the region—the down, about 800 B.C. to 400 B.C., and live the Southwest, has enabled us to piece to- time before written records whose story can in villages, they began to make pottery. gether a considerable part of the panorama be told only by uncovering and interpreting This pottery, called Early Woodland, is of Mogollon history—but there are still un- the archaeological record—we know very crude and thick, and often it has impressions certainties about its beginning and end, and little. Early settlers had little time for col- of cords or cloth on both inside and outside. there are large gaps in between as well. lecting Indian relics and by the time people These Early Woodland people still made Recovering history with pick and shovel became interested in the earliest inhabitants (Continued on page i, column 2) is no easy task. Perhaps we might liken it Page J, CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 195S

to reading texts written in a strange lan- the Pine Lawn Valley and the Reserve area ments found in some of the burial mounds, guage—a "language" that consists of sherds about A.D. 1350 or 1400, and we are going where they have been preserved by the (fragments of pottery), tools of stone and to trj' to find out why they went and where. copper fragments that lay on them, indicate bone, sandals, textiles, wooden objects, im- This is a difficult but important problem and that the Indians knew how to weave. plements of ceremony, chase, and war, we may not succeed in solving it. But we LATER TRIBES dimensions of houses, storage pits, firepits, have a hunch—and nothing more— that the and pestholes, and even of corncobs, bean Mogollon Indians moved north and west- Last are the sites occupied by Indians l>ods, squash rinds, and other refuse that ward. If we obtain good evidence on this shortly before the white man arrived. Late might impolitely be called "garbage"! point, we plan to move our camp within the Mississippi is the name given to this culture. But when all these finds are winnowed, next year or so in order to follow through Some of the plain brown pottery has small white in it—shell statistically manipulated, charted, and investigations of this interesting and little- specks temper, the archae- mulled over, we come up with an amazing understood culture. ologist calls it. Other pottery is grit-tem- amount of information about these Indians pered. Some is cord-marked. Many pro- and the way they lived. We not only can jectile points used by the Late Mississippi Indians were often le.ss than date, with fair precision, the materials and 'UNEXPLORED CHICAGO'— small, one inch houses that we excavate, but we can even long. Usually they were triangular in shape, (Continued from page 3) make a fair guess as to the way these Indians and all were carefully chipped. In the vil- organized themselves in order to carry out large flint projectile points for their weapons, lage refuse we find spoons and ornaments of various objectives in a fairly efficient as did the Early Hunters, and used knives made clam shells, bone awls and needles, manner. and scrapers. flint scrapers, and hoes made of shoulder blades of animals. Then about 2,000 years ago came the large Evidently these FLIGHT FROM DROUGHT ate fish and clams from the river in Indians who built large burial mounds to people addition to the Briefly, our story of the Mogollon Indians cover the cremated or buried remains of corn raised on their fields, for their refuse areas begins at about 2500 n.c., at which time, their dead and cut elaborate ornaments of contain many shells and fish bones. Their cemeteries were because of drought, they had abandoned mica and copper. They are called the small their homelands in what is now southern Hopewellian Indians because evidence of conical mounds near villages. The Upper Arizona. They camped in Pine Lawn Valley Mississippi people probably were the an- cestors of of (located in what we now call west-central some the Indians who first New Mexico) because it was verdant and greeted the early French explorers. well watered. There, as I said earlier, they Archaeologists then can assume that there lived for several millennia. At first their were Early Hunters and Early Woodland, houses may have been skin shelters or tents. Hopewellian, and Late Mississippi farmers Later they lived in pit-houses (circular or rec- in the Chicago region because they know tangular houses about 12 to 15 feet across, such groups lived in Indiana, central Illinois, floors of which were excavated to a depth and Wisconsin. People who come to the of about 2 feet), and still later (about a.d. Museum with their collections, who know 1000) they lived in communal apartment where they found them and who have a record of houses (of one story) built with masonry the things that were found to- walls or in cliff dwellings. The idea of gether in the same field, are helping the planting crops (maize) may have been intro- archaeologists check their assumptions and duced to them (from the south, by diffusion) write the prehistory of the Chicago area. soon after their arrival in Pine Lawn Valley, David Wenner of LaGrange, Illinois, a and the art of pottery making became one former professional archaeologist at one time of their specialties as early as the beginning associated with the Missouri River Basin of the Christian era. Archaeological Survey in Oklahoma, is now As we regard their handiwork we note interested in this problem of the archae- slow but steady progress in everything they ology of the Chicago area. He has been undertook. At about the time the Normans exploring likely areas for evidence of Indian were invading England, the Mogollon In- camps and villages and has examined collec- dians had reached a modest level of accom- tions made by many people in this area. plishment. And in the next century or two CLUES TO HISTORY Interested members of the staff of the De- to about had of of the Museum (up 1350) they progressed Fragments of poUery, projectile points, and flint partment Anthropology even more—at least as far as material things chips are the only records of Hopewellian Indian are co-operating with Mr. Wenner in his left for were concerned. villages study by today's archaeologists. efforts to learn more of the prehistory of Chicago. CLUES RUN OUT this culture was first found on the Hopewell Then for some reason or reasons, not yet farm in Ohio. They raised corn and other Botanical Expedition to Tennessee known, they decamped. Where they went crops and lived in villages now indicated And Nortli Carolina is also a mystery. Several possible causes only by fields covered with projectile points, for the abandonment of the area come to scrapers, knives, and pieces of brown pottery An expedition to collect materia! needed mind: a change in climate that might make that is thinner and better made than pottery for the Hall of North American Woods (Hall the area too wet or too dry, enemies, inter- of the Early Woodland group. This pottery 26) will be undertaken in June by Emil Sella,

village wars or squabbles, an epidemic of is often cord-marked on the outside; that is, Curator of Exhibits in the Department of some kind, psychological causes (ceremonial when the Indians were shaping the pots Botany. Mr. Sella will collect in the Great or ritualistic signs manifested to the priests). they thinned them by pounding the outside Smoky Mountain National Park of Ten- None of these seems entirely plausible to us, with a paddle wrapped with cords that left nessee and in parts of North Carolina. In and I must admit we are entirely in the dark an impression on the outer surface. Some addition to wood plants, he will seek other on the subject. pottery is also decorated with incised lines characteristic representatives of the flora of At any rate, the people did move out of and punched designs. In Ohio, cloth frag- the southeastern states. June, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 ANCIENT ILLINOIS INSECTS FLOURISHED IN COAL SWAMPS

By EUGENE S. RICHARDSON, Jr. year George Langford, Curator of Fossil in the competition for survival, for their CURATOR OF FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES Plants, and I will again undertake several delicate and important wings were safe from OLDEST winged insects that we trips to the coal-stripping area near Braid- damage when folded back. THEknow flourished in the rich coal swamp wood, about fifty miles south of Chicago. The two wings shown in accompanying forests in the Pennsylvanian period, begin- Here, in great piles of waste clay, cast aside illustrations are typical of the Protorthop- ning 280 million years ago. Great is their in uncovering the coal, are the fossil-bearing tera in the Museum's collection, represent- age, and great is their diversity, as it was nodules, delight of amateur and professional ing hitherto unpublished species. The veins even in those far-off times, when they left alike. supporting the wing membranes are more their wings to become fossilized with the Nodules are rounded stones formed by numerous than in most modern insects. Re- leaves of the coal trees. the hardening of a soft shale around a fossil duction in wing veins, accompanied by as a core. Probably the organic substance changes in the body, is a characteristic step of the fossil, in its decay or carbonization, in insect evolution. Some specimens of promotes the deposition of mineral around Braidwood insects have both wings and the fossil, thus forming the nodule soon after bodies, and are the oldest complete insects the leaf or insect wing is originally buried. known. Older Pennsylvanian deposits yield Nodules occur by the hundreds on the spoil solitary wings, and most of the Braidwood heaps, where the unhardened shale, exposed specimens, too, consist of wings alone. to the weather, soon falls to clay. In the Thus a study of Pennsylvanian insects course of a day's collecting one gathers and must place much weight on the characters cracks a few bushels of them. of the fossil wings. Scientific descriptions, But many bushels of nodules must be which must always be published when a new cracked before a single fossil insect appears. species is named, are devoted to matching Next to the small amphibians and certain ("homologizing") the veins with those of scarce plants, insects are the rarest of fossils other known insect species. Fortunately, from Braidwood and are prized accordingly. there is enough possibility of variation in FOSSIL-BEARING NODULE Nevertheless, if we include the small out- wing veins to make them excellent charac- of the same nod- It contains an impression of an insect wing. This crop and other nodules collected for the Museum around ule-bearing shale on Braidwood. Illinois, arc of Middle Pennsylvanian the banks of Mazon or about 250 million old. age, years Creek, a few miles to the west, this is one of The oldest among the insect groups (or- the world's most pro- ders) now living are, very surprisingly, ci- ductive and illustrious cada-like insects, and next to these, the Pennsylvanian insect roaches. These, indeed, are the only orders localities. One hun- of insects surviving of a considerable com- dred and thirty-five pany of orders that lived in the Pennsylvanian species of insects have period. The others either died out entirely been described from or changed in the gradual process of evolu- the Braidwood and tion into more familiar forms. As competi- Mazon Creek nodules, tors, the earliest cicadas and roaches had and others in the Mu- the ancestors of our dragonflies and grass- seum collection are hoppers, many of them larger than most now being studied. modern insects, if we may set aside certain What kinds of in- of Texas and Alaska legends mosquitoes. sects were these that DRAGONFLY WITH TWO-FOOT WING SPREAD The coming of the insect season happily flitted through the Restoration of giant insect in the Muscum*s habitat group of a Coal Age forest coincides with the of the field forest of Illi- coming season, primeval showing it as it is believed to have appeared in life about 250 million years ago. the time when weather and roads are again nois? They were two The Museum scientists and artisans were guided in preparing the dragonfly model data on the six known fossil found in a suitable for gathering fossils and other speci- main types: those that by specimens strip-mine dump in central France, a more recent than that in tiorthern Illinois. mens for the Museum collections. This kept their wings out- deposit slightly stretched (Paleop- tera) and those that folded them back when ters for study of classification and evolution not flying (Neoptera). The Paleoptera are of insects. the more primitive type, but already 250 Fortunately, too, the impressions of wings million years ago, in the middle of the Penn- in the Braidwood nodules are so clear that sylvanian period, they were in the minority. all veins are visible. The swamp mud that Of the Braidwood insects, only a seventh covered the wings ages ago was almost as part belongs in the three paleopterous or- fine-grained as modeling clay, forming an ders, including one species close to the an- ideal medium for preserving delicate mark- cestral line of the dragonflies. There were ings. This is true for the other fossils in about thirty species of roaches, most of the nodules as well as for the insects. So them rather larger than the common house the time spent in cracking nodules in search roach. Almost all of the other insects be- of insect wings is well spent even on those to a now when no in.sects and thus the MODEL OF FOSSIL INSECT WING longed large, extinct, neopterous days appear, order, known as the Protorthoptera, ances- Museum is annually enriched by several Made by running a cellulose solution over the fossil tors of our katydids, grasshoppers, and hundred specimens of finely preserved fossil impression in a Braidwood, Illinois, nodule and peeling it off after it has dried. crickets. The Neoptera had an advantage plants. Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 195S

HOW BIRDS USE COWS By dint of much patient watching we DALLWIG LECTURES SCORE AS HUNTING DOGS got our data. In the dry season when in- ANOTHER RECORD sects were scarce and the grass short, it By AUSTIN L. RAND took an two minutes on A new record for attendance was chalked CURATOR OF BIRDS ani, hunting alone, in the 1952-53 season of after- the average to find an insect. In the same up Sunday SPORTSMAN out for quail or noon Lectures" at the Museum length of time hunting with a cow, the catch "Layman by THEwoodcock uses dogs to drive out the birds Paul G. Mr. lectured averaged three insects. Thus hunting with Dallwig. Dallwig for him. Starlings and cowbirds around each in a cow as a beater was three times as effec- Sunday November, December, Janu- Chicago use the same principle in hunting and and his audiences tive as hunting alone. ary, March, April, in Instead of use grasshoppers. dogs they this, his thirteenth season, totaled 4,504 or cows, though of course the cows are intent an average of 205 for each lecture. These on else and something presumably uncon- figures compare with a total of 4,229 and scious of the fact they're helping the birds. an average per Sunday of 186 in the 1951-52 As the cow across a grazes slowly meadow, season, which was the largest of the twelve it scares up grasshoppers close in front of previous seasons in which Mr. Dallwig has it. The cowbirds and starlings take advan- lectured. The number of requests for reser- of this. tage Instead of covering the mead- vations exceeded 15,000 in both of the last ow on foot, constantly alert to pounce on two seasons. The lectures are presented a or to chase sitting grasshopper one they partly in a lecture room and partly in exhi- the birds with a flush, tag along grazing bition halls containing material illustrating cow. take They up a position by the head the subjects and therefore audiences neces- or a foot and catch the the insects cow dis- sarily are limited in size. Various innova- turbs. is so The cow much larger than the tions, such as "turnabout chairs" and tem- bird that it is to flush insects. likely more porary chairs in exhibition halls, have been Grasshoppers on the wing are much easier tried in an effort to accommodate an audi- to see than those at rest in the concealing ence of the maximum size practicable. and some toward the grass, fly directly Mr. Dallwig, a Chicago businessman with bird. Too, the a cow grasshoppers fleeing The effect of the change of the season in an avid interest in science that inspires his are less to be alert to other likely dangers. abundance of food for the ani was very studies and the resulting dramatized lectures CONFIRMED BY OBSEaiVATION striking. In the wet season the grass began he gives, engages in this work without com- to grow fast, and insects became common. pensation purely as a service to the public The advantages of this to the bird are ob- — Then the anis had an easy time. Without and to the Museum and as a contribution vious at least, we've assumed they were. a cow, an ani averaged between three and to the cause of adult education. The Mu- But until recently we had no data on the four insects a minute, more than six times seum administration congratulates him on relative efficiency of the two methods of as many as in dry times. There was less his continued success and offers its gratitude hunting. Recently, however, while in El incentive to use a cow as a beater, with for the time and effort he puts into this Salvador, I was able to get quantitative food so abundant, but when the ani did so, task. data that proved that using a cow as a its rate of finding insects was still higher: Subjects Mr. in the beater was as advantageous as we had presented by Dallwig between four and five insects per minute. season closed were: suspected and showed how much more effec- just "Mysterious 'Night- In a table it looks like this: Riders' of the Does Grow on tive it was, something we did not know. Sky," "Money "Life—What Is "A Museum The bird concerned was not the Trees," It," starling, Average Number of Insects per Minute which Zoo is Exciting Too," and "Living Races does not occur there, nor a cowbird, Found Ani by Feeding and Their Way of Life." which occurs but consorts little with cows, Without Cow With A new series of lectures will be presented but was the grooved-billed ani, a tropical Cow by Mr. Dallwig with the first American black cuckoo about 12 inches long. Dry Season .5 1.5 beginning Like our Sunday in November. Reservations for starling and our cowbird, it kept Wet Season 3.4 4.7 these will be from October 1. with cows, catching gra.sshoppers and other accepted Members of the Museum do not insects that flew up. Both anis and cows But the three times greater results in a require reservations. are welcome to attend were common in the grassy fields about our given time in the dry season do not tell They of cards. headquarters in San Salvador. My son the whole story as to the effectiveness of upon -presentation membership Stanley and I decided to watch anis with using a beater. When an ani was hunting cows for a few hours, and then without by itself it walked about covering a sur- Daily Guide-Lectures cows for a few hours, thus getting the av- prisingly large amount of ground. When Free afternoon tours are erage rate for each type of feeding. We using a cow as a beater, not only did it guide-lecture offered under the title quickly found it wasn't as easy as that. catch more insects in a given length of time, daily except Sundays of the Exhibits." These tours Something always happened; even on the but it also walked about much less, saving "Highlights are to a idea of the levelest and most open fields the birds were a great deal of energy. designed give general entire its of activities. constantly disappearing behind a tuft of This is not true co-operation between Museum and scope at 2 p.m. on grass, or in a hollow, or if nothing else, cow and bird, for they're not working to- They begin Monday through and at 2:30 P.M. on behind the cow's head or feet. Then, too, gether toward a common end. It's not Friday Saturday. the ani wouldn't pay attention to the job exploitation of the cow by the birds, for Special tours on subjects within the range in at hand. It would wander off, or go to the cows lose nothing. It is closer to a form of the Museum exhibits are available sleep. And sometimes, when we were about of harmless parasitism, for the ani profits other hours, morning or afternoon, Mon- to discontinue watching a somnolent bird, from the activities of the cow without days through FVidays, for parties of ten or it would snap up an insect. Perhaps it either harming or helping the cow. It also more persons. Requests for such service had been watching all the time. Finally illustrates how sharp birds are—ready to must be made at least one week in advance. we found we had to record many short take advantage of any factor in their en- Although there are no tours on Sundays, periods, from three to fourteen minutes each, vironment that will help them get their the Museum is open to visitors as usual and add them together. food. from 9 A.M. to 6 p.m. June, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page?

CHANNEL 11 WOULD WIDEN INFLUENCE OF MUSEUM STAFF NOTES After the war, which brought a speedup of cational television here. It has been esti- technological progress, television on a mass- mated that approximately $550,000 will be Four members of the Anthropology staff audience scale came into being. This new required to build and equip the station. attended the joint meetings of the medium of communication was seen by Plans at present are to remodel Manley Vo- Society for American and the Central many as an opportunity to bring more of cational High School at 2935 West Polk Archaeology States Anthropological Society held at the the good things of life into homes where Street for the purpose. A like amount will University of Illinois in they had been hitherto unavailable. How- be required to operate the station for two Champaign-Urbana from May 7 to 9. Donald Collier, Curator ever, the purely public-service functions of years, bringing the total to $1,100,000. of South American Ethnology and Archae- TV were and are restricted by the necessity Of this the Ford Foundation has promised ology, who was elected president of the for commercial stations and networks to $150,000, provided that at least twice that Central States group, presented a paper in a maintain a balanced financial operation. amount is raised locally. The Chicago symposium on cultural ecology of the Plains Finally, in an effort to fulfill the promise of Board of Education has set aside $150,000 Indians. Dr. John B. Rinaldo, Assistant for the Manley School Curator of Archaeology, participated in a project. The remain- discussion of use and abuse of the concept ing $800,000 is up to of areal co-tradition and conducted a work- the community, and a Antioch* • • se.ssion of classification. The ^ KCfWWM drive archaeological Mcltenry ^< "grass-roots" others attending were George I. Quiniby, among the city's Curator of Exhibits, who was elected first 1,300,000 television set •Wauli««

in . «Lol« Forest Assistant Archaeology . . . D. Dwight bution is too small or of Park Davis, Curator Vertebrate Anatomy, re- ^igbland too large, and the cently presented a series of four lectures on ttSkncot checks of interested •Winnrtka morphology and evolution at the California supporters will be wel- •Eyonston Institute of Technology. At a meeting of comed by the Channel the American Society of Ichthyologists and 11 Fund Headquar- Herpetologists he showed a Museum motion- ters, Box 1100, Chi- picture illustrating the burrowing habits of cago 90. the African sand viper and presented a com- On 14 the April mentary .... Dr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Educational Chicago Curator of Zoology, was elected a Fellow of Blue Island* Television Association the Chicago Academy of Sciences at the •Alorris was incorporated un- Horvey« recent 96th annual . . . '^* •i^olumet academy's meeting City der the General Not ' •Hflmmond Dr. Theodor Chief Curator of Bot- Chicogo . Just, For Profit Corpora- any, addressed the Earth Science Club of Heights * lUchlfon CitT tion Act of the State Wilmington •Hobori Northern Illinois at Downers Grove High / of Illinois. The pur- School on May 8. His subject was "Living pose of the corpora- and Fossil Cycads." . . . Miss Marie Crown Point < is "to obtain and / tion Svoboda of the Foundation lec- -. Vfllpai Raymond f hold a television li- •KonkakM ture staff has been awarded a master of arts

. . . for the •Momente cense pro- degree in education by Northwestern Uni- motion of the cultural, versity where she also earned her bachelor and civic educational, of arts degree. welfare of the citizens of Chicago and the RADIUS OF PROJECTED CHICAGO EDUCATIONAL TV surrounding area, traditional objectives. It is a busy world license to be for as as Scores of communities within 60 miles of Chicago, as well as the city itself, will such and, much we might desire to, most of see and hear cultural programs if the campaign for a television station on nonprofiit and non- us are unable to take advantage of all the Channel 11 succeeds. The FCC deadline is 2. June commercial television educational opportunities available. We broadcast service." would participate in more of them if they harnessing this new technique to the service Fifteen leading citizens of Greater Chicago were brought to us. Television could help. of culture and self-improvement, the Fed- have agreed to serve on the Association's The Museum's basic function is twofold. eral Communications Commission reserved Board of Trustees. An Educational Ad- Its exhibits are a means of educating, and 242 channels for educational use throughout visory Board consisting of representatives the research work of its staff of scientists re- the country. of co-operating educational isntitutions has sults in the acquisition of knowledge about But reservation of these channels is cer- been formed. The Museum's Director, our world that can be obtained only by tain only until June 2 this year. Unless Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, is one of three especially qualified investigators. Such con- communities are able to demonstrate sub- temporary trustees of the fund, the others quest of ignorance is sought on the premise stantial interest in educational television by being Daniel Catton Rich, Director of that a correct understanding of natural pro- that time, these valuable frequencies may the Art Institute of Chicago, and Dr. cesses makes it possible for the world's in- be made available to commercial enterprises. John T. Rettaliata, President of Illinois In- habitants to live better lives together. Of In Chicago, to which Channel 11 has been stitute of Technology. John R. Millar, course, such knowledge is effective in direct assigned, interest has been running high and Deputy Director of the Museum is a member proportion to the number of people who it has been possible to organize, under the of the Educational Advisory Board, with possess it. The potential of television as a chairmanship of Edward L. Ryerson, a representatives of other institutions. means for transmitting knowledge of the campaign that promises to oversubscribe the These institutions see television as a great natural sciences in a new and interesting minimum of $800,000 needed to assure edu- new instrument for achieving some of their way seems tremendous. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 195S

ARTS OF LAPIDARISTS dary Club, was open to amateur lapidarists BOARD HONORS SCIENTIST, IN SPECIAL EXHIBIT throughout the region within a 100-mile FOUR CONTRIBUTORS radius of Chicago and was not limited to THE THIRD successive year the In recognition of his eminent service to the membership of the sponsoring club. "rock hounds" of the Chicago area are science, Professor H. O. Beyer of Manila FOR Other clubs co-operated, and persons who their show to the Museum. "Rock was elected an Member of the bringing are not members of any clubs were wel- Honorary vernacular name for the at the hounds" is the comed. Museum May 18th meeting of the amateur lapidarists who go far afield to col- Board of Trustees. This is an honor that lect raw gem material and then spend many NUMEROUS AWARDS has been accorded to only eight other per- hours at night for weeks at a stretch on sons in the history of the Museum. Pro- The practice of past years of classifying their avocation of cutting and polishing the fessor Beyer has won international acclaim contestants into two principal groups was stones and fashioning them into various ob- as the outstanding authority on the eth- again followed. Those with experience of of art and jewelry. Their products nology and archaeology of the Philippine jects less than two years form a group labeled often rival those of professional workers in Islands. He has been professor of anthro- "novices," while those with more than two this craft. pology at the University of the Philippines years in the craft are designated as "ad- the Third Annual Ama- since 1923 and is noted for his conduct of Opening June 6, vanced lapidarists." There are ten divisions and the most complete archaeological survey teur Handcrafted Gem Jewelry Com- in each of these classifications. Blue, red, the Chi- ever made in the islands. He is recognized petitive Exhibition, sponsored by and yellow ribbons for each division of each its also as a foremost scholar in the archaeology cago Lapidary Club, will present display group are awarded. First prize in each Field and ethnology of other island-groups in the of prize-winning creations in Stanley group is a gold-plated medal. For the dis- This exhibit Pacific. At Manila he has one of the world's Hall of the Museum. special play deemed by the judges as "best in the June 30. most extensive and significant collections in will continue through show" a jeweled medal is awarded. the field of Pacific island re.search. The exhibits in this year's show represent TWO INNOVATIONS To the roll of Contributors, the special a total value estimated at about $175,000. membership class for persons whose gifts to Some of the exhibits in this year's show After the close of the display in the Museum, the Museum of money or materials range represent the debut of the amateur gem they will be shown for three weeks in the — from to the Tru.stees added enthusiasts into two new fields of endeavor State Street store of C. D. Peacock and $1,000 $100,000, metals and the names of four Chicagoans, two of them enameling on precious cutting Company, jewelers. The new Contributors are: faceted gems. Hitherto their cutting opera- Committee chairman of the 1953 exhi- posthumously. to cabochon cuts and Dr. Alfred E. Emerson, a professor of zool- tions were confined bition is Lyman Carpenter, an engineer for at the of in recog- polished slabs. Three types of faceting are the Commonwealth Edison Company. ogy University Chicago, — nition of his gift of an important collection represented the type labeled "brilliant," Joseph C. Arey, an engineer for the Sanitary for is to and of termites research; Sterling Morton, which primarily applied diamonds, District of Chicago, is president of the Chi- both for a contribution of securities; the late the "emerald" and "step" cuts, usually cago Lapidary Club. The club has moved emeralds. Leopold E. Block, a former Trustee, for a employed in preparing The step from its former headquarters at Grand of has been bequest of securities; and the late J. Edward cut, most complex the three, Crossing Park field hou.se to the field house Maass, for a bequest of money. applied on— show pieces of topaz of several at Gage Park, 55th Street and Western varieties clear, Texas or sky-blue, yellow, Avenue, where shop facilities are available and brown. The faceted are pieces mounted, to its members for the practice of their craft. Museum Auditor Leaves or ready for mounting, in jewelry. The use of machinery and tools in several For Business Post The eight other classifications of exhibits, other small parks of the Chicago Park Dis- William A. Bender, Auditor of the Mu- continued from the setup established at the trict is likewise extended to members of this seum, resigned, effective May 15, to accept previous shows, are: Individual gems (cut and other clubs and to nonaffiliated amateur a position as business manager of Honey stones without settings, single entries); lapidarists. Bear Farm near Genoa City, Wisconsin, a collections of one kind of specific gem (all few miles beyond the northern border of stone); general gem collections (different NEW MEMBERS Illinois. A former dairy farm, it was con- kinds of stones assembled together); indi- verted in 1951 into a group of gift and vidual jewelry pieces (single entries) ; jewel- The following persons became Museum specialty shops and a tearoom by Mrs. Julia ry sets (matching pieces made to be worn Members from April 16 to May 15; Steven Kraft, well known as the operator together); jewelry collections; polished slab Life Members of Mrs. Steven's candy shops. The farm is collections; and individual (artistic pieces Edward Alexander, George A. Bates now visited by as many as 200,000 tourists and utilitarian objects such as bookends Non-Resldent Life Members and visitors in a year. carved from blocks of various stones). Indi- Mrs. Robert H. Mr. Bender joined the Museum staff in vidual items entered have a wide range. Murray 1947 as Assistant Auditor and was promoted The examples of gem cutting embrace more Associate Members to Auditor the following year. than a hundred different kinds of precious J. L. Holloway, E. J. Knudtzon, Chester and semiprecious stones and the fabricated G. Moore, Mrs. Charles W. Schonne, Lyman John A. objects in which the gems are mounted in M. Simpson, Stolp A. L. Stebbins Appointed gold and silver include rings, brooches, neck- Annual Members At its meeting on May 18, the Board of laces, pendants, bracelets, earrings, and tie- Robert C. Becherer, Edward J. Bradley, Trustees appointed A. L. Stebbins as Audi- clasps. One of the more elaborate entries is W. A. Brown, Jr., Dr. Harley E. Cluxton, tor to succeed Mr. Bender. Mr. Stebbins, Ber- a full set of table silverware with jeweled Jr., Houghton Cobb, Bruce Gumming, who was Assistant Auditor, has been a mem- nard K. Donald F. handles of polished agate. Echt, Henry Gardner, ber of the Museum's accounting staff since Grace, Otto Greiner, Merrill A Grogel, F. H. he For this year's show, 146 persons partici- 1931. Before coming to this institution Hammurabi, James C. Hemphill, Robert M. in the with a total of 226 had been employed by the Western Electric pated contest, Lawton, Stanley W. Marion, Benjamin H. entries because some entries in- Standard Oil Company, and that, single Marshall, George A. Ranney, Jr., Mrs. Wil- Company, and He served clude up to 100 individual stones, aggregate liam H. Rentschler, Alfred M. Rogers, Don- Sears Roebuck Company. approximately 500 individual items. This, ald D. Rogers, Gordon E. Sergant, Dr. for some years as a captain in the U. S. like the other contests of the Chicago Lapi- Frederick Steigmann, Jules Urbain, Jr. Army Reserve.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS RULLETINJ Vol.24, No. 7- July 1953

^Chicago Natural ^ History Museum

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THE SALAMANDER STORY (See page 3)

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^ .rmt. PageZ CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 195S

Chicago Natural History Museum population, each completely isolated from -THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 the other. In this isolation each population Its love of a uniformly cool and Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 evolved different characters: the western Roowvelt moist environment makes the Tblbphonb: WAbash 2-9410 bird a gray throat, red malar stripes (in the salamander admirably suited to male), red shafts to the flight and tail life in damp caves. However, a THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES feathers, red linings to wings and tail, but great drawback is the scarcity of Lktbr Armour Samuel Insull. Jr. no red nuchal patch; the eastern bird a tan- Sewell U Avery Henry P. Isham food there, and this is probably M. McBain colored throat, black malar stripes (in the Wm. McCormick Blair Huchston the reason that few true cave Walter Buchen William H. Mitchell shafts to the Randall male), yellow quills, yellow Walter J. Cummings Clarence B. species exist. The mouths of Albert B. Dick, Jr. George A. Richardson linings to the wings and tail, and a red Joseph N. Field John G. Sbarle caves, on the other hand, offer Solomon A. Smith nuchal patch (in the male). Marshall Field much better conditions for Marshall Field, Jr. Louis Ware get- Stanley Field Albert H. Wetten CHANGES SUPERFICIAL ting food and are frequented by John P. Wu^on many kinds of salamanders that OFFICERS Then the ice retreated. The forests live for the most part outside the Stanley Field PrendenI moved north again, toward the center of Pint Vwe-PretidenI caves. The true cave are Marshall Field the where met. With them species Henry P. Isham Second Viee-PresidenI continent, they Third VUe-Prendmt characterized chiefly by a lack of Samuel Insull, Jr. moved their flicker populations. Finally Solomon A. Smith Treagurer color and by blindness. The CUFFORD C. Gregg Dinelor and Seerelary the flickers met. Though in appearance John R. Millar Atntlant Seerelary Ozark species shown does not rep- the flickers now were quite different, bio- resent the extreme adaptation to logically they had changed less. They had subterranean life but rather a BULLETIN not yet developed a barrier to interbreeding. THE condition intermediate between EDITOR Where their ranges overlapped they cross- the true cave species and the CuFFORD C. Gregg Director of the Museum mated freely, and over considerable areas in usual woodland or aquatic sala- CONTRIBUTING EDITORS the central west there are no pure-bred birds mander. Our cover picture is Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology at all. Whole populations are composed of Theooor Just Chief Curator of Botany published by courtesy of Charles hybrids. These hybrids show a blending of Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology E. Mohr, of Greenwich, Connect- Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology characters that results in many of the birds icut, who is widely known as an MANAGING EDITOR being intermediate in type or with a mixture outstanding photographer of cave H. B. Harte Public Relaliom Countel of the characters of the two species, as is life. An article on salamanders in ASSOCIATE EDITORS shown by four selected examples in our general, by Clifford H. Pope, Cu- Helen A. MacMinn Christine Tardy exhibit. rator of Amphibians and Reptiles, Though the yellow-shafted and the red- appears on page 3. Members are requested to inform the Museum shafted flickers are so different in appearance of of address. promptly changes that most bird students call them species, to a biologist they still could be considered where was to be a new and called HYBRIDIZATION IN BIRDS subspecies, interbreeding freely they thought species meet. It is possible that, if given time, the Lawrence's warbler). By AUSTIN L. RAND two forms could fuse completely into one The first generation hybrids appear to be CURATOR OF BIRDS again. of the Brewster warbler type. Later matings A new exhibit of birds in Boardman Con- of hybrids produce the four types of hybrids HYBRID WARBLERS COMMON over Hall (Hall 21) illustrates hybridization, given above, but not in equal number. The with examples and an account of the condi- The golden-winged and the blue-winged Lawrence warbler is much the rarest of the tions under which hybrids occur. warblers are another example. They are types, and genetic calculations have shown The word hybrid is used here for the off- respectively northern and southern species that this is probably because the Lawrence spring of parents of different species. In in the forests of the eastern United States, type is a double recessive for two characters. general, bird hybrids are rare in nature. but there is a broad overlap in their ranges. The frequency of occurrence in hybrids Hybrids tend to be more frequent between Presumably they resulted from populations probably fits the frequencies of Brewster's more closely related species, and the hybrids isolated in the eastern part of the continent 9 out of 16, golden-winged 3 out of 16, blue- between more closely related species tend and later brought into contact. The appear- winged 3 of 16, and Lawrence's 1 of 16. to be fertile more often than hybrids between ance of the parents is very different, but The pheasants and their relatives are more distantly related species. Hybrids hybrids are of common occurrence. These particularly well known for the frequency occur most frequently in areas in which two hybrids present a different picture from with which hybrids are produced. We have species that are relatively young, geologically that of the hybrid flicker. The hybrid illustrated this with a hybrid golden-Lady speaking, have recently met and overlapped. warblers tend to be of four types: Amherst pheasant of a kind commonly seen In certain groups such as the ducks and the Type 1. Like parent golden-winged in aviaries as an ornamental. The black gallinaceous birds hybrids tend to be fre- warbler with black head pattern, gray back, and white "cape" is that of the Lady quent. white underparts, and yellow in wing. Amherst, the red on the flanks is that of The yellow-shafted and the red-shafted Type 2. Like parent blue-winged warbler, the golden, while crest and tail are inter- flickers provide an example of the first without black head pattern, with olive back, mediate, to mention the more obvious points. category. Presumably before the latest yellow underparts, and white and blue in In ducks, too, hybrids are known to occur glaciation of North America there was but wing. with some frequency, and we have illustrated one species of flicker across northern North Type S. Similar to a golden-winged this with a cross or hybrid between a black America. With the advance of the glaciers, warbler, but without black head pattern and duck and a mallard. Though such crosses their ice and the desert conditions in front yellow on breast (this when first found was occur in nature and may be fertile, they do of them in the central part of the continent thought to be a new species and called not seem to persist, and presumably they o divided our northern forests into an eastern Brewster's warbler). are not so hardy as the parent stock. and a western one. The flickers, dependent Type If. Similar to a blue-winged warbler, This exhibit was planned in the Division on trees for their nesting, thus became but with the black head pattern of a golden- of Birds and executed by Carl W. Cotton, divided into an eastern and a western winged warbler (this, too, when first found Staff Taxidermist. July, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages THE OBSCURE SALAMANDER DESERVES A PLACE IN THE SUN By CLIFFORD H. POPE rare that When we trace our ancestry back CURATOR OF AMPHIBIANS AND RBPTILBS many professional herpetologists negative. » live and die without ever on a toward the lower forms from which we arose laying eyes what ONCE ASKED AN acquaintance living one. Moreover, a caecilian looks we can by-pass even such highly popular he did for a He answered that he I living. rather like a .snake and would mislead groups as the birds, which are merely spe- did not like to because his was too say reply anyone. cialized reptiles, but we must go very near apt to bring a laugh. It turned out that he As we think of the well-known groups of to the salamanders. These creatures lie was a manufacturer of hot tamales and had vertebrates it becomes apparent that they close to the line of descent that links us to a small but flourishing have certain qualities in common: all are the fishes. It was an amphibian not unlike business. I sympa- abundant, all are widely distributed, and all a modem salamander that first escaped the thized with him be- have considerable economic value. The bondage of water and came out on land to cause my interest in snakes and the lizards do not rank with some live. Many of the salamanders of today re- snakes has often of the others in economic value, but the flect this stage of vertebrate evolution in a or at brought laugh, snakes make up for this deficiency in their their double life, part of which is spent on least a facetious re- v^ peculiar emotional appeal to man, the lizards land and part in water. Every student of mark. in sheer abundance and conspicuousness. biology comes in contact with a salamander Since taking up a The sun-loving habits of most lizards keep in the laboratory when studying the anato- study of salamanders them in the open where they are quickly my and evolution of vertebrates. Salaman- I may be met with a seen. In abundance and extent of distribu- ders are not only sold by the thousands to blank expression rath- tion the salamanders hold their own well schools and colleges for student dis.section er than a laugh. This enough, although in number of species they but are used extensively in biological lab- is even more trying are far surpassed by all the other important oratories as objects of experimentation. To because I know that a SPOTTED groups except the crocodilians (alligators the zoologist, then, the unknown salaman- long explanation will SALAMANDER and crocodiles) and the turtles. der is at least as important as any other be called for. Such LAYING EGGS vertebrate, always, of course, excepting the NO CLAIMS EVEN TO NOTORIETY an explanation often mammals. leaves the recipient's mind confused. He The salamanders alone can boast of no From the point of view of the naturalist may even become defiant or skeptical. real economic importance because, with few the salamanders are extremely interesting Recently I tried to explain to my barber exceptions, they are too small to be eaten because of their unusual habits and complex for that he uses salamanders, not lizards, as and their skins would not be large or thick life-histories. The common newt, exam- bait in fishing for bass, but he chose to re- enough to serve as leather. Nor do their ple, has a three-stage development that be- continues on main skeptical. After all, the little animals in feeding habits make them useful as de- gins in water (larval form),

I question look like lizards to him and lizards they are and always will be. I changed the subject because I consider it highly impru- dent to push an argument when in the bar- ber's chair. It might be remarked here that this constant confusion of the salamander with the lizard is due basically to a similarity in shape. However, if the former were well known and the latter were not, the layman would insist on calling a lizard a kind of salamander.

UNFAMILIARITY BREEDS CONTEMPT!

My barber did not realize that he was putting salamanders to what is just about their only practical use, thus demonstrating in a way why salamanders must forever be more or less obscurely linked or confused in the lay mind with lizards, which most em- phatically they are not. If my barber's Drawings by Margaret G. Bradbury friends insisted on confusing him with a HOW TO TELL A SALAMANDER FROM A LIZARD he no doubt would take gorilla, offense, The heavy-bodied scaleless salamander known as the hellbender is shown above at left. Below it is a whereas his relationship to a gorilla is vastly "typical salamander.*' A lizard, distinguished by its scales, is seen on the right. closer than is the relationship of the lizard to the salamander. stroyers of the enemies of man. Even if land (red-eft stage), and is concluded in The cause of the relative obscurity of they were highly dangerous like the croco- water (mature or reproductive stage). In salamanders is, I believe, their lack of use- diles, some of the larger mammals, and the some kinds of newts the males develop fulness. The other important vertebrates venomous snakes, they would at least be gaudy crests during the breeding season, a or backboned animals, mammals, birds, rep- notorious. But a poisonous skin harmful fact that European aquarium and terrarium tiles (including snakes, lizards, turtles, and only to the digestive tract of man is too lovers have taken advantage of to develop crocodilians), and frogs are familiar to every much of a negative characteristic to make the hobby of rearing newts, which is like man, woman, and child. It is true that one the salamander notorious. the tropical-fish hobby of this country. No small group of amphibians, the caecilians, is Do salamanders deserve this unimpor- such interest has ever been developed in the virtually unknown, but the explanation of tance? Are they devoid of any significance United States, although we have a vastly its obscurity is patent: caecilians are secre- or interest that would make them worthy richer salamander fauna than does Europe. tive burrowing creatures of the tropics so of attention? The reply is an emphatic Perhaps the explanation lies in our lack of Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Jvly, 1953

really spectacular kinds that would stimu- could be. He seemed to be convinced that and a collection of 2,200 specimens recently late such a hobby. Some Japanese newts he had discovered the devil itself. This and acquired by this Museum. The world's finest are sold in our stores and do find the name "hellbender" eventually give ample evidence collection, consisting of more than 100,000^^ their way into home aquariums or ter- of grotesqueness. specimens owned by the Konigsberg Mu-^^ rariuras. seum in Germany, was destroyed during SIREN IN CHICAGO AREA The courtship of many salamanders is World War II. to watch and the method of The eels" interesting "Congo and sirens of the south- The collection just obtained for our Mu- fertilization the backboned unique among eastern lowlands are shaped like eels and seum consists of insects that were trapped animals. The of the kinds reach a of eggs primitive length three feet. One kind of in the flowing pitch of conifers that grew are laid in those of the more advanced water, siren actually occurs in the Chicago area about 30 to 35 million years ago in an area on land. are often the where it is so They guarded by rare that few persons ever see now submerged by the Baltic Sea. This is a fact that the sala- mother, proving lowly the A. F. Kohlman collection, obtained from mander is not devoid of concern for entirely F. E. Trinklein, a high-school science teacher the The of re- coming generation. process of Racine, Wisconsin, who purchased it at is in intermediate be- production general an auction following Mr. Kohlman's death tween that of the fishes and that of the verte- several years ago. In the millions of years brates than the salamanders. higher during which the resin-enclosed insects lay LINKED WITH RAIN AND FIRE beneath the sea they fossilized. They thus have been preserved accidentally in much as sala- Although, already pointed out, the same fashion that modern specimens are manders are few in total number relatively purposely preserved in balsam-resin slides of not are distrib- species, they only widely for microscopic study. In fact, of this col- uted but also are found the north- throughout lection about 1,450 of the specimens have ern where advanced human cul- hemisphere A VOICELESS SIREN been prepared for research with a micro- tures have long been interested in studying This salamander's only link with mythological scope. The collection was assembled in the life Few salamanders are scientifically. sirens, for which it is named, is its aquatic habitat. period from 1900 to 1915. They are speci- found in Africa and South America and It breathes means of which in front by gills, grow just mens "naturally embedded in plastic." The none occurs in Australia. In the Old World of its tiny legs. The hind legs of the species have state of is Most of been lost in the course of evolution. This kind of preservation unique. of animals varies the significance these from be in such detail siren is occasionally found in the Chicago area. them can studied minute to In China salamanders are place place. that it is possible to compare carefully and rain even believed to associated with and relate them to modern it. The smallest species of salamanders are forms, says Rupert it. This is so in view control not surprising L. Curator of Insects. barely three inches long and not nearly so Wenzel, of the fact that these amphibians are mois- thick as a lead pencil. These large and "Study of the rich Baltic amber fauna ture-loving. While working in China I was ^^ small extremes are the exceptions proving has probably enabled workers to learn more %0 advised to refrain from catching salamanders the rule that the typical salamander is a about the insects of the area and time than during dry spells, and I learned that they lizard-shaped vertebrate about five inches is true of any other group of animals for are often kept in temples and carefully pro- long. It should be remembered that the any geologic horizon," Curator Wenzel adds. tected there. smooth, moist skin of the salamander is in "The material is of particular importance In Europe the salamander is associated sharp contrast to the dry, scaly skin of the because it gives the first clear picture of an with fire, and the belief that salamanders lizard, and consequently the two can be ancient insect fauna since Carboniferous and actually live in fire is reflected in many distinguished at once even by the untrained Permian times. The intervening Mesozoic languages. Incinerators, portable stoves, eye. period, marked in the evolutionary picture and other articles used in connection with rise fall of and the In the year 1943 the salamanders of this by the and dinosaurs fire are known as "salamanders." An exam- attained the stature of a beginning of the mammals, has yielded of this is a of utensil for country having ple type browning fossil Baltic amber complete 555-page book of a semitechnical relatively few insects. pastry. The theory of Paracelsus, the Swiss nature devoted to them: Handbook Sala- has been a valuable article of commerce for and alchemist of the 16th of physician century, than both as a manders by the late Sherman C. Bishop, more 2,000 years semiprecious some idea of the age of this association gives mineral and as a source of amber varnish. who was our leading student of the group. with fire. This savant held that the sala- of Baltic amber were much de- The addition of Dr. Bishop's superb study The sources mander was a being actually inhabiting fire. collection to that of Chicago Natural His- pleted by mining and dredging operations Considering the inability of salamanders to tory Museum put this Museum in posses- before World War II, and tho.se that remain withstand even the heat of ordinary sun- sion of the finest research collection of are now in Russian hands." light, this is a remarkable myth. Perhaps salamanders to be found anywhere. the frequent appearance of salamanders on hearths rise to it—individual salaman- gave Scandinavian Paleontologist ders in with firewood would crawl brought 2,200 INSECTS IN AMBER Studies Here out on feeling the drying eflTect of the heat BY MUSEUM from the and seem to have emerged from the ashes. ACQUIRED Dr. Tor Orvig, a paleontologist Natural Museum in Stock- Finally, salamanders are varied enough in Important collections of insects in amber Swedish History size and shape to attract attention. The are rare, and most of those on record have holm, spent two weeks in Chicago recently, giant salamanders of Japan and China reach found their way into European museums during which he studied the collection of a length of from three to five feet and have where they have been held for years and, fossil fishes at this Museum. He was par- grotesque flat bodies. In the United States for the most part, probably will remain. So ticularly interested in those of Silurian and smaller far as known staff members of the De- the hellbenders, though considerably by Devonian age. ^^ than their Asiatic cousins, the giant sala- partment of Zoology at Chicago Natural manders, are formidable in appearance. History Museum, the only two important Once while I was hunting in North Carolina collections in the United States are one ob- He who sees things grow from the be- a fisherman friend of mine caught a hell- tained in the 1930's by the Museum of ginning will have the best view of them. bender and ran a mile with it to ask what it Comparative Zoology at Harvard University —Aristotle July, 1953 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages

Members to Get Annual Report ly they will be learning as much as if they Colombian Crocodiles Studied were at school," Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, -. Chicago Natural History Museum Press Dr. Frederick J. Medem, Professor ad said. "Children find the Museum has the Annual of Director, honorem of the Institute de Ciencias Na- 'j^j just published Report as exciting as any of the forms of entertain- Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, Director of the turales, Universidad Nacional, Bogota, Co- ment, and yet they can't help but absorb Museum, to the Board of Trustees. A de- lombia, is spending several months in the valuable information. It's a pleasant con- tailed account of the principal activities of Division of Amphibians and Reptiles where tinuance of education and most effective." the Museum during 1952 will be found in its he is making a taxonomic study of the 9 and 138 pages, accompanied by 22 illustrations. Beginning July continuing through crocodilians of Colombia. Dr. Medem holds All members of the Museum will receive August 13 there will be free movies for chil- a Guggenheim Fellowship for the year 1953- copies at an early date. dren in the James Simpson Theatre (see 54. For about two years he collected and page 7 for program). studied Colombian crocodiles and caimans. LECTURE TOUR SCHEDULE DOUBLED IN SUMMER LIFE OF POMO INDIANS IN CALIFORNIA SHOWN Tours of Museum exhibits will be con- Days when angleworm soup and acorns and a pair of wooden dice used in this pas- ducted twice a and after- day, mornings were prime delicacies for the gourmets of time is exhibited in the section devoted to and noons, during July August (Monday CaHfornia are recalled in a series of new games. Other games represented include Each ex- through Friday). morning tour, exhibits added to the Hall of Indian Tribes pole and hoop, ring and pin, shinny, and is a of one cept Thursday, general survey of the Western Plains and California (Hall guessing games. Intricate jewelry and in- of the Museum. The after- department 6). The new series, which is devoted to the genious musical instruments are shown in noon tours are (and Thursday morning) Pomo tribe of central California, brings the the arts and music section. The more prac- of the of the ex- general surveys highlights newest hall in the Museum to completion. tical pursuits of Hfe are represented by exhi- hibits. is the schedule: Following Each exhibit of the display is devoted to bits devoted to objects used in healing the a different facet of Pomo culture. An in- sick and weapons used for warfare and hunt- Mondays: 11 A.M.—People and Places 2 P.M.—Highlights of the Exhibits

Tuesdays: 11 a.m.—The Story of Plants 2 P.M.—Highlights of the Exhibits

Wednesdays: 11 A.M.—The Earth's Story 2 P.M.—Highlights of the Exhibits

Thursdays: 11 A.M. and 2 P.M.—Highlights 3 of the Exhibits

Fridays: 11 A.M.—The World of Animals 2 P.M.—Highlights of the Exhibits

Groups of ten or more who would like special tours on subjects within the range of Museum exhibits must file a request for this service with the Director of the Mu- seum. Such requests should be made at least one week in advance. No tours are conducted on Saturdays and Sundays, but the Museum will be open to visitors on those days during the usual hours, 9 A.M. to 6 P.M.

Children Urged to Visit Museum During Summer Vacation POMO INDIANS GATHERING ACORNS, THEIR 'STAFF OF LIFE'

Cave men of 50,000 to 250,000 years ago, New diorama in Hail of the Indian Tribes of the West (Hall 6). By various processes these California natives animals from all over the world including reduced to Hour the extra-large acorns found in their homeland. many that cannot be seen in any zoos as well as their prehistoric relatives that lived teresting exhibit is a miniature diorama of a ing. One exhibit even gives an idea of hundreds of millions of years ago, and plants group of men and women collecting acorns what might appear in a Pomo "bargain from all over the world including many that fallen to the ground from a giant oak tree. sale." cannot be grown here even in conservatories The numerous implements that the Pomo The new exhibits were created by Gustaf •—all these await hundreds of thousands of used to gather acorns and make them into a Dalstrom, Artist, Alfred Lee Rowell, Diora- children at the Museum during the long home-cooked treat are displayed in two ex- mist, and Walter C. Reese, Preparator, un- vacation from school. Youngsters and their hibits of food-collecting and household der the supervision of George I. Quimby, parents are urged to make full use of the equipment. Also displayed is a special worm Curator of Exhibits, Department of Anthro- Museum's facilities during the summer. digger that the Pomo fashioned from a pole. pology. One section of the hall that was Admission for children is free every day, With this a man would set out in the hope opened last year contains exhibits represent- and visiting hours are 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. of getting enough worms to prepare another ing Indians of the Plains. A second section "Children will be delighted with the fun culinary favorite—angleworm soup. is devoted to the intermountain tribes that of a Museum visit and scarcely aware that An equivalent of "seven-come-eleven" were influenced in many ways by the Plains they are still being educated, though actual- was a popular diversion among the Pomo, Indian peoples. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 19SS

A SPECIAL EXHIBIT OF LIFE AND ART OF NIGERIA Distinguished Visitors from Italy Dr. Bruno Director of Fine A special exhibit of 50 salon prints by Dr. and meaningful understanding of this com- Molajoli, Arts^^ for the District of Justine Cordwell, Chicago anthropologist, plex culture and the art forms that have Campania, Italy, withBj, in and Mrs. will offer an opportunity to see the people grown out of it. She is able to communicate headquarters Naples, Molajoli, were recent visitors at Natural His- and the art of southern Nigeria. The exhibit a part of this understanding by means of Chicago Museum. an entire in will be in Stanley Field Hall throughout her salon prints. tory They spent day the exhibits and in conferences July. Dr. Cordwell The exhibit of prints marks the completion surveying with members of the staff. took the exhibition of a cycle of activity that Dr. Cordwell be- photographs while on gan as a student at the Art Institute of a fourteen-month field Chicago, where she first became interested Gifts to the Museum trip to West Africa. in primitive art. During her early student Following is a list of the Her primary purpose days she frequented the Museum to get her principal gifts received during the past month: was to test the validi- first real look at the art forms of primitive ty of many currently peoples. She followed up this interest by Department of Botany: accepted ideas con- continuing her education at Northwe.stern From:— Dr. Carleton R. Ball, Washington, cerning primitive art. University, where she received her Ph.D. in D.C. 10 miscellaneous phanerogams, Unit- ed States and Dr. Delzie Although a great anthropology in 1952. It was while on her Canada; Demaree, Bauxite, Ark.—94 miscellaneous phanero- deal has been written predoctoral field trip, for which she was gams, midwestern United States; Dr. J. on the subject of a Rockefeller Foundation given Fellowship, Peru—9 Justine Cordwell Soukup, Lima, phanerogams, Peru; primitive art, most of that Dr. Cordwell took the photographs Archie F. Wilson, Flossmoor, III. —11 mis- the material is based that now are on exhibition. cellaneous phanerogams, Texas on studies that have neglected the cultural In addition to the pictures, the sf)ecial Department of Geology : context in which the art forms were created exhibit will include representative textiles From: Robert Smolker, Chicago—Acan- thotelson stimpsoni, Illinois; William D. TurnbuU and Priscilla F. Turnbull, Park Forest, 111.—insect wing and complete skele- ton of a microsaur, Illinois; Dan Kreuzer, Chicago—Rafinesquina alternata and Zygo- spira modesla, Cincinnati; O. G. Alessio, Chicago—3 specimens of rutile, Pluma Hi- dalgo, Oaxaca, Mexico; Crane Company, Chicago—titanium button, 2 titanium sponge specimens Department of Zoology: • From: Joseph H. Shirk, Peru, Ind.—6 mammal skulls, Arizona and New Mexico; Dr. Harold Trapido, Panama City, Panama —25 salamanders, 56 frogs, and snake, Pan- ama, Corsica, and Sardinia; Pacific Science Board, Honolulu, Hawaii—264 fulgorid bugs, Micronesia; Dr. Henry Field, Wash- ington, D.C.—20 water snakes, Florida; Dr. Walter C. Brown, Palo Alto, Calif.—73 sala- manders, 12 frogs, 2 snakes, western United States; Robert G. Buswell, joint donor with Clark G. Buswell, Los Angeles, Calif.— collection of shells, world-wide; Chicago Zoo- logical Society, Brookfield, 111.—green jungle-fowl skin; T. Durval de Lucenta, Pernambuco, Brazil—collections of fresh- water shells, Brazil; C. Deuquet, Oatley, New South Wales, Australia—funnel-web spider, 3 buprestid beetles, Australia; Mar- shall Laird, Suva, Fiji Islands—84 lizards, 3 snakes. Cook Islands, New Hebrides, and PRIESTESS AT SHRINE OF RIVER GODDESS Fiji Islands; Joe T. Marshall, Tucson, Ariz. —2 lizards, Marshall Islands; Joseph Moore At left are carved human figures on part of a tree trunk; in foreground are symbolic utensils and a carved Museum, Richmond, Ind.—bird skin, Indi- human head. The scene is in a tribal palace at Oshogbo, Nigeria. The ancient goddess of the shrine, known Dr. Charles H. as Oshun, is still worshiped in the Western Hemisphere, as well as Africa, by descendants of her followers ana; Seevers, Homewood, 111.—2 beetles brought years ago to Cuba, Trinidad and Brazil. This is one of 50 pictures in the special African exhibit staphylinid (holotypes), at the Museum during July. Philippine Islands; John G. Shedd Aquari- um, Chicago—38 lots of fishes, Bahamas; Dr. Helmut Rio de Brazil— and developed. This neglect is particularly and other artifacts, some collected by Dr. Sick, Janeiro, collection of Dr. Harald unfortunate in the case of West Africa be- Cordwell and some from the Museum's own shells, Brazil; Sioli, B61em, Pard, Brazil—collection of fresh- cause of the many early misconceptions that collection. water shells, Amazon region; Dr. Karel _ have existed regarding this culture. The Sperber, Chicago—collection of sea shelh^mW West Africans have a with Not chaos-like crushed and complex society, together bruised, Seychelles Islands; U. S. Public Health SerAi^ intricate and net- as the political legal systems, But, world, harmoniously confused; vice, Chamblee, Ga.—4 flies (paratypes), works of trade, and balanced economies. Where order in variety we see. Maryland and Georgia; A. Woiffsohn, Brit- in Africa Dr. And the' all all ish — 7 2 By living and studying West where, things differ,— agree. Honduras turtle, lizards, snakes, Cordwell has been able to achieve a realistic I Pope British Honduras July, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page?

'SYMPATHETIC MAGIC Commission. Since the war he has been SUMMER MOVIE SERIES TO AID THE CROPS chief of the entomology and parasitology FREE TO CHILDREN department of the Army Medical Graduate A scheme to produce tears for the dead, A chance for some summer fun and learn- *^J School, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, as the first step in a roundabout process ing is here again. The series of free movies Washington, D.C. In this capacity he has for inducing rain to fall and aid the crops, for children given by the Raymond Founda- been frequently dispatched on missions to is attributed to figures painted on pottery tion will on 9 and continue for the Far East and was sent to Korea to in- begin July funerary urns in which an ancient people six consecutive Thursday mornings through vestigate Manchurian fever, a disease that their dead in northwestern buried Argentina. August 13. Two performances of each pro- the Army was accused of spreading among It exemplifies a device of a type that occurs will be one at 10 and the gram given, a.m. one that enemy. in many cultures and anthropologists at 11 A.M., in the James Simpson Theatre call "sympathetic magic." Examples of of the Museum. The Theatre and west such urns are on exhibition in Hall 9. entrance of the Museum will be open at The who made these urns dis- people STAFF NOTES 9:30 A.M. Dates and titles of the shows are: appeared before the Spanish invasion of 9—Water Birds South America. Little is known of them July other than that the few vestiges of their Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator of A Disney color-film culture indicate they achieved a level less Botany, recently lectured before the Zoology Also a cartoon elaborate than that of the Incas, who later Club of the University of His Chicago. July 16—Elephant Boy* conquered northwestern Argentina. Archae- subject was "Paleobotany and Evolution." the culture the Kipling's great story with Sabu, ologists have designated by . . . Miss Elaine Bluhm, Assistant in Ar- the elephant boy name Calchaqui, after the name of the chaeology, recently lectured on archaeology valley in which this tribe flourished. as a career before the students' career council July 23 —Pocahontas of the urns tears are On many shown at Carl Schurz . . . High School, Chicago The story of the Indian girl who from the of of falling eyes figures people Colin Campbell Sanborn, Curator of saved the settlers at Jamestown painted upon them. This may be evidence visited the U. S. National Mu- Mammals, Also a cartoon of an attempt at "sympathetic magic." It seum in Washington, D.C, to examine cer- has been suggested that the Calchaqui idea tain collections recently, and attended the July 30—Nature's Half Acre was that if living people could be persuaded annual meeting of the American Society of A Disney color-film showing by these paintings to weep for the dead, or Mammalogists at the American Museum of nature's pageant in all seasons if even the painted faces themselves were Natural History in New York. He was Also a cartoon depicted as streaming with tears, a principle elected one of the Directors of the society 6—Animal Stories of like producing like would be invoked— and named chairman of the nomenclature August "Black Patch" .Tkthat is, the fertility gods would also weep, committee. and "Boy and l^and their tears in the form of rain would the Eagle" descend upon the earth and stimulate crops. Also a cartoon The pottery urns are skillfully and artisti- NEW MEMBERS August 13—Zanzabelle in Paris and the and cally made, designs pictures The following persons became Museum are con- A puppet-story of a giraffe in painted upon them imaginatively Members from 18 to June 15: May Paris and other stories ceived. It is believed that before burying puppet Honorary Member the dead in these urns, the bodies were first Also a cartoon Professor H. O. Beyer exposed in branches of trees or on rocks until •This film is longer and so the 2nd show the flesh The bones were then Contributors decomposed. will at about 11:20 a.m. E. Dr. Alfred E. Emer- begin gathered and deposited in the urns. Leopold Block,* J. Edward Morton As a rule adults were interred in the son, Maass,* Sterling Although the above programs are selected ground or in caves, and the urns were used Associate Members for children, adults are welcome to attend, principally for children. Whole cemeteries J. C. Bowman, Dr. Sam S. Chrisos, Mrs. but adults not accompanying children are S. L. J. Morris Miss Clara have been discovered containing the remains Ingersoll, Jones, requested to give their seats to children if R. Lacey, George E. Phoenix of children only, and it has been suggested the Theatre is crowded. Leaders of chil- that the young may have been sacrifices to Annua! Members dren's groups are requested to remain with E. Carl A. the gods of fertility and rain. Charles Bobus, H. G. Clarke, their groups and maintain order during the Harold V. Dr. Vincent C. Dahlin, Engh, entire program. Large groups should arrive James J. A. Freda, Gregory, Ralph Hanna, before the program starts in order to have U. S. Army Entomologist Becomes Arthur S. Hindman, Martin L. Jack, Ray- all the children seated together. Museum Research Associate mond Kropp, H. Dale Long, Eugene R. P. B. S. A. Mont- Lieutenant Colonel Robert Traub, of the McPheron, Montgomery, gomery, Joseph M. Mozeris, Max W. Pe- United States Army Medical Service Corps, Icelandic Scientist a Visitor tacque. Dr. Albert G. Peters, Mrs. C. was elected a Research Associate in the Mu- Eugene Pfister, Mrs. A. J. Pikiel, Dr. Noah Dr. Finnur Gudmundsson, well-known seum's Division of Insects at the meeting H. Sloan, Dean C. Smith, Milton J. Spitz, marine biologist and director of the Museum on June 15 of the Board of Trustees. Charles C. Vance, Amos H. Watts, Rollin of Natural History in Reykjavik, Iceland, Colonel Traub is an outstanding authority D. Wood, Mrs. W. R. Zitzewitz was a recent visitor at Chicago Natural on the classification of fleas. He has pub- •Deceased History Museum. He conferred with mem- lished on the many papers subject, including bers of the staff of the Departments of a volume in this Museum's Memoir Series Botany and Zoology. Fieldiana, and has spent much time in Primitive "tooth brushes" of West African FDfpreparation and study of the Museum's flea natives are shown in Hall D. They are short collections. sticks—light colored for women, dark for Keep cool at the Mu.seum. When Chi- During most of World War II Colonel men. The ends are chewed until they be- cago recently sizzled in 104-degree tem- Traub served in the Burma-Ledo Road area come fibrous, after which they are used perature, the exhibition halls were a com- as a member of the U. S. Army Typhus vigorously on the teeth. fortable 76. Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 1953 PRIZE-WINNING JEWELRY IN LAPIDARY CONTEST Books As in previous years, the special exhibit eral innovations in types of material exhi- jr^ of prize-winning gems and jewelry by ama- bited were made this year. ^_^t teur lapidarists, held in Stanley Field Hall In the accompanying illustration some of {All books reviewed in the Bulletin are of the Museum during June, attracted much the "best in show" and other prize-winning available in The Book Shop of the Museum. interest. This year's event was the Third pieces are shown by two Patricia Stevens Mail orders accompanied by remittance in- cluding postage are promptly filled.) PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FUNGI. By Virgil Greene Lilly and Horace L. Barnett. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, xii-|-464 pages, frontispiece and 81 illus- trations. Price $7.50.

Although the fungi (molds, mushrooms, toadstools) are neither the most conspicuous nor the most beautiful organisms known, they are easily among the most interesting living beings. By their almost universal presence in a great variety of habitats and their complex activities they play the crucial ecological role of maintaining the balance of nature. They accomplish this by disposing of dead and fallen vegetation, freeing thereby the biologically essential elements contained in these plant bodies either for their own use or the benefit of other organisms. Beyond this vital participation in the organic cycle, fungi may cause important diseases in plants (and other organisms), often resulting in great financial losses. On the other hand, fungi have been used ever since the begin- ning of agriculture and are still being used for preparing bread and other foods. Finally fungi are widely used in industry, partic- ularly since the discovery of antibiotics. Considerable information concerning fungi and their varied activities has been accumu- lated extensive research, but unfor- through Annual Amateur Handcrafted Gem and models— Miss Carmelita Gibbs (left) and is in scattered tunately this deposited widely Jewelry Competitive Exhibition sponsored Miss Mary Johnson, who were present for the publications. By summarizing critically by the Chicago Lapidary Club, whose mem- the press preview at the Museum. Visitors results and observations the obtained, bers, together with those of affiliated organi- who missed the exhibit at the Museum may authors of this book have rendered a great zations, are known as "rock hounds." Sev- still see it at C. D. Peacock, jewelers. service to those engaged in this active field of biological research. They have also pro- vided an excellent reference work for others ers of this informative book will agree with Dr. Schmidt Going to Europe its authors that "an of life seeking information regarding the life proc- understanding Dr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of of the is essential whether esses of fungi. processes fungi Zoology, will be the delegate of the Museum one wishes to control the fungi which cause The timeliness of this book is best indi- at the 14th International Congress of Zo- disea.se, to employ them in industry, or to in 5 to 12. Dr. cated by citing some of the topics treated, ology Copenhagen, August use them in the laboratory to unlock the Schmidt will sail from New York on such as vitamins and growth factors, the July secrets of nature." 25. After the he will action of fungicides, fat production, anti- attending Congress Theodor Just visit various museums and biotics and drugs, and physiological varia- European study Chief Curator of Botany at the British Museum tion. Suitable laboratory exercises are sug- especially (Natural History) in London. He hopes to make a gested for the demonstration of the principles brief to Israel, at the invita- and phenomena discussed in the main part Technical Publications collecting-trip tion of his colleague. Dr. Haas, of of the book. Georg The following technical publications were the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Dr. Naturalists will find material of interest issued recently by Chicago Natural History Schmidt and Dr. Haas have long collabo- to them under such headings as toxins, pig- Museum: rated in studies of reptiles of southwestern as ments, fungi food, spore dissemination, Asia. Dr. Schmidt plans to return to the Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 34, No. 10. Notes and parasitism and symbiosis with insects, in Oetober. on Flycatchers of Genus Batis. By Austin Museum early but will look in vain for certain entries in the L. Rand. April 27, 1953. 16 pages. $ .35 index, (the relationship of namely mycorhiza In Hall D a large shield of light texture, Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 33, No. 3. Notes on e certain fungi with the root systems of higher from and in Philippine Mosquitoes, XIII. Four New made ambatch wood unique plants) and lichenization (the intricate proc- Species of Zeugnomyia and Topomyia. By type, illustrates how the Buduma tribesmen ess by which algae and fungi join in the Francisco E. Baisas and Pablo Feliciano. of the Lake Chad region defend themselves formation of lichens). Nevertheless all read- May 13, 1953. 21 pages. $ .50 from the jabs of long spears.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS ULLETIN B V0I.24.N0.8 -August 1953 Chicago Natural His i ory Mus cum

Australasian Native Arts Special Exhibit August 8-^September 28 Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 195S

Chicago Natural History Museum morning, take to the road at about 10 A.M., -THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 spot-check the bird life at intervals along Even to so utilitarian a Roosevelt Road and Uike Shore DrWe, Chlcafio 5 the highway, and make camp as far from purely structure as a small Tblbpuonb: WAbash 2-9410 villages as possible at 4 to 5 p.m., for a final storehouse the two hours of birding before supper and to highly advanced Polynesians THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES bed," writes Blake. "Usually cook break- apply their skill in the art of deco- rative wood as is shown Lester Armour Samuel Insull, Jr. fast and supper, but stop at village or rural carving, Henry P. Isham Sewell L. Avery cafes by the example pictured on the Wm. McCormick Blair Hughston M. McBain for lunch. Occasionally have stopped H. Mitchell cover of this Bulletin. This small Walter Blchen Wiluam a day or two in a city or town. In this J. Cummings Clarence B. Randall Walter called a the Albert B. Dick, Jr. George A. Richardson manner it is possible to travel extensively building, pataka by Joseph N. Field John G. Searle and still see a deal of and its Maori tribesmen who erected it in Marshall Fiei.d Solomon A. Smith great country Marshall Field, Jr. Louis Ware birds. New Zealand, is on stilts to keep Stanley Field Albert H. Wettbk John P. Wilson "The last two weeks were spent in the the interior and its contents dry. The illustration is one of a series OFFICERS Isthmus of Tehuantepec, which I tried to Stanley Field Pre^denl cross but gave up at midpoint after several of photographs and objects to be Marshaix Field Fint Viee-Pmident It is now the shown in a special exhibit, "Aus- Henry P. Isham Second Vue-PrendeTtt days' rugged experience. Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-Pretidmt height of the rainy season and that makes tralasian Native Arts," in Stanley Solomon A. Smith Tmuurer CUFFORD C. Grbgo DitetloT and Steretary it difficult. Field Hall of the Museum from John R, Millar Anittttnt Secntary 8 to 28 "My plans include trips to some of the August September (see Boreal 'islands' on the higher mountains in page 3). The exhibit is composed THE BULLETIN the near future. principally of photographs made of EDITOR "I now have a fairly good picture of the by Cyrus Townsend Brady, Jr., art CuFFORD C. Gregg Dinelor of the Mtueum country as a whole, the distribution of its Omaha, supplemented with from his and CONTRIBUTING EDITORS bird life at first hand, and definite ideas objects both the — Museum's collections. Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology about what remains to be done and how. Thbodor Just Chief Curator of Botany It is clear that lists of birds, based Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology regional Karl P. Schmidt C*i>/ Curator of Zoology on collected specimens, will be needed for MANAGING EDITOR many years yet. Distribution, ecological H. B. Harte Pi<6lii: ReUttiom Coumel relationships, migration, life histories, and New Assistant Appointed ASSOCIATE EDITORS many other aspects of Mexican birds are In Public Relations Helen A. MacMinn Barbara Poukopf very far from being properly known. There is certainly room for lots of work yet, in- Mrs. Alexander (Barbara) Polikoff has some Members are requested to Inform the Museum cluding Museum expeditions. been appointed to the Museum staff as of changes of address. promptly "I have seen 12 copies of my book, Birds Assistant in Public Relations. A graduate of Mexico, actually in the hands of people (B.A.) of the Univer- birds in the field. All seemed well BIRD MEMO FROM MEXICO studying sity of Michigan, Mrs. pleased with it and naturally I am delighted Polikoff earned a A letter has just been received from at this favorable response." Master of Arts de- Emmet R. Associate Curator of in litera- Blake, .,-jn i^ gree English finished his Birds Birds, who, having of TWO MORE FREE MOVIES \ ture at the University Mexico, A Guide for Field Identificaiion, is AWAIT CHILDREN ^^! of Chicago. Before spending some months conducting further coming to the Mu- studies on the birds of Mexico. The last two free movie programs in the seum she worked in He writes from Mitla, Oaxaea, a thou- summer series for children presented by the \ thetne offices of the Unit- will be sand-year-old Indian village that was the Raymond Foundation given on the \ ed States Army Engi- seat of the Zapotec empire which fell to the first and second Thursday mornings in Au- \ neers, taught English Aztecs a few years before the Spanish Con- gust. There will be two performances of at Von Steuben High Barbara Polikofl quest. His room is in a 250-year-old each program, one at 10 a.m. and one at 11 School in Chicago, hacienda. Mitla is a typical, sleepy Mexican A.M., in the James Simpson Theatre of the and was an editor for village where one would think nothing ever Museum. The Theatre and west entrance the Industrial Relations Center at the Uni- happens. Yet, the day before Mr. Blake of the Museum will be open at 9:30 a.m. versity of Chicago. She will work with H. B. wrote his letter there was one of the first Dates and titles of the shows are: Harte, Public Relations Counsel in all a a a cold- rains of the year, fiesta, funeral, August 6—Animal Stories phases of newspaper, magazine, radio and blooded murder, and a wake for the victim television and in the Mu- "Black Patch" and "Boy and publicity, editing that was sensational by American standards. seum Bulletin. the Eagle" During May, Mr. Blake traveled exten- Miss Christine Associate Public Also a cartoon Tardy, on the Plateau and also in the Carib- sively Relations Counsel, employed at the Museum bean lowlands— Tux- Matamoros, Tampico, August 13—Zanzabelle in Paris since the latter part of 1951, has resigned to pan, Tecolutla, and Nautla. The changes enter another field A puppet-story of a giraffe in of publicity activity. in bird and other natural vegetation, life, Paris and other puppet stories She will retain association with the Museum, features that occur with altitude and latitude in volunteer to continue a television Also a cartoon status, variations are most The entire .striking. project. northern part of the country is clearly a Although the above programs are selected continuation of our own Southwest, but for children, adults are welcome to attend, from Tampico southward there are remark- but adults not accompanying children are Three bronze sculptures in the south end able changes that need to be seen to be requested to give their seats to children if of Stanley Field Hall, which illustrate the understood. the Theatre is crowded. Leaders of chil- remarkable ritualized lion-hunting with "My routine all along has been to have dren's groups are requested to remain with spears characteristic of certain African several hours of birding around camp each their groups and maintain order. tribes, are the work of the late Carl E. Akeley. S August, 1953 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page

ARTS OF NEW ZEALAND, In Australia the aborigines were at the MUSEUM MEN TO HUNT AUSTRALIA SHOWN opposite pole of primitivene.ss from the FOSSILS IN WYOMING Maoris, and the gap between their culture a USTRALASIAN NATIVE ARTS" During August, a paleontological expedi- \ and that of the Europeans has proved very Xi. is the next special exhibit scheduled tion will visit a mountainous section of difficult to bridge. Most of the 50,000 who for visitors at Chicago Natural History northwestern Wyoming to collect Devonian remain upon the mainland are now protected Museum. It will be on view from August fossil vertebrates for the Museum. Orville in reservations, while from the island of 8 to September 28 inclusive, in Stanley Gilpin, Chief Preparator of Fossils, will be Tasmania they vanished generations ago. Field Hall. in charge. He will be accompanied by Wil- The art forms of these aborigines are will The display is in two sections. Part I, liam D. Turnbull, Preparator. They childlike in but they are still alive devoted to New Zealand, affords an oppor- quality, work at Beartooth Butte, a familiar land- and practiced widely, although with dimin- tunity to inspect the traditional art forms mark to those who have approached Yellow- ishing fervor and frequency. Yet their of the Maori people— forms which in recent stone Park via the spectacular Red Lodge- primitive quality and the eclectic aesthetic years have largely vanished or changed as Cooke City highway. the people have succumbed to the absorp- Most of this part of Wyoming is formed tive proces.ses of Western influence. Part of very ancient metamorphic and igneous II, dealing with the aboriginal tribes of rocks, while the butte itself is an isolated Australia, offers an example of a living remnant of a mantle of younger Paleozoic people whose culture remains on what we sediments that must have covered much of consider an ultra-primitive level. It pre- the present Rocky Mountain region at one sents art forms in which we can find some- time. The vertebrates occur high in Bear- thing equivalent to the beginnings of art tooth Butte in a thin deposit of shales and among our own early ancestors. limestone that is lens-shaped in section. PHOTOGRAPHS AND OBJECTS Becau.se of its red color, it is conspicuous even at a distance among the grayish lime- of the exhibit will be a A major part stones that form the rest of the butte. It collection of about fifty photographs large was probably deposited in the estuary at made Townsend Jr., of by Cyrus Brady, the mouth of an ancient river, about 300 New York a retired civil engineer City, million years ago. and businessman who spent five years in Because of the inaccessibility of the out- the countries "down under." Mr. Brady crop of the red shales and limestones, most will also show his collection of wood carv- of the collecting is done in the fallen rock ings, paintings and other original art objects that accumulates in a talus slope below. produced by the natives of New Zealand Remains of vertebrates are not uncommon and Australia. This material will be aug- here, and occur in considerable variety. mented by other objects from the Museum's Many belong to the early armored, jawless own collections. Visitors are urged, after vertebrate stock, known a.s ostracoderms. inspection of the special exhibit, to make a Another group important in Devonian tour of the Museum's permanent exhibits faunas, the arthrodires, have jaws and many from these lands (Hall A-1 and Hall F on MAORI MLMORI.VL other basic structural similarities to living the . The New Zealand exhibit ground floor) This wooden 6gurc carved by tribesmen of New skeletal fishes, although with their heavy in Hall F is particularly notable for its Zealand is a departed chieftain named Pukaki. It little obvious resemblance antedates the arrival of in the armor they show inclusion of a complete large Maori council Europeans country, and is now preserved in the Auckland Museum. to the fishes we know. Only a few fragments house erected as it originally stood in just have been discovered that can be referred New Zealand. Only six such houses are to groups still extant. They belong to lobe- known to remain in existence. temper of our times have inspired painters, finned fishes, and are related to the ancestors sculptors, composers and industrial designers POLYNESIAN CULTURAL APEX of the living coelacanths that have been among the 8,500,000 white Australians, who discovered recently on the African coast. When New Zealand was first visited by perceive in these forms something like the Europeans, the Maoris had brought Poly- beginning of our own arts. There has re- Robert H. Denison nesian culture to one of its summits. They sulted, among other developments, a school Curator of Fossil Fishes are the largest branch of the Polynesian race, of aboriginal water-colorists who are now and have in great measure assimilated producing in a semi-European manner that Western civilization. They are now playing offers high promise. Some of the work of NATURE COURSE PROVIDED a proportionate role in the activities of their the latter is included in the present exhibit. FOR GIRL SCOUTS number about country. They today 100,000 Mr. Brady's exhibit was recently shown Mondays this summer are Girl Scout in a total population of approximately in the American Museum of Natural History Days in the Museum. A course of instruc- 2,000,000. in New York. After the Chicago showing, in which will aid the under the conditions tion subjects young However, changed it is scheduled to go to the University of members of Girl Scout troops in gaining of their new life, their traditional art forms and the Museum of Philadelphia Peabody was on have abandoned or and are nature proficiency badges begun been altered, Salem, Massachusetts. Mr. Brady was a 6 and will continue 31. as relics or in museums. July through August preserved only railroad-bridge engineer in Chicago during Museum's in this study is Articles manufactured to serve as souvenirs The co-operation the early days of his engineering career. made available through the services of the for tourists hardly count. The Maori art lecture staff of the James Nelson and Anna forms have not especially stimulated artists Louise Raymond Foundation. of European origin. Yet, though they may Highly polished armlets of green soap- appear grotesque to unaccustomed Western stone, made by rubbing away the center of Cases containing exhibits relative to spe- which occur eyes, they were so highly developed techni- a stone disk with sand and water, are dis- cific subjects about questions are marked on cally a.s to excite the admiration of art played in Hall E with other personal orna- in the Girl Scout handbooks critics everywhere. ments of the I'uareg of the Sahara. Mondays for the guidance of the girls. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 195S INDIANS HAD A LAKE LEVEL PROBLEM 60 CENTURIES AGO By GEORGE I. QUIMBY Hough's evidence came from a study of the reasonable to believe that at the time of CURATOR OF EXHIBITS, ANTHROPOLOGY sediments on the bottom of Lake Michigan. Lakes Chippewa and Stanley, the Superior DWELL- LAKE-SHORE His analysis showed sand layers of a type waters drained into Lake Stanley, and that and MODERNERS suffering property damage laid down in shoal waters and shells of shal- the level of the Superior basin water was destruction from the water levels of the high low-water dwelling pelecypods and gastro- clo.se to that of Lake Stanley or about 400 Great Lakes can take faint satisfaction in pods down to depths of 350 feet beneath the feet below the present level. the that about 6,000 knowledge years ago present water level. Moreover, the deep- A brief review of the part of the Lakes the paleo-Indian shore dwellers could hardly water types of clay sediments had been sequence that includes the low water stage abreast of the water levels. keep receding eroded to depths of 350 feet beneath the will be of aid in understanding the chro- Lake for Michigan, example, dropped present water level. None of these things nology and archaeology that follow. more feet its than 350 below present level. could have happened unless the water level ICE And Lake Huron was lowered even more to had been lowered to 350 feet beneath the SHEET LINGERED a level at least 420 feet its present beneath present water level. In a period of high water. Lake Algonquin stand. Therefore, as shown by Stanley and (Fig. 1) connected the Huron and Michigan The evidence for this low water stage in Hough, there was a stage of very low water basins making a tremendous glacial lake at the Great Lakes was discovered two by ge- in the Lake Michigan basin. Hough named a time when the continental ice sheet still this low water stage "Lake Chippewa" occupied much of the Lake Superior basin (Fig. S). and the Ontario highlands. LAKE HURON DROPPED LOWER This was followed by a period of falling water levels (Fig. 2) brought about by in- Since Lake drained a Chippewa through creasing availability of lower outlets east of 70-mile river into the Lake Huron long Georgian Bay as the ice retreated north- basin, it follows that there was an even ward. There was still ice, however, on the lower water level in the Lake Huron basin. east coast of Lake Superior and in the Mat- And this low water was particular stage tawa Valley. named Lake Stanley by Hough in honor of When the ice dam in the Mattawa Valley Dr. M. Stanley. George melted, the water in the Lake Huron basin As indicated by Hough, the mouth of the drained nearly to sea level thus producing submerged river that connected Lakes Lakes Stanley and Chippewa (Fig. S) as Chippewa and Stanley is 50 feet lower than Figurc 1. Glacial Lake Algonquin about 5500 B.C. well as a probable low water stage in the to 4500 B.C. after its head, and since the level of Lake (Map Hough.) Chip- Superior basin. pewa was 350 feet beneath the level of Lake The upwarping of the outlet area of Lake Dr. M. of Fresno Michigan, Lake Stanley, being 50 feet lower ologists. George Stanley Stanley gradually raised the water levels of State of the of was about 400 feet below the level of Lake College, formerly University the upper Great Lakes basins thus producing and Dr. Jack L. of the Huron. Michigan, Hough the high water stage of the Nipissing Great of Illinois. Lake Stanley was drained from an outlet University Lakes (Fig. U). The tremendous flow of In 1936-37 evidence near North Bay, Ontario, down the Mat- Stanley published water southward, after the North Bay out- that in the Lake Huron basin there tawa and Ottawa valleys to the St. Law- showing let was raised too high for any use by the were at least four lower beaches rence Valley. This outlet was made avail- Algonquin Nipissing Lakes, caused a rather rapid down- between the shoreline able by the melting of glacial ice that here- highest Algonquin cutting of the outlet near Port Huron. This and the earliest shoreline. More- tofore blocked the Mattawa Valley. Nipissing eventually led to the Great Lakes as we the water of the lower or latest Subsequently the area of the outlet was over, planes know them today. as much as 420 a Algonquin beaches lie essentially parallel to upwarped feet, process that terminated Lake the highest Algonquin beach, and pass Stanley, and inaugu- rated the Great Lakes. southward beneath the plane of the Nipis- Nipissing sing beach. This indicates that Lake Al- It is suspected that the water in the Lake gonquin was drained not by upwarping of Superior basin was considerably lowered at the land relieved of its ice burden but by the time of Lake Stanley. If the water in the opening of successively lower outlets, the Superior basin drained into Lake Stan- and that the great uplifting movement that ley via St. Mary's River and if there was deformed the highest Algonquin beach was no appreciable upwarping of the land until delayed until the water levels had been con- after the stage of low water, as was the case siderably lowered by drainage. in the Michigan and Huron Basins, then the level of the Superior basin could have been SUBMERGED MACKINAC VALLEY lowered as much as 412 feet beneath its Additional evidence published by Stanley present level. This figure is based upon the 2. The Great Lakes at the titne of the tran- in 1938 consisted of his discovery of a deep, fact that the sill or dam in the St. Mary's Figure sition from Lake Algonquin to Lakes Chippewa and submerged valley through the Straits of River has been uplifted 410 feet since the Stanley. The black dots indicate locations of paleo- time of Lake Since the sill Mackinac between Lake Michigan and Lake Algonquin. now Indian sites on now extinct beaches. Period indicated Huron. This valley was about 70 miles stands at 600 feet above sea level, it stood is about 4500 B.C. to 3500 B.C. (Map after Hough, with long and ranged up to 300 feet in depth. at 190 feet at the time of Lake Algonquin, modifications.) Stanley concluded that a low water stage in or 412 feet beneath the present surface of the Lake Michigan basin drained through Lake Superior which is about 602 feet above A certain amount of dating can be applied this valley to a lower water stage in the sea level. to these lake stages in terms of radio-carbon Lake Huron Basin. Although actual field evidence demon- dates of various events that correlate with In 1952 Hough published proof of the low strating the drop in water levels of the the stages. For instance, the Nipissing Great water stage in the Lake Michigan basin. Superior basin is not yet available, it seems Lakes have been dated at about 1700 B.C. August, 1953 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

The transition from Lake Algonquin to sity come from the upwarped area in the DEFIES SEA TO COLLECT Lakes Chippewa and Stanley can be placed northern part of the Great Lakes region. FISHES FOR MUSEUM at a time at least as old as 3000 B.C. Lake ANCIENT BEACH TRIBE'S SITE By BARBARA POLIKOFF BUIXETIN STAFF WRITER The George Lake site near Killarney in the Manitoulin district of Ontario has been Donald Erdman, ichthyologist, who is on intensively explored by University of Michi- an expedition for Chicago Natural History gan field parties under the direction of Dr. Museum to collect fishes in the waters along Emerson F. Greenman. This site, a quarry- the coast of Central America and the islands workshop and probably a village or camp, is of the West Indies, has already .sent the associated with an old beach 297 feet above Museum excellent collections from Puerto Lake Huron. Since some of the stone im- Rico and Costa Rica. The story behind plements and flakes were rounded and water- these collections is not known, but in a letter worn like the beach pebbles with which they to Loren P. Woods, Curator of Fishes, Mr. were covered, the site must have been occu- Erdman revealed that the next collections pied while the beach was being formed. due to arrive are from Jamaica and were According to Stanley the beach associated secured only after Caribbean winds and life 37-foot auxil- Figure 3. Lake Chippewa (shaded portion within with the George Lake site is one of the water made aboard the Lake Michigan) and Lake Stanley (shaded area inside beaches formed when the waters were drop- iary sloop Booby unpredictable and pre- Lake Huron.) The horizontal hatchure represents ping from the Algonquin level during the carious. fresh water lakes; the vertical hatchure represents a transition between and related in Mr. marine transgression or arm of the sea in the St. period Algonquin As the May Bulletin, Lawrence lowland and the Ontario basin. About Lake Stanley. By means of its drainage Erdman started his collecting trip for the 3500 B.C. to 2000 B.C. after (Map Hough.) relations with water levels in the Ontario Museum during the last week of March, leaving from Puntarenas, Costa Rica. His Algonquin is younger than 7000 B.C. and intention was to collect for five days in each 6500 B.C. as these dates apply to beaches port that he touched. This sounds like an that preceded tho.se of Lake Algonquin. eminently sensible plan, and one not fraught These few dates give us the following chro- with possibilities of multiple mishaps. But nology: Erdman and crew, consisting of his wife and 5-year-old daughter, have discovered that 1. Lake Algonquin (Fig. 1). "touching" port is sometimes a herculean than 6500 B.C. but older than Younger task, especially when their efforts are vio- 3000 from about 5500 B.C. B.C.; probably lently opposed by stubborn-willed squalls. to 4500 B.C. When they did manage to reach Jamaica their stay in port was sometimes as stormy 2. Transition from Lake Algonquin to Lakes as their voyage on the sea. Chippewa and Stanley (Fig. 2). 3000 B.C. or older, but considerably Figure 4. The Nipissing Stage of the Great Lakes, at about 2000 B.C. to 1000 B.C. after younger than 6500 B.C.; probably 4500 (Map Hough.) B.C. to 3500 B.C. basin, this transition can be dated earlier 3. Lakes Chippewa and Stanley (Fig. 3). than 3000 B.C. The George Lake site should Older than 1700 B.C.; probably 3500 B.C. date from about 4000 B.C. At this time the to 2000 B.C. ice sheet still occupied the east coast of Lake Superior northwest of the site and the 4. Great Lakes Nipissing (Fig. It). Mattawa Valley to the east. 1700 B.C.-1500 B.C. and probably some- Consequently, about 6,000 years ago what later, but earlier than 650 B.C., the there were paleo-Indians in the Killarney date of the post-Nipissing Algoma stage; area living on the rocky shores of a penin- probably 2000 B.C. to 1000 B.C. sula in an early post-glacial lake. Here, not more than 50 or 60 miles from the retreating The paleo-Indians (old cultures ante- continental glacier they quarried quartzite dating pottery and agriculture) of the west- for the manufacture of chipped stone tools ern Great Lakes are known only from lake and weapons. Among their manufactures shore sites in the northern part of the area. were large, heavy implements such as chop- wins battle with gales One site on the north shore of Lake Superior pers, semi-lunar blades, ovate pointed The "Booby," 37-foot auxiliary sloop carrying and one site on the north shore of Lake Donald Erdman and on Caribbean ex- blades, quadrangular blades and smaller companions Huron are associated with extinct beaches, pedition in quest of fishes for Museum collection. artifacts such as scrapers of various kinds, now hundreds of feet above water Despite many difficulties due to storms and heavy upwarped blades perforators, and stemmed suggestive seas, the little vessel has weathered all hazards, and level. Both of these sites and possibly a of Eden (Yuma) and Sandia-like types. Mr. Erdman reports successful collecting of to the of transition be- third belong period specimens needed for research. tween Lake Algonquin and Lakes Stanley ARTIFACTS ON MANITOULIN ISLAND and Chippewa. If peoples of the same cul- At the eastern end of Manitoulin Island, The sailing began to get rough for the ture lived along the shores of southern Lake Ontario, near Sheguiandah is a paleo-Indian Erdmans on the way to San Bias Islands off Superior and southern Lake Huron, their site that was investigated in the summer of the north coast of Panama when turbulent sites would now be far under the water and 1952 by a field party from the National waters and deadening calms played their Thus our inaccessible to archaeologists. Museum of Canada under the direction of own fiendish games with the small sloop. knowledge of paleo-Indian life in the period Thomas Lee. About 150 miles north of Barranquilla a bad following Lake Algonquin and preceding This site seems to have been a quarry squall blew up causing the Erdmans to lose Lakes Chippewa and Stanley must of neces- (Continued on page 8, column 1) (Continued on page 7, column 3) Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 195S

RESEARCH AIDED BY AMBER COLLECTOR tific value, purchased it and the telescope for a nominal sum. By RUPERT L. WENZEL that the collection, it would CURATOR or INSECTS accompanied Mr. Trinklein kept the collection at the appear that he brought together at least school, but recently, being anxious both to STORY of the A. F. Kohlman Col- the greater part of his amber collection place the collection in a more suitable insti- lection of Baltic amber insects and its THE during the years 1900 to 1915, and that he tution and to raise some funds for the acquisition by this Museum, noted briefly lived in this time. Milwaukee during science department, he decided to sell it. in the July issue of the Bulletin, nicely He offered it to Chicago Natural History illustrates a number of about collec- NOT FOR DILETTANTES points Museum among others. Members of the collections and museums—so much so tors, In all probability, his interest in these Museum staff examined it and recommended that, when I was asked to prepare an article insects arose through an interest in micros- its purchase. A university was also inter- about the collection, I decided to write about copy. Not only did his library contain ested in obtaining it, for teaching purposes. these rather than attempt to compete with numerous works on this subject, but his Such a disposition would probably have re- Ley, who has masterfully treated the Willy other collections reflected the interests of a sulted in the dissipation of much valuable story of amber and its inclusions in his book member of that rapidly vanishing group, research material because this particular uni- of natural history essays. Dragons in Amber.* the amateur microscopists. In addition to versity has no specific equipment and staff his amber insects, Kohlman built up re- —as does a museum—that are committed spectable slide collections of diatoms and to the preservation and protection of such tissue preparations, but he had only a rela- collections over long periods of time. The tively small number of the kind of slide university offered to give up its bargaining preparations that were simply items of position if we would sell them a small du- beauty or curiosity, or examples of the tech- plicate collection at a later date. This was nician's skill that characterized the collec- agreed upon, and thus the collection came tions of less erudite microscopists. Kohl- to this Museum. man's collections bore the of the stamp But this is not the end of the story, for in amateur. is expert Histology (tissue study) inventorying the collection so that it could not a for the dilettante to subject pursue, be accessioned and paid for, several speci- nor is the of insects when car- study amber mens were found which obviously were ried the mere Some beyond collecting stage. frauds. This made it necessary to determine of his identifications of amber insects would the authenticity of the collection as a whole. have done credit to the best OLIGOCENE ANT IN AMBER professional Not a specimen had data as to locality and systematic entomologists. of The specimen, obtained from deposits along the source, and although the appearance the Baltic Sea, is estimated to be between 30 and 35 Kohlman's interest in optics extended material was that of perfectly good amber, million old. Nature has it years preserved perfectly further than merely looking through a mi- we did not care to be in the company of in its transparent envelope of fossilized resin so that croscope. That he was an expert photog- those many "experts" who have been today's scientists may study its minute details as is evident from a series of excellent of fossils or who easily as in a laboratory-prepared slide. Included in rapher cheated by fakers amber the Kohlman collection acquired by the Museum. photographs of diatoms and amber insects have been deceived by specimens entrapp>ed that he made, all in duplicate stereoscopic in modern or fossil copal gums. Physical views. he turned to amateur astron- and chemical tests satisfied us that the am- The points in the story of the Kohlman Later, He built an 8-inch reflector ber was About 90 cent of all Collection that particularly stand out are: omy. telescope, genuine. per and the construction of a 5- or 6-inch amber is Baltic amber and since 99.5 the role of the amateur in building up valu- began per refractor. Toward the end of his if we cent of this from the Samland Penin- able scientific collections; the role museums life, comes from the dates of his sula north of there is play in preventing or arresting the dis.sipa- may judge publication Konigsberg, Prussia, he became interested in tion of such collections by acquiring and books, mystic little chance that any of the Kohlman speci- preserving them for future study; the fre- philosophy. mens came from any other locality. quently fortuitous thread of circumstances It was at about the time of his death, by which a museum is enabled to fulfill this several years ago, that his amber collection function; the piecing together of bits of in- first came to the attention of this Museum. ^k formation that the staff must frequently A visitor to the Division of Insects men- resort to in order to learn something of the tioned that someone in lower Wisconsin was collection and collector; and the museum's reputed to have a collection of amber insects. part in making such study material available Lack of further clues made it impossible to to qualified researchers so that it either be- pursue the matter and it was forgotten. gins or continues to function in the sphere of SAVED FROM DISCARD scientific inquiry. We have almost no direct information After his death, his sisters advertised his about Mr. Kohlman except that he was effects for sale at public auction. The amber did the single, was a dispatcher for the Chicago and insects were not listed. Not only North Western Railway, and that he lived family regard the collection as being of little for many years in Milwaukee and later value, but they had even thought of throw- moved to Racine, Wisconsin. But it is ob- ing it out. Fortunately, his microscope was vious from the nature of his effects—such listed, and this attracted the attention of as we have seen—that he was in many ways F. E. Trinklein, teacher of physics and chem- a man of singular interests and accomplish- istry at Lutheran High School in Racine. ments. Judging from various dates on He attended the auction in the hope of of and scraps pai>er newspaper wrappings getting the microscope for his school. He saw the amber collection in the home among

• New York, The Viking Press, 1951. Kohlman's effects and, realizing its scien- August, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

After the collection had been accessioned, Further, while in Vienna in 1951, I was BATTLE WITH SEA— the question arose in our minds as to whether told that the Bachofen-Echt collection, re- (Continued from page 5) or not the material acquired represents the puted to be second in importance, had been a sea anchor, 200 feet of line and their entire Kohlman collection. Numerous bits sold piecemeal to jewelers by Bachofen- dinghy. To add to the piling up of misad- of evidence indicate that it does not. First, Echt's widow. This collection had earlier ventures, a five-gallon can filled with fish in Mr. Trinklein informed us that insect amber been strewn in the streets of Vienna by loot- formalin leaked over the cabin and deck. pieces turn up from time to time in jewelry ing Russian soldiers. Most of it was sal- Characteri.stically, Mr. Erdman reassured worn by young ladies in the school. This vaged and then offered for sale to various Curator Woods that the fish were saved, would seem to indicate that Mr. Kohlman museums, without success. The fate of this never mentioning the effects of the formalin had disposed of a number of pieces locally collection points up the fact that the exis- on his family's daily living habits. The after his interest had diminished. Second, tence of museums is not in itself insurance climax to their difficulties was the breaking most of his photographs seem to have been against the loss of such valuable materials; of a stay, which couldn't be repaired for six of the rare and unusual or especially perfect in many instances mu.seums can preserve days becau.se of the rough waters. The specimens, a number of which are no longer these collections for .study and re-study, by Erdmans had no choice but to let wind and in the collection. The "cricket" shown in present and future generations, only if they water have their will, and uncooperative as the accompanying illustration is such a piece. can raise adequate funds to purchase and those two elements proved to be, their com- There is no reason to believe that any of house them. Frequently the heirs to such bined efforts drove the Booby exactly where these specimens did not belong to Kohlman. collections ask more money for them than its crew didn't want her to go—300 miles There are several other kinds of evidence museums are able or should be expected to off their course to Serrana Bank. involving his classification and numbering pay. After the Erdmans reached port in Ja- system and percentages of groups repre- For this reason many modern scientific maica their luck didn't improve. A squall sented in the collection, but the most impres- workers arrange while they are still living caused the Booby to break loose from her sive evidence is the large box of amber that their personal collections and libraries anchor and crash into the dock, dragging cuttings that he left. These are the raw are committed to an institution of their her secondary anchor, a 150-pound kedge, chunks of amber from which the pieces con- choice by bequest, deposit, or sale at a nomi- onto the beach. The Booby's next visit to and taining insects were cut for grinding nal price. shore was made in a similarly unorthodox The number of is far —this she polishing. cuttings Although j-esearchers have published on manner time dragged a yacht club if those greater than would be expected only amber insects for more than a century, there mooring with her. When, to add to these pieces that are now in the collection were troubles, a heavy chain snapped and the cut from them. It is possible that he may stalk of the Booby's new anchor bent, Mr. have had as many as six thousand prepared Erdman began to be plagued by disturbing slide specimens. At present the collection doubts as to the adequacy of both his gear contains approximately 1,450 of these and and himself. But his confidence was re- another 800 unmounted and mostly un- stored, in part at least, when still another polished specimens. squall blew up and a yacht broke loose from Although the Museum was unable to pre- her anchor while the Booby rode serenely vent such dissipation of the collection as aloof from the chaos, preserving all her may have occurred, what it has preserved poise as a true ship, with her mudhooks still ranks as the second largest collection of holding firmly. Baltic amber inclusions in America. That it is no means an collection in by unimportant GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM the world picture is indicated by the fact that the most recent study of amber spiders Following is a list of the principal gifts •CRICKET' IN BALTIC AMBER was ba.sed on a total of 144 specimens, in- received during the past month: from a ac- cluding the combined material of the British Reproduced photograph among papers companying collection o{ the late A. F. Kohlman. Department of Botany: Museum (Natural History), the U. S. Nat- recently obtained by the Museum. Note air bubbles From: Academy of Natural Sciences, ional Museum and several other museum in the amber. Philadelphia— 5 seeds of Scrophulariaceae; contains sources. The Kohlman collection Holly Reed Bennett, Chicago— 105 grasses 196 and Indiana spiders. is Still much to be learned from the study of and sedges, Chicago Dunes; University of California, Berkeley, Calif. — BEST COLLECTION BOMBED the.se fossils. For historical reasons, most 30 seeds of Scrophulariaceae; Luis Mille, American entomologists have been unable — The relative of Bahia, Ecuador 9 Caracolillo tree leaves importance any existing to study amber insects first hand. Within been and seeds, Ecuador; Museo Nacional His- amber collections has much augmented a few weeks after the Kohlman collection toria Natural, Santiago, Chile— 6 Escallonia several events of the last two decades. by arrived at Natural History Mu- Chicago species, Chile The of the amber mines was much output seum, parts of it had been placed in the diminished to World War II. They Department of Geolofty: prior hands of specialists for study. The first of but are in Russian From: Richard M. Bookwalter, Chicago are again producing these that we have heard from specialists —2 of silicified wood. Petrified The most amber collec- specimens hands. important indicates that he is able to see structures on Forest, Ariz.; Charles A. Ross, Urbana, 111. tion in the world—that of Albertus Univer- our specimens that the European authorities —insect wing in nodule, Illinois in —was bomb- sity Konigsberg destroyed by could not .see on theirs, and that as a result of Zoology: fire World War II. This Department ing and during of this he can make in the improvements American Museum of Natural History, collection of than more 100,000 specimens classification of the families of insects in New York—2 lots of fishes, Bimini, Baha- was not only the largest, but contained the question. We hope to distribute more of mas; Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh—4 eels finest selected from the inclusions specimens, the collection to competent workers shortly. and a blenny, Guam; Chicago Zoological that sorted out at the were government Society, Brookfield, III. —a mammal; Riccy mines. In addition to amber inclu.sions, Deliberto, We.stmont, III. —a garter snake, of insects the collection also contained many histori- Excellent specimens preserved Illinois; Delzie Demaree, Ocean Springs, seen in the exhibit of resins — of marine Missis- cally important and extremely valuable in copal can be Miss. a collection shells, pieces of carved amber and jewelry. in Stanley Field Hall. sippi 8 Page CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 195S

LAKE LEVELS— found in the Plains where they were pri- (Continued from page 5) marily associated with the hunting of a STAFF NOTES kind of bison that has now been extinct for and work area where the Indians obtained many centuries. quartzite for the manufacture of tools and Donald Collier. Curator of South Ameri- Radiocarbon dates of events that one weapons. A quantity of large blade-shaped can, can Ethnology and Archaeology, was the or be associated with Plainview objects up to 10 inches in length and two way another, lecturer on "Live and Learn," educational indicate a of unknown dura- pounds in weight were found. points period television program of NBC's Public Service tion at some time after about The locus of these finds is on the slope of beginning Division on July 19. His subject was "An- 8000 B.C. the Plainview a hill that may have been an island at the However, points cient Civilization of the Andes." This pro- as well as other cultural materials from the time of the paleo-Indian occupancy. The gram, given each Sunday at 11:30 a.m. over Brohm site must date from a finds seem to be associated with or above a period later station WNBQ, is presented in the form of than Lake strand line about 60 to 90 feet above Lake Algonquin but perhaps earlier a half-hour cla.ssroom session in which au- than the low water of Lakes and Huron, a situation that ofTers opportunities Chippewa thorities on a variety of academic subjects about 3000 B.C. or for establishing the earliest possible date Stanley, probably perhaps present their story with demonstrations by 4000 B.C. for the occupancy of the site. means of charts, pictures, blackboard dia- About 80 to 90 feet above Lake Huron is WATER HIDES HISTORY grams, and specimens. The classroom au- the level of the Nipissing beach in the gen- dience is formed by a group of university Of the paleo-Indians who lived along the eral area of the Sheguiandah site. The dis- students who frequently address questions shores of the Great Lakes during the period tribution of the quartzite flakes and artifacts to the lecturers .... Dr. Fritz Haas, of Lakes Chippewa and Stanley, we know at and above the 90-foot level rather than Curator of Lower Invertebrates, was the nothing. Their sites are all under water, below it suggests that the occupancy of the representative of the Museum at the 1953 350 to 400 feet under water in the Michigan Sheguiandah site dates from the Nipissing meeting of the American Malacological and Huron basins, and probably far under Lakes stage. On the off-chance that the Union recently held at Lawrence, Kansas. water in the Superior basin also. occupancy was associated with a beach He spoke on the Walter F. Webb Collection One can imagine the distress of these strand slightly higher than the Nipis.sing, of non-marine shells in this institution, and shore dwellers as moved their to the site would date from a time late in the they camps told of its importance to science .... Miss keep up with the rapidly receding shore transition from Lake Algonquin to Lake Elsa Graf has i>een appointed Assistant in lines. Stanley when the water levels had dropped the Division of Memberships. She obtained And when the North outlet was more than 250 feet from the Algonquin level. Bay her education in universities of Europe and closed of the and the The site could not be earlier because previ- by upwarping land, Mexico. Former employers are the Allied lake waters rose to levels even ously it would have been covered first by rapidly Jewish Community Council of Denver and than those of the ice and later by water. higher today, paleo-Indians the Chicago Association of Commerce and had to move to land until Thus the Sheguiandah quarry and work- constantly higher Industry .... Miss Jane Ross has been about 1500 B.C. shop dates from a time later than the George appointed Reference Librarian. She re- It would be Lake sites at nearby Killarney which date interesting to investigate the cently returned to this country from Nago- sites of the from about 4000 B.C. Moreover, it is low water period. If anyone ya, Japan, where she was a teacher in the knows how to locate and obtain possible that the Sheguiandah site, if associ- ancient elementary school for dependents of U.S. ated with the Nipissing beach, dates from tools, weapons, and utensils 350 to 400 feet servicemen. Prior to that she was educa- under water the writer 1500 B.C. or later. would appreciate the tional director of the San Diego (California) information. Zoo. She worked in the of this OLD THUNDER BAY CAMP Library Museum once before on a temporary ap- Near Pass Lake in the Thunder Dis- Bay pointment. She is a graduate (B.S.) of Ohio trict of Ontario the north shore of LECTURE TOURS CONTINUE along State University .... Loren P. Woods, Lake there is an Paleo- TWICE DAILY IN AUGUST Superior interesting Curator of Fishes, and Robert F. Inger, Indian and site that was camp workshop Tours of Museum exhibits will be con- Assistant Curator of Fishes, attended the for the National Museum of Can- explored ducted twice a day, mornings and after- Great Lakes Research Conference at Doug- ada Dr. Richard S. MacNeish. by noons, during the month of August (Monday las Lake in northern Michigan, July 28-31. At the Brohm as this is arti- site, called, through Friday). Each morning tour, ex- facts were associated with extinct beaches cept Thursday, is a general survey of one at an elevation of about 220 feet above the NEW MEMBERS department of the Museum. The after- level of Lake The present Superior. position noon tours (and Thursday morning) are The following persons became Museum of some of the artifacts in the beach gravels general surveys of the highlights of the ex- Members from June 16 to July 15: and beneath the of humus layer on top the hibits. is the schedule: Following Associate Member beach indicates that the artifacts were de- — P. Sveinbjorn Johnson posited near the end of the deposition of the Mondays: 11 a.m. People and Places Annual Members beach gravels or somewhat later, but before 2 P.M.—Highlights of the Exhibits J. W. R. D. the formation of the humus layers on top of Anderson, George Bailey, Tuesdays: 11 A.M.—The Story of Plants Robert Bower, Dr. M. W. K. Byrne, Dean the beach gravels. 2 P.M.—Highlights of the Exhibits M. Clark, Dr. F. H. Comstock, Robert The artifacts found at the Brohm site Crown, John S. Dean, E. G. Goldsmith, B. were made of a taconite which is 11 A.M.—The Earth's jaspery Wednesdays: Story F. Hazel, Don Herbert, Gordon M. Jones, found in the the tools and region. Among 2 P.M.—Highlights of the Exhibits Otis L. Jones, Samson Krupnick, Mrs. of weapons taconite were various kinds of Florence M. Philipp, Harry A. Rioff, L. H. Thursdays: 11 A.M. and 2 P.M.—Highlights scrapers, blades, choppers, and projectile Schrade, H. N. Sharrow, Thomas J. Shee- of the Exhibits points with collateral and oblique ripple han, Edwin A. Steubner, E. W. Storer, Dr. flaking. Seven of the 14 projectile points Fridays: 11 A.M.—The World of Animals Joseph Triner, Seymore S. Warady, found were of the Plainview —a leaf- Herbert Wiltsee type 2 P.M.—Highlights of the Exhibits shaped form with a concave base, and grind- ing of the sides of the point toward the base. No tours are conducted on Saturdays and Going fishing? See the Museum's group Plainview points previously have been Sundays, but the Museum will be open. showing underwater scene in a small lake.

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Chicago Natural History Museum October 5 Is Museum Members' Night . . . Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chlcaao 5 'OPEN HOUSE' TO BE FEATURE OF EVENING; Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 FLOWER PRINTS IN SPECIAL EXHIBIT THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES After last year's Members' Night at the the occasion by their owner, Walter S. Ross Museum visitors expressed a desire of Chicago. The of is Lester Armour Samuel Insull, Jr. many Department Botany Sewell L. Avery Henry P. Isham that the next occasion be planned to give preparing a supplementary display of books Wm. Mccormick Blair Hughston M. McBain Walter Buchen William H. Mitchell them more time to roam behind the scenes. from the Museum's Library showing the Walter J. Cummings Clarence B. Randall This request was kept in mind and, conse- development of techniques of botanical il- Albert B. Dick, Jr. George A. Richardson Joseph N. Field John G. Searle quently, this year on Monday, October 5, lustration from simple woodcuts as used in Marshall Field Solomon A. Smith from 7 to 10:30 will old herbals Marshau. Field, Jr. Louis Ware p.m., Members' Night to modern color plates. Albert H. Wetten Stanley Field offer guests a chance to return to the studios, All Members of the Museum and their John P. Wilson workshops, and laboratories that intrigued guests are invited to attend "open house." OFFICERS them last year as well as to visit other places Admission will be of mem- Stanley Field President by presentation Marshall Field Fir»< Vice-PresidetU on the Museum's third and fourth floors bership card or the invitation that will be Henry P. Isham Second Vice-President that seen. to Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-President they haven't yet On hand sent to Members. "Open house" will begin Treasurer Solomon A. Smith answer questions and explain the work of at 7 P.M. but the exhibition areas of the CUFFORD C. Gregg Director and Secretary John R. Millar Assistant Secretary the different departments will be curators, Museum will be open at 6 p.m. Those who taxidermists, preparators, artists, assistants, wish to come early and dine at the Museum THE BULLETIN and Raymond Foundation lecturers. may do so from 6 to 8 p.m. in the Cafeteria. The featured exhibit of the evening will Free motor-bus service has been EDITOR arranged bring delight to all interested in flower for the convenience of Museum Members CuFPOBD C. Gregg Director of the Museum prints. A set of 32 colored and Buses will leave CONTRIBUTING EDITORS magnificently guests. Michigan folio plates, published in London between Avenue and Van Buren Street at 15-minute Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany 1798 and 1807 by the English physician intervals beginning at 6:30 p.m. Returning Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology and Robert J. under out of Grant the last bus will leave Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology botanist, Thornton, Park, the title will be lent for the Museum at 10:45. MANAGING EDITOR Temple of Flora, H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel ASSOCIATE EDITORS though no living cultures have been main- months with collecting invertebrate speci- Helen A. MacMinn Barbara Polikoff tained. A large collection of preserved mens and research into the ecology of the microscopic algae is housed here, and con- animals. Members are requested to Inform the Museum tinuous studies in the classification of these promptly of changes of address. plants have been carried on for fifteen years. Hundreds of cultures employed by those -THIS MONTH'S COVER- who cultivate in all as well DIM PROSPECT FOR GOURMETS algae countries, — as a large proportion of the original speci- "This is tlie forest primeval" By FRANCIS DROUET mens upon which the descriptions of new tlie tliickly clustered trees at tlie curator of the cryptogamic herbarium species were based, are represented in the base and up tlie slopes of one of For more than a century, researchers Museum's cryptogamic herbarium. An ex- tlie liigiiest mountains in Venez- have been studying microscopic algae in hibit of models of various kinds of micro- uela's "lost world" of lore, legend, cultivation in the laboratory. Individual scopic algae may be seen at the north end of and fact. The photograph was taken species are, by a long and tedious process, the Hall of Plant Life (Hall 29— Martin A. by Dr. Julian A. Steyer- segregated from other algae, bacteria, and and Carrie Ryerson Hall). mark, Curator of the Museum's fungi and then grown in glass containers. Phanerogamic Herbarium, who These "pure cultures" have been the bases has just returned from an event- Australasian Native Arts of many of the fundamental studies of the ful and hazardous five-month ex- Exhibit Continues nature and habits of protoplasm and cells. pedition in the area. The scene on the cover shows a corner of Recently, in the interest of efficient pro- The special exhibit of Australasian Native from the duction of food for the increasing population Arts that opened last month in Stanley Chimanta-tepui expe- dition's base at an elevation of the world, scientists in several countries Field Hall will remain on view through camp of 3,000 feet. At the foot of the have made efforts to grow single-celled algae September 28. One section of the display bluffs, themselves more than 1,000 cheaply and in quantities suitable for feed- shows the traditional art forms of the Maori feet high, Curator Steyermark ing human beings and livestock. Since some people of New Zealand; the other illustrates camped for several nights and col- species reproduce rapidly, contain more the culture of the aboriginal tribes of Aus- lected tralia. Featured is a series of plant specimens during the than 50 per cent protein, and occupy little fifty large Townsend day. The densely forested slopes space, these efforts have seemed promising. photographs by Cyrus Brady, of New York. were at an angle exceeding 70 de- Probably at least a hundred species—green, Jr., grees in various places, and the blue-green, and others— have been involved Museum explorer had to climb in the with the con- experiments, principal Pacific Coast Expedition these several times. Many un- centration upon the green alga Chlorella usual a An expedition to study the life of coastal plants, number of them pyrenoidosa. A symposium edited by J. S. communities of shelled creatures on Van- new to science, were collected. Burlew and just published by the Carnegie couver Island and in the Red Woods of Ore- Curator Steyermark reached the Institution of Washington, entitled Algal summit of this gon and Washington is being conducted by mountain and Cultures to Pilot from Laboratory Plant, Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower Inverte- there made further important sums the now under up projects way. brates. He is operating from a base at the collections. His account of the Considerable research has been done at Biological Station at Nanaimo on Vancouver expedition appears on page 3. this Museum on these cultivated algae, al- Island and will be occupied for about two September, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S BREAKING TRAILS THROUGH 'LOST WORLD' OF VENEZUELA By JUUAN a. STEYERMARK horizontally and curved in all directions, Walking on the summit required a sure curator of the phanerogamic herbarium forming sinuous aerial obstacles that had to foot. We had to walk slowly and step gin- FIVE MONTHS in the field, be cut with machetes before any progres.s gerly from one place to another, for prog- AFTERthe Chicago Natural History Museum could be made through the woody entangle- ress was frequently interrupted by sudden expedition to the famous "lost world" of ment. In order to follow the trail it was deep rocky fi.ssures or crevasses, a common Venezuela, led by the writer, returned on necessary to step from one branch of aerial occurrence on the summit, making it neces- August 7 with 1,500 numbered collections root to another and to lower oneself to the sary to lay poles, cut from the largest of of plants amounting to at least 10,000 her- wet ground and then go back up again onto the dwarf trees, across the.se crevasses as barium specimens. an aerial branch or root. An hour or more bridges. Some of these fissures were fifty The objective of the expedition—to reach of this gave one the feeling that he was feet or more deep. It can easily be imagined the summit— of ChimantS-tepuI and collect following in Tarzan's footsteps. what might have happened if one were to its plants was finally attained after months Eventually the climb upward led to a slip and fall into one of these rocky surface- of cutting trails and establishing various more open stretch of a plateau covered with cracks. camp sites. Chimant4-tepui, together with large grotesque sandstone boulders and The summit was studded with weird large the adjacent AcopSn-tepui, is the largest of bluffs that made it necessary to climb and boulders and odd, often mushroom-shaped the tepuis (table mountains) in Venezuela. traverse rocky terrain for a few miles. Now, formations of sandstone. Moist cave-like During the first month of the trip the west- working our way upward, the forest became shelters, often dripping with water, were ern edge of Chimanta-tepui was climbed still more reduced in size to tiny trees and found wherever the large rock formations and four camp sites were established along shrubs of motley greens, russets, and purples. occurred, and unusual ferns, hitherto un- a trail originally started by the known, of the genus Plerozonium Venezuelan ornithologists, Wil- clung to the shadier portions of liam H. Phelps, and his son, Billy such boulders. Phelps, Jr. Later the expedition At one place on top, the expe- climbed this mountain from its dition encountered a large basin- southern side, the first time this like, swampy depression filled had ever been attempted. Nearly with water, resembling a tiny al- two weeks were spent approach- pine lake. Here the landscape ing this side from the Rio Caroni took on a weird appearance, re- and Rio Tirica, poling the three sembling one of the Colombian canoes upstream past dangerou.s paramos so well depicted in a rapids and portaging over high mural in the Museum's Hall of waterfalls. Beyond this point at Plant Life (Martin A. and Carrie approximately 3,000 feet altitude Ryenson Hall). At this swamp the first base camp along the Rio solitary woody trunks rose five Tirica was established in dense to ten feet high, looking like erect rainforest. After two weeks of statues scattered over the land- collecting in this area the expe- scape. Each one was bare in the dition moved to a new camp site lower part, but closely enveloped nearly twice as high at the base CLEARING A CHANNEL with narrow olive-green leaves, of the main wall of vertical sand- Indians heaving rocks from rushing stream so that dugout canoe lader with the undersides of which were be stone bluffs, whose rosy-pink botanical treasures may pulled safely through the rapids in remote 'lost covered with a dense brown world** wilderness. sides towered a thousand feet or woolly growth. The stem was more above the camp. Many similarly wool-matted. A single plants were found here that were not seen After nearly a week of trail-making, the large cluster of orange flowers, about the elsewhere on the entire trip. summit of the mountain was sighted and, size of a dandelion, was at the very top of In order to reach the summit, the trail with the thrill that comes from scaling un- the stem. The appearance of the plant, had to cross the Rio Tirica in its upper known and previously unclimbed heights, with the thickly set drooping reflexed leaves, reaches. It wa.s at this point that a high was finally attained. Here one really felt resembled some of the species of Espletia of magnificent waterfall surrounded by dense as if he had placed foot on a new part of the Colombian Andes, but the genus is un- forest was discovered by the expedition. the earth's surface, for on the summit ap- known outside of the Andes of South The constant stream of foamy water that peared an entirely new array of vegetation, America. It also resembled some of the pe- poured from this falls was heard several different from anything hitherto seen. The culiar woody Senecios from the Mountains of miles away. I estimated its height to be plants were in weird shapes, with unusual the Moon in Africa. Only careful study will twice that of Niagara. So far as known, leaves and peculiar flowers, and had a.ssumed reveal the true identity of this peculiar mem- this waterfall had not been seen previously an aspect of low herbs and dwarf shrubs. ber of the sunflower family (Compositae). by anyone, and the Indians named it Steyer- Flowers of many colors were in evidence. At this writing it is safe to state that the mark-Meru or Steyermark Falls in my Some plants had small thick leaves covered plant is not one of the Espeletias and it may honor. beneath with a dense gray or brown woolly well prove to be an undescribed genua. of the sun- Two more camps were made after crossing cloak. The leaves of other plants were Many other peculiar members this stream. Beyond the final camp diffi- silky gray and matted to form beautiful flower family also were found on the summit. was encountered in the rosettes set on top of a naked woody stem, culty penetrating unexpex;ted adventures upper part of the mountain through a dense often resembling alpine or andean types of these weird jungle of interlacing curving air-roots and plant growth. Much of the vegetation be- Finding and collecting plants, of to was an un- branches of dwarf trees, mostly species of longed to the sunflower, melastome, madder, most them new science, of difficult col- the genus Clusia, covered with wet moss heath, and pitcher-plant families, but mem- forgettable thrill. One week and liverworts. Instead of the trunks bers of the xyris family as well as the orchid lecting was spent on the summit, and seven growing straight and upright, they branched and fern family were also prominent. Indians were loaded down with the prize Page U CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 195S

collections, amounting to thirty packages miles beyond on the other side of the stream, ish saved the day. On another occasion crammed full of plants laid between sheets and the only ax with us was a smaller one some families of Indians had come upstream of newspaper. Now it was necessary to with a lighter-weight blade and smaller to help move the equipment from base camp transport these fresh collections, some of handle. It was discouraging, after having to a camp higher up in the mountains. They them gathered nearly a week earlier, back worked half an hour or more to cut a tree a had made camp on an island across from to the main camp for drying and packing. hundred or more feet tall, to watch hope- our camp. During the night the river rose The return to our destination at the main fully as it fell in the right direction towards fifteen feet. Our Indians awakened in time camp, situated at the base of a high bluff, the island, only to be swept away in the to shout to them of the impending danger was a two-day trip of hard hiking over strong torrent of the stream and quickly and rushed our canoes across the flood waters carried downstream as if it were a match- to rescue men, women, and children from stick. One after another of these giant trees the other side, and bring them all safely to was thus swept away until we wondered our side of the stream. about our prospects, if any, for getting INDIAN COMPANIONS across. Later in the day, one of the Indians suc- Throughout the trip Indians belonging to ceeded in felling a tree so that it became the Arekuna tribe were employed. They wedged into a large rock on the first island were always found to be trustworthy, re- and stayed there securely. However, there liable, helpful, and pleasant coirpanions. were still two more bridges to make before Their skills in building shelters thatched we could cross over to the other side. As with palm or large Philodendron leaves, the afternoon was now drawing to a close their intimate knowledge of woodlore, skill and our ax handles kept splitting, it was too in using various native vines for tying and late to try to move on, and camp was made the latex of trees for caulking cracks in along the river for the night. But it rained canoes, adeptness in fishing and hunting, again. When we awakened the following clever maneuvering in navigation of treach- morning we found the river just as violent as erous rapids, and ability to carry cargo over the day before, and in spite of all our efforts difficult trails, as well as sense of direction we failed to cross the river that day. in making trails to various parts of the The morning of the third day we were mountain, all combined to make their ser- greeted by the welcome sight of a much lower vices indispensable. As many as fifteen In- several rocks that were at one time to •LOST WORLD' ODDITY river-level, for large were dians employed carry previously covered by swift water were ex- the food and equipment. One of the weird plants encountered on the summit This enabled the Indians to Cassahe is the staff of life to the Indians. of Chimanta-tepui in Venezuela. It belongs to the posed. wedge' same family as thistles, daisies, and asters. stout tree trunks between the rocks, and by Made from the root of Manihot, and related agile footwork they jumped across from tree to the plant from which tapioca is derived, steep slippery trails. We had calculated a trunk to rock and eventually to the other the final baked product is a white substance, supply of just enough food to last us for side of the stream. We all watched breath- at first flabby in texture, eventually stiffer. as a this return trip. But misfortune struck in lessly they cut away at giant leguminous heavy rains that played havoc with our tree while it began to rain again. Despite plans. During the past two days the streams what seemed an endless time waiting for had risen, and as we approached the upper this tree to fall, the Indians finally completed the task with their one reaches of the Rio Tirica below the newly machetes, hacking IB&V^^B^l^^^^^^^^l discovered waterfall we found, much to our away at one side, the other working hard dismay, that this rocky stream, which we on the other side, until finally the tree gave had succeeded in fording on foot two weeks way and crashed with a mighty roar from of river earlier, was now impassable. It was a raging the other side the onto the second torrent spouting and pouring past boulders island. Now we had continuous passage with a tremendous fury at the rate of thirty from one side of the river to the other. or forty miles an hour. I took off my shoes and walked barefooted Our only hope at this time was to fell the across the slippery tree trunks over the tallest trees bordering the river and make raging river until I finally reached the other them fall in such a way that they would side. All the plants and sleeping packs were eventually form a bridge. However, at this eventually carried across safely, and we particular crossing, two islands separated us hurried to climb the steep slope beyond. from the other side of the river, and even if We continued on the trail back to our main we were successful in felling a tree in the camp at the base of a high bluff and reached right direction, it would only land us as far our destination in the afternoon of the same as one island, from where we would have to day. The valuable plant specimens were cut down another tree to fall successfully placed between dry newspapers, numbered, over the second island, and eventually from pressed, and dried over the stoves, and saved the second island cut a tree to land on the for posterity. This was a great relief. other side of the river. At other places up We had many unusual and exciting ex- and down the stream from this crossing, the periences. A number of poisonous fer-de- river was too wide for bridging by trees; lance snakes were seen, as were large hairy so the island crossing was our only hope. spiders the size of a large dinner plate. At one point near the summit during the first TREES CARRIED) DOWNSTREAM part of the trip the Indians were so cold, wet Unfortunately, we had left our sturdiest and miserable that they planned to desert ax back at our main camp, located several the expedition. Only quick talking in Span- September, 1953 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL 3-D APPLIED BY SOUTHWEST EXPEDITION By JAMES T. BARTER decreased from 14 and 16 to 8 and 10. Pit rectangular depressions that we have dubbed STAFF ASSISTANT, SOUTHWEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION houses, at first roughly circular, became rec- "plazas." tangular and eventually gave place to rough The mound resembled a rocky Vermont THE RAGE IS 3-D. Holly- masonry surface-dwellings of contiguous hill, but it should be borne in mind that TODAYwood, which for the last few years has rooms. The pottery changed from genera- each rock had been carefully selected and been fighting against high production costs tion to generation in shape, color, and mode often shaped and once was part of a wall. as well as public apathy toward much of its of decoration. We selected this site because the scattered product, has now turned to various forms of But what happened to the Mogollon cul- bits of pottery on the surface were "late," three-dimensional pictures in a hope that ture after a.d. 1100? Did it die out or did that is, were typical of a pottery style that its failing box office will be revived. it continue to grow and expand until the was popular during and after the years To the staff of Chicago Natural History Spaniards came in 1540? Early work caused 1200-1250. Since these pieces of pottery Museum's Southwest Archaeological Expe- us to be fairly sure that this civilization were late, we guessed that the site was also dition digging this summer as in nine pre- continued to flourish after a.d. 1100 and, late and was therefore representative of the vious years near the town of Reserve, in in fact, thereafter reached its classical period we wished to know more about. west-central New Mexico, three dimensions height. This summer in an effort to trace For six weeks (at the time of writing) a are old stuff. Of course we are talking about the rise, spread, and decline of the Mogol- crew of six men had been sweating it out, archaeological 3-D, not optical 3-D. lon culture we are again conducting archaeo- picking, shoveling, moving dirt, and throw- 3-D is a of Archaeological system looking logical excavations. This year the staff con- ing rocks, for excavating in such a ruin at cultures from more than one prehistoric sists of Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator where the fill is composed largely of collapsed that which we used to call the viewpoint, of Anthropology and leader in eighteen pre- walls is tough work. The walls in some In at "well-rounded approach." looking places are seven feet high and it takes cultures with this in mind, we utilize the staunch effort to toss out 15-pound boulders findings of botanists, climatologists, zoolo- and tons of damp earth. We estimate that gists, physicists, and other scientists in order some of the rooms contained 10 to 12 tons to round out our fund of knowledge. of debris and all of this has to be removed Our three archaeological dimensions are carefully by manpower without the benefit time, space, and culture. We are interested of earth-moving machinery. In one morning in the broad history of a people. We want alone we moved 25 tons of rock by truck a to know how long they lived in one area, distance of several hundred yards. why they moved and where they went, with So much for the physical labor involved. whom they traded, and how far they THE THIRD DIMENSION—CULTURE traveled on trading expeditions. We are also interested in more homely things, such After all this work we find an amazing as the crops they raised, the tools they made, amount of materials and historical facts.

the utensils they used, the animals they First of all, we have the physical appear- hunted, at what age they died. In short ances and sizes of the rooms, the types of we are interested in everything about these masonry and of floors, the plaster on the ancient people. So you see that if we were walls; various features such as firepits, to neglect any of the three dimensions we storage pits, pestholes, and doorways. Then TOMB INTliGKAL WITH HOMB — would have a flat picture of the life of the we have the contents of the rooms that is, Adult burial excavations of Southwest people. exposed by the contents left behind by the last occu- Archaeological Expedition on this summer's "dig" pants and by time and weather—for almost THE FIRST DIMENSION—TIME in New Mexico. The skeleton and accompanying all tend to in mortuary pottery can be seen under earliest floor o{ perishable items disintegrate Chicago Natural History Museum's ancient habitation of little-known Indians. an open site (open as opposed to a cave site) Southwest Archaeological Expedition has for such as this which is exposed to the elements. ten seasons concentrated on the problem of vious seasons of Southwest excavations in But, surprisingly enough, some perishables a rational delineation of the history of one this and other areas, Dr. John B. Rinaldo, remain, preserved partly and paradoxically of the ancient Southwestern cultures, that Assistant Curator of Archaeology, E. D. by fire. That is, corn, beans, squash, san- of the Mogollon people of Pine Lawn Val- Hester, Allen Lapiner, David Mabon, dals, cloth, and bits of matting were charred ley. The span runs from 2500 B.C. when the Joseph Shaw, and the writer. and thus preserved when the roof timbers Egyptians were building pyramids to A.D. burned. And finally we have the so-called THE SECOND DIMENSION—SPACE 1100 when the Christians were starting forth "imperishables" such as pottery and tools a i on the first Crusade. Excavation of more The site—"ruin," or "pueblo"— lies on a of stone and bone. We have recovered than fifteen sites has made it possible to ridge several hundred feet above and over- few pieces of whole pottery and many trace the rise, growth, and fall of the Mo- looking the San Francisco River valley on crushed pots, but these can be restored to gollon people during these three and one- land owned by Owen McCarty and Ray their pristine shape and beauty by the skill half millenia. Hudson. It is roughly in the northeast of the Museum's ceramicist, John Pletinckx. It is possible to follow the development of section of the Mogollon culture area—an How do all these things help us in recon- agriculture (corn, beans, squash), of pottery, area that covers thousands of square miles struction of the life of these ancient people? and of tools, utensils, and weapons. The in eastern Arizona and western New Mexico. What sort of story do these material remains sum of observations and the accumulation The ruin was easily recognized because the tell? To the experienced eye of the archaeol- of artifacts bore witness to the fact that the fallen walls formed a mound 10 feet in ogist the stone and bone tools, the type of Mogollones lived in a changing world, as we height covering roughly an acre in extent. houses, and the kind of pottery all take on a do today. Change was evident in everything Close examination revealed rooms outlined new significance; being man-made they re- from corn to pottery. Through the cen- by portions of standing walls, broken pieces flect the life of man. turies, by breeding and selection, the ear of of pottery (potsherds), arrowheads, stone First of all, we know that these people corn became longer and the rows of kernels mills (metates) for grinding com, and large were primarily farmers. This we can deduce Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 195$ from much evidence. We find the remains wooden roofs and the com itself must have •LOST WORLD'— of charred corn, beans, and squash. We blazed heartily. (Continued from page U) find metates and manos with which fires were a occurrence, many Though tragic were eaten regularly by the Indians and my- their corn and were not as as death. they ground meal, .storage they tragic premature self. For my own luxuries I also had dried baskets for hoarding the winter's supply of Infant mortality was very high in this soups, dehydrated vegetables, dried fruits, food. Arrowheads and other of and the of the was weapons pueblo lifespan jjeople and dehydrated beverages, powdered milk, the chase and of warfare are not Buried under the floor of significantly very great. malted milk powder, ovaltine, postum, few. The size of the tells us that one of the rooms we found skeletons of five pueblo cheese, and sardines. One can each of butter must have been be- in another there were agriculture important infants; room, three, and peanut butter were saved as luxuries cause such a large as lived here most of them a few days old when they population only for special occasions. We relished feasting died. The health conditions and the poor upon fresh meat, whenever it became avail- lack of medical knowledge undoubtedly ac- able. Peccary (wild pig), tapir, capybara counted for the high incidence of infant (Jiapa), caiman (a type of crocodile known deaths. Habits in these times were not as "baba"), curassow, wild turkey [pava) very sanitary. Refuse apparently was car- (different from our wild turkey of the United ried just outside the door and dumped. States), and wild mountain chicken (a Water for and had to be drinking washing species of guan) were frequently on our bill carried several so that hundred yards, except of fare. for in the was dips river, bathing infrequent. The Indians, who normally live at the Several most ate from a com- people likely lower warmer elevations requiring a mini- mon dish, and without doubt flies abounded mum of clothing, do not enjoy living in the everywhere. relatively cooler upper levels where the ex- With two of the infant burials we found pedition carried on most of its work. They of whole This is a grave offerings pottery. had to be supplied extra blankets. rare occurrence with infants and very prob- The expedition carried on its work during bears to the affection in ably testimony the rainy season, which lasts from April these held and which children were the great through October. The rains added to dis- loss that their felt. Another mark TOUGH BUT DELICATE JOB parents comfitures experienced on the trip. Long of and to us a The archaeologist must strain his muscles with pick affection, perhaps strange hikes and steep climbs over difficult slippery and shovel, atid then switch to the most delicate was the fact that the infants were one, trails were taken during heavy rains, and I operations in cultural relics. Here are excavating buried under the mud floors of the rooms. would return at the end of the with shown final in removal from of em- day steps ground the were reluctant to have Perhaps parents dirty wet clothing, and wet shoes. bedded ancient cooking pot. The jar probably was their dear ones far from them. used for storage because its mouth was flush with very At the end of the trip in July, the expedi- the floor of prehistoric Indian dwelling, while its tion left its main base camp on the Rio body was under the floor. EVIDENCE OF CEREMONIES Tirica for its return to the airport at Uriman a in Magic and religion played large part along the Rio Caroni. Four dugout canoes could not have been on the lives of these as it does supported hunting, people, just (called curiares), filled to capacity with the and of nuts and berries. the world. fishing, gathering among many peoples throughout treasures of the expedition, were needed. The flat of the San Francisco River Ceremonies were held in a room set aside margins During the trip home down the turbulent afforded watered rich for this and in this site we have probably amply farm- purpose, rushing flooded Rio Tirica with its dangerous lands. found such a room. It is the room largest rapids, the canoes had to be guided very of food or other materials uncovered here and there are indications Any surplus yet carefully by the Indians who were always was used in for the of extensive it was trade, perhaps Gly- remodeling. Originally alert for submerged rocks or logs. The shell from the Gulf of California two rooms but when the need arose for a cymeris slightest miscalculation would have foun- that was used in beautiful bracelets. ceremonial a was torn making larger room, partition dered the canoes and dashed them against Trade was also carried on with their north- out a floor into the room. In and new put one of these hidden rocks, with loss of valu- em the to a neighbors, Anasazi, secure fine this room we found Corn Goddess symbol, able specimens and equipment. vessels. A of food also which is a sandstone block to pottery surplus pro- large shaped Although many botanical species new to vided a comfortable buffer bad resemble an ear of corn. In an against years. adjacent science and a large number of genera and The diet of was varied when the room we found a decorated sand- vegetables beautifully species new to the Museum's Herbarium hunter home tur- stone slab in and brought rabbits, squirrels, painted red, yellow, green, were obtained, it is safe to state that but a or an occasional deer or elk. the black. colors keys On These were sometimes used small fraction of the total flora of this large floor of the rooms find we the bones of these to represent the cardinal directions. Pottery mountain was obtained. Years and years animals still where in the with lying right they were was frequently placed graves of hard work, requiring numerous trails that thrown after some as an or for prehistoric pueblo meal. deceased adults either offering would have to reach all parts of the sum- use in the spirit world. With the adult mit and sections of the RAVAGES OF FIRE many mountain, burials uncovered this year, we have found are necessary before any real idea of the Of this course, picture of economic well- several such pieces of pottery. luxuriant and amazing flora of Chimanta- was often being blighted by tragedy or near Thus from the three-dimensional view tepui can be gained. tragedy. Several of the rooms of this pueblo comes a story of life and death, of plenty burned. In one of the rooms we found great and hardship, of symbolism and stark Guide-Lectures stores of corn, and one can imagine the reality. Daily hungry winter that the occupants faced with Free afternoon guide-lecture tours are their harvest consumed by the angry flames. offered daily except Sundays under the title Change in Visiting Hours There was no protection against fire, no "Highlights of the Exhibits." These tours fire-fighting equipment (and no fire insur- On September 8, the day after Labor Day, are designed to give a general idea of the ance). The water of the river was too far autumn visiting hours, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., go entire Museum and its scope of activities. away to be of much use, and even though into effect at the Museum, continuing until They begin at 2 p.m., Monday through the rooms were built of stone and mud, the October 31. Friday, and at 2:30 p.m. on Saturday. September, 1953 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

Motifs tor 'Modernism' . . . ART STUDENTS FIND IDEAS IN PRIMITIVE CREATIONS Bv BARBARA POLIKOFF BULLETIN STAFF WRITER

"Other educational institutions deal perforce with books and words. For that constant il- lustration of the idea by the fact which is in- dispensable to the communication of any ideas they must rely on the three-dimensional reality which can only be supplied by museums." Robert Maynard Hutchins, in an address commemorating the 50th anniversary of Chicago Natural History Museum, 1943

THE STUDENTS of the Art Insti- IFtute's course in primitive art had been present when Robert Maynard Hutchins spoke the above words, they would have

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FOSSIL STUDY IN EUROPE in the Division of Fishes, who participated in ART STUDENTS— a symposium on deep-sea fishes .... Loren Dr. Robert H. Denison, Curator of Fossil {Continued from page 7) P. Woods, Curator of Fishes, was lecturer Fishes, left on August 24 to spend a year in the African exhibits they found the relation on the Sunday television program, "Live Norway, Sweden, and Great Britain. He is of modern art to primitive art strikingly and Learn," presented by the Public Service on leave from the Museum to study early illustrated by certain of the Museum exhibit Division of NBC over WNBQ on August vertebrates under a Guggenheim Foundation pieces. The line drawing (see illustration) ' 23 ... . George I. Quimby, Curator of Ex- fellowship. The necessity for this trip has which appears on an African gourd, for a hibits in Anthropology, recently visited ar- resulted chiefly from an effort to make example, is remarkably .similar in spirit to chaeological expeditions at Sheguiandah and representative collection of Silurian and the line drawings of Paul Klee, noted mod- Killarney in the Manitoulin district of On- Devonian vertebrates of North America for ernist. This kinship is probably due to the tario .... Miss Elaine Bluhm, Assistant Chicago Natural History Museum. For a use of primitive art ideas by Klee and other in Archaeology, has been spending weekends clearer understanding of the structure and modern artists who have constantly sought throughout the summer excavating prehis- relationships of these early fishes and pre- for and experimented with new forms of toric Indian artifacts and skeletons on a site fishes, it is necessary to compare them with artistic expression. in the forest preserve near Thornton, Illinois, better-known European material. With this The primitive culture exhibits of this Mu- just outside Chicago. purpose in mind. Dr. Denison will study seum have proved a mine of ideas for the important collections from Spitsbergen, Nor- Art Institute students as well as for their and Poland at the Paleontologisk Mu- more famous In way, Honolulu Museum Officials Here predecessors. analyzing seum in Oslo and at the Naturhistoriska the use of artistic elements which charac- Yoshido curator of non-marine Riksmuseet in Stockholm, as well as exten- Kondo, terized the different African art works, they moUusks at the Bernice P. Museum sive material from classic British Silurian Bishop have derived ideas which they can use in and Devonian localities in the British Mu- in Honolulu, recently spent two weeks their own artistic endeavors. The line de- Pacific land-shells in the collection seum (Natural History) in London. studying signs on the gourds have become particular at Natural Mu.seum. Curator Denison will also accumulate in- Chicago History favorites, and at least one student is plan- Donald Mitchell of the Kamehameha formation regarding the occurrence of the ning to do enamel work using ideas derived Schools in who directs the education earliest vertebrates in an attempt to throw Hawaii, from the gourd designs. of the also was more light on their habitat. This is a prob- program Bishop Museum, Thus, the Museum exhibits not only en- a recent visitor. lem of considerable interest because it may able students and other interested persons suggest the environment in which verte- to understand primitive art, but they serve brates originated and give a clue to where NEW MEMBERS as an impetus to the creation of art yet un- to search for vertebrate ancestors. The born. And if it is true, as one student re- habitat of a fossilized animal, however, is The following persons became Museum marked, that the more they draw the more not always easily determined. It may be Members from July 16 to August 7: they see, visitors who walk through the or the of indicated by the structure nature Associate Members African halls will continue to encounter in- the sediment in which the fossil is entombed, tent artists "new" Homer A. Burnell, W. Fred Dolke, Gil- young carefully sketching it be the associated treasures discovered in some hitherto un- or may suggested by lette A. Elvgren, Mrs. Henry S. Kahn, fossils and their manner of preservation. Felix Palm explored niche of the African Hall exhibit Annual Members cases. Warren W. Brown, B. B. Brownell, R. M. David S. Charles C. STAFF ^OTES Buchanan, Chesrow, D. L. Casey, Yuma, Ariz. —skull and jaws Tilden William W. Cooley, Cummings, of Epeorodon occidentalis, Oregon; Donald Darrow, S. F. Eagan, Mrs. A. D. Flynn, M. Jefferson Mo.—2 Henry S. Dybas, Associate Curator of Johnson, City, plaster R. H. Gansbergen, James W. Gee, Albert casts of fossil mammal teeth Insects, is on a field trip to the northern E. Jenner, Jr., John L. Lehman, Mrs. R. S. Wisconsin shore of Lake where he Department of Zoology-: Superior Melville, Earle F. Opie, James T. Pettengell, T. a is seeking insects for the Museum study Charles S. Potter, W. J. Reilly, Gerald A. From: John Helton, Troy, Ala.— collections .... Colin C. Sanborn, Curator Sivage, W. M. Slavik, H. Bowen Stair, snake, Alabama; Harry Hoogstraal, Cairo, — 100 of Mammals, spent two weeks last month as Mario Tanzi, Lester W. Tarr, George Egypt Hippiboscids (bird-louse flies), Tins- Egypt; J. E. Johnson, Jr., Waco, Tex. —3 a special consultant to the U. S. Public Tiberius, J. W. Tillotson, Dr. Milton Bruno L. S. M. snakes, Texas; N. L. H. Krauss, Honolulu, Health Service in a survey of bats in Florida ley, Travelletti, Vance, — Dr. N. Vernon Hawaii 12 frogs and a snake, Trinidad and .... John R. Millar, Deputy Director, Leroy Cuba; Dr. Orlando Park, Evanston, 111. — on WGN-TV 19 as the appeared August 3,595 insects, Maricopa Co., Ariz.; Dr. Janis Museum's to answer representative questions Gifts to the Museum A. Roze, Caracas, Venezuela—a frog and 3 about the establishment and purposes of snakes, Venezuela; Dr. J. Slater, Ames, is a list of the the proposed Channel 11 educational tele- Following principal gifts Iowa—5 bugs (including two paratypes of 2 received the month: vision station for Chicago .... Miss Mary during past species); Lt. Col. Robert Traub, Wa.shing- ton, D.C. —22 slides of fleas, 2 paratypes Sue Hopkins has been appointed. Secretary Department of Anthropology : and a holotype, Africa, Borneo, Korea, Siam for the Department of Geology. She holds From John Ruiseco, Chicago—human and Mexico; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, a bachelor's degree with a geology major head of basalt (Olmec style), Mexico Pascagoula, Miss.—21 lots of fishes. Gulf of from Mawr Before Bryn College. gradua- : Department of Botany Mexico; Dr. Fred R. Cagle, New Orleans— tion she studied at Beirut, Lebanon, and From: Holly Reed Bennett, Chicago— 6 turtles (paratypes), Alabama and Missis- at the School of Classical Studies in Athens, 176 grasses and sedges, Indiana; Herbario sippi; W. E. Kelley, Elyria, Ohio—collection Dr. Karl P. Chief Greece Schmidt, —Nacional Instituto de Biologia, Mexico City of cave crayfish, Indiana; K. Matsubara, Curator of Zoology, was designated as chair- 8 Dioscorea, Mexico; U.— S. National Mu- Kyoto, Japan, 7 fishes, Japan; Dr. Fred man of the United States delegation to the seum, Washington, D.C. 10 seeds of Scro- Medem, Chicago— 80 crocodilian skulls, T. London— collection of 14th International Zoological Congress that phulariaceae Colombia; Pain, fresh-water Mexico he attended at Copenhagen, August 5 to 12. Department of Geology: shells, The Museum was represented at the Con- FVom: the late J. H. Britts—collection of Library: gress also by Mrs. Marion Grey, Associate fossil invertebrates, various localities; Mrs. From: Peder A Christensen, Cleveland

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Chicago Natural History Museum and personnel of other divisions. Groups of -THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 Members and their guests may join tours The allegorical frontispiece RooMvelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago S conducted by the seven young women of the 2-9410 from "Hortus Cliffortianus," by Telepuokb: WAbash Raymond Foundation lecture staff, or they Carolus Linnaeus, published in may wander through the building independ- 1737 in Amsterdam, is reproduced THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES ently. Visitors will be welcomed on the third on our cover. George Cliffort, Lester Armour Samuel Insull, Jr. and fourth floors, ordinarily barred to the Sewell L. Avery Henry P. Ishah then mayor of Amsterdam, was Wm. Mccormick Blair Hughston M. McBain public, where the doors of offices, labora- William H. Mitchell the owner of the richest Walter Buchen and will be proud Clarence B. Randall tories, workshops opened to Walter J. Cummings garden of his time. He Albert B. Dick, Jr. George A. Richardson them, and members of the staff will demon- employed Joseph N. Field John G. Searle the famous Swedish botanist Lin- Marshall Field Solomon A. Smith strate techniques of the many unique and Jr. Louis Ware naeus for several to Marshaix Field, tasks article years study Field Albert H. Wetten» specialized they perform. (See Stanley the exotic plants found in this John P. Wilson on page S.) garden, including a flowering OFFICERS In Stanley Field Hall will be a special specimen of banana. The results Stanley Field President exhibit of flower prints, an account of which Marshall Field First Vice-President were published in Linnaeus' folio. Henry P. Isham Second Vice-President appears on page 5. Vice-President The illustrations in this like Samuel Insull, Jr Third The Museum what as book, Solomon A. Smith Treasurer appreciates you, those in of the period, are Cufford C. Gregg Director and Secretary Members, are doing to support its scientific many John R. Millar Assistant Secretary reproductions of copper engrav- and educational activities. It is hoped that •Deceased September 3, 1953 ings. Noteworthy in the fore- on this night you will come in throngs to ground is one of the earliest illus- renew your acquaintance with the many trations of a thermometer show- THE BULLETIN functions that the Museum is performing, ing centigrades, an instrument EDITOR the methods by which its activities are car- invented Linnaeus' CurroBD C. Gregg Director of the Museum ried on, and the members of its staff. by country- man and Celsius. CONTRIBUTING EDITORS contemporary, Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropoloty Theooor Just Chief Curator of Botany Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology MEMBERS' NIGHT MANAGING EDITOR PROGRAM Nature Photo Exhibit Coming; H. B. Hartb Public Relations Counsel Early Entries Are Urged ASSOCIATE EDITORS Monday, October 5 An early call has been issued for entries Helen A. MacMinn Barbara Poukopf 7 p.m. to 10:30 p.m. in the Ninth Chicago International Exhibi- doors at 6 (Mttseum open p.m.) tion of Nature to be held at Members are requested to Inform the Museum Photography promptly of changes of address. the Museum February 1 to 28, inclusive, FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE— under the joint auspices of the Nature Special Motor-Bus Service has been Camera Club of Chicago and the Museum. Both amateur and YOU ARE arranged for Museum Members and guests. professional photog- Bus will leave Jackson Boulevard at State raphers are invited to compete. To be con- INVITED— Street at 15-minute intervals beginning at sidered, photographs must fit into one of 6:30 last bus will leave the divisions specified: Animal Life, Plant traditional harvest p.m. Returning, Museum at 10:45 p.m. Transportation is Life, or General (scenic, geological forma- month on the farm, brings many OCTOBER, free—no fares, no transfers. The bus will tions, etc.) Detailed information may be for the too—a events city dweller, stop at 7th Street and Michigan Avenue on obtained on the official entry forms, avail- able from the The resurgence of business and political each trip to and from the Museum. on request Museum. judging will be done by a group of photog- activities, the beginning of Christ- You May Dine at the Museum in the raphers and naturalists. Final deadline for mas excitement, new plays Cafeteria (ground floor). Open 6 to 8 p.m. shopping entries will be 16. The service and January photographs off (regular prices). in the theatre and new books the should be sent direct to the Museum. Color press, Chicago Fire Day (October 9), -slides and prints, as well as black-and-white FOR YOUR ENTERTAINMENT— the anniversary of Columbus' dis- photographs, are eligible. Silver medals and Special Exhibit: Flower Prints (1798- ribbons will be awarded to winners in various covery of America (October 12), 1807)—Stanley Field Hall (first floor). A and slide classifications. Halloween and MUSEUM print parties- set of 32 magnificent color-plates from MEMBERS' NIGHT. This year Thornton's Temple of Flora. The exhibit the date on which the Museum will is a loan to the Museum from Walter S. Gifts to the Museum Ross of Chicago. Supplementary display of act as host to its membership is Following is a list of the principal gifts books from Museum Library shows develop- Monday evening, October 5. received during the past month: ment of techniques in botanical illustration All Members of the Museum are urged to from centuries ago down to modern color- Department of Anthropolo^; attend this "open-house" reception and to From: Adm. Eason La- plates. Royal Ingersoll, bring guests. On hand to greet them will Porte, Ind.—Chimu whistling jar, Peru; Open House: "Behind the Scenes," be President Stanley Field, Director Clif- Mrs. Albert MacRae, Glencoe, 111. —Navaho 7 to 10:30 p.m. Visitors are invited to take ford C. Gregg, the Chief Curators and divi- saddle blanket, southwest United States elevator to third and fourth floors where the of An- sional curators in the Departments Department of Botany: staff and other Museum workers and scientific thropology, Botany, Geology, Zoology, From: Kari Bartell, Blue Island, 111.— will welcome them in laboratories, studios, and artists, taxidermists, preparators, li- 9 phanerogams, Illinois and Indiana; Cali- oflSces, and the Library and explain various brarians, photographers, the staffs of the two fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco phases of a museum's operation. school work-units (Harris Extension and —Juliania adstringens, Costa Rica; Irene 111. —4 Illinois Raymond Foundation), editors, printers, Cull, Peoria, Camassia, October, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages

Members' Night, Monday, October 5 . . . OPEN-HOUSE GUESTS WILL LEARN MUSEUM'S 'INSIDE STORY' By BARBARA POUKOFF of about the natural The visitor "Well, I BULLETIN STAFF WRITER continuity knowledge my subject." replied, world from one generation to the next and wish I knew as little as you do." "e's an at Nat- icthyologist Chicago from one to another, so that the speci- place BEHIND THE WORKSHOP SCENE "H' ural History Museum." men labeled "x" in an American museum "I know, but what does he do?" . . . in 1953 will be the same type as the one While the scientists study nature, the Laymen can usually summon to mind labeled "x" in a French museum a century artists and preparators reproduce, restore, some picture of the work done by engineers, later. and reconstruct it. The greatest tribute to doctors, or accountants. But to most lay- Depending upon which division of the their work is when their part in an exhibit men the work of the museum geologist or Museum he visits, the Member will see dif- goes unnoticed—when the orchid or the sea artist-preparator is a subject clothed in ferent methods of preserving and storing otter is so life-like that the observer isn't deepest mystery. The mystery is not a specimens. For example, the zoologist has aware that the hand of man played a part product of desire or design but results from a problem in preservation of specimens dif- in their construction. The smalle.st acorns ferent from that of the geologist, who has no

It's a house of vast dimensions that's being opened Members' Night, October 5, for "behind- the-scenes" tours. This article gives a brief review of some of the Museum laboratory and workshop activities so that Members may choose which scenes they would especially like to "get behind."

worry about preserving minerals that have survived the passage of thousands, often millions of years. The men in the in.sect division have to cope with an ironic diffi- that of preserving some insect speci- TRIAL RUN culty, A BABY IS 'BORN' mens from the destructive appetites of vaga- Emil Sella fits model cones of the Wet- Leon L. Walters nears the end of his work in bringing temporarily insects that bond occasionally gain illegal a to "life" in the witschia, a unique African plant, before it was finally baby hippopotamus taxidermy assembled in the Hall of Plant life. entry into their storage cabinets. workshop, using process he invented. The ways in which scientists collect speci- form a facet of of the fact that the work of museum scientists mens museum activity on the ground in the Pomo Indian dio- which seldom hear. The rama and the familiar in and artist-preparators affords them little laymen expedition giant elephants to Africa to hunt an elephant or two has Field Hall are the result of skills chance to meet with the public. Members' Stanley been adventure but learned of trial and Night offers such an opportunity. The publicized by stories, through years error, there are field that receive doors to workshops and laboratories will be many expeditions experimentation, and "perfectation." no such The curators As Alfred Lee the dioramist of open and Members are invited to explore glamorous buildup. Rowell, themselves are the source of the of has their recesses armed with questions that probably only Department Anthropology, said, information on these little-known methods. it is often not so a matter of what they can ask the staff about the inner much S. Associate Curator of In- but what can out when workings of the Museum. Henry Dybas, you know you figure sects, claims, for instance, that in order to confronted with a new exhibit to prepare. SCIENTIFIC BEHIND THE SCENE hunt minute insects out of their rather un- Dioramist Rowell is now working on some from The daily activities of the scientists in orthodox (in human terms) dwellings, tiny baskets for a new diorama and is using an in- the four departments of the Museum— beaver ears to cereal boxes, inspired a technique that he has just about perfected himself be able to — Anthropology, Botany, Geology, and Zool- sect collector must adopt wrapping cord around a clay form and so that he can understand ogy—run the gamut, from writing articles insect psychology then coating it with celluloid laquer. Not for an would be a for publication to advising an anxious ham- what, insect, nice, pros- only does he often have to determine how in which to live. The burger-stand proprietor how to encourage perous neighborhood to make things but what to make them from, skunks to move on to other more appro- Museum Member who finds himself unable keeping in mind that the spear, dress, or to this is priate quarters. But whatever the day manage metamorphosis encouraged tree that he makes must last indefinitely, Curator or week, an important task of each cu- to speak to Associate Dybas. retaining its shape and color. In his search rator is the building up and preserving of Members will find that the scientific .staff for new and durable material he once called the department's study collections. These will be as readily acce.ssible as the collections a rubber company to inquire about one of it last?" he asked collections of reptiles, insects, minerals, and will welcome the chance to answer any their new products. "Will the confident plants, artifacts, etc., can be seen on Mem- questions about the activities of their de- the salesman. "Oh, yes," came bers' Night. They represent the work com- partments. After spending some time with reply. "We have something made from it is five old!" salesman pleted so far in collecting, identifying, and the curators, who often shy away from the that over years The was classifying specimens from all corners of the title of expert. Members are likely to feel couldn't understand why Lee Rowell world. It is this part of the scientists' work as a visitor to a foreign museum did when unimpressed. in establishing a uniform identification and the world-authority on a certain field ex- In the Plant Reproduction Laboratories of classification system that makes possible a claimed, "I really know very little about the Department of Botany some of the most Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 1953 exacting hand-work is done in fashioning sees life through both ends of the micro- that many housewives who have sentimen- leaves, flowers, buds, etc. The children scope. He carves enlarged models of micro- tally kept pieces from their favorite dishes who wonder who has the job of watering so scopic specimens and small models of very lying in drawers would like to learn to do. many plants would be surprised to discover large animals. The technique of carving After visiting the workshops it is en- that some of the flowers and buds are of pla.stic requires its own special skill and his lightening to take another look at some of glass, blown into their delicate shapes by knowledge of sculpturing helps Krstolich to the exhibits in the Museum. Members may Emil Sella, Curator of Exhibits. The Mu- make lifelike models of horses, kangaroos, or find that their new acquaintance with some seum Member who visits the plant repro- any other member of the animal kingdom of the workshop techniques does not destroy duction workshops will see different leaves with fine attention to anatomical accuracy. the exhibit's effect of reality but encourages them to notice details that had In the Paleontology shops, work of a dif- many they overlooked. also find ferent nature goes on. Here the gigantic previously They may that leave the Museum with a new skeletons of dinosaurs are pieced together. they for the work done scientists Often a bone is missing, and Preparator appreciation by and to further man in Stanley Kuczek has to make one to fit. artist-preparators his search for of him- The Department of Geology has other age-old understanding self and his world. workshops and a chemical laboratory for It should be out here that this the preparation and study of minerals and pointed article makes no at a com- other materials of econoniic importance. pretense being The men are mentioned Robert K. Wyant, Curator of Economic plete survey. who name number and are cited Geology, and Harry E. Changnon, Curator by only nine, as —on the third and fourth of Exhibits, and their assistants do many merely examples floors about times that other unusual things such as slicing meteorites on eight many men and women are in machine saws to study microscopically the engaged equally A 'FITTING' TASK and and the "etchings" that remain on a flat surface. unique important tasks; per- la the paleontology workshop William D. TurnbuU Here also are created exhibits sonnel required to operate all functions of pieces together the leg of a fossil reptile that lived demonstrating the Museum and maintain its building and about 200 milliotl years ago. facts about atomic energy, the interior of contents numbers well above 100 other the earth, volcanoes, the solar system and persons. in various stages of completion, and the other subjects hard to comprehend without men of the department will be glad to ex- visual aids. Women's Role in Museum plain the life-cycle of the workshop leaf or In some instances the artist's task is not flower. also discover that Members may to reproduce but to restore. John Pletinckx, In recent years women have played an often turn inventor and "plant men" design Ceramic Restorer, is such a person. When increasing part in the activities of the Mu- and construct their own tools. A rather find the remnants of a bowl archaeologists seum. Among a total personnel of 217 (in- historic invention that in- workshop might either in one piece or several pieces, cluding scientific departments. Library, edu- terest thwarted lawn is a Pletinckx builds a bowl around the growers grass- original cational work, business offices, maintenance, machine that turns if making very expertly piece, there is only one, or manages to fit and all other divisions) 63 employees are out slim green ten- now women. In the 1890's when the Mu- drils that might even seum was founded, there were few women. deceive Mother Na- A recent addition is Miss Maidi Wiebe, ture. Artist in the Department of Geology. The Taxidermy Di- vision has always New Members mammals, birds, and reptiles that are in var- The following persons became Museum ious stages of prepara- Members from August 10 to September 11: toward tion, looking Associate Members the of their debut day Mrs. Laurance Armour, Mrs. John Jay in exhibition cases. Borland II, William G. Caples, Adrian O. Museum Members will Holmberg, Benjamin Keach, Dr. H. M. often be surprised to Serota, David F. Swain, Thomas S. Tyler, learn of the myriad Albert G. Wade II processes required to Annual Members make birds and ani- D. H. Burrell III, Herbert K. Butz, Mrs. mals that were once •^^*, Samuel S. Byron, Kendall Cady, Charles J. alive seem alive again. Chapman, Charles A. Colbert, Anthony J. Dr. Alexander In taxidermy, too, THE FINISHING TOUCH DeTolve, George DeTrana, Dr. Robert D. Vernon K. many techniques are Dewey, Dooley, The hands of Alfred Lee Rowell, Dioramist, are accustomed to working on A. Louis H. of Evans, Edgar Flynn, Goebel, used, some which miniature objects. These tiny bowls will look right at home in a diorama that is Joseph Hearst, Jacob Inger, R. A. Juckniess, originated with the being made to show how prehistoric Indians lived in a village excavated by the Southwest J. H. Kennedy, Ellis R. Lewis, Arnold New- men in the depart- Archaeological Expedition. berger, Russell L. Peters, Max K. Ruppert, such ment, as Leon L. Joseph S. Sample, Dr. Edward C. Smith, Walters' method of reproducing reptiles by the many pieces together, if there happen to Warren C. Swett, Dr. Harold W. Thatcher, means of plastic poured in plaster molds. be several. In either case an authentic J. Dean Vail, Jr., Dr. Joseph E. Verhaag, bowl is the a delicate and skillful Mrs. Isabel B. Wasson In the workshop of Joseph B. Krstolich result, job Members will see the birthplace of plastic models that are used in many well-known MUSEUM MEMBERS' NIGHT Etruscan antiquities from the 8th to exhibits, such as the exhibit illustrating the Monday, October 5 2nd centuries B.C. are displayed in Edward mammal family tree. Artist Krstolich often E. and Emma B. Ayer Hall (Hall 2). October, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

Museum Members' Night, Monday, October 5 . . . SPECIAL EXHIBIT: 'TEMPLE OF FLORA,' MOST FAMOUS OF ALL FLORILEGIA

What then makes a work published between tic Rhododendron. In the Chinese Limo- 1799 and 1807 command such a DORON and the Indian The featured special exhibit for Members' price? [Phaiits tankervilliae], The Robert John Thornton are the pagodas of the Night, Monday, October 5, will be a set of author, Canna, represented was a in East. The Tulips and Hyacinths are 32 magnificent colored folio prints of flowers. (1768?-1837), practicing physician London and lecturer in at in where thase flowers are They were published between 1798 and 1807 botany Guy's placed Holland, In the latter Thornton a level in London by a noted English physician Hospital. capacity particularly cultivated, embellishing wrote a number of illustrated books on The Aloe in its and botanist, Robert J. Thornton, under country. erects, contrast, none in size and fame form and the the title The Temple of Flora. The plates botany, comparing stately among mountains, his Illustration the and of the whole be have been lent to the Museum by their with New of Sexual System height shape plant may Linnaeus. third of this owner, Walter S. Ross of Chicago, a Mem- of The part preten- ber of the Museum. Museum Members will tious work was issued separately under the title The Flora. It consists of 28 be the first to view this exhibit, but it will Temple of of various British be continued until October 31 for the general magnificent color-plates and several public. plants "exoticks," preceded by portraits, allegorical scenes, and other plates. A supplementary display of some thirty As these were issued at in- books from the Museum Library shows the plates irregular tervals and Thornton frequently changed development of techniques of botanical il- the and sent different to dif- lustration from simple woodcuts in old her- plates prints ferent subscribers, careful bals to modern color-plates. It was pre- comparison may never disclose two identical sets. This fact pared by Miss Edith Vincent of the Depart- and the art work are the real ment of Botany. exquisite reasons for their great cost.

By THEODOR JUST PLATES BY FAMED ARTISTS CHIEF CUBATOB, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY While most of the plates were made by the botanical literature of outstanding artists of that time and then transferred to more than a dozen ALTHOUGHthe past three hundred years is replete copper by himself with books containing beautiful illustrations distinguished engravers, Thornton early copper engraving made the most famous of Roses. of plants, none is as famous as Thornton's plate all, Upper part of a plate published in "Hortus Clifior- earlier illustrated books on tianus," Carolus Linnaeus, Amsterdam, 1737. Temple of Flora. Its extravagant conception Unlike plants, by the author his artists to show The plant shown is Turnera ulmifolia, found in the and artistic execution brought everlasting requested West Indies and Central America and distinguished fame and financial ruin to its author. To- plants against their natural setting rather chiefly by its yellow flowers. than with a Thornton's day original copies of this extremely rare plain background. own of the book may be sold for more than $1,500, "Explanation Picturesque seen in the background. In the maggot- Plates" adds much to the character of the while individual plates are variously priced. bearing Stapelia you will find represented book, as can be gleaned from the following linttnitum. a green African snake, and a blow-fly in the (with scientific names of the plants passage act of depositing her eggs in the flower, with inserted in brackets): the maggots produced from this cause. The "Each is to the sub- scenery appropriated clouds are disturbed, and every thing looks Thus in the Cereus ject. night-blooming wild and sombre about the dragon Arum, a have the moon playing on the dimpled you plant equally poisonous as foetid. In the and the turret-clock XII, the water, points white Lily, where a dark background was hour at night when this flower is in its full obliged to be introduced to relieve the flower, expanse. In the large-flowering Mimosa there is a break, presenting to the view a [Calliandra grandijlora], first discovered on temple, the only kind of architecture that the mountains of Jamaica, have the you can be admitted in a garden. Hence the birds of that country, and one of humming several species of Passion-Flowers are seen the aborigines struck with astonishment at clambering up pillars, reaching to different the peculiarities of the plant. In the Canada heights. As each of these beauties of the Lily there is expressed the shade it de- vegetable race are carefully dissected, it is lights in, with a sky whose clouds yet contain hoped, that the rigid botanist will excuse snow within their bosom. In the narrow- the author, who, striving at universal appro- leaved Kalmia, which comes forth under bation, has thus indeavoured to unite the the same but at an earlier the " zone, season, 'Utile Dulci.' mountains are still covered with their fleecy LOTTERY financing FAILS mantle. The nodding Renealmia [Alpinia speciosa], on the contrary, has a warm sky, In view of the great cost involved in the and cocoa-nut trees skirt the distant scenery. production of this work, Thornton soon The Auricula is represented as flourishing found himself in financial distress and on Alpine mountains, when the utility of obliged to stop publication with less than their banner becomes conspicuous. In the half of the projected 70 plates. Authorized Dodecatheon, or American Cowslip {Do- by an act of Parliament, he staged a botani- decatheon media] a sea view is given, and a cal lottery in 1811 in the hope of restoring 16th CENTURY WOODCUT vessel bearing a flag of that country: the himself financially. Advertised in terms be- Illustration showing a £olk dance around the Linden same is shewn by a butterfly in the plates fitting 20th century auctioneering, the Royal tree. From the early German herbal by Hieronymus of the and the Pon- on 8, column S) Bock (Tragus), published in Strasbourg in 1553. oblique-leaved Begonia; (Continued page Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 1953

CAMOUFLAGE FOR DEFENSE IN THE BIRD WORLD wary birds of the open country do not need color. Their habits and their By AUSTIN L. RAND concealing group of three little killdeer crouched CURATOR OF BIROS ability to look after themselves are such the The killdeer amongst pebbles. partly that concealing coloration would be of no in EXHIBIT Boardman Conover is but it takes standing easily seen, sharp importance, and the magpie shown in our Hall deals with the AN (Hall 21) manner scrutiny to make out the others. exhibit is an example. in which color and pattern are useful to birds The pattern of the background of dead There are other uses of color in the bird in concealing them from their enemies and leaves and is sometimes in grass reproduced world— in courtship displays to the female from their prey. the of a bird. plumage ground-inhabiting and as threat and intimidation displays in The first out in the exhibit The bird's back is in effect a of the point brought picture fighting—but these are reserved for later is that the color we see is only partly the background. A brooding bob-white quail treatment in another exhibit. This exhibit result of the color of the at which we is used to show well the bird and its object how was planned in the Division of Birds and executed by Assistant Taxidermist Carl W. ADAPTIVE COLORATION Cotton, with the aid of Leon R. Aboulafia, special student from Tel Aviv, Israel.

ALBERT H. WETTEN

^m:^ Through the death on September 3 of •M:^^ Albert H. Wetten the Mu.seum has lost a distinguished member of its Board of Trus- tees and an enthu- siastic supporter of the institution's en- % deavors for public ser- vice and the advance- ment of science. Mr. Wetten, who had >f reached the age of 84, first became associ- ated with the Museum in 1926 as an Associ- ate Member. He was elected to the Board Albert H. Wetten of Trustees in 1939 and simultaneously became a Corporate Member. Mr. Wetten COLOR FOR PROTECTION as a member of the Board devoted his time, thought, and to the interests With birds, shape and pattern, as well as color, aid in concealment. energy lavishly of the Museum. From 1942 until his death he was chairman of the are looking; it is influenced by lighting. environment blend together to conceal the important Building Committee. also a Two triangular blocks, each having one face bird. He was member of the Executive painted white and one blue-gray, illustrate Shape as well as color may be an aid in Committee and the Finance Com- mittee from this. The block with the blue-gray side concealment. The exhibit shows the least 1945 on. In 1948, in recognition of his that to the light and the white in darkness ap- bittern standing upright amongst some generous gift made possible the color for the pears almost uniform in color; the block reeds. Not only do its colors match those plates Museum publication by Dr. with the white to the light and the blue- of the reeds against which it is seen but its Ch'eng-chao Liu, Amphibians of Western gray in shadow appears sharply black and slender neck and long pointed bill also mimic China, Mr. Wetten's name was inscribed in on the roll of white. the very shape of the reeds, adding to the perpetuity Contributors. This use of a pale color to eliminate effectiveness of the camouflage. The screech Mr. Wetten was well known for other shadows and make objects less conspicuous owl, sitting on the lower of two broken-off civic activities and for a notable career in is called counter-shading and is shown by stubs, repeats the gray and black pattern Chicago business circles where he was a models. One model is uniform in color, of the stubs on its breast. But further, the leader in the real-estate field. but it appears dark below from shadow shape of the owl in its upright pose makes and is conspicuous. The central model, it appear but a continuation of the stub, and Daily Guide-Lectures with the shadowed part painted pale, ap- its ear tufts simulate the jagged broken-off pears uniform in color and is less con- end of the stub. Free guide-lecture tours are offered at spicuous. To demonstrate that this is Not all colors are adaptive, of course. 2 P.M. daily except Sundays under the title really because of the distribution of the Apparently some birds that live in forests "Highlights of the Exhibits." These tours colors, a model, painted like the central amongst the leaves and branches where are designed to give a general idea of the one, is inverted, with the result that it is they gather their food of insects or fruit entire Museum and its scope of activities. glaringly conspicuous and stands out boldly are sufficiently protected from their enemies Special tours on subjects within the range from the background. by the nature of their environment and have of the Museum exhibits are available Mon- A boldly patterned object may be rela- no need of concealment in seeking their days through Fridays for parties of ten or tively inconspicuous against a patterned food. Birds such as these may have bright more persons. Requests for such service background where a plain-colored object is colors in their plumage, and the tanagers, must be made at least one week in advance. more easily seen. Models illustrate this, but represented in our exhibit by the scarlet Although there are no tours on Sundays, it is even more effectively portrayed by the tanager, are good examples of this. Many the Museum is open to visitors as usual. October, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

SATURDAY AFTERNOON LECTURES OCT. 3 TO NOV. 28; FAR PLACES IN COLOR

MAY TRAVEL while October 24—INDIA TODAY seeks to this with a YOU — City, Missouri, remedy AGAINstaying at home by attending the Lieutenant Colonel Arnold Maahs story and color motion-picture record of lectures illustrated with the remote its and their cus- Saturday afternoon India is a land of crucial importance at land, people, and industries. are visits to color motion-pictures presented by the Mu- this moment. Colonel Maahs of Tilleda, toms There for its their and the an active and seum Members, guests, Wisconsin, a trained sociologist, author, and great glaciers, volcano, geysers. Course will is a the general public. The Autumn professional photographer, who is eminently Exciting sequence showing hunting October 3 and will continue on and of 30-ton fin whales. open on qualified to interpret the mystic Asian land, harpooning Spec- tacular enormous ranches with each Saturday afternoon throughout October spent many months and traveled thousands waterfalls, thousands of the and November. The lectures, which are of miles as an observer in India recording sheep, important herring provided by the Edward E. Ayer Lecture what he saw and heard in color films and fisheries, and the modern capital city of are in the James contribute to the interest of the Foundation Fund, given notebooks. His pictures and story present Reykjavik Simpson Theatre of the Museum at 2:30 travelogue. P.M. Because of limited accommodations, November 14—The Hawaiian Islands is restricted to adults. For child- admission RESERVED SEATS Yew Char ren, special free motion-picture programs FOR MEMBERS Mr. Char's home is in Honolulu, and are given in the Theatre on the mornings of Hawaii is his native land. His color films the same Saturdays under the auspices of No tickets are necessary for ad- and story reveal his love for a Pacific para- the Raymond Foundation. mission to tliese lectures. A sec- dise that else also loves. is to nearly everyone Following are dates, titles, and lecturers tion of the Theatre allocated There are many unique features— Hawaiian in this season's series for adults: Members of the Museum, each' of are seen cattle in the sea, whom is entitled to two reserved cowboys roping October 3—Pakistan for Film and lecture the seats. Requests for these seats example. present colorful life of the multi-racial Hal Linker should be made in advance by 500,000 of the islands. There are Comparatively little is known by the telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or in people pageants, interpretive dances, and thrilling scenes. average American about Pakistan; yet writing, and seats will be held in The brilliance of the island is among nations it has the fifth largest popu- the Member's name until 2:25 landscape —its with exotic lation and is the largest of all Moslem o'clock on the lecture day. captured garden atmosphere countries. Mr. Linker, of Los Angeles, who flowers blooming in profusion the year around and trees in bloom. has had a distinguished career in the U. S. complete Navy and other government service and in November 21 —Atoms and Atolls covers a panorama of everyday life in this giant the production of documentary films, Colonel John nation under its Craig for the first time both East and West Pakis- recently acquired indepen- dence and are to Americans "An Adventure Into Time" is the subtitle tan. His blend and designed give pictures drama, color, of this lecture and motion and few a new understanding and appreciation of picture, romance. Among especially beautiful or in- India. subjects could be more timely. Colonel teresting sequences are those that show the Craig, who comes from Arcadia, California, bustling city of Karachi, the Shalimar Gar- 31 —Colombia Cavalcade October was in charge of the Air Force Motion Pic- dens in Lahore, the fierce tribesmen per- Auberl Lavastida ture Unit that flew and photographed the the Khattuck dances forming spectacular Colombia is one of South America's least- Bikini atom-bomb tests. His films include at Peshawar, and the beginning of the mon- known but most fascinating countries, says also the most recent Atomic Energy Com- soons with which nature scourges the area. Mr. Lavastida, now of Ann Arbor, Michigan, mission releases of pictures from the Eni- October 10—Magic Haiti who has family ties with Latin America. wetok atomic tests. But Craig's story is Peter Alt In his color films and lecture he will take not solely on atomic subjects. He shows the audience over thousands of miles of also South Seas adventures, native life, and The color, charm, and beauty of Haiti varied terrain. After the desolate desert of remarkable underwater scenes. will be brought to the Museum audience LaGuajiro, inhabited by primitive Indians, visually and audibly in the film and informal November 28—SEVEN Wonders of THE Lavastida focuses his camera on the beauty narrative of Mr. Alt, camera design-engineer West of the Caribbean shore. He roves from and world traveler of Pittsford, New York. Francig R. Line Santa oldest in South America, tell of water Marta, city His pictures and story skiing, Mr. who lives in Cali- to the Sierra Nevada of Line, Pasadena, flower Haitian beau- 18,000-foot peaks spear fishing, parades, fornia he is at the the from the home of the hero Simon (when there), began age of voodoo Andes; ties, celebration the Mardi Gras, of eleven a career of that has to remains of traveling folk life in the of Bolivar, jungles, seaports, pre- drums, dancing, capital city earned for him the sobriquet of "the one- historic cultures, the Magdalena River, and Port-au-Prince, and banana, sugar-cane, ma- modern and man expedition." His present film and coffee of the finally Bogoti, great city capital hogany, sisal, and plantations lecture are the result of a decision to set out of the West Indian island. country. with his family in a station wagon and ex- November 7— Capri of the October 17—Alphabet of the Outdoors Iceland, plore the West anew, assessing its grandeur North Dick Bird to select its seven greatest wonders. The Robert Davis resulting film shows two dozen wonder spots, This is the newest motion picture and One of the most misunderstood and sel- and only at the end does Line reveal what lecture by Mr. Bird, well-known naturalist dom-visited countries in the world is Ice- he and his family voted as the seven they of Regina, Sa.skatchewan, Canada. In it land, far up on the North Atlantic just be- rank highest. He then asks his audience to he presents a pageant of outdoor life. Birds, low the Arctic Circle. Mr. Davis, photog- vote their own selections. mammals, insects, reptiles, fishes, and rapher, traveler, and lecturer, of Kansas plants, linked together with interesting tran- sition techniques, are shown in their natural Lecturers of the Raymond Foundation habitats in Canada, the United States, MUSEUM MEMBERS' NIGHT staff will guide parties of visitors on behind- Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and Monday, October 5 the-scenes tours of the Museum on Mem- South America. bers' Night, October 5. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 195S

ILLINOIS AUDUBON SOCIETY of Evolution. Before the American Society ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION PRESENTS SCREEN-TOURS of Plant Taxonomists he made a report on FROM 'LOST WORLD' the work of the committee on generic synop- The Illinois Audubon Society has an- Specimens for addition to the collections ses, of which he is chairman .... Bryan three free "screen-tours" to be of the Museum's of as nounced Patterson, Curator of Fossil Mammals, Department Zoology in the James Simpson Theatre of well as of its Department of Botany were presented who has returned from a field trip in western Museum. The first, scheduled for Sun- obtained the concluded botanical the Colorado, attended the conference of the by recently afternoon, November 1, at 2:30, offers expedition to the "lost world" of Venezuela day Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Uinta Allan Cruickshank, well-known photog- led by Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Curator of Basin and presented a paper on "Early who will "Santa the Herbarium. account rapher-lecturer present Evolution of the Mammalia" before the So- Phanerogamic (An Lucia Sea Cliffs." Mr. Cruickshank's color of the botanical results appeared in the ciety for the Study of Evolution, at Madison cover scenic in the 100-mile September Bulletin.) films grandeurs .... Rupert L. Wenzel, Curator of Insects, Morro to in Cali- area from Bay Monterey was interviewed on Radio Station WENR Charles GrifHn, who accompanied the ex- fornia and bring intimate visits to many the first and a half on September 11, on the migration of mon- pedition during month other bald and birds and animals, including arch butterflies. as zoologist and assistant, collected 51 fishes Arctic golden eagles, peregrine falcons, loons, representing 17 species, 20 bats representing sea California murres, long-billed curlews, five species, 21 birds, a snake, two mice, lions, and sea otters. Free Movie Time . . . and some scorpions and insects. After Grif- The other film-lectures are: January 17, fin left the expedition in late April, Curator Ernest PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN "Land of the Scarlet Macaw," by Steyermark continued to collect zoological P. Edwards, and March 14, "America the SATURDAY MORNINGS specimens in odd moments he could snatch Tom and Arlene Hadley. from his This Beautiful," by The Raymond Foundation will present regular collecting. resulted Admission to these lectures is free, and in the addition to the collection nine free programs of motion pictures for zoological is invited. Members of the the public children at 10:30 a.m. on Saturday mornings of numerous spiders, insects, snails from the or of the Illinois Audubon Society of a few and Museum throughout October and November in the summit Chimant4-tepul, frogs, the reserved section are entitled to seats in James Simpson Theatre of the Museum. a couple of swifts. Preliminary work on theatre of their fishes has shown of the upon presentation On two of the programs, October 10 and the bats and already that cards to the ushers. undescribed and rarities of membership October 17, the men whose experiences are species genera shown in the films will tell the children their and species new to Venezuela or to the Mu- stories of adventure. seum's collection are included. of the STAFF NOTES Following are the dates programs and the titles of the pictures: SPECIAL EXHIBIT—

— from page 5) George Woodward, Captain of the October 3 Arctic Borderlands {Continued Guard at the Museum, whose gracious Also a cartoon Botanic Lottery proved to be a complete failure his Thorn- greetings at the Mu- financial and, upon death, — of the ^^^^^^ seum entrance had October 10 Holiday Island ton left his family almost penniless. Caribbean ^^^^^^^^^ become familiar (Haiti) The set of 32 plates from Thornton's ^^^B^Pffi^ many Chicagoans who Peter Alt, narrator Temple of Flora exhibited on the main floor frequently visit the of the Museum is the property of Walter S. I^^RhMHI^ October 17—Alphabet of the Outdoors i^^^^^^n^^t Museum as well as to Ross, of Chicago, who kindly consented to employees who saw Dick Bird, narrator lend it for this purpose. As each plate is ^ him retired the entire collection can ., every day, exquisitely framed, October 24—The American Cowboy j/k on pension September be displayed at the same time. 30. Mr. Woodward, Also a cartoon ^f\^-„^^ A copy of the book, originally part of the ^^° ^^ ^'^^^ '" Eng- ^^^^ sZv^ October 31 —FuR TRAPPERS Westward famous Lord Beckford Collection of Hamil- the land, joined Mu- ton Palace, is being shown through the ^^^^^^JbSH Also a cartoon seum guard force in of Mrs. Arthur Hunt, of Woodward courtesy Roy George jggg ^^^j ^^S pro- November 7—The Antarctic—Home of Pittsburgh. moted to Captain in THE Penguins Apart from the extraordinary beauty of 1950. For years before coming to the Mu- Also a cartoon the plates of Thornton's Temple of Flora, seum he was employed by the late Martin the work is an important historical document, L. . . . Colonel Clifford C. November 14—Eskimo Hunters Ryerson Gregg, because the best available methods of illus- Director, as featured speaker on September Also a cartoon tration and reproduction of its time were 6 on "Live and Learn," public-service tele- used in producing it. vision program of Station WNBQ, demon- November 21—The Prairies strated with specimens some of the things Also a cartoon the Museum does, and outlined its scope and PLEASE NOTIFY MUSEUM November 28—Bear Country (one of the purposes. The program was one of a cur- IF YOU'RE MOVING "True-Life Adventure" rent series on Chicago museums .... Dr. Disney series) Members of the Museum who change Theodor Just, Chief Curator of Botany, Also a cartoon residence are urged to notify the Museum attended the annual meetings last month of Children may come alone, accompanied so that the Bulletin and other communi- the American Institute of Biological Sciences by parents or other adults, or in groups cations may reach them promptly. at Madison, Wisconsin, where he presided from and other centers. schools, clubs, card for this is enclosed with at a symposium on taxonomy, ecology, and A purpose issue. stratigraphy of Tertiary angiosperms spon- this sored by the Paleobotanical and Systematic MUSEUM MEMBERS' NIGHT Members going away for extended periods Sections of the Botanical Society of America, Monday, October 5 may have Museum matter sent to their co-sponsored by the Society for the Study temporary addresses.

PRI.NTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS 'X^p' 't.

ULLETIN Vol.24.No.ll.November 195:^ J CJi icciijo Xa till 'cil Pageg CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 195S

Chicago Natural History Museum thought of examining actual animals or -THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshaix Field, 1893 plants. The mediaeval contribution to Roosevelt Road and L4ike Shore Drive, Chicago S natural history was an even less significant A 20th-century airplane-view of Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 melange of curious facts and misinformation. a 13th-century village of prehis- Aristotle's beginnings of observational de- toric American Indians is shown OF THE BOARD TRUSTEES scription became fixed dogma, so that when on our cover. It is a site in New I.ESTER ARUOUR SAMUEL InSULL, JR. Aristotle had given an erroneous figure for Mexico excavated during the past Sbwbll L. Avery Henry P. Isham Wii. McCoRMiCK Blair Hughston M. McBain the number of teeth in the horse, his state- summer by the Museum's South- H. Mitchell Walther Buchen William ment was as west Archaeological Expedition Walter J. Cuhhinrs Clarence B. Randall regarded quite refuting any Albert B. Dick, Jr. George A. Richardson mere attempt to recount them from an under the direction of Dr. Paul S. Joseph N. Field John G. Searle Marshall Field Solomon A. Smith actual skull. Martin, Chief Curator of Anthro- Marshaix Field, Jr. Louis Ware pology. Seven of the fourteen Stanley Field John P. Wilson By the end of the 16th century consider- able strides had been in the rooms that were opened up may OFFICERS made accumula- be seen. From them the Stanley Field Preridtnt tion of museum specimens, mainly dried expedi- Marshall Field First Vice-President tion recovered a of animals and parts of animals, dried plants, wealth arti- Henry P. Isham Second Vice-President Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-President and rocks and minerals. Four volumes of facts which, when fitted in place Solomon A. Smith Treasurer Aldrovandi's with the findings of past CuFFORD C. Gregg Director and Secretary Natural History had appeared eighteen R. Millar Assistant of John Secretary by the time of his death in 1605, and the seasons Southwest digging, are work was continued by his students at the filling in gaps in the jigsaw puzzle of the and THE BULLETIN University of Bologna. It is noteworthy reconstructing history that Aldrovandi's work was based cultural attainments of an extinct EDITOR published on accumulated much of this tribe designated by the name Clifpord C. Gregg Director of the Museum collections; material is still to be seen at and Mogollon. The photograph was CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Bologna, the Aldrovandian Museum may well be made at an altitude of about 1,000 Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology feet Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany thought of as the first museum of natural above ground by James Barter Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology of during a flight in the Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology history worthy the name. private the centuries of the airplane of Dr. Lester H. Keys. MANAGING EDITOR During Renaissance, with the of secular art H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel along development collections and the renewed establishment ASSOCIATE EDITORS of libraries, the custom had developed of Helen A. MacMinn Barbara Polikoff maintaining cabinets of curios or cabinets from the forests of Poland to Vienna. of natural history that became fashionable These animals had formerly ranged over Members are requested to Inform the Museum at every court in Europe, a fashion imitated most of Europe. By the time of Julius promptly of changes of address. by wealthy merchants in succeeding cen- Caesar they had become extinct in France— turies. This mode of origin of modern he reports the aurochs as the "urus" of the museums has left its in the THE FIRST MUSEUMS stamp prefix Teutonic forests, "but little smaller than OF NATURAL HISTORY of "royal" in the names of so many European elephants." museums. During the Middle Ages the range of both I "cabinets of believe, had their origins The curios," by their em- bison and aurochs had been steadily re- MUSEUMS,in somewhat diverse human interests phasis on mere miscellanies of curious ob- stricted so that — they were no longer widely one in the collection of curiosities, another jects, of freaks and oddities, which could known, and even the radical differences the of astonish or in accumulation mementoes and of and amuse even horrify, but between them came to be forgotten. Thus of the still could exercised a "trophies chase," and certainly scarcely instruct, most the Heberstein exhibit parallels attempts of another in the search for medicinal plants pernicious retarding influence on the develop- modern museums to preserve for public and other substances to be used in medicine. ments of education and research. The origin instruction the specimens of the animals In the fourth century B.C., Aristotle had of the great national and municipal mu- that have become rare or extinct in historic already accumulated the nucleus of a mu- seums, and of the systematic description of times. The vast collections of heads and seum collection. He certainly displayed the nature based on more permanent collections, horns to be seen in many museums, often catholic curiosity about the world around comes in the succeeding centuries. inherited by them from the "trophy rooms" him characterizes natural- back to another of that the museum Turning the principal of private individuals, attest to the long ist. The prototype of the "museum expedi- roots of the museum of natural history, we continuance of the hunting trophy as a tion" may perhaps be discerned in the by- must recall the use of skins for clothing and source of museum material. Even the most product of "specimens" from the invasions bedding, of horns as drinking vessels, and progressive of museums bear evident traces of of bones and antlers as tools Alexander the Great, who sent back by our more of the patronage of the "big game hunter." his remote strange animals and other objects to European ancestors. The love of The integration of such specimens into the teacher for and still so in is greater study description. hunting strong modern man modern museum is a late development. The periods of the Roman Empire and not difficult to understand, the more so The story of the search for medicinal of the Dark Ages intervened between with the prestige lent to the chase by royalty plants and its effect on the development of Aristotle's of the rise of civilization in pioneer investigations nature throughout Europe. the science of botany is a fascinating chapter and interest in of the first notable historical the renewal of natural One uses of in the history of science in general and of history that came with the multilateral hunting trophies, almost, at least, with the the botanical museum. expansion of the human spirit in the Ren- modern idea of instruction, may be seen in Karl P. Schmidt aissance— with the the skins of the say beginning inven- mounted two types of Chief Curator of Zoology tion of printing in Europe about the year European wild oxen, the aurochs and bison, 1440. The barrenness of Roman times in set up in his hall by the Freiherr von Japanese Prince Visits Museum the development of natural history is well Heberstein about the year 1550. Von illustrated by the wholly uncritical Natural Heberstein had been enormously impressed Prince Akihito of Japan was a Museum History of Pliny, in which mythology is by the imposing size of these great animals, visitor during his stopover in Chicago on his inextricably interwoven with fact, with no whose skins and skulls he had brought recent tour of the United States. November, 1953 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S 13th-CENTURY LIFE IN NEW MEXICO WAS ALMOST 'MODERN' By PAUL S. MARTIN treasured belongings of the people who built CHIEF CURATOR, DEPASTHGNT OF ANTHROPOLOGY and lived in this apartment-house town or the time the Crusades were well un- "pueblo" about a.d. 1200-1300. Fourteen Byder way in the Old World and in a rooms were uncovered and from them much period when the peasants in northern Europe information was obtained—the information were living under a feudal system, the Mo- that enables us to answer questions about goUon Indians, who lived in what is now the life and customs of these now extinct western New Mexico from about 2500 B.C. people. to A.D. 1300, were enjoying a life far richer, During the course of excavating one of freer, and more comfortable than were the the secular rooms, we encountered a group peasants of Europe. In fact, the Mogollon of stone objects on the floor near a firepit Indians were better off in the 13th century where they had lain for perhaps 800 years. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 1953 house and that of the European serf of the their dignified terraced lines composed of not very good housekeepers, we know that Middle Ages. The MogoUon house was a rooms of one and two stories. they snared, trapped or shot and presumably well-designed and well-built structure with ate antelope, deer, rabbit, mountain sheep, FARMERS AND HYBRID CORN excellent walls of stone masonry. The rooms turkey,— squirrels, and prairie dogs. But no were comfortably large (14 by 20 feet was The Mogollon Indian bill of fare of the fish or at least fish were not eaten at home, not an uncommon size) and many of those 13th century was varied and nutritious. for we find no fish bones in the dumps. in the inner block were actually provided The staple crops were corn, beans, and DEVELOPMENT OF CONSCIENCE with air-conditioning. That is, a special, squashes, and these were supplemented by Life, then, in the 13th century in this masonry-lined duct, 10 by 12 inches, brought several wild foods such as yucca pods, wal- mountainous, pine-forested western country fresh air from an outside intake under the nuts, pinyon nuts, sunflower .seeds, pigweed, was free, comfortable, and stimulating. floors of adjacent rooms and into the inner amaranthus, wild grapes, tansy mustard, Food was varied and abundant; physical apartment at floor level. The flow of air was and prickly pear cactus fruit. comfort was provided for by well-built clan by gravity induced by the building of fire in Not content with the corn of his grand- houses; and man's developing conscience, hot air rose es- the inner room. The and fathers, the Indian Mogollon constantly his love for near of kin, and the Promethean caped through a ceiling opening, while cool .selected and bred strains better suited to touch in his makeup removed him by many fresh air flowed into the room. The volume this environment. Varieties were sought leagues from his less civilized ancestors of of flow could be controlled by a stone or that were resistant to and would drought previous millenia. wooden slab that served as a valve. with the older local varieties. We hybridize Our study over the years leads us to think In addition to rooms that were commodi- also know from our research in the previous that the MogoUones, like ourselves and other ous, warm, and windproof in the winter and area that these Indian farmers were re- peoples, had apparently inborn traits of cool in the summer, the building was com- sponsible, in part at least, for a continuous being dissatisfied, of wanting to strive up- pact and designed to make it easy for the in the size of the ear and of improvement ward, to change, and to improve their lot family and all the relatives on the mother's the kernels and in a reduction of the number through trial and error. These traits may side to live together and to share work, of kernel-rows. For at about the e.xample, have led to the development of conscience, planting, harvesting, and ceremonies. of the Christian Era, the cobs beginning of morality, of unselfishness, and of religion. One extra large room appears to have were short (about 2 inches and the long) They may also have made it possible for been set aside for and number of kernel-rows was religious purposes, predominantly the 13th century Mogollon Indian to regard here or clan rites were and 14. a.d. the ears of perhaps family per- 10, 12, By 1300, his neighbor's portion without covetousness formed. are several structures corn fatter the Nearby large were longer and and predomi- and therefore to be free of warlike tendencies that are as Some of these nant number of kernel-rows was 8. in yet unpenetrated. This, (we believe that these Indians were peace- we call plazas, and it is possible that brief, makes for more food per ear. It was religious loving). It is also possible that these same dances were therein. Others that a more efficient performed yield. powerful traits led the Mogollone to recognize we call kivas are believed to have been the man cannot live corn alone— But by and a power superior to his and perhaps beyond scene of ceremonies of greater importance. he did not have to. There was game aplenty his comprehension—a power that controlled All in these must have been the forests and around the all, pueblos roaming streams. his universe—and from this recognition and a with their the ancient and from pleasing sight well-laid, plumb From garbage dumps need for superior guidance, he developed a walls made of chosen and the litter in the rooms it must be shaped stones, which, religion that well served his purpose and their to the and indicate that these fellows were large plazas open skies, admitted, satisfied his inner cravings for security, peace and comfort in moments of despair, disaster, and death. The site on which we worked this season spans the property of two ranches owned by Owen McCarty and Ray Hudson. Assisting me in direction of the work, John B. Rinaldo, Assistant Curator of Archaeology, per- formed valiantly. Others participating in the expedition's difficult tasks were Juan J. Armijo, Juan M. Armijo, James T. Barter, E. D. Hester, Abe Jiron, Arthur Jiron, Julian B. Jiron, Alan Lapiner, David Ma- bon. Bill Menges, Mrs. Martha Perry, Joseph Shaw, Micky Snyder, and Wayne Spurgeon. Lester H. Keys, M.D., made his airplane available and with the assistance of Mr. Barter took photographs from aloft.

Caribbean Flower- Tree Paintings to Be Shown in December

A special exhibit of twenty-nine paintings by Bernard and Harriet Pertchick, showing flowering trees of Caribbean countries and islands, is scheduled at the Museum in December. which have been • • ^ The paintings, - • *!?''> .--- -. ^'- t»~-J- .", v' Jim highly praised both in botanical and art ANCIENT APARTMENT HOUSE circles, are the originals for illustrations used in the book Flowering Trees of (he View from tower of dwelling rooms in various stages of excavation under relentless picks and shovels of Southwest Archaeological Expedition's diggers. There remain unexcavated rooms in background and a plaza Caribbean, published under the sponsorship in foreground whose secrets arc still to be bared by the probing tools of the Museum archaeologists. of the Alcoa Steamship Company. November, 19SS CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

STRIP MINES YIELD When I began collecting in 1937, the YOU MAY WEAR SALMON FOSSIL TREASURES Wilmington area was already given over to AS WELL AS EAT IT By GEORGE LANGFORD strip mining. Giant electric cranes were Exhibits in the Museum often display^ CURATOR OF FOSSIL PLANTS picking up the overburden of glacial sand years in advance— the latest innovations in I CALLED on the Director of and concretion-bearing shale and piling it modern dress style, scooping even the "new- the British Museum His- aside. The pebble-like concretions lay con- WHEN (Natural est fashion" zealots of Fifth Avenue and on the surface where the shale tory) in 1896, I identified myself as coming spicuously Michigan Boulevard. Such a scoop can be from Joliet, Illinois. "That's not far from found in Hall L where there is a salmon-skin Chicago," I added. He looked rather doubt- dress on display. Not that American women ful and reached for an atlas on his desk. In these reminiscences of sixteen are to be salmon-skin dre.sses intensive Curator going donning As he was the I mentioned years of collecting. turning pages, as their winter but be covers a in outfit, they may that I had frequently collected fossils from George Langford period wearing salmon-skin shoes, belts, and purses. Mazon Creek and was interested in the which he turned from his profession of to a in the "New Ideas" to time on his According report British Museum's display of fossil plants engineering spend full A member column of a national magazine, salmon-skin from that locality, also not far from Joliet. lifelong hobby, fossils. of will be the featured leather in Man- the class 1897 at Yale's many That cleared things up. Dr. Lankester of Sheffield put hattan stores this fall. he was stroke the away the atlas, remarking, "Oh, I know Scientific School, of crew that raced The discovery that fish skin can be used where Mazon Creek is." Oxford and Cambridge for on the Thames in 1896. clothing might cause us mild surprise, The fame of Mazon Creek lies not in its On graduation but the Ainu of Yezo he went to work the McKenna Pro- (now Hokkaido) and scenic beauty but in the small rounded or for cess in where he im- Sakhalin Islands, north of Japan, would elongated bodies called concretions that Company Joliet, this bit of methods rail- give information no more notice occur in the shale exposed in its banks. proved of treating defective road rails and took out more than one than we would give to a report that cotton They were formed after deposition of the hundred in railroad is being used to make dresses in some far-off enclosing shale and were the product of patents metallurgy. place. Authorities on the Far East point accumulation of mineral matter about a He made important archaeological ex- of skin cavations in the out that the Ainu's use salmon center or nucleus, which be a fossil Illinois, supervised may to col- make clothing is not something new. shell, leaf, or bone. The true concretion is building of four steel-treating mills, lected several Ice and They have long practiced the skill of pre- characterized by a concentric structure. Age mastodons, paring the skins by removing them from Being much harder than the shale that en- started his fossil-plant collection. Since the newly caught salmon, drying them, and closes them, these concretions are not dam- retiring from the McKenna Company, which he had become he then pounding them to softness. To make aged by the stream erosion that cuts into of president, has devoted most his lime to a dress, the Ainu women fit and sew the the banks. They remain in the creek bed or of the skins together, binding and ornamenting the at the foot of the low bluff. In each one is a Wilmington fossils. Sharat K. Roy garment with fur or cotton. beautifully preserved fossil, readily exposed Curator Perhaps it would be a good idea for dress by cracking the concretion with a hammer. Chief of Geology and fabric designers to make frequent trips For many years the banks and bed of Mazon . through the halls of the Museum. They Creek itself were the only source of these had weathered to When I them might discover that the people of Siberia, fossil-bearing concretions, but so plentiful clay. split I found that of them contained Malaya, Africa, etc. have costume ideas were they and so well preserved were their open many fossils like those of the Mazon Creek beds. which are really "fashion firsts." enclosed fossils that they achieved a world- wide distribution in collections of both mu- These fossils were mostly ferns and other but I found small in- seums and private collectors. Most geology plants, occasionally textbooks contain illustrations of these face and the other the impression of the beautifully preserved fossils. bottom surface. A thick fruit may be repre- The concretion-bearing bed lies directly sented by an outer husk impressed on one above an important bed of coal, known by half and a nut-like seed on the other, giving various names, such as "Wilmington Coal," two views of the specimen. The preserva- "Colchester Coal," and "Number Two Coal." tion of the specimens is remarkably fine. In 1927, work was begun near Wilmington Veins of delicate leaves remain as clear as to strip off the twenty-five feet or so of shale the engraving on a bank note. One may in order to scoop up the coal and sell it. see minute details of the spore cases of ferns, The venture was a success, and by the time the scale-like bark of strange extinct trees, the stripping stopped in 1950, many square the hairs of a pubescent leaf. The eyes, miles of shale had been piled up in Will bristles, and even the heart of spider-like and Grundy counties, reaching nearly to arachnids have been recognized. Mazon Creek on the west. While the mine pits were being actively The fossil-bearing part of the locality, dug, I collected principally from the spoil where concretions are freed by weathering heaps, but I managed also to collect many from the heaped-up shale, is for the most specimens in their original undisturbed po- part in Will County, with only a small por- sitions in the walls of the cuts. No two tion of the spoil heaps in Grundy County pits were alike in depth or in the succession to the west yielding good fossils. Beyond of beds expo.sed in the walls; some were an unmined stretch of about seven miles CURATOR GEORGE LANGFORD almost barren of fossils or yielded concre- lies Mazon Creek. Beneath the ground, Museum's fossil-plant expert with part ol collection. tions with only poor specimens. The pits where it has not already been scooped up, to the west and north, actually those nearest is the Wilmington Coal, the most ancient vertebrate animals—insects, clams, crusta- to Mazon Creek, yielded practically no of the coal beds suitable for economical ceans, and other forms. fossils. mining in this district. Its age is computed One half of a concretion containing a I hunted over the whole mined area while

at about 250 million years. fern displays the impression of the top sur- (Continued on page 7, column 1 ) Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 195S

FINICKY BIRDS—THEY washing was reported to be normal. Dun- CURATOR HAAS COMPLETES WASH THEIR FOOD lins, greenshanks, redshanks, ringed plovers, WEST COAST STUDIES and oyster-catchers were all reported wash- By AUSTIN L. RAND Dr. Fritz ing their food, until it appears that with the Haas, Curator of Lower Inver- CURATOR OF BIRDS group of birds we call shore-birds—sand- tebrates, has returned to the Museum from NOT ONLY WASH ourselves and a field to pipers, snipes, plovers, and their relatives— trip the West Coast. Dr. Haas our clothes but certain items of our WE food-washing may indeed be normal. The collected representative specimens of marine, food are such as regularly washed, spinach, details of the observations strongly suggest freshwater, and land invertebrate specimens, to the sand out of it. has been and get Washing that the reason for the washing, in many engaged in research, comparing the so in our that we have littoral important society cases at least, is the same as our reason for animal life of Vancouver Island, the that cleanliness is next to saying godli- washing spinach—to get the sand and mud British Columbia, with that of the southern ness. we've the snobbish idea that Possibly out of it. California Pacific coast and also the Atlantic F. G. Evenden recorded dippers {Cinclus coast. His headquarters were made at the mexicanus) in Oregon washing food for their Pacific Biological Station at Nanaimo on the young (Condor, 45: 120, 1943), and the buff- island. He also traveled through Wash- backed heron in Egypt was seen by Derek ington, Oregon, and northern California, in- Goodwin (British Birds, 41: 121, 1948). vestigating the lower invertebrate fauna of When Francois Haverschmidt published his the redwood forests in state parks and on note on the curlew sandpiper (Calidris tes- lumber industry properties. Among the tacea) in Holland, the editors' request for snails, clams, and other creatures he collected further information (British Birds, 39: 185, are a number believed new to malacological 1946) resulted in many other short notes science. He also studied the problem im- published in the same journal in 1946 and posed by invasions of the large Japanese 4^ 1947. oyster which has in certain areas become a menace to native oysters. FIVE NAMED TO JUDGE it's a strictly human trait. We don't expect NATURE PHOTOS in to find water used for such cleanliness Change Visiting Hours amongst other animals, and the raccoon, The names of the five judges who will Museum hours, which have been 9 A.M. who does wash his food, is considered a sort make the awards in the Ninth Chicago In- to 5 P.M. in the autumn, will change to the of But when we come to ternational Exhibition of Nature biological oddity. Photog- winter schedule, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. during the birds we find a number of them have been announced the surprising raphy by Chicago period from November 1 to February 28. that wash their food. Nature Camera Club, co-sponsor of the con- The dipper of our western mountains in test and show. Those appointed are: Roland Oregon has been seen to wash insects and Eisenbeis, Senior Park Naturalist, Forest NEW MEMBERS grubs before feeding them to the young Preserve District, Illinois; Robert F. Inger, The became Museum birds. The parents held the food crosswise Assistant Curator of Fishes at the Museum; following persons Members from 14 to October 15: in their bills and twisted their heads rapidly Rachel M. Osgood, photographer; Jack September from side to side in the water. Not until Remde, photographer; and Rupert L. Wen- Contributor then was the food taken to the nest for the zel. Curator of Insects at the Museum. Thomas J. Dee* Entries are now and young. being accepted, Life Member buff- should sent to Natural The scene shifts to Africa. Four be Chicago History James A. Cathcart backed herons were feeding on a flooded Museum, which will furnish forms and a Associate Members lawn at Gezira in Egypt. One of the birds complete outline of the conditions of the Maxwell Abbell, H. E. Anning, Laurance captured a large insect, apparently a large contest on request. Final deadline for en- H. Armour, Jr., R. H. Bacon, E. C. Barker, black beetle. Holding the beetle in the tip tries will be January 14. Winners of the William Friedlander, Alfred E. Gebhardt, of its bill, the bird walked to the water, im- awards will be announced just prior to the M. J. Sporrer, David B. Stern, Jr., Alfred mersed the insect three and of the which will be held times, shaking opening exhibition, J. Weil fumbling with it the while, and then swal- February 1-28 at the Museum. Annual Menil>ers lowed it. The exhibition will be composed of two A. B. Mrs. William Butter- In Britain there came a whole host of divisions: Prints and Transparencies. There Anderson, Mrs. H. L. Mrs. Russell G. records after an observation in Holland in will be three classifications in each division. worth, Calvin, Cleaver, Bernard G. Colby, Sherman R. 1946 of curlew sandpipers. The birds were They are: Animal Life, Plant Life, and Cook, H. J. Felsenthal, Mrs. Harry H. probing the dry mud at the edge of a little General (scenery, geological formations, Fuller, Richard J. Galvin, James J. Glassner, creek. When one of the birds a small and other nature not in- got clouds, phenomena Dr. Benjamin J. Gregory, Miss Johnnie sand worm, it at once ran with quick steps cluded in the other two classifications). Sil- Harlow, Mrs. Floy Heaney, George A. to the creek and stepped into the shallow ver medals and ribbons will be awarded in Heath, Miss Sara Jepsen, Mrs. Edward J. water where it dipped the worm a few times each print and slide classification, and the Kelly, Carl R. Lambrecht, Jr., Lloyd W. into the water before swallowing it. Then names of winners will be inscribed on the Lehman, Thomas P. Liston, J. DeNavarre John Allen W. it trotted away for more. The editors of Myrtle R. Walgreen plaque. Macomb, Madden, Mathis, A. Peter N. McArthur, Harley V. Mc- British Birds, the journal in which this was Namara, Maurice B. Mitchell, Mrs. Gilbert published, suggested that this might be a Museum Contributor H. Osgood, Andrew Poggenpohl, Dr. more common habit than the scanty pub- Stephen Polyak, Dr. E. A. Pushkin, Albert lished records would indicate and invited The late Thomas J. of was Dee, Chicago, Samuels, Charles H. Schelter, Robert. G. elected the Board of Trus- observations. posthumously by Sippel, Mrs. Sherman T. Spitzer, Harold H. In the succeeding numbers of the journal tees to the roll of the Museum's Contribu- Stout, Israel Swett, Sam Terker, Mrs. Daniel a spate of records resulted: a whimbrel wash- tors. This honor, which continues in per- M. Vail, Frank Vander Ploeg, Orlin I. Wahl, ing crabs, a snipe washing earthworms, god- petuity, was in recognition of generous con- John A. Watson wits washing their food. With curlews food- tributions of funds to the Museum. * Deceased 195S November, CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

STRIP-MINE FOSSILS— heaps are now covered with this material, STAFF APPOINTMENTS concealing the nodules they may bear. (Continued from page 5) Two new appointments to the Museum's scientific staff were announced most of it was still free of vegetation. WIDE VARIATIONS OCCUR last month a of it has become over- by Colonel Clifford C. Lately large part The concretions themselves are varied in with weeds, grass, and trees, Gregg, Director. John grown making appearance. In certain hills they are per- further difficult. The best W. Thieret was named collecting speci- fectly shaped but contain no specimens to the mens occurred within a rather limited area, post of Assist- worth collecting; in others, many are sep- within which I concentrated on about ant Curator of Eco- forty tarian concretions containing radiating fis- later those down to nomic Botany, and good spots, narrowing sures filled with crystalline calcite that cause M. Kenneth Starr was twenty where I found the best specimens. these bodies to shatter when struck with a Curator Many localities were distinguished by the Other appointed of hammer. , localities produce round abundance of one or another or Asiatic Archaeology species by concretions, but the contained fossils are ^^^^ the absence of common elsewhere. '^^^ Ethnology, species coated with pyrite or other minerals. Most A^ ^Bf Mr. Thieret, who good specimens, indeed, are covered with a ^^k ^/^^ COLLECTED NODULES BY THOUSANDS ^^ Chicago Natural mineral coating of one sort or another, usually 1^^^ ikH History Museum Fel- In the period 1937-40 I spent nearly two a chalky-white deposit of kaolin. I soon M. Kenneth Starr low of the University years in the field, a third of that time with found that I could remove this by scraping of Chicago from Octo- the assistance of my son, George Langford, or brushing without damaging the delicately ber, 1951, to October this year, received his Jr. Our collections of that period are now detailed hard fossil impression. Specimens Bachelor of Science and Master of Science exhibited in a number of museums. When in other collections have oxidized badly degrees from Utah State Agricultural Col- my son's work kept him from the field, I with time, turning a deep red and becoming lege. He has satisfied continued to work alone until I came to soft. I found that a thin solution of dextrin, all requirements for a Chicago Natural History Museum in 1947, a form of starch, brushed over the specimen Doctor of Philo.sophy and since then I have taken many trips to with a fine paint brush, would prevent this. degree at the Univer- the mines with others of the Museum staff. Specimens treated in this way fifteen years sity of Chicago, and In the sixteen of collecting, I have ago show no sign of deterioration years my today. this distinction will be brought home more than 150,000 nodules, Besides protecting the specimen, the coating conferred upon him in more than ten times that num- of dextrin enhances the of color representing contrast December. ber cracked in the field. between the and its actually specimen background. Mr. Starr received of there The is In this great number specimens, Wilmington deposit only fifty miles his M. A. degree in from Its are about 570 species of plants, of which Chicago. great numbers of speci- 1947 after doing un- mens and of about 100 are new to science, and there are species have made it a favorite dergraduate work at one-third of about 100 species of animals, collecting locality not only for myself and Duke University where other W. Thieret which are new. The more we collect, the more Museum staff members but for a con- he majored in Far John discover. Since 1937 I have number of amateurs. new forms we stantly growing The Eastern history. He continued interest of the is been continually revising my manuscript Museum then spent two years in northern China as that contains descriptions, photographs, and explained by the fact that new sjsecies headmaster of an American school. Return- all forms of and are still discovered on almost drawings of these plant being every ing to the United States Mr. Starr began short as animal life. collecting trip well as fine specimens work at Yale University toward a Ph. D. in of well-known We will continue to The deposits of the Wilmington area were species. anthropology, and he is now in the process collect there until the under- laid down in fresh water, but some few encroaching of completing his dissertation. He has a and trees cover the species of marine aspect were probably growth finally spoil broad knowledge of Chinese language and and hide the for washed in from estuaries by storms. The heaps concretions. But literature. after this once con- concretion-bearing rock itself is a soft, gray, many years that, area, Both new staff members began their duties sidered an blot on the silty shale. When exposed to the weather unsightly prairie at the Museum in October. will continue to be a favorite in the spoil heaps, it disintegrates to clay, landscape, recreational with clear the concretions falling free. Because of a spot, ponds occupying the former mine CURATOR RAND TO COLLECT certain amount of iron in the concretions, pits and green hills teeming with wild a rare in the flat lands BIRDS IN PHILIPPINES they redden, or rust, on exposure, announcing life, sight of northeastern Illinois. their presence to a collector even some dis- Dr. Austin L. Rand, Curator of Birds, tance from the hills. The "roof shale," the will fly from San Francisco to Manila to bed directly above the coal, often showed represent the Museum at the Pacific Science Daily Guide-Lectures carbonized impressions of large specimens of Congress which will be held in the latter the same kinds of plants as we find in the Free guide-lecture tours are offered city November 16-28. concretions, but this shale, too, has vanished daily except Sundays under the title After participating in the important ses- into clay through years of weathering and "Highlights of the Exhibits." These tours sions of the congress. Dr. Rand will collect we can no longer find large fossil-bearing are designed to give a general idea of the birds for the Museum collections on an ex- slabs. entire Museum and its scope of activities. pedition to the island of Negros in which at 2 p.m. on will be Dr. Dioscoro S. Some of the pits, esjjecially those nearer They begin Monday through he joined by Rabor, to Mazon Creek, showed that a body of Friday and at 2:30 P.M. on Saturday. a Museum Field Associate who is profes,sor of at Silliman in the Phil- sandstone representing an old channel-filling Sf)ecial tours on subjects within the rnnpo biology University Dr. Rand will be in the islands for had replaced the gray shale. Concretions of the Museum exhibits are available ! Ion- ippines. several months. cannot now be found in that part of the days through Fridays for parties of ten or mining area. Lying above the shale in the more persons. Requests for such service must be made at least one week in advance. entire area was originally a ten-foot layer An entire hall of the Museum (Hall 8) of glacial sand and gravel and a foot of Although there are no tours on Sundays, is devoted to the ancient American cultures marshy surface-soil. Some of the spoil the Museum is open from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. of the Mayas, Aztecs, Toltecs, and Zapotecs. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 1953

at from a vacation On Saturday Afternoons . Copenhagen, subsequent Free Movie Time in Europe, and from brief field work in FOUR MORE LECTURES, Palestine Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN FILMS FOR ADULTS Curator of Geology, has returned from SATURDAY MORNINGS Washington, D.C., after three weeks at the The Autumn Course of free lectures and Four more free moving-picture programs U. S. National Museum where he worked for children will be color motion-pictures for Museum Members, given on Saturday morn- on preparation of a new catalogue of me- their and other adults will continue ings during November by the Raymond guests, teorites in the Museum collection and where November with programs on each Foundation. The movies start at 10:30 through he studied the chondritic structure of stony of the four afternoons of the A.M., and are presented in the James Simp- Saturday meteorites. He also collected in sjiecimens son of are month. The lectures, which are provided by Theatre the Museum. Following Connecticut for exhibit cases on physical the Edward E. Ayer Lecture Foundation the program dates, and titles of the pictures: geology .... Henry S. Dybas, Associate P^ind, are given in the James Simpson Curator of Insects, returned October 22 November 7—The Antarctic—Home op Theatre of the Museum at 2:30 P.M. Be- from a collecting trip in southern Mississippi, THE Penguins cause of limited accommodations, admission Louisiana, and Arkansas. Also a cartoon is restricted to adults; for children special free motion-picture programs are given in November 14—Eskimo Hunters the Theatre on the of the same Former Museum Aid Dies mornings Also a cartoon under the auspices of the Ray- Saturdays John Emil Liljeblad, former Assistant Cu- mond Foundation. November 21—The Prairies rator of Insects, died October 2 at the age are dates, titles, and lecturers Following of 91 in Van Nuys, California. Mr. Liljeblad Also a cartoon for the remainder of this season's series for joined the Museum staff in 1915 and retired — adults: November 28 Bear Country (one of the on pension in 1940. Disney "True-Life Adventure" series) 7— Capri of the November Iceland, Also a cartoon North Fulbright Scholar at Museum Robert Davis Children may come alone, accompanied Professor H. Stubel of Erlangen Univer- by parents or other adults, or in groups November 14—THE Hawaiian Islands sity in Bavaria is at the Museum on a F^il- from schools, clubs, and other centers. Yew Char bright Fellowship. He is engaged in re- search on the aboriginal tribes of China. November 21—Atoms and Atolls John Colonel Craig GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Books November 28—Seven Wonders of the West Following is a list of the principal gifts received during the past month: books reviewed in the Bulletin are Francis R. Line {All Department of Anthropology: available in The Book Shop of the Mtiseum. No tickets are necessary for admission From: John Borden, Spring Lake, Mich.— Mail orders accompanied by remittance in- to these lectures. A section of the model of Aleut bidarka, Aleutian Islands cluding postage are promptly filled.) to Members of the Theatre is allocated Department of Botany: is entitled to Museum, each of whom From: Holly R. Bennett, Chicago— 150 WAYS OF MAMMALS. By Clifford B. for two reserved seats. Requests these grasses, 350 miscellaneous phanerogams, Illi- Moore. The Ronald Press, New York, seats should be made in advance by nois—and Indiana; New York Botanical Gar- 1953, 273 pages. Price $3.50. telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or in writ- den 419 Rubiaceae, South America; Bryan 111.—2 Pinus The Ways of Mammals, In Fact and Fancy ing, and seats will be held in the Mem- Patterson, Homewood, pon- derosa var. Catherine and eliminates of the old, ber's name until 2:25 o'clock on the gcopulorum, Colorado; explains many Zeller, Springfield, 111.—3 pine specimens, popular, and supersititous beliefs about lecture day. Illinois mammals. As many of these ideas are still Department of Geology: persistent today, for fiction always seems to From: Beta Research Laboratory, Chi- have more appeal than fact, the book is a STAFF NOTES cago—25 natural elements valuable reference to their origin and ex-

Department of Zoology : planation. David Dunsmuir has been appointed From: Harry Hoogstraal, Cairo, Egypt, The hoofed mammals, bats, marsupials, and Col. W. V. King, Orlando, Fla.—59 rodents, whales, and Captain of the Guard, filling the vacancy carnivores, primates species of mosquitoes. New Guinea; U. S. all "Beliefs About caused by the retirement on pension Septem- are discussed, as are Naval Medical Research Unit, Cairo, Egypt ber 30 of George Woodward. Mr. Dunsmuir Mammals." —4 lots of fishes, Egypt; Marian R. Wei- has been a member of the guard force since The work is largely anthological, with at mann, Chesterton, Ind.—2 frogs, 2 lizards. was to in 1949. least recent American 1944 and promoted Sergeant Isle of Rhodes; Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Hazel- thirty mammalogists Articles have been .... Gustaf Dalstrom, Artist, Depart- crest, 111.—2 lots of preserved marine fishes, represented. or excerpts ment of Anthropology, is one of four artists Florida; Joseph Bauman, Chesterton, Ind. used from the Journal of Mammalogy, Nat- whose drawings are being exhibited by the —2 salamanders, Illinois; Dorothy Beetle, ural History, Field and Stream, Saturday — 5 lots of freshwater Renaissance Society at the University of Laramie, Wyo. shells. Evening Post, and books on mammals. South Bernard Benesh, Burrville, Chicago, continuing through November 14 America; There is a complete list of literature cited, a Tenn.—9 insects. United States and Europe; in Goodspeed Hall .... Elaine Bluhm, bibliography, and an index. The work Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111. Assistant, Archaeology, told about the dig should prove very useful to the layman and —giant panda; Dr. Harold Dodge, Savan- she in this summer on a Channel 5 especially to those who are called upon engaged nah, Ga.—paratypes of 7 Sarcophagid flies October 18. to answer television program, Sunday, of genus Ideamonima, southeastern United popular questions concerning Dr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator States; Charles L. English, Miami, Fla.—4 mammals. of Zoology, returned on October 15 from bats, Florida; Florida State Board of Health, CouN C. Sanborn the 14th International Zoological Congress Jacksonville—268 bats, Florida and Georgia. Curator of Mammals

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS ULLETIN Vol.24.No.l2Deceinberl953 Chicago Xaiural Ilistorif yiuHeiini Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 195S

Chicago Natural History Museum thus seems intentionally to have fastened —TmS MONTH'S COVER— Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 onto a date long associated with pre- RoowTclt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicaito 5 Christian rites generally related to sun wor- The large buck caribou shown Tblbphonb: WAbash 2-9410 ship and, particularly, to the winter solstice. on our cover is the dominating Traditional loyalties were thus more easily figure in a habitat group on exhi- THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES enticed, and subsequent annual ceremonies bition in Hall 16. Caribou are the Lester Armour Samuel Insull, Jr. gradually lost their original pre-Christian wild reindeer of North America. Sewell L. Avery Henry P. Isham Wm. Mccormick Blair Hughston M. McBain meaning. These superbly formed animals H. Mitchell Walther Buchen William Thus, Christmas of recent centuries has are the dashing, graceful reindeer Walter J. Cumminos Clarence B. Randall Albert B. Dick. Jr. George A. Richardson diverged from winter solstice rites that were that draw the mythical sleigh of Joseph N. Field John G. Searle Marshall Field Solomon A. Smith widespread at an earlier time and has in- Santa Glaus through the air of Marsraix Field, Jr. Louis Ware corporated customs from various sources. Christmas Eve. Just what man- Stanley Field John P. Wilson Only traces of the older patterns linger on ner of creatures are they? Their OFFICERS as isolated survivals, the mistletoe and the real story is told on 3 Stanley Field Pretidmt page by Marshall Field Firtt Vite-PresitUnt Yule log being examples. This original asso- Philip Hershkovitz, Assistant Cu- Henry P. Isham Second Vice-Pre»idmt ciation of Christmas with the winter solstice rator of Samuel Insull. Jr. Third Vice-PTesident Mammals. A. Smith Treasurer Solomon serves to join us more closely to many non- Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary John R. Millar Auitiant Secretary Christian peoples, for Europeans were not alone in their observance of the winter solstice. Numerous peoples, scattered across THE BULLETIN Guide-Lectures the northern hemisphere in Europe, Asia, Daily EDITOR and the Americas, noted the steady move- Free guide-lecture tours are offered ClutobdC. Gregg Director of the Mtueum ment of the sun southward as summer daily except Sundays under the title CONTRIBUTING EDITORS passed into fall and fall into winter, and "Highlights of the Exhibits." These tours Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany these peoples marked the solstice with cere- are designed to give a general idea of the Curator Sharat K. Roy Chief of Geology monies of various kinds. entire Museum and its of activities. Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology scope They begin at 2 p.m. on Monday through MANAGING EDITOR variation ON a THEME Friday and at 2:30 p.m. on Saturday. H. B. Habtb Public Relatione Counsel Smaller cultures around the world still Special tours on subjects within the range ASSOCIATE EDITORS observe the solstices ceremonially, as for of the Museum exhibits are available Mon- Helen A. MacMinn Barbara Polikoff example, some of the American Indians. days through Fridays for parties of ten or Eastern Asia, however, provides an example more persons. Requests for such service Members are requested to Inform the Museum of a larger culture that until recent times must be made at least one week in advance. of address. promptly of changes observed the for in solstices, China, Japan, Although there are no tours on Sundays, and Korea the of the seasons was change the Museum is open from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. secular accompanied by religious and cere- The Museum will be closed Christmas and CHRISTMAS monies. New Year's Day. By M. KENNETH STARR In China, where the rites were most elabo- curator of ASIATIC ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY rate, the observance of the winter solstice was but one of the COMPLETELY are most of us im- ceremonies associated recall an earlier time when many peoples SOmersed in the waters of our own cultural with astronomical phenomena, for the Chi- were joined by their common solemnization tradition that we sometimes forget that nese calendar, born of the needs of an agri- of the winter solstice. There were variations cultural accorded much of the world does not observe Christ- people, high emphasis to from place to place across the hemisphere, mas, for Christmas is essentially a Euro- the changes of the seasons. Of the various but the theme was constant. Now we are calendrical the one pean tradition. "Everywhere, everywhere, ceremonies, occurring at among the last major bearers of the vestiges the time of winter solstice was in Christmas tonight" is the sentiment born of Imperial of an ancient tradition, and in observing a limited world view. Humility suggests times, prior to 1911, the most important. Christmas—which itself was changed appre- that we recognize the fact that many peoples It was the occasion upon which the emperor, ciably in our century—we may gain in so- akin to the with in Africa, the Americas, and Asia do not French kings respect to his phistication and satisfaction if we remember obeisance to celebrate our festivals but follow different divinity, paid Heaven, carrying the larger context into which it fits. rounds of annual observances, defined by out severely formal ritual at the Altar of Suggested Reading: For those who find their own traditions and environments. Heaven in Peking. Popular celebration also pleasure in musing upon the origins of our marked the occasion, though not in a manner Christmas two references be A WIDER TRADITION customs, may comparable with the New Year festivities given. The first, a general one, is the Ency- Britannica. The more We may gain a deeper appreciation of our that followed a few weeks later. clopaedia second, spe- cialized, though not limited to Christmas own customs and a broader base for inter- In 1911, with the advent of the Chinese alone, is Sir James G. PVazer's The Golden cultural understanding if we reflect upon Republic, formal recognition of the solstices Bough, which has lived through many edi- Christmas in its wider context. The Chris- was abandoned, as were most of the other tions. The general reader will prefer the one-volume edition The Mac- tian church drew itself together slowly at state ceremonies, and the winter solstice was (New York, millan Co., 1941). For more hardy readers first, and the date of Christ's birth was not relegated to the status of a mere calendrical who wish to prepare for Christmas 1954, finally fixed until a.d. 440 when church notation. The present government in China there is also the original twelve-volume decree established December 25 as the date, continues likewise to break the bonds of edition. Both the single- and multiple- volume editions are well a choice that was arbitrary, for the actual earlier tradition, while endeavoring, as is to known, skilfully written, and thoroughly fascinating in date of His birth is unrecorded. be expected, to create new bonds of tradition content. The selection of December 25, however, based on persons and events significant for For brief descriptions of Peking and the seems to have been made with purpose well Communism. Chinese ceremonial calendar, two books may be listed: C. L. and William in mind, for it coincided with the date With the disappearance in Eastern Asia Arlington Lewisohn, In Search of Old Peking (Peking, at that time as the on which of this remnant of an ancient custom, we accepted day 1935) and J. Bredon and I. Metrophanow, the winter solstice occurred. The church are left with our Christmas observances to The Moon Year (Shanghai, 1927). December, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S THE REINDEER-IMPORTANT TO MAN IN FACT AND FANCY By PHILIP HERSHKOVITZ there is no manifestation of antlers until the are also brought to bear and, acting to- ASSISTANT CURATOR OF UAHHAL8 individual, and then only the male, is at gether, like snowshoes, this combination MOST of us the reindeer is a fabulous least three months old. In the adult caribou enables the animal to proceed with ease TOanimal and, like Santa Claus, is part of the brow tines of the palmate antlers are over crusted snow, frozen lakes, and steep the yuletime legend. Nevertheless, since plate-shaped and extend forward over the icy slopes. The tread of the caribou is time immemorial, the reindeer has played a nose. Usually only one brow tine is so de- characterized by a peculiar clicking or creak- vital role in man's struggle for existence. In veloped while the other remains stunted. ing sound produced by the interplay of bones the older Stone Age, before metal imple- This tine is not used for shoveling or scraping in the ankle. It may be a signal for keeping ments and pottery were invented, the cave snow away from forage, as is sometimes the herd together. The caribou can combine man left testimony of his dependence on stated. endurance with speed so that in a race over the reindeer by depicting the animal on The general body color of the caribou is any great distance it outruns a wolf or any stone, slate, and ivory. Indeed, the signifi- brown; the neck, beard, and underside of other kind of deer. It has been clocked cance of the animal during the dawn of tail and surrounding area on the rump, as crossing a lake at the rate of 45 to 50 miles per hour. If sufficiently frightened, a herd can run as much as 100 miles before regain- ing enough composure to halt or settle down to a walk. The caribou is also an excellent swimmer and, because of its special coat, floats high in the water. One herd of twenty caribou was observed swimming a distance of 1,000 yards in 8 minutes, 25 seconds, or at a speed of better than 4 miles per hour.

FEEDING HABITS

During the spring and summer a fully mature buck feeds, fattens, and grows ant- lers for the exhausting activity of the autumn rutting season. The fat that ac- cumulates on his back may be two or three inches thick and, as a result, the animal REINDEER PLAYS DUAL ROLE IN ART takes on an ungainly appearance. The does The animal both the and the medium for this of itself made a provides sub)ect portrait 18,000 years ago by and young bucks also fatten but not nearly Stone'Agc artist on a reindeer bone. The drawing is a reproduction of a paleoltth found in Kesserloch Cave, so much. Once the breeding season begins, Switzerland. (Illustration by Margaret Bradbury, Artist in Department of Zoology.) old males indulge in fighting with each other and in rounding up the females. So far as human culture was so great that the whole well as a band around each are white. foot, known, bucks do not select and maintain period is called the "Reindeer Age." Today, There may be a spot or stripe of, white on the same partners, or harems, but serve the no less than yesterday, the reindeer is in- the sides behind the shoulders. Complete does indiscriminiately. During the rut, dispensable to man on the frozen deserts of or partial albinos occur, especially among bucks eat little or nothing at all, and by Europe, Asia, and North America, where the most northern races. In late winter the time the season is over their reserve fat life is coldest and crudest. and early spring the pelage is grayish white, is gone, their energy is spent, and they begin The native wild reindeer of a result of bleaching and wearing, and pro- Canada, the winter in poor flesh. and Greenland is the caribou. It vides camouflage against the snow. The Alaska, The year-round food of caribou consists conserves in full the features pelage is at its best in autumn and early vigor hereditary principally of grasses, true mosses and cer- have winter and consists of a coat of wool and habits that degenerated or become oily tain lichens called "reindeer moss." Winter in its domesticated brother. next to the skin and a thick outer covering suppressed is the lean season and the little found to eat kinds of caribou have been of coarse hairs and very fine quills. Each Many described, consists of twigs of shrubs, lichens, and small but it is now agreed that these are local of the quills is a true hair specially modified clumps of grass and other vegetation that for the winter and filled with air cells. The varieties of a single species that occurs can be smelled out from beneath the snow. most of the and quills act both as insulators in conserving throughout tundras, forests, When plant growth resumes, caribou change of the Arctic and North body heat and as floats when the animal is swamps Temperate to feeding on green stems, leaves and buds, zones of both the Old and New Worlds. in water. Caribou or reindeer hairs have favoring those of the willow and birch. been used for and around The technical name Rangifer tarandus for making lifebelts, Antlers that are shed at this time are also the reindeer is 1900 a German invented a reindeer-hair typical European applied, eaten for their needed mineral content. to the American cloth that, when made into suits, was in- also, caribou. Reindeer, The menu of the caribou improves with the or are the of tended to prevent human beings from caribou, only representatives advancing season as the quantity and variety the deer in the Arctic. The word sinking. family of green things and fruits increase. Mush- "caribou" is of Algonquin Indian origin. JUST RIGHT FOR SANTA'S SLEIGH rooms are a favorite food. ANTLERS ADORN BOTH SEXES The caribou foot is wonderfully adapted SPRING BABIES The most distinctive character of the to supporting the animal in over traveling The young are bom in late spring and, or is the in both and ice. The hoof is wide caribou, reindeer, presence swamps, snow, unlike fawns of most other kinds of deer, sexes of immense and ant- and round in concave on the under- peculiarly shaped outline, they are not marked by a pattern of spots. a characteristic not found in other and of lers, any side, capable considerable lateral The period of gestation is from 31 to 32 kind of deer. Antlers appear in the young spread. When more supporting surface is weeks and should twins be born—an un- caribou, both male and female, within four required the well-developed dew claws, the usual event-^the mother may destroy one or five weeks after birth. In other deer pastern, and the fetlock of long stiff bristles of the two offspring. A few hours after Pagei CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 195S birth the extremely precocious offspring is golden eagle occasionally kills a new-born articles, for tents, and for the type of cloth- afoot and following its mother. Two days or very young fawn. However, the most ing needed by Eskimos. A fine twine is later it is strong enough to keep up with important natural factors in reducing the formed from reindeer gut and the bones the herd, and when it is about a month old numbers of caribou are disease and parasites. serve to make various kinds of tools and the fawn begins to forage for itself. It con- primitive weapons. The bone also enters PREDISPOSEU) TO DOMESTICATION tinues to suckle regularly, however, for into the construction of sledges and other many months more, until the next spring, The caribou is instinctively tame, sociable, vehicles. Every part of the animal, except according to one observer. of a docile disposition, and endowed with a its grunt, is utilized and fact does not end of These with the fancy of a team of reindeer soaring GREAT MIGRATIONS high degree curiosity. qualities predispose it to domestication. No attempt through the air driven by Santa Claus in a The caribou is highly gregarious and nor- was ever made to domesticate the American sleigh replete with good things for all men. mally is found in herds numbering dozens, caribou, but its European and Asiatic rela- hundreds, or even thousands. The largest tives have long been completely subjected herds, with hundreds of thousands of cari- to man's domination. In Scandinavia, the Special Exhibit bou, are formed by concentrations of smaller groups that travel together during seasonal SOME FLOWERING TREES migrations. The fall migration is performed OF THE CARIBBEAN by massed herds over well-defined ancestral routes. The spring migration, in the reverse Twenty-nine paintings in tempera of the direction, is more gradual and scattered, brilliant flowering trees of the coastal shores taking place over individual trails that tend and islands of the Caribbean will be shown to obscure the mass movement. The pri- in a special exhibit in Stanley Field Hall of mary reason for the migrations is the search the Museum through December. The paint- for suitable food. Added stimulants may ings are by two young artists of New York, be the general unrest of the rutting activities Bernard and Harriet Pertchik, who are in the fall and the physiological changes husband and wife. They were commissioned associated with fawning in the spring. In in 1950 by the Alcoa Steamship Company Canada, the general mass movement of to paint these pictures. caribou is tundra to forest in the fall from The Pertchiks first worked together as and early winter, and vice versa in the spring fellow students at Pratt Institute and later and early summer. In Alaska, there is a became well known for their talent in com- from to lowlands in the migration highlands mercial art. The present collection, which fall and in the reverse direction in the spring. has won admiration in art circles both in In the domestic breed feels the Lapland, MAKING HER OWN FUR COAT this country and abroad, is their first major urge to migrate in summer from inland to work in the fine arts. Intended as an American husbands can envy the mate o£ this Eskimo objec- coast. Accordingly, the Laplander, with his woman scraping a caribou or reindeer hide. Many tive presentation of colorful and exotic flora, for several months in the such hides are needed to make her —two herds, sojourns clothing the series of paintings required much re- of the sea. In there large or three small ones for the summer parka and neighborhood addition, search at the source. To carry out the as- twice as many lor the winter double parka. The are many local movements of individual the hides are used also for boots, mittens, blankets, tents, signment, artists visited many parts of herds that do not conform to over-all any bow lines, 6shing nets and snow shoes. the West Indies and South America and Segregation of the sexes has been pattern. made extensive studies of growing trees. Al- noted in migrating herds of caribou. The reindeer supplies meat, milk, cheese, cloth- though their paintings are restricted in con- does, accompanied by their yearling young, ing, and means of transport in a climate ception by the bounds of botanical accuracy, are in the advance. They are followed by where horse, cow, goat and sheep cannot be the Pertchiks nevertheless utilized the un- young bucks, and old bucks bring up the utilized. Harnessed to a sledge, the reindeer usual forms and brilliance of the rear. tropical will travel 100 miles a day over the frozen blossoms with creative ability of first order. HUNTED BY MAN AND WOLF snow. It is of a of capable drawing weight The paintings have been used to illustrate more than 300 pounds. The northern Asi- Human residents of the caribou range, Flowering Trees of the Caribbean, an authori- atic breed is larger than the Lapland form who are in need of meat and hides, use their tative book on the most spectacular of the and is used as a mount. knowledge of routes taken by the animals region's blooming trees published by Rine- About 1840, the Hudson's for ambushing them. Eskimos have con- Bay Company hart and Company under the sponsorship into Canada a few tame reindeer in trived ingenious devices for securing caribou. brought of the Alcoa Steamship Company. Some charge of Norwegian herdsmen. The ani- One of these is the building of a fence or a have also been reproduced in the magazine mals died within a few months. Reindeer series of low mounds along each side of the Holiday. route. The fences or mounds are of Siberian stock were successfully intro- usually the are both red duced into Alaska the United States Among plants depicted and lead to a river crossing, by convergent may and white rose of in 1892 and during the course frangipani, Venezuela, a cliff, or a corral. Caribou on such a government of the next eleven The herds Napoleon's button, algodoncillo of the route may become suspicious but fear to years. original flourished and their descendants are num- mountain, cannon-ball tree, queen of flowers, crash through the fence or cross the mounds bered in the hundreds of thousands. The wild chestnut, African tulip tree, yellow and thus are led into the trap or ambush. domestic reindeer are owned Es- flamboyant. Long John, pride of Burma, Next to man, the wolf is the most im- chiefly by kimos for whom were im- shower of gold, madre de cacao, mountain portant predator of the caribou. So close is they originally but white men have ac- immortelle, orchid the relationship between the two animals ported, gradually tree, chinaberry, Geiger stock. and vitae. of that predator and prey lead the same no- quired tree, lignum Representatives of madic life. Bears sometimes secure calves The Alaskan reindeer industry provides a number these are among the exhibits for food but their depredations are insignifi- meat for residents and also for exportation. in Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall cant. Wolverines and foxes frequently eat Reindeer or caribou hides are indispensable (Plant Life—Hall 29) and other botany caribou meat but only as scavengers. The for the manufacture of many kinds of leather halls of the Museum. December, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S UNNATURAL WONDERS OF THE WORLD By BARBARA POLIKOFF

Several years ago Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, was called upon by two Navy men who were offering for sale a "real" mermaid they had purchased while in Japan. Dr. Schmidt found that their specimen, like another he had seen, was not the work of nature but of a commercially minded indi-

.Jbk^ Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 195S

BIRDS IN GILDED CAGES RUN AFOUL OF THE LAW into the United States is prohibited. Hum- mingbirds, tanagers, honey creepers, and She's only a bird in a gilded cage, time, trouble, and of the money people ground sparrows' feathers from tropical A to the are all wasted. beautiful sight see. making importations America are among those I've identified You think she's and care. A with a may happy free from professional spellbinder, quaver on these birds. One large cage, with three She's not, though she seems to be— in his voice, should be able to do wonders birds in it, had a letter from the exporter 'Tis sad when think her wasted with if he did not descend into melo- you of life, this, saying that the feathers used were those of For youth cannot mate with age, drama that became bathos and consequently domestic birds (which could be legally im- And her was sold ludicrous. beauty ported), but at a glance I saw all three were For an old man's gold, MORE THAN EMOTION INVOLVED common South American species and showed She's a bird in a gilded cage. the customs man specimens of the kinds But sound conservation and bird protec- (Song by Arthur J. Lamb and Harry Von Titzcr. Copy* that had been used. The cage and its birds, tion should be based on more than playing right 1900 by Shapiro, Bernttcin S Von Tilzer. Renewed 1927 of course, had to be confiscated. on emotions. in some- by Harry Von Tilzer Muiic Publiehing Co. Used by permioion.) people's Naturally In the latter of the last and thing as complex as managing renewable part century By AUSTIN L. RAND first of the feather trade natural resources, ideas as to what and how, the part this, CURATOR OF BIRDS reached enormous From the as well as why, will vary. But emotional proportions. and around the would have thought this song of content will not help sober judgment. The tropics subtropics globe, WHOthe 190O's would be having a tempo- factual account that follows seems the best feathers from birds ranging in size from to rheas were to the rary renewed popularity today in the bird presentation. hummingbirds shipped world feather-markets. division of the Museum? It came about Mechanical singing birds in gilded cages through the Museum's being asked by the are making an ill-omened attempt at a come- A few figures from Henderson's The Prac- United States Customs in Chicago to iden- back. The bird is an artificial one, covered tical Value of Birds are impressive: 3,000 tify feathers of imported birds in gilded with natural feathers and fitted so that skins of hummingbirds were included in one shipment from Brazil in 1888; 400,000 skins, mostly hummingbirds, were sold at auction in London in one week in 1888; and 41,090 hummingbirds were sold in three sales in London in 1911.

FORMERLY USED IN MILLINERY

The use of these feathers was mostly in millinery. A reaction set in in Europe and the United States. In 1913 a law was passed prohibiting the importation of wild-bird feathers into the United States. The decline of the feather market began. Lots offered for sale in the feather markets began to be withdrawn for lack of buyers or prices. I've heard it said that some companies still have big stores of feathers. Apparently there is the hope that fashion and laws will change and allow them to be marketed. Every now and then one sees a hat with contraband bird plumes in a millinery window. The mechanical birds seem to be another attempt to use stored feathers.

Commercialism is the worst enemy of SEIZED AS CONTRABAND wildlife. Fortunately our safeguards against the resumption of the feather trade seem Two of the mechanical hirds in gilded cages brought to the Museum by the U.S. Customs Service for identi- and our alert customs fication of the feathers. The importation of feathers of wild birds is prohibited, so these curios were confiscated. adequate, department is seeing that the safeguards work! And the Museum is co-operating in helping iden- cages. Our first glimpse of them brought when the music box, concealed in the bottom tify the feathers. the words of the old song to mind. of the cage, plays its spirited whistled song, At first there was a temptation to write the bird opens and shuts its mouth and an account of the whole affair with the moves its wings and tail. The result is Traveling Exhibits for Schools chorus of the song as a text. intriguingly realistic. During the school year the N. W. Harris How well the "A beautiful to see" These birds were common as parlor orna- sight Public School Extension of the Museum fits the bird. ments a generation or so ago. Now, with a — keeps more than 1,000 traveling exhibits in "Her beauty . . . sold . . . for gold" this renewed interest in modes once considered circulation among 510 public, parochial, and could be tied in with the ruinous part that merely old-fashioned, they are being put on private schools. No other city has a service commercialism plays when it touches wild the market, with Germany the main source comparable in scope to that made available Ufa. of supply. In the past few months I've seen — by this Museum to Chicago schools. ". . . her wasted life" being here the a dozen or so, brought to the Museum by living bird reduced to a bundle of feathers customs officers who asked me to tell them for the trade, ^nd further, the brilliant what kind of feathers are on them. Much valuable assistance in the work of feathers decorating this ornate gaud, being Unfortunately, these birds are mostly the Museum is given by a corps of volunteer from wild birds, are contraband, so that covered with the feathers of wild biids, and workers who aid members of the regular the whole is seized by the customs, and the the importation of any wild-bird plumage scientific staff. December, 195S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page?

HOW TINY AREA'S CROPS siderable agar has been manufactured in MUSEUM STAFF WELCOMES COULD FEED WORLD this country from local species. 4-H BOYS AND GIRLS In several parts of the world, fresh-water By FRANCIS DROUET and of — algae are eaten by man. Two species of Boys girls the nation's farms CURATOR OF THE CRYPTOGAMIC HERBARIUM more than of selected for Nostoc are used by the Chinese in cooking, 1,300 —them, merit THESE DAYS when vegetables are and Gloeocystis Grevillei is mixed and drunk and achievement will visit the Museum on December 1. INgrown in vats of water and dissolved with coconut milk by the Gilbert islanders. Their visit, a custom of chemicals, scientists are dreaming of pro- It is probable that many species of fresh- many years' standing, is arranged by the National of viding more and more food in less and less water algae are edible, although those that Congress 4-H Clubs, which them to at the of space for the expanding population of the form water-blooms are said to be toxic to brings Chicago time the annual International world. Their dreams include two projects livestock. Livestock Exposition. There will be from involving algae. One of these is to harvest MARINE TRUCK GARDENS delegates nearly every state and from the and prepare for consumption the great fields provinces of Canada. Undoubtedly the thousands of tons of of seaweeds that inhabit the shallower waters All of the young visitors will be conducted seaweeds now going to waste (or used only on tours of exhibits. of the ocean. The other (as was mentioned Some groups will be in small quantities as agricultural fertilizers) in the Bulletin for September, 1953) is to guided by staff lecturers of the James Nelson along rocky coasts throughout the world and Anna Louise produce marketable quantities of edible uni- Raymond Foundation for could be counted upon in the future as a Public School and cellular algae in a manner similar to that in Children's Lectures, source of staple food for man and beast as others which vegetables are often grown today. by members of the scientific staff is now the case in Japan. Even as there, the from the four of the Seaweeds, along with rice and fish, have departments Museum. more desirable species could be cultivated always constituted the national diet of the in marine truck-gardens. Estimates have Japanese. Species of Porphyra, Gelidium, been made that more than 400 species can Laminaria, and many other genera—six or be eaten. more different kinds during the course of a STAFF NOTES The idea of growing unicellular fresh- single meal—are eaten fresh or dried or water algae in quantities suitable for food cooked in various ways. Cultivation of these Dr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of is of recent development. Among more than in is one of the algae sea-gardens major Zoology, has been elected president for 1954 a hundred species of green algae now being a lesser extent the industries of Japan. To of the Society for the Study of Evolution studied, strains that contain protein up to Chinese use seaweeds in their cuisine. These and Dr. Theodor Chief Curator of one-half of their dry weight have been dis- Just, same algae, largely from Japan, are offered has been elected covered. With these could be in Botany, vice-president. at produced under trade names the so-called "health- Dr. Schmidt had served as first treasurer an infinitesimal space the quantities of food food" stores in Chicago. Several companies and business manager of the for over now requiring acres of ground for the pro- society in the United States process and market five years. Dr. Just attended a duction of vegetables and livestock. It is recently these products and maintain laboratories meeting of the Divisional Committee for claimed that a quantity of Chlorella pyrenoi- for developing further uses for them as food and Medical Sciences of the dosa sufficient to feed half the human race Biological Na- for humans and livestock. The seaweeds tional Science Foundation in could be grown in a space equivalent to the Washington, consist principally of carbohydrates and pro- D.C Dr. K. state of Rhode Island. Chlorella can be Sharat Roy, Chief Curator teins; they are claimed to be rich sources of of Geology, Dr. Rainer Curator cultivated in solutions of flowing chemical Zangerl, assimilable iodine and vitamins. of Fossil Reptiles, Bryan Cu- nutrients in glass or plastic tubes or tanks Patterson, rator of Fossil and Robert K. IRISH MOSS WIDELY USED that require little care after the apparatus Mammals, Curator of at- has been set the of Wyant, Economic Geology, The chief seaweed used as food in up. At present stage Europe tended the last month in Toronto the is more meetings and the United States is the Irish development, process slightly moss, of the of America .... expensive than is but Geological Society Chondrus crispus, harvested on the coasts of economically feasible, industrial can reduce these Donald Collier, Curator of South American northeastern North America, the British engineers perhaps and an illus- costs. Dried Chlorella is said to taste Ethnology Archaeology, gave and northern It is a consti- very Isles, Europe. trated lecture on Peruvian be- much like raw lima beans or and archaeology tuent of and but it is pumpkin, many jellies puddings; fore last month's in artists should have no in meeting Downers Grove more familiar to us as a common ingredient culinary difficulty of the Earth Science Club of Northern transforming it into dishes. For of hand lotions, and paints and as palatable soaps, Illinois .... Lawrence has been it should the Kaplan for cloth and In some livestock, readily take place sizing paper. parts Natural of alfalfa. appointed Chicago History Mu- of Europe, Porphyra (laver) is used for Various and seum Fellow in Botany by the University of and at least this seaweeds microscopic algae making soups, formerly .... L. are on exhibition in the northeast corner of Chicago Rupert Wenzel, Curator and Ulva Lactuca (sea lettuce) were used as Martin A. and Carrie Hall of Insects, is engaged in studies on typical salads. The dried fronds of Ryerson (Plant Rhodymenia material of beetles of the Life—Hall 29). family Histeridae, palmala are still eaten raw or cooked in on which he specializes, in the collections of Europe and in eastern North many parts of the United States National Museum, America—here they are known by the Scot- Serves More Library People Washington, D.C, and the Museum of Com- tish name dulse. The Museum Library, although primarily parative Zoology at Harvard University. Agar, a purified jelly-like substance pre- organized to serve the needs of the staff, pared by boiling various species of Gelidium, reports ever-increasing use for reference by Gracilaria, Eucheuma, etc., is an ingredient outsiders. The public is always welcome, North American Trees of and desserts in In this soups Japan. and last of the volumes year 2,585 130,000 A number of reproductions of leafy tree and it has wide use in the country Europe on the shelves were consulted Library by branches have been added to the exhibits in manufacture of ice and cream, candy, pastry nonmembers of the staff. Charles F. Hall of North Ameri- and in the canning of soft fish. Formerly Millspaugh can Trees them are blue the preparation of agar was almost a monop- (Hall 26). Among American oly of the Japanese; but during and since The story of American Indians over a ash, black locust, sycamore, holly, World War II, because of its extensive em- period of some 20,000 years is unfolded by bitternut, red maple, dogwood, and paper ployment in bacteriological laboratories, con- exhibits in Raymond Hall (Hall 4). birch. Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 195S DALLWIG SUNDAY TALKS BEGIN IN JANUARY CHRISTMAS SHOPPING THE EASIEST WAY- Paul G. Dallwig, the Layman Lecturer, MUSEUM HANDLES THE DETAILS FOR YOU will open his fourteenth season of Sunday dramatized talks on scientific sub- afternoon Chicago Natural History Museum offers two special services that can in the Museum on the first Sunday in jects save you time and money in your Christmas shopping. You can do January. Offering a different subject each sitting at and don't have to month, he will lecture each Sunday through your shopping comfortably home, you wrap a Here's to and send in the easiest May (lectures will be omitted on two Sun- package. how buy your gifts way: days—April 18, Easter Sunday, and May (I) Christmas Gift Memberslilps (2) Museum Book Gifts 30, Memorial Day). Shop The first lecture, to be presented at 2 p.m. Send to the Director the name and Books endorsed for scientific authen- on January 3, 10, 17, 24, and 31, will be "A address of the person to whom you wish ticity by members of the Museum staff Trip to the Moon—Why Not?" In this to give a Museum membership, together are on sale in the BOOK SHOP. The lecture Mr. Dallwig will explain the dif- with your remittance to cover member- selection is for both adults and children. ference between and me- comets, meteors, ship fee (see enclosed Christmas gift When desired, the BOOK SHOP will teorites and discuss saucers and disks order flying membership form). handle orders by mail and telephone and con. feature will be a pro Principal An attractive Christmas card will (WAbash 2-9410). It will undertake all of an exciting trip to the moon description notify the recipient that through your details of wrapping and dispatching gift in accordance with the indications of scien- generosity he has been elected a Member purchases to the designated recipients, tific as to what be expected knowledge might of the Museum. He will receive also his together with such personal greetings as on such a journey. membership card and information on the purchaser may specify, charging only On in February Mr. Dallwig's Sundays membership privileges. postal costs. topic will be "Life—What Is It"; in March, "Behind the Scenes in Our Museums"; in April, "Nature's 'March of Time' "; and in "The Romantic Story of the — May, GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM neva, Wis. 7 lots of preserved fishes, Diamond." Florida; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is a list of the Museum Members are admitted to these Following principal gifts Pascagoula, Miss.—6 lots of deepwater the month: lectures upon presentation of their member- received during past sharks, 23 lots of fishes. Gulf of Mexico; others must make reservations Walter F. Webb, St. Petersburg, Fla.—4 ship cards; Department of Anthropolofly : lots of land shells, worldwide; Dr. F. in advance by mail or telephone (WAbash From: Rose J. Watson, Oak Park, 111.— Medem, Bogota, Colombia—23 mammals, Amazon 2-9410). Halfway through the lecture, at mementoes of Dr. George A. Dorsey region of Colombia; Dr. Charles H. Seevers, 3 P.M., is a half-hour intermission for re- Department of Botany: Chicago—worm snake, Mexico; Bernard freshments in the Museum cafeteria. Lec- R. Bennett, —210 miscel- Holly Chicago Benesh, Burrville, Tenn.—2 lizards, a snake, Lecture Hall and laneous of tures begin in the progress phanerogams, Chicago; University Tennessee; Dr. Edwin V. Komarek, Thomas- halls material California, Berkeley, Calif.—26 phanero- into exhibition containing ville, Ga.—10 bats, Georgia; Dr. Hobart M. El Salvador; Vt. Field, Coco- illustrating Mr. Dallwig's subjects. gams. Henry Smith, Urbana, 111.—lizard, Mexico; Bio- nut Fla.—28 44 and algae, Grove, ferns, fungi logic-Pedagogic Institute, Tel Aviv, Israel Dr. Alice L. 111. Florida; Kibbe, Carthage, —birdskin, Israel; Dr. Ellen Calvary, Chi- —H. N. Patterson's botanical correspon- NEW MEMBERS cago—land snail, Montana; Lewis E. Long, dence; Dr. E. P. Killip, Washington, D.C.— — became Museum Washington, D.C. mollusks, crabs, leeches, The following persons 124 miscellaneous Florida; phanerogams, flatworms, frogs, lizards, snakes, mammals, Members from October 16 to November 13: School of New Conn.— 52 Forestry, Haven, Brazil; the late Mrs. Davis P. Moreton, Central and South America; Non-Resldent Life Member phanerogams. Wilmette, 111.—collection of sea shells, A. —147 Dwight Shirey Floyd Swink, Chicago phanero- worldwide; Dr. Robert Rausch, Anchorage, Illinois; John W. Thieret, — gams, Chicago Alaska—5 bats, a bear skull, Alaska; Dr. Associate Members 2 Indiana phanerogams, Jeanne S. Schwengel, Scarsdale, N.Y.— col- Herbert J. Clonick, George L. Hunt, Mrs. Department of Geology: lection of non-marine shells, worldwide; Carolyn D. Manz, William L. McLennan Ernest Delco, Michigan City, Ind.— Ross Tarrant, Lake Geneva, Wis.—pre- Annual Members Mastodon americanus, Indiana; G. E. Lind- served fishes, Wisconsin; U. S. Fish and S. Dr. Albert J. Ches- — William Allmart, berg, Chicago—Calymene niagarensis, Chi- Wildlife Service, Pascagoula, Miss. pre- J. B. T. R. Thomas N. row, Cleaver, Coffin, cago; William E. Schwerdtfager, Rock Falls, served fishes. Gulf of Mexico; Mrs. James F. Mrs. — Cummings, Clyde DeWitt, Milling- 111.—shark and plesiosaur teeth, Kansas Van Trump, Pavillion, Wyo. fairy shrimps, ton Domville, Miss Johanna C. Glaman, Wyoming; Zoological Society of London— Department of Zoology : Leslie S. Gordon, Daggett Harvey, Robert mammal specimen, British Somaliland, and From: J. R. Hendrickson, University of L. Heath, Miss Louise Hillmer, Charles H. 5 lizards, 2 turtles, Africa Malaya, Singapore—22 snakes; Harry Hoog- Hobbs, Bailey K. Howard, Joseph C. Hyatt, straal, Cairo, Egypt—38 ticks, Madagascar; Raymond Foundation: David S. Jennings, Kenneth J. Kimball, Robert Howell, Norfolk, Va.—pulmonate From: Clarence B. —43 Bernard Kovnat, Leonard Krimsin, Mrs. Mitchell, Chicago shells, Virginia; Dr. Keith R. Kelson, Law- color slides Milton L. Laing, Charles Lazar, J. L. Kan.—2 bats, Japan; N. L. H. McManus, H. Earle Muzzi, Warren K. rence, Krauss, Belize, British Honduras—2 frogs, a Parent, L. T. Pelnar, Walter B. Ratner, lizard, a snake, Central and South America; Dr. Howard A. Raubitschek, Mrs. Arthur Museum Will Be Closed Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago—a rattlesnake. C. Romer, Orion L. Rose, Julius Samuels, New Mexico; E. H. McEwen, Aklavik, On Two Holidays Richard L. Samuels, N. J. Sell, C. D. Smith, N. W. T., Canada—9 frogs, Canada; P. W. Edmund A. Stephan, Selwyn H. TorfT, On Christmas and New Year's Day the Millar, Fort Lauderdale, Fla.—a scarab Daniel A. Uretz Museum will be closed so that its employees beetle, Florida; Dr. Jose Luis Minoprio, the with their families. Mendoza, Argentina—a mammal sf)ecimen, may spend holidays The Museum's Division of Photography Venezuela; Lars H. Sjodahl, Chicago—2 These are the only days in the year when now has more than 110,000 negatives on file. moths, Chicago; Ross Tarrant, Lake Ge- the Museum is not open to visitors.

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