J.Bio.Innov 8 (4), pp: 419- 430, 2019 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Sonu et al.,
GLOCHIDION VELUTINUM: AN OVRERVIEW
SONU BENNY*, K. KRISHNAKUMAR & SANDHYA.S
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, St. James College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalakudy, Kerala St James Hospital Trust Pharmaceutical Research Centre (DSIR Recognized), Chalakudy, Kerala
(Received on Date: 31 May 2019 Date of Acceptance: 2 July 2019)
ABSTRACT Glochidion velutinum is a small tree or a large shrub which belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, which is widely distributed in India, Nepal and Pakistan. Velvety Melon Featherfoil and Downy melon feather foil are the common names of the plant whereas it is well known with its synonyms such as Gynoon heyneanum and Phyllanthus nepalensis etc. The whole plant was reported as medicinally important. The various phytochemicals reported with the plant species are tannins, flavonoid, alkaloid and steroidal saponins etc. Various pharmacological activities also were reported with the particular plant species, including cytotoxicity, anti-diabetic activity, antioxidant activity, anti-bacterial activity. This review work mainly emphasizing on the pharmacological effects of the various plant extracts with special attention to its reported phytochemical constituents. Various databases were referred to include a systematic, relevant and up to date review.
Keywords: Glochidion velutinum, phytochemicals, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antimicrobial, pharmacological effect
No: of Figures : 03 No: of Tables: 01 No: of References: 35
2019 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 8 (4), pp: 419- 430, 2019 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Sonu et al.,
INTRODUCTION
Nature is being the greatest and the most Glochidion velutinum is such a promising reliable source of medicines which can plant species which is exhibiting a plethora cure a large variety of ailments and to of biological activity. It belongs to the keep the humans healthier1. Natural plant family of Euphorbiaceae (Table: 01) and is products are the best therapeutic agents particularly well known with its anti cancer now a day. This fact is the greatest property 3 .There are more than 250 species attraction to many of the research scholars under this genus worldwide, while most of to focus on the potential biological them are still unexplored 4. activities of the plant kingdom 2.
Fig:01Glochidion velutinum Fig: 02 Leaves, Fruits and Fig: 03 Stem Bark Small tree Male flowers
[Picture courtesy 5]
Glochidion velutinum, is a small ‘Raute’ were used the paste of the bark for monoecious tree or large shrub up to 9 m correcting the dislocation of bones and with subcomplanate branches and leaves. the paste of the fruits for curing pimples8,9. It is mainly seen in India, Nepal, China etc The crude extracts of root, stem and leaf and it is locally known as Matachhar6, exhibit good membrane stabilizing Chinna usiri, Velvety melon. Traditionally, capacity on human RBC10. The suspected this plant was widely used in the treatment reason for these activities are the of diabetes, inflammation, cancer, healing phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, of wounds and diarrhea7. A tribal tannins, saponins and flavonoid known to community of far-western Nepal named be present in it or reported 11.
2019 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 8 (4), pp: 419- 430, 2019 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Sonu et al.,
PLANT PROFILE
Binomial name: Glochidion velutinum Wight Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Tracheophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Malpighiales
Family Euphorbiaceae
Genus Glochidion
Species velutinum
Table 01: Plant profile (12)
SYNONYMS
Glochidion velutinum is well known with many of its synonyms (13) such as follows.
certBradleia ovata Wall.
Diasperus asperus Kuntze
Diasperus heyneanus (Wight) Kuntze
Diasperus nepalensis Kuntze
Diasperus velutinus (Wight) Kuntze
Eriococcus glaucescens Zoll.
Glochidion asperum Bedd.
2019 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 8 (4), pp: 419- 430, 2019 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Sonu et al.,
Glochidion nepalense Kurz
Gynoon heyneanum Wight & Arn.
Phyllanthus asperus Arg.
Phyllanthus heyneanus (Wight) Arg.
Phyllanthus nepalensis Arg.
Phyllanthus velutinus (Wight) Arg.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
A good percent of varieties in Glochidion genus is chiefly distributed in Tropical Asia, Pacific islands and
Malaysia. A few in Tropical America and Africa. Glochidion velutinum is mainly seen in eastern parts of Asia,
particularly, China, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam 14.
COMMON NAMES 15:
Malayalam : Kayara, Kaira, Chathakkadambu
Tamil : Chinna usiri, Panickaavu
Telungu : Mattachaar
Others : Velvety Melon Feather foil
: Downy Melon Feather foil
2019 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 8 (4), pp: 419- 430, 2019 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Sonu et al.,
FAMILY DESCRIPTION SPECIES DESCRIPTION
Plants coming under Euphorbiaceae family Glochidion velutinum is a large shrub or are usually found as trees, shrubs or herbs tree to 10m and the shoots densely pale often present with milky sap. They posses tomentose. Leaves are ovate broadly simple or stellate hairs, rarely peltate sceles elliptic or obovate, 4.5-8 x 2-5cm, acute or and the leaves are alternate, sometimes bluntly apiculate base cuneate or opposite or palmate at base usually rounded. They became dark brown on stipulate. They can be monoecious or drying, densely pubescent beneath dioecious with small flowers, solitary or in petioles 2-3mm. Male flowers are on clusters, spikes, racemes, pannicles or pedicels 4-8mm, stamens 3, whereas cymes or in cup like cyathia, unisexual female pedicels 2-5mm, styles froming a actinomorphic. Their Calyx are of 3-6 slender pubescent column obscurely partly united segments, petals 3-6, stamens toothed at apex. Capsules are depressed 2-many which are free or variously united with globose 9-13mm, conspicuously 8-12 into a column or bundles. Ovary is superior lobes pubescent 16. and 2-4 celled. Styles are 2-4, free or 17 united, simple or bifid with ovules of 1-2 per BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION ceel, acile. Fruits are usually capsule Habit : A monoecious small tree or a large aplitting into 2-3 segments, each have 1-2 shrub of about 6-10 m height seeds, occasionally fleshy or leathery and Trunk\bark: Bark brown, scaly when indehiscent seeds often16. mature and blaze pink. GENUS DESCRIPTION Branch lets : Branch lets terete and Glochidion is mainly evergreen trees tomentose. or shrubs where leaves are alternate, Leaves: Leaves simple, alternate, distichous pinnately veined, entire and stipulate. They stipule caducous and leaving scar are monoecious and its flowers are in axillary clusters. Male flowers have 6 sepals, petioles up to 0.5 cm long, planoconvex in no petals, no disc-glands, 3-8 stamens, and cross section, tomentose their filaments connate into a column lamina 14.5 x 5 cm, ovate to elliptic- which dehiscing by vertical slits. Female oblong, unequal sided, apex acute with flowers have sepals (6-12), petals (0), ovary mucronate tip, base asymmetric, margin 3-15 celled, styles connate and usually entire, tomentose beneath columnar lobed at apex, sometimes secondary nerves 6-8 pairs, nerves hairy on globose or broas and flat. Fruits are woody both surfaces capsule, 3-15 lobed, seeds 3-15 each with a red ari-like coat. 16 tertiary nerves horizontally percurrent Flowers : Inflorescence axillary clusters,
tomentose
2019 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 8 (4), pp: 419- 430, 2019 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Sonu et al.,
flowers unisexual, monoecious. More interestingly, both the bark and leaf extracts had shown the Fruit& seed : Capsule depressed 3-6 19,20 locular, lobed. absence of Triterpenoid , whereas the Glochidion genus mainly posses Key identification triterpenoidal saponins1 in many of its Features :Shrubs or small trees with species such as Glochidion hohenuckeri flexuous,velvety-pubescent 21 and Glochidion ellipticum22 to provide branches. the various biological potentials.
:Leaves ovate- elliptic, sub PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENCY acute, pubescent along nerves. Stamens 3. CYTOTOXICITY Glochidion velutinum have a folklore claim : Calyx of female flowers 3 deeply lobed, style villous. for Anti cancer activity . A recent work on the investigation of cytotoxicity of the :Schizocarp distinctly stalked, leaves of Glochidion velutinum on eggs of depressed globose, 8-lobed Artesia saline through Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay (BSLA)23 by using various extracts of the leaves (20 mg of extract in 400 µL of PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES: pure Dimethylsulfoxide [DMSO], and sea Various parts of the plants such as water [3.8% NaCl] to a total volume of 20 leaves, stem, root were subjected to the mL) was done. The work was concluded preliminary phytochemical investigations that, cytotoxic activity of the plant with and different phytochemical constituents LC50 values of 428.47μg/ml, 651.92 μg/ml such as Tannins, Alkaloids, Flavonoid, and 598.54μg/ml respectively for Starch, Saponins, carbohydrates etc were Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and n-Hexane found 18. extracts and a concentration dependent increment was observed in the percent Islam et al had reported the mortality. Here, methanol extract of the presence of carbohydrate, alkaloid, leaf was said to be toxic, ethyl acetate steroid, tannin, flavonoid and saponin in and n-Hexane extracts as weakly toxic on
the methanolic, ethyl acetate and n- the basis of their LC50 values. Finally, they hexane extracts of the leaves of had suggested for an extensive research Glochidion velutinum19. Sandhya S et al work to derive the active constituent reported that carbohydrate, protein, responsible for this activity19. alkaloid, tannins, steroids and saponins were present in the Petroleum ether Sandhya et al had investigated all the extract, Chloroform extract, N-Butanol parts of the plant such as leaf, stem and extract and Methanol extracts of roots of root for the evaluation of the cytotoxic Glochidion velutinum20. property of the Glochidion velutinum. The various plant parts were powdered and
2019 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 8 (4), pp: 419- 430, 2019 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Sonu et al.,
extracted with Petroleum ether, was expected to be attributed due to their Chloroform, n-Butanol and Water. high polyphenol content25. Cytotoxicity evaluation was done with Trypan blue exclusion method on Daltons A similar work on antioxidant activity, a Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) and Erlisch comparative study of non-polar and polar Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cell lines and solvent extracts of Glochidion velutinum Brine shrimp lethality test. These are the two was done by employing DPPH free radical preliminary screening techniques for the scavenging assay28, where the scavenging cytotoxicity studies of the extracts and of free radical was indicated by the color here it showed an excellent result for change of deep violet color to pale yellow Glochidion velutinum extracts with 90-100 or colorless. 1.56 to 800 μg/ml of the crude % cytotoxicity at a concentration of 50, 100 extract was observed for free radical and 200 μg/ml. n-Butanol extract of stem scavenging against a standard Ascorbic showed more activity among all the acid solution of 1.56 to 50 μg/ml. All the extracts 18. four extracts were showed significant difference in their antioxidant activity
which is evident from their LC50 values, 30 ANTI OXIDANT ACTIVITY μg/ml, 25.4 μg/ml, 0.755 μg/ml, 2.6 μg/ml respectively for hexane, chloroform, Antioxidant activity of the plant extract is methanol and ethanol extracts. of great interest for the researchers, because of the free radicals like reactive Total Phenolic content determination by oxygen species which can be responsible Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) based for the cure of several diseases such as colorimetric method26 at 765 nm also had Heart disorders, stroke, arteriosclerosis, performed by using Gallic acid as the cancer, aging and much more24. All the standard whereas Quercetin was the parts of the plant such as leaf, stem and standard used for the total Flavonoid root were used in this investigation to estimation by colorimetric method evaluate the antioxidant property of the involving Aluminium chloride27. Hexane, Glochidion velutinum. The various plant Chloroform, Ethanol and Methanol extracts extracts were made up with Petroleum were subjected to that particular study. Of ether, Chloroform, n-Butanol and Water for the various extracts, Methanol and ethanol different parts of the plant. Total Phenolic extracts exhibited higher total Phenolic content, Superoxide radical scavenging, content (29.89 ± 2.28 and 17.9 ± 1.26 Hydrogen peroxide scavenging, inhibition mg/gm GAE [Gallic acid equivalent] of hydrogen peroxide induced respectively) as well as Flavonoid content erythrocyte hemolysis and FRAP assay (48.12 ± 2.28 and 30.22 ± 2.84 mg/gm QE were involved here to evaluate the anti [Quercetin equivalent]) and thus posess oxidant potential of the extracts, which better antioxidant activity 21
2019 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 8 (4), pp: 419- 430, 2019 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Sonu et al.,
ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY mg/kg to the rats were administered and a significant rate of blood glucose level Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic reduction, comparable to the standard disorder associated with hyperglycemia, drug Glibenclamide 10mg/kg, was glycosuria etc. A study on the evaluation reported for induced diabetic rats in of the in- vivo anti-diabetic activity of the comparison with the diabetic control rats. leaves of Glochidion velutinum by Both the doses of ethanolic extract employing alloxan (140 mg/kg) induced resulted in a noticeable alteration in the diabetes with Albino wistar rat models. This lipid profile, SGOT, SGPT levels than that of was performed to know the efficacy and the diabetic control rats. This work also the safety of local herbal drugs as an anti- supporting the anti diabetic activity of the diabetic agent. Methanolic and the methanolic extract of the plant where it aqueous extracts of the plant were shows more activity for 400 mg/kg dose subjected to the study. 400g/kg of crude than that of 200 mg/Kg extract with a aqueous extract as well as the methanol percentage reduction of 52.19±2.71 and extracts of the leaves were injected to 31.90±4.05 respectively31. both the normal rats and alloxan induced diabetic male rats. After the oral ANTIUROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY administration of the extracts, blood glucose levels of the rats were monitored The process of stone formation in the at a time interval of 0,2,4,6 and 8 hour kidney, bladder, and urethra is called as each day, up to 15 days. This particular Urolithiasis. No any side effects were research work provided scientific evidence reported yet with the herbal drug usage in to the significant anti-hyperglycemic Urolithiasis and it is the major attracting activity exhibited by both the extracts of feature for having more herbal remedies. the leaves which are comparable to that Methanolic extract of dried leaves of the of the standard drug Glibenclamide 0.28 Glochidion velutinum was employed as a mg/kg. Blood sugar level was decreased preventive measure in the Urolithiasis to155±4 and 160±4 mg/DL from 314±5 induced in the rat models for this research. mg/DL by the methanolic and aqueous 0.75% ethylene glycol and 1% ammonium extract respectively over 15 days29. chloride were employed to induce Urolithiasis32 for 21 days in rats and the Another study which was done with efficacy of the drug was tested against 250 Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide induced type and 500 mg/Kg of the extract while 2 diabetic rats also proves the activity of 750mg/kg Cystone was the standard drug the plant extract. Diabetes mellitus was used here. Then the levels of calcium, induced by 60mg/kg Streptozotocin and phosphate, oxalate in 24 hour urine and 120 mg/kg Nicotinamide on overnight kidney along with BUN, creatinine, uric fasted rats30. Here, ethanolic extract of G. acid in serum were measured. velutinum leaves, at a dose of 200 and 400 Histopathlogical analysis of kidney was also
2019 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 8 (4), pp: 419- 430, 2019 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Sonu et al.,
done. Conclusion of the work was the diffusion method using nutrient agar significant reduction in the stone formation medium. The paper disks of 6mm diameter rate observed in calculogenic rats by the were made from sterile Whatman-1 filter methanolic extract of the dried leaves of paper followed by the impregnation with Glochidion velutinum which is confirming 500 μg of hexane, chloroform, methanol the nephroprotective effect of Glochidion and ethanol extracts. Disks were then velutinum33. gently placed on the agar plates seeded in the test micro organism, where the zones ANTI BACTERIAL ACTIVITY were previously marked. From the results of antibacterial activity, it is evident that the A recent work employing high throughput methanol and ethanol extracts of the antibacterial method by using the dye leaves exhibited better activity than the resazurin (1 ml of 0.01% dye) as an hexane and chloroform extracts6. indicator of bacterial growth exhibited a
good profile for the aqueous extract of stem bark (0.1 to 10 mg/ml) of Glochidion CONCLUSION: velutinum as an anti bacterial agent. This particular work was done to evaluate the This review work was an attempt to anti bacterial activity of the selected postulate the phytopharmacological medicinal extract against various strains characters of Glochidion velutinum, a such as E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and promising natural weapon. Even though S. aureus (multi-drug resistant strain) by Glochidion is a very vast genus containing incorporating the evaluation of drug more than 250 species of well known susceptibility by combined measurements potentials and folklore claims, we have to of microtitre-plates, colorimetric and say Glochidion velutinum is not yet haemocytometric assays. In the preliminary explored well as per the reported works. screening, aqueous extract shows activity Most of the species coming under against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Glochidion genus are expected to provide subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a their pharmacological effects due to the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of widely constituted Flavonoid and 200, 190, 110(μg/ml) and Minimal Bacterial Triterpenoid Saponins. However, the Concentration (MBC) of 250, 250, phytochemical screening of this particular 200(μg/ml) respectively for each organism) plant species indicates the absence of with streptomycin and tetracycline as Triterpenoids and the presence of reference antibiotics35. Polyphenols, which attributing the appreciable antioxidant properties. These facts also making an interesting platform A similar work was done to have a for the upcoming researchers to discover preliminary antibacterial screening of the actual phytochemistry behind this Glochidion velutinum extract 6 by the disk plant. The significant results reported by the
2019 July Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 8 (4), pp: 419- 430, 2019 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Sonu et al.,
various extracts as cytotoxic, antioxidant, Arunachal Pradesh. J. Bio sci. 2010; 1: 34- antidiabetic, anti urolithiatic and 36. antibacterial agent will boost up our confidence level to go ahead with this Narayan P Manandhar. Native plant species to fasten the access of this Phytotherapy among the Raute tribes of novel molecule to enhance the human Dadeldhura district, Nepal J. health Ethnopharmacology. 1998; 60:199-206.
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