DOCSLIB.ORG

Cyclin E1 and Cyclin E2 in ER+ Breast Cancer: Prospects As Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cyclin E1 and Cyclin E2 in ER+ Breast Cancer: Prospects As Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets 27 5 Endocrine-Related H H Milioli et al. Cyclin E1 and cyclin E2 in ER+ 27:5 R93–R112 Cancer breast cancer REVIEW Cyclin E1 and cyclin E2 in ER+ breast cancer: prospects as biomarkers and therapeutic targets H H Milioli1,2, S Alexandrou1, E Lim1,2 and C E Caldon1,2 1Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Correspondence should be addressed to C E Caldon: [email protected] This article was commissioned following sponsorship of the 7th PacRim Breast and Prostate Meeting by Endocrine-Related Cancer Abstract Cyclin E1 is one the most promising biomarkers in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast Key Words cancer for response to the new standard of care drug class, CDK4/6 inhibitors. Because f CDK4/6 inhibitors of its strong predictive value, cyclin E1 expression may be used in the future to triage f breast cancer patients into potential responders and non-responders. Importantly, cyclin E1 is highly f endocrine therapy related to cyclin E2, and both cyclin E1 and cyclin E2 are estrogen target genes that can resistance facilitate anti-estrogen resistance and can be highly expressed in breast cancer. However f cyclin E1 cyclin E1 and E2 are often expressed in different subsets of patients. This raises questions f cyclin E2 about whether the expression of cyclin E1 and cyclin E2 have different biological drivers, if high expressing subsets represent different clinical subtypes, and how to effectively develop a biomarker for E-cyclin expression. Finally, several pan-CDK inhibitors that target cyclin E-CDK2 activity have reached Phase II clinical trials. In this review, we outline the data identifying that different cohorts of patients have high expression of cyclins E1 and E2 in ER+ cancer and address the implications for biomarker and therapeutic development. Endocrine-Related Cancer (2020) 27, R93–R112 Cyclin E1 and E2 are core cell cycle proteins The cell cycle is the core machinery that a cell engages in its unphosphorylated form inhibits progression into order to undergo a round of DNA replication, replicate S phase. During G1/S phase, cyclin dependent kinases its cellular contents, and undergo a cell division. Each (CDKs) phosphorylate Rb; first CDK4/6 is activated by cell cycle consists of functional phases: G1 is the phase cyclin D1, D2, or D3 to phosphorylate Rb, followed by where cells ready themselves for DNA replication and phosphorylation by CDK2 in complex with cyclin E1 commit to a cell cycle, during S phase cells undergo or cyclin E2 (Table 1). Phosphorylated Rb releases E2F DNA replication, and G2/M coordinates mitosis. The G1 transcription factors to upregulate genes necessary for to S phase of the cell cycle has particular importance in DNA replication and mitosis. The cyclin E1/E2-CDK2 cancer, as this is the point where cells commit to another complexes, as well as phosphorylating Rb, phosphorylate round of cell division, and this threshold is weakened a large number of other target proteins involved in DNA in many cancer cells. The gatekeeper for the G1/S phase replication and histone transcription. In this way the transition is the Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein which in CDK2 kinase synchronises multiple cell cycle events to https://erc.bioscientifica.com © 2020 Society for Endocrinology https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-19-0501 Published by Bioscientifica Ltd. Printed in Great Britain Downloaded from Bioscientifica.com at 10/01/2021 09:31:46AM via free access -19-0501 Endocrine-Related H H Milioli et al. Cyclin E1 and cyclin E2 in ER+ 27:5 R94 Cancer breast cancer Table 1 Cyclin-CDK complexes in the cell cycle. Phase of cell cycle Cyclin CDK binding partner CDK inhibitors References INK4A G1 Cyclin D1/D2/D3 CDK4 p16 (Sherr & Roberts 1999, CDK6 p15INK4B Sheppard & McArthur 2013) p18INK4C p19INK4D Cip1/Waf1 G1 / S phase transition Cyclin E1/E2 CDK2 p21 (Prall et al. 1997) S phase Cyclin E1/E2 p27Kip1 Cyclin A2 p57Kip2 G2 / M phase transition Cyclin A2 CDK1 (CDC2) (Yam et al. 2002) M phase Cyclin B1 WEE1 (Fung & Poon 2005) MYT1 allow for successful DNA replication and cell division. The major isoform of cyclin E1 is a 395 amino acid A further level of control is added through the CDK protein transcribed from the 19q12 locus, and cyclin inhibitor proteins p21Cip1/Waf1 and p27Kip1, which can E2 encodes a 69.3% similar protein of 404 amino inhibit the CDK4, CDK6, and CDK2 complexes to fine acids, transcribed from an independent gene located tune their activity (Fig. 1). at chromosome 8q22. As we have described previously In addition to their canonical S phase roles, cyclins E1 (Caldon & Musgrove 2010), the E-cyclin genes are and E2 coordinate other cell cycle functions, often without conserved in vertebrates, but a single E-type cyclin is a requirement for CDK2. Cyclin E1 and E2 physically encoded in invertebrates such as Drosophila melanogaster. localize to centrosomes (Rogers et al. 2015), where cyclin There are some critical differences in function between the E1 binds to Minichromosome Maintenance Complex two E-cyclins, the most striking of which is that cyclin E2-/- Component 5 (MCM5) (Ferguson & Maller 2008) and male mice are infertile, while cyclin E1-/- mice have normal cyclins E1 and E2 facilitate loading of MCM replicative fertility. There are also some examples of CDK targets that helicases in cells exiting quiescence (Geng et al. 2007). appear unique to either cyclin: SAMHD1, which controls Cyclin E1 promotes proliferation in a CDK2 independent dNTP cellular pools, is a specific target of cyclin E2-CDK2 manner in hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma, (Hu et al. 2018), and NPAT, a master regulator of histone and this may be due to the kinase independent roles at transcription, which preferentially co-localises with cyclin the centrosome and during re-entry from quiescence E2 (Rogers et al. 2015). Another key difference between (Geng et al. 2018). cyclin E1 and E2 is that cyclin E1 can be cleaved into a low molecular weight (LMW) protein, which hyperactivates CYCLIN E/CDK2 CYCLIN E/CDK2 CDK2, has increased cytoplasmic localisation and altered CDK2 ACTIVE LABILE P substrate interactions (Caruso et al. 2018). CDK2 CDK2 P GSK-3β Despite these differences, cyclins E1 and E2 can P E1 or E2 E1 or E2 substitute for many of each other’s function (Geng et al. P P 7 x cyclin E1 cyclin E2 xw Fb 2003) and show similar cell cycle expression (Gudas SCF et al. p21 Ub p27 comple 1999). What has become increasingly apparent is that Ub Ub cyclin E1 and E2 diverge in their expression in cancer Skp2 CDK2 CDK4/6 Cul3 SPOP SCF p21 p21 (Caldon et al. 2009, 2013a,b, Caldon & Musgrove 2010). complex p27 p27 E1 or E2 D1/D2/D3 This could represent activation by distinct transcriptional CYCLIN E/CDK2 CYCLIN D/CDK4-6 cascades or regulators, independent amplification events, INACTIVE INACTIVE or it may represent differences in function. Figure 1 Activation and de-activation of cyclin E1/E2-CDK2. CDK2 binds with either cyclin E1 or cyclin E2 to form cyclin E-CDK2 complexes. Cyclin E1 monomers can be ubiquitinated by Cul3 and SPOP and cyclin E1/E2 Alterations to cyclin E1 and cyclin E2 in cancer monomers by SCFSkp2 complexes, leading to proteosomal degradation. Cyclin E-CDK2 complexes can be inhibited by CDK inhibitors p21Waf1/Cip1, Cyclin E1 and cyclin E2 drive proliferation and p27Kip1, and p57Kip2, but cyclin D-CDK4/6 complexes compete for these inhibitors. Active cyclin E-CDK2 complexes autophosphorylate cyclin E, genome instability in cancer priming for further GSK-3β mediated phosphorylation. Phosphorylated cyclin E is recognised for SCFFbxw7 mediated ubiquitination, followed by As core cell cycle regulators, cyclins E1 and E2 have the proteosomal degradation. capacity to drive excessive proliferation when deregulated https://erc.bioscientifica.com © 2020 Society for Endocrinology https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-19-0501 Published by Bioscientifica Ltd. Printed in Great Britain Downloaded from Bioscientifica.com at 10/01/2021 09:31:46AM via free access Endocrine-Related H H Milioli et al. Cyclin E1 and cyclin E2 in ER+ 27:5 R95 Cancer breast cancer in cancer. Cyclin E1 can act as a bona fide oncogene to highlighted as driver oncogenes for this amplification drive the formation of tumours when constitutively event (Li et al. 2010). overexpressed in the mouse mammary gland, albeit Cyclins E1 and E2 undergo strong cyclical regulation with low penetrance (10%) and long latency (Bortner & due to their pivotal roles in cell cycle progression. In Rosenberg 1997). In many cancer cell line models cyclin G0 and G1 the CCNE1 and CCNE2 genes are repressed E1 overexpression will increase the proportion of cells via inhibitory deacetylation and methylation of their in S phase, leading to increased Rb phosphorylation and promoter regions (Caldon & Musgrove 2010). Both cyclin cell proliferation (Hwang & Clurman 2005). Cyclin E2 E1 and E2 are then upregulated during late G1 following overexpression has not been assessed in mouse models, E2F transcription factor activation, along with the but in cell line models its overexpression also leads to recruitment of co-factors such as CARM1, SRC, and CHD8 increased S phase fraction and proliferation (Zariwala et al. (reviewed in Caldon & Musgrove 2010). Consequently, 1998, Gudas et al. 1999). Inhibition of CDK2 has a cyclin E1 and E2 gene expression is responsive to growth profound anti-proliferative effect (Horiuchi et al. 2012), factor signalling downstream of SRC, and other factors. and downregulation of either cyclin E1 or E2 can inhibit Further differential expression of CCNE1 and CCNE2 proliferation (Caldon et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Downloaded from Bioscientifica.Com at 09/26/2021 02:04:00PM Via Free Access
    26 1 Endocrine-Related N Portman et al. CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in 26:1 R15–R30 Cancer breast cancer REVIEW Overcoming CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in ER-positive breast cancer Neil Portman1,2, Sarah Alexandrou1,2, Emma Carson1,2, Shudong Wang3, Elgene Lim1,2 and C Elizabeth Caldon1,2 1The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 3Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Correspondence should be addressed to C E Caldon: [email protected] Abstract Three inhibitors of CDK4/6 kinases were recently FDA approved for use in combination Key Words with endocrine therapy, and they significantly increase the progression-free survival of f CDK4/6 inhibitors patients with advanced estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer in the first-line f estrogen receptor treatment setting. As the new standard of care in some countries, there is the clinical f breast cancer emergence of patients with breast cancer that is both CDK4/6 inhibitor and endocrine f endocrine therapy therapy resistant. The strategies to combat these cancers with resistance to multiple treatments are not yet defined and represent the next major clinical challenge in ER+ breast cancer. In this review, we discuss how the molecular landscape of endocrine therapy resistance may affect the response to CDK4/6 inhibitors, and how this intersects with biomarkers of intrinsic insensitivity. We identify the handful of pre-clinical models of acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors and discuss whether the molecular changes in these models are likely to be relevant or modified in the context of endocrine therapy resistance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Involvement of Ubiquitination Machinery in Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer Progression
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review The Involvement of Ubiquitination Machinery in Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer Progression Tingting Zou and Zhenghong Lin * School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The cell cycle is a collection of events by which cellular components such as genetic materials and cytoplasmic components are accurately divided into two daughter cells. The cell cycle transition is primarily driven by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which activities are regulated by the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of key regulators such as cyclins, CDK inhibitors (CKIs), other kinases and phosphatases. Thus, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the cell cycle progression via recognition, interaction, and ubiquitination or deubiquitination of key proteins. The illegitimate degradation of tumor suppressor or abnormally high accumulation of oncoproteins often results in deregulation of cell proliferation, genomic instability, and cancer occurrence. In this review, we demonstrate the diversity and complexity of the regulation of UPS machinery of the cell cycle. A profound understanding of the ubiquitination machinery will provide new insights into the regulation of the cell cycle transition, cancer treatment, and the development of anti-cancer drugs. Keywords: cell cycle regulation; CDKs; cyclins; CKIs; UPS; E3 ubiquitin ligases; Deubiquitinases (DUBs) Citation: Zou, T.; Lin, Z. The Involvement of Ubiquitination Machinery in Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer Progression. 1. Introduction Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5754. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115754 The cell cycle is a ubiquitous, complex, and highly regulated process that is involved in the sequential events during which a cell duplicates its genetic materials, grows, and di- Academic Editors: Kwang-Hyun Bae vides into two daughter cells.
    [Show full text]
  • TEAD4 Ensures Postimplantation Development by Promoting Trophoblast Self-Renewal: an Implication in Early Human Pregnancy Loss
    TEAD4 ensures postimplantation development by promoting trophoblast self-renewal: An implication in early human pregnancy loss Biswarup Sahaa,1,2, Avishek Gangulya,1, Pratik Homea,b, Bhaswati Bhattacharyaa, Soma Raya, Ananya Ghosha, M. A. Karim Rumia,b, Courtney Marshb,c, Valerie A. Frenchc, Sumedha Gunewardenad, and Soumen Paula,b,c,3 aDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160; bInstitute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160; cDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160; and dDepartment of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 Edited by R. Michael Roberts, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, and approved June 22, 2020 (received for review February 12, 2020) Early pregnancy loss affects ∼15% of all implantation-confirmed Studies in mutant mouse models showed that failure in pla- human conceptions. However, evolutionarily conserved molecular centation often leads to in utero embryonic death (6, 7). Therefore, mechanisms that regulate self-renewal of trophoblast progenitors impaired placentation due to defective development or function of and their association with early pregnancy loss are poorly under- trophoblast cell lineages is considered one of the major underlying stood. Here, we provide evidence that transcription factor TEAD4 causes of early pregnancy loss. Disruptions of trophoblast pro- ensures survival of postimplantation mouse and human embryos genitor differentiation and defective placentation have also been by controlling self-renewal and stemness of trophoblast progeni- implicated as probable causes of pregnancy-associated compli- tors within the placenta primordium.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyclin E2, a Novel Human G1 Cyclin and Activating Partner of CDK2 and CDK3, Is Induced by Viral Oncoproteins
    Oncogene (1998) 17, 2787 ± 2798 ã 1998 Stockton Press All rights reserved 0950 ± 9232/98 $12.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/onc Cyclin E2, a novel human G1 cyclin and activating partner of CDK2 and CDK3, is induced by viral oncoproteins Maimoona Zariwala1, Jidong Liu2 and Yue Xiong*,1,2,3 1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280; 2Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599- 3280; 3Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, USA G1 cyclin E controls the initiation of DNA synthesis by complexes with CDK4 or CDK6 to prevent the CDKs activating CDK2, and abnormally high levels of cyclin E from binding with and becoming activated by D-type expression have frequently been observed in human cyclins. The main function of CDK inhibitors is cancers. We have isolated a novel human cyclin, cyclin believed to couple diversi®ed growth inhibitory signals E2, that contains signi®cant homology to cyclin E. to the cell cycle clock. Cyclin E2 speci®cally interacts with CDK inhibitors of The decision to enter the replicative DNA synthesis the CIP/KIP family and activates both CDK2 and (S) phase or arrest in G1 is linked to diverse cellular CDK3. The expression of cyclin E2 mRNA oscillates processes such as signal transduction, cell differentia- periodically throughout the cell cycle, peaking at the tion, senescence, and oncogenic transformation G1/S transition, and exhibits a pattern of tissue (Hunter and Pines, 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Tumour Kinome Re-Wiring Governs Resistance to Palbociclib in Oestrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancers, Highlighting New Therapeutic Modalities
    Oncogene (2020) 39:4781–4797 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-020-1284-6 ARTICLE Tumour kinome re-wiring governs resistance to palbociclib in oestrogen receptor positive breast cancers, highlighting new therapeutic modalities 1 1 1 1 1 Sunil Pancholi ● Ricardo Ribas ● Nikiana Simigdala ● Eugene Schuster ● Joanna Nikitorowicz-Buniak ● 2 3 1 4 5 6 Anna Ressa ● Qiong Gao ● Mariana Ferreira Leal ● Amandeep Bhamra ● Allan Thornhill ● Ludivine Morisset ● 6 6 2 2 7 Elodie Montaudon ● Laura Sourd ● Martin Fitzpatrick ● Maarten Altelaar ● Stephen R. Johnston ● 6 1,8 1 Elisabetta Marangoni ● Mitch Dowsett ● Lesley-Ann Martin Received: 24 May 2019 / Revised: 18 March 2020 / Accepted: 24 March 2020 / Published online: 19 April 2020 © The Author(s) 2020. This article is published with open access Abstract Combination of CDK4/6 inhibitors and endocrine therapy improves clinical outcome in advanced oestrogen receptor (ER)- positive breast cancer, however relapse is inevitable. Here, we show in model systems that other than loss of RB1 few gene- copy number (CN) alterations are associated with irreversible-resistance to endocrine therapy and subsequent secondary 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: resistance to palbociclib. Resistance to palbociclib occurred as a result of tumour cell re-wiring leading to increased expression of EGFR, MAPK, CDK4, CDK2, CDK7, CCNE1 and CCNE2. Resistance altered the ER genome wide-binding pattern, leading to decreased expression of ‘classical’ oestrogen-regulated genes and was accompanied by reduced sensitivity to fulvestrant and tamoxifen. Persistent CDK4 blockade decreased phosphorylation of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) enhancing EGFR signalling, leading to the re-wiring of ER. Kinome-knockdown confirmed dependency on ERBB- signalling and G2/M–checkpoint proteins such as WEE1, together with the cell cycle master regulator, CDK7.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyclin E Provides a Link Between Cell Cycle, Dna
    CYCLIN E PROVIDES A LINK BETWEEN CELL CYCLE, DNA REPAIR AND APOPTOSIS A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in collaboration with the Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Dragos Costin Plesca May, 2008 Dissertation written by Dragos Costin Plesca Pharm.D., University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Romania, 2002 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2008 Approved by ____________________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Alexandru Almasan, Ph.D ____________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee James Blank, Ph.D ____________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Gail Fraizer, Ph.D ____________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Olena Piontkivska, Ph.D ____________________, Graduate Faculty Representative Jennifer Marcinkiewicz, Ph.D Accepted by ____________________, Director, School of Biomedical Sciences Robert V. Dorman, Ph.D ____________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences John R. D. Stalvey, Ph.D ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures.................................................................................................................vi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................x Chapter I. Introduction ................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 (Cdk2) Controls Phosphatase-Regulated Signaling and Function in Platelets
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.31.126953; this version posted June 28, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) controls phosphatase-regulated signaling and function in platelets Paul R. Woods, Jr.,1,2 Brian L. Hood5, Sruti Shiva,$4 Thomas P. Conrads5, Sarah Suchko,2 Richard Steinman, 1,2,4# Departments oF Medicine1, Hillman Cancer Center2, Vascular Medicine Institute3, Department oF Molecular Pharmacology and Chemical Biology4, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation For the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Inova Women’s Service Line, Inova Health System5 #Corresponding author: Richard Steinman, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology Associate Dean, Director Medical Scientist Training Program Director, Physician Scientist Training Program University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 2.26f Hillman Cancer Center 5117 Centre Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA phone: 412 6233237 fax: 412 6234840 [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.31.126953; this version posted June 28, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Cell cycle regulatory molecules including cyclin-dependent kinases can be recruited into non-nuclear pathways to coordinate cell cycling with the energetic state oF the cell or with Functions such as motility.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhibition of CDK4/6 As Therapeutic Approach for Ovarian Cancer Patients: Current Evidences and Future Perspectives
    cancers Review Inhibition of CDK4/6 as Therapeutic Approach for Ovarian Cancer Patients: Current Evidences and Future Perspectives Alessandra Dall’Acqua 1,†, Michele Bartoletti 2,3,† , Nastaran Masoudi-Khoram 1,‡, Roberto Sorio 2, Fabio Puglisi 2,3 , Barbara Belletti 1 and Gustavo Baldassarre 1,* 1 Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (N.M.-K.); [email protected] (B.B.) 2 Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (F.P.) 3 Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0434-659779; Fax: +39-0434-659429 † These authors equally contributed to the work. ‡ Present address: Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Simple Summary: Altered regulation of the cell cycle is a hallmark of cancer. The recent clinical success of the inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK6 has convincingly demonstrated that targeting cell cycle components may represent an effective anti-cancer strategy, at least in some cancer types. However, possible applications of CDK4/6 inhibitors in patients with ovarian cancer is still under evaluation. Citation: Dall’Acqua, A.; Bartoletti, M.; Masoudi-Khoram, N.; Sorio, R.; Here, we describe the possible biological role of CDK4 and CDK6 complexes in ovarian cancer and Puglisi, F.; Belletti, B.; Baldassarre, G. provide the rationale for the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in this pathology, alone or in combination Inhibition of CDK4/6 as Therapeutic with other drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • Wee1 Kinase Inhibitor AZD1775 Effectively Sensitizes Esophageal Cancer to Radiotherapy
    Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on March 27, 2020; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-3373 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Wee1 Kinase Inhibitor AZD1775 Effectively Sensitizes Esophageal Cancer to Radiotherapy Linlin Yang1, Changxian Shen1, Cory Pettit1, Tianyun Li1, Andrew Hu1, Eric Miller1, Junran Zhang1, Steven H. Lin2, Terence M. Williams1, * 1The Ohio State University Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio. 2The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. *Corresponding Author: Terence M. Williams, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12th Avenue, BRT/Room 492, Columbus, OH 43210-1280. Phone: (614) 293-3244. Fax: 614-293-4044. E-mail: [email protected] Running title: Targeting Wee1 for radiosensitization of esophageal cancer Key words: Wee1, AZD1775, G2 checkpoint, mitotic catastrophe, esophageal cancer Conflicts of Interest: The authors report no potential conflicts of interest. Financial Disclosure Statements: All authors have no competing financial interests to disclose. Funding Support: This work was supported by the following grants: The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (OSU-CCC), National Institutes of Health (P30 CA016058 and R01 CA198128), and National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (KL2TR001068). 1 Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 2, 2021. © 2020 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on March 27, 2020; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-3373 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. ABSTRACT Purpose: Esophageal cancer (ESCA) is a deadly malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of only 5-20%, which has remained unchanged for decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Adaptation and Acquired Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibition In
    Published OnlineFirst March 28, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-0728 Cancer Therapeutics, Targets, and Chemical Biology Research Early Adaptation and Acquired Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibition in Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer Maria Teresa Herrera-Abreu1, Marta Palafox2, Uzma Asghar1, Martín A. Rivas3, Rosalind J. Cutts1, Isaac Garcia-Murillas1, Alex Pearson1, Marta Guzman2, Olga Rodriguez2, Judit Grueso2, Meritxell Bellet4, Javier Cortes 4, Richard Elliott1, Sunil Pancholi1, Jose Baselga5, Mitch Dowsett1,6, Lesley-Ann Martin1, Nicholas C. Turner1,7, and Violeta Serra2 Abstract Small-molecule inhibitors of the CDK4/6 cell-cycle kinases apy, CDK4/6, and PI3K inhibition was more effective than have shown clinical efficacy in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive paired combinations, provoking rapid tumor regressions in a metastatic breast cancer, although their cytostatic effects are PDX model. Mechanistic investigations showed that acquired limited by primary and acquired resistance. Here we report that resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition resulted from bypass of cyclin ER-positive breast cancer cells can adapt quickly to CDK4/6 D1–CDK4/6 dependency through selection of CCNE1 ampli- inhibition and evade cytostasis, in part, via noncanonical cyclin fication or RB1 loss. Notably, although PI3K inhibitors could D1-CDK2–mediated S-phase entry. This adaptation was pre- prevent resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors, they failed to resen- vented by cotreatment with hormone therapies or PI3K inhi- sitize cells once resistance had been acquired. However, we bitors, which reduced the levels of cyclin D1 (CCND1)and found that cells acquiring resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors due other G1–S cyclins, abolished pRb phosphorylation, and inhib- to CCNE1 amplification could be resensitized by targeting ited activation of S-phase transcriptional programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Expression of Cell Cycle Regulators in CDK5- Dependent Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Tumorigenesis
    www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/ Oncotarget, Vol. 6, No. 14 Differential expression of cell cycle regulators in CDK5- dependent medullary thyroid carcinoma tumorigenesis Karine Pozo1, Antje Hillmann1, Alexander Augustyn2,3, Florian Plattner1, Tao Hai4, Tanvir Singh1, Saleh Ramezani5, Xiankai Sun5, Roswitha Pfragner6, John D. Minna2,3,7, Gilbert J. Cote4, Herbert Chen8, James A. Bibb1,5,9,* and Fiemu E. Nwariaku10,* 1 Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA 2 Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA 3 Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA 4 Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 5 Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA 6 Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria 7 Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA 8 Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratory, The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA 9 Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA 10 Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: James A. Bibb, email: [email protected] Correspondence to :Karine Pozo, email: [email protected] Keywords: Cdk5, retinoblastoma protein, neuroendocrine, medullary thyroid carcinoma, cell cycle Received: August 26, 2014 Accepted: March 03, 2015 Published: April 14, 2015 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • CDK11 Loss Induces Cell Cycle Dysfunction and Death of BRAF and NRAS Melanoma Cells
    pharmaceuticals Article CDK11 Loss Induces Cell Cycle Dysfunction and Death of BRAF and NRAS Melanoma Cells Rehana L. Ahmed 1,2, Daniel P. Shaughnessy 3, Todd P. Knutson 4,5 , Rachel I. Vogel 2,6 , Khalil Ahmed 2,3,4,7, Betsy T. Kren 2,3 and Janeen H. Trembley 2,3,4,* 1 Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; [email protected] 2 Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; [email protected] (R.I.V.); [email protected] (K.A.); [email protected] (B.T.K.) 3 Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; [email protected] 5 Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA 6 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA 7 Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 15 February 2019; Accepted: 28 March 2019; Published: 2 April 2019 Abstract: Cyclin dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) is a protein kinase that regulates RNA transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, mitosis, and cell death. Targeting of CDK11 expression levels is effective in the experimental treatment of breast and other cancers, but these data are lacking in melanoma. To understand CDK11 function in melanoma, we evaluated protein and RNA levels of CDK11, Cyclin L1 and Cyclin L2 in benign melanocytes and BRAF- as well as NRAS-mutant melanoma cell lines. We investigated the effectiveness of reducing expression of this survival kinase using RNA interference on viability, clonal survival, and tumorsphere formation in melanoma cell lines.
    [Show full text]