Memoirs of the National Museum of 12 April 1971

Port Phillip Bay Survey 2 https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1971.32.09

BENTHIC COMMUNITIES

By J. Hope Black

Abstract

The depth, substrate, flora and fauna of the 317 stations worked by the survey are listed and the benthic communities represented are discussed.

Introduction new species and many new records were col-

lected. Also it was found that some species The benthic fauna of Bay was collected by earlier workers such as the 1888- collected over a period of six years, May 1957 95 survey of the Royal Society of Victoria have to May 1963. During this period collections become scarce, and are only taken now in the were made at 317 stations and all but six of Heads region. Also because previously there these were within Port Phillip Heads. Six sta- had been no systematic collecting beyond the tions were worked within the 10 fm line along sublittoral, many species only rarely taken have the open coast for comparison with the stations been found to be dominant in deeper water within the bay. Where substrate, flora and communities, e.g. Plesiastrea urvillei, Anadara fauna changed rapidly, such as many areas trapezia, and Pecten alba. It was the informa- close to shore, stations were close together. In tion gained from the survey that decided the more uniform areas such as the central silty Fisheries and Wildlife Department to open clay and clay basin within the 10 fm line, sta- Port Phillip bay to the scallop fishing industry. tions were more widely spaced. All identified species from the survey are listed Such a large (735 sq mi, 1900 sq km) and and numbered. These numbers complex geological area naturally has a variety systematically are used instead of names in the station lists. of communities which can be considered on Where a number is followed by a question two levels, viz. (1) the major divisions which mark the identification is made by this author are more or less dependent on substrate and and not the author for the biological group con- depth, and (2) the restricted communities within these major boundaries. Because of the cerned. method of tabulation of the stations is considerable detail involved, it has not been The list depth, substrate, flora and fauna follow- possible to attempt a study of the latter, but the to ed remarks if necessary. The boundaries of flora and fauna of all stations is listed and the by communities, and their affinities in major communities are discussed. Thus the the major other parts of the world, are discussed. present work is merely a basis on which it is is unfortunate that systematic zoologists hoped other workers will build by studying in It could not be found to work certain groups in greater detail the communities which are shown time for this publication, e.g. Porifera and Am- to exist. phipoda. The methods of collecting by skin divers and in the are limited in extent and dredge were to some extent selective, and the Reefs bay occur in less than six fathoms, but most support author is sure that grab collecting and divers and varied plant and communi- who have the opportunity to concentrate on large diverse and interesting of these small areas would increase the number of spe- ties. The most is the artificial reef of the Popes Eye Annulus, cies at many of the stations. In spite of this, 22

129 130 J. HOPE BLACK

Area 59 (36), built last century in the form of 33. Dictyota alterniflda a circle with an opening to the N. It is con- 34. D. apiculata structed of basalt, and has a jetty with light 35. D. dichotoma on the W. side. The floor is of sand, where the 36. D. furcellata molluscs include the marginellas and Xeno- 37. Pachydictyon jurcellatum galea. This station and its surrounds has such 38. P. paniculatum

a unique fauna that it should be classified as a 39. Dilophus jastigiatus marine national reserve to preserve its in- 40. Dilophus sp. habitants. 41. Lobospira biscuspidata Plants 42. Dictyopteris muelleri Phanerogams 43. Distromiuml 44. Padina jraseri 1. Zostera muelleri 45. Taonia australasica 2. Z. tasmanica (— Heterozostera) 46. Zonaria turneriana 3. Halophila ovalis 47. Z, sinclairii 4. Cymodocea antarctica (= Amphibolis) 48. Bellotia eriophorum Algae Chlorophyta 49. Carpomitra costata sinuosa Viva lactuca 50. Colpomenia 51. Ecklonia radiata 2. Chaetomorpha darwinii 52. Macrocystis angustijolia 3. C. indica 53. Durvillea potatorum 4. Cladophora bainesii 54. Xiphophora chondrophylla 5. C. fascicularis 55. Seirococcus axillaris )-6B. Cladophora sp. (1-3) 56. Acrocarpia paniculata 7. Bryopsis plumosa 57. Caulocystis cephalornithos 8. Caulerpa brownii 7 C. uvifera 9. C. cacloides 5 A. 58. Cystophora congesta 10. C. flexilis 59. C. expansa 11. C. flexilis var. muelleri 60. C. grevillei 12. C. geminata 61. monilifera 13. C. longifolia C. 62. C. moniliformis 14. C. longifolia f. crispata retorta 15. C. obscura 63. C. 16. C. remotifolia 64. C. retroflexa 17. C. scalpelliformis 65. C. siliquosa 18. C. simpliciuscula 66. C subfarcinata 19. C. trifaria 67. C. torulosa 20. Codium duthiae 68. Myriodesma integrifolia 20A C. fragile novae zelandiae 69. Sargassum decipiens 21. C. galeatum 70. 5. heteromorphum 22. C. harveyi 71. 5. paradoxum 23. C. perrinae 72. 5. sonderi 24. Acetabularia peniculus 73. 5. verruculosum Phaeophyta Rhodophyta

25. Ectocarpus conjervoides 74. Liagora harveyiana 26. Feldmannia globifer 75. Delisea elegans 27. Sphacelaria jurcigera 76. Gelidium australe 28. Halopteris funicularis 11. G. glandulaefolium 31. Cladostephus verticillatus 78. Pterocladia capillacea 32. Cutleria multifield 79. P. /wrida e

BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 131

80. Dasyphloea insignis 130. Ballia callitricha 81. Cheilosporum elegans 131. P. scoparia

82. Corallina cuvieri 132. Ceramium sp. 1 83. C. officinalis 133. Ceramium sp. 2 84 Jania fastigiata 134. Ceramium sp. 3 85. Metagoniolithon stelligerum 135. Griffithsia teges 86. Grateloupia filicina var. luxurians 136. Neomonospora griffithsoides 87. Polyopes constrictus 137. Spongoclonium conspicuum 88. Callophyllis ceratoclada 138. Sypridia opposita 89. C harveyana 139. Wrangelia protensa 90. Gracilaria conjervoid.es 140. Dasya naccarioides 91. G. jurcellata 141. D. v/Z/osa 92. G. secundata 142. Heterosiphonia gunniana 93. Melanthalia obtusata 143. //. muelleri 94. Plocamium angustum 144. Acrosorium uncinatum 95. P. coccineum 145. Hymenena affinis 96. P. costatum 146. Myriogramme gunniana 97. P. mertensii 146A. M. sp. 98. P. preissianum 147. Nitophyllum parvijolium 99. Phacelocarpus labillardieri 148. /V. sp. 100. Nizymenia australis 149. Phitymophora imbricata 101. Solieria mollis 150. Malaconema roeana 102. 5. robusta 151. Sarcotrichia dolichocystidea 103. Areschougia laurencia 152. Lophurella periclados 104. Erythroclonium muelleri 153. Polysiphonia blandi 105. Rhabdonia coccinea 154. P. cancellata 106. P. nigrescens 155. Brongniartella australis 107. P. verticillata 156. Lopothalia verticillata 108. Rhodophyllis goodwiniae 157. L. sp. 109. Hypnea episcopalis 158. Dictymenia harveyana 110. Hypnea sp. 159. Jeannerettia pedicellata 111. Ectoclinium dentatum 160. Dasyclonium incisum 112. Mychodea compressa 161. Lenormandia prolifera 113. M. foliosa 162. L. smithiae 114. M. hamata 163. Cladurus elatus 115. M. membranacea 164. Coeloclonium opuntioides 116. Dicranema grevillei 165. Laurencia clavata 111. Stenogramme leptophylla 166. L. etoa 118. Gigartina brachiata 167. L. fdijormis 119. G. muelleriana 168. L. heteroclada 120. Rhodoglossum foliiferum 169. L. tasmanica P. proliferum 121. Coelenterata 122. Botryocladia obovata Hydrozoa 123. Erythrymenia minuta 124. Gloiosaccion brownii 1. Eudendrium capillar 125. Rhodymenia australis 2. Tubularia ralphii 126. Champia affinis var. arcuata 3. T. larynx 111. C. obsoleta 4. Pennaria disticha 128. C. tasmanica 5. Myriothela australis 129. Antithamnion mucronatum 6. Obelia australis .. .

132 J. HOPE BLACK

7. O. geniculata f. subtropica 3. P. membranaceum 8. Orthopyxis crenata subtropica 4. Chondronephythya fusca 9. O. caliculata 5. Mopsella aurantia 10. Silicularia bilabiata subtropica 6. M. zimmeri

1 1 Halecium delicatulum 7. M. clavigera 12. Hebella calcarata 8. M. klunzingeri 13. Hincksella corrugata 9. Mopsea encrinula 14. Thyroscyphus marginatus 10. Virgularia cf. mirabilis 15. Stereotheca elongata SCLERACTINIA 16. Diphasia subcarinata 17. Amphisbetia minima 1. Plesiastrea urvillei 18. y4. operculata 2. Homophyllia australis 19. Sertularia unguiculata 3. Culicia hoffmeisteri 20. Thuiaria lata 4. Monomyces radiatus 21. Dynamena quadridentata Annelida 22. Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus 23. 5". sp. POLYCHAETA

24. Sertularella simplex 1. Harmothoe spinosa 25. S. robusta 2. Malmgrenia phillipensis 26. 5. undulata 3. Paralepidonotus ampulliferus 27. Plumularia setaceoides 4. Polyeunoa sp. 28. P. wato// 5. Sigalion ovigerum 29. P. procumbens 6. Eteone platycephala 30. Aglaophenia divaricata 7. Eulalia (Pterocirrus) magalhaensis

31. y4 . decumbens 8. Notophyllum splendens 31 A. Halicornaria longirostris 9. Phyllodoce duplex 32. Solanderia fusca 10. Nerimyra longicirrata

1 1 Eusyllis brevicirrata Coral l i morpharia 12. SyZfo' kinbergiana 1. Corynactis australis 13. Trypanosyllis zebra ACTINIARIA 14. Ceratonereis costae 2. Actinia tenebrosa 15. C. mirabilis 3. Oulactis muscosa 16. Nereis cockburnensis 4. Anthopleura aureoradiata 17. N. (Neanthes) caudata 5. Epiactis australiensis 18. Perinereis amblyodonta 6. P. thomsoni 19. P. HwJ/a brevicirris 7. Phlyctenactis tuberculosa 20. Platynereis australis 8. P. australis 21. Glycera americana 9. Bunodactis rubrojusca 22. Goniauda emerita 10. Isanemonia australis 23. Eunice antennata

1 1 Isophellia stela 24. .E. australis 12. Anthothoe albocincta 25. £. tentaculata 13. Cricophorus nutrix 26. £. (Palolo) siciliensis ZOANTHIDEA 27. Lysidice ninetta 28. Diopatra aciculata 14. Parazoanthus lividum 29. Onuphis (Nothria) holobranchiata 15. Epizoanthus sabulosum 30. Oenone fulgida OCTOCORALLIA 31. Lumbrineris latreilli

1. Telesto smithi 32. Arabella tricolor tricolor 2. Parerythropodium hicksoni 33. Dorvillea australiensis BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 133

34. Cirrijormia filigera 5. Cirolana woodjonesi 35. C. tentaculata 6. C. australiense 36. Chaetopterus variopedatus 7. Neocirolana obesa 37. Halploscoloplos kerguelensis 8. Serolis tuberculata 38. Armandia lanceolata 9. Zuzara venosa 39. Asychis glabra 10. Cymodoce bidentata 40. Pectinaria antipoda 11. C. coronata 41. Terebellides stroemi 12. C. gaimardii 42. Polycirrus porcata 13. C. muldens australis 43. Thelepus setosus 14. C. pubescens 44. Amphitrite rubra 15. C. tuberculosa 45. Artacamella dibranchiata 16. Cilicaea curtispina 46. Axionice harrissoni 17. C. latreillei 47. Eupolymnia nebulosa 18. Paracilicaea hamata 48. Lanice conchilega 19. P. septemdentala 49. Pista typha 20. Cymodopsis crassa 50. Branchiomma cingulata 21. Dynamenella parva 51. Sabellastarte indica 22. D. rubida 52. S. longa 23. Cerceis acuticaudata 53. Myxicola infundibulum 24. C. tridentata 54. Spirorbis {Paralaeospird) antarcticus 25. C. trispinosa 55. S. {Paralaeospira) sp. 26. Haswellia anomala 56. Pomatoceros terraenovae Crustacea 57. Salmacina dysteri 58. Serpula sp. Brachyura

59. Temporaria polytrema 1. Petalomera lateralis 60. Vermiliopsis acanthophora 2, P. wilsoni 61. V. infundibulum 3. Dromidiopsis excavata Ebalia (Phlyxia) intermedia SlPUNCULOIDEA 4. 5. Philyra larvis 1. Phascolosoma noduliferum 6. P. undecimspinosa 2. Golfingia sp. 1. Halicarcinus ovatus 3. Dendrostomum sp. 8. H. rostratus ECHIUROIDEA 9. Paratymolus latipes 10. Naxia deflexijrons 1. Anelassorhynchus adelaidensis 11. N. aurita 2. Bonellia gigas 12. N. tumida 3. B. sp. 13. Notomithrax minor 4. Arhynchite hiscocki 14. Leptomithrax gaimardii Crustacea 15. Carcinus maenus ClRRIPEDIA 16. Nectocarcinus integrifrons 17. Ovalipes australiensis 1. Balanus variegatus cirratus 18. Actaea peroni 2. Elminius modestus 19. Pilumnus acer 3. E. simplex 20. P. etheridgei ISOPODA 21. P. monilifer P. tomentosus 1. Paridotea munda 22. Heteropilumnus fimbriatus 2. P. ungulata 23. 24. Pilumnopeus serratijrons 3. Crabyzos longicaudatus 25. Litocheira bispinosa 4. Euidotea peronii .

134 J. HOPE BLACK

26. Pinnotheres pisum 19. Herpetopoma aspersa 27. Leptograpsus variegatus 20. Grantia imbricata 28. Cyclograpsus audomnii 21. Calliostoma (Fautor) allporti 29. Paragrapsus quadridentatus 22. Cantharidella tiberiana 30. P. gaimardii 23. Cantharides pulcherrimus 31. Myctryis platycheles 24. C. ramburi 'I C 25. Phasianotrochus apicinus 26. P. eximius Amphineura 27. P. irisodontes

1. Terenochiton liratus 28. P. rutilus 2. Subterenochiton gabrieli 29. Austrocochlea adelaidea 3. Poneroplax albida 30. A constricta 4. P. costata 31. A odontis 5. Kopionella matthewsi 32. Clanculus aloysii 6. Craspedoplax variabilis 33. C. limbatus 7. Acanthochiton bednalli 34. C. plebejus 35. Ethminiola tasmanica 8. A . graniostratus 9. Meturoplax retrojecta 36. Stomatella impertusa 10. Cryptoplax iredalei 37. Subninella undulata 11. C. striata 38. Micrastraea aurea 12. Ischnochiton elongatus 39. Phasianella australis 40. P. ventricosa 13. I. falcatus melanotragus 14. I. lineolatus 41. Melanerita 42. praetermissa 15. I. variegatus Melarapha unijasciata 16. Ischnoradsia evanida 43. M. 16A. Aulacochiton cimolia 44. Bembicium auratum 17. Heterozona cariosa 45. B. melanostomum 18. H. fruticosa 46. B. nanum 19. Rhyssoplax exoptanda 47. Assiminea brazieri 20. R. tricostalis 48. A . tasmanica 49. Serpulorbis sipho 50. Velacumantus australis

1. Notohaliotis ruber 51. Zeacumantus diemenensis 2. Marinauris emmae 52. Diala lauta 3. Schismotis laevigata 53. D. monile 4. Notomella Candida 54. D. pagodula 5. Montfortula rugosa 55. D. pulchra 6. Amblychilepas javanicensis 56. Cacozeliana granaria 7. A. omicron 57. Eubittium lawleyanum

8. A . nigrita 58. Hypotrochus monachus

9. A . oblonga 59. A taxacerithium serotinum 10. Cosmetalepas concatenatus 60. Notosinister maculosa 11. Eligidion audax 61. Cingulina spira 12. Cellana tramoserica 62. Hipponyx conicus 13. Patelloida alticostata 63. Antisabia foliacea 14. Chiazacmea flammae 64. Capulus violacea 15. Actinoleuca calamus 65. Sigapatella calpytraejormis 16. Notoacmea granosa 66. Zeacrypta immersa 17. N. mayi 67. Conuber conicum 18. N. scabrilirata 68. Glossaulaux aulacoglossa BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 135

69. Sigaretotrema umbilicata 1. Bulla botanica 70. Ectosinum zonale 2. Haminoea brevis 71. Lamellaria sp. 3. H. tenera 72. Notocypraea angustata 4. Philine angasi 73. N. comptoni 5. Doridium queritor 74. Xenogalea pyrum 6. D. cyaneum 75. Cymatiella lesueuri 7. Aplysia parvula

76. C. verrucosa 8. A . sydneyensis 77. Cabastana spengleri 9. Pleurobranchaea maculosa 78. C. waterhousei 10. Ceratosoma brevicaudatum 79. Pterynotus triformis 11. A ustrodoris pecularis 80. 12. Alloiodoris nivosus 81. Lepsiella vinosa 13. Doriopsilla aurea 82. Dicathais textilosa 14. D. carneola 83. Dentimitrella austrina 15. D. staminea 84. D. jranklinensis BlVALVIA 85. D. lincolnensis 86. D. menkeana 1. Leionucula obliqua 87. D. nubeculata 2. Anadara trapezia 3. Barbatia pistachia 88. D. pulla 4. B. squamosa 89. D. semiconvexa 5. Modiolus cottoni 90. Macrozafra angasi 6. M. inconstans 91. A ustrosipho grandis 7. Brachidontes rostratus 92. Cominalla eburnea 8. Lanistina ulmus 93. C. lineolata 9. Mytilus planulatus 94. Parcanassa buchardi 10. Electroma georgiana 95. P. pauperata 11. Propeamussim thetidis 96. Tavaniotha optata 11A . Pecten alba 97. Niotha pyrrhus 12. Chlamys asperrimus 98. Pleuroploca australasia 13. Ostrea angasi 99. Microcolus dunkeri 14. Venericardia bimaculata 100. Alocospira marginata 15. Fulvia tenuicostata 101. Austromitra tasmanica 16. Phacosoma coerulea 102. Mitra australis 17. P. circinaria 103. Eumitra glabra 18. Notocallista kingii 104. Amorena undulata 19. Chioneryx cardioides 105. Cryptospira pygmaeoides 20. Tawera gallinula 106. A ustroginella johnstoni 21. Callanaitis disjecta 107. Mitraguraleus mitralis 22. Eumarcia fumigata 108. Floroconus anemone 23. Katelysia rhytiphora 109. Salinator fragilis 24. K. scalarina 110. Siphonaria diemenensis 25. Pullastra fabagella Opisthobranchia 26. P. galactites There were 88 species of Opisthobranchia 27. Donacilla nitida Notospisula cretacea recorded for Port Phillip by Burn 1966, but 28. 29. N. trigonella most of these are seasonal in occurrence and antecedens unimportant when considering permanent eco- 30. Electromactra 31. Soletellina biradiata logical communities; hence they have not been 32. S. donacioides listed here. 36 J. HOPE BLACK

33. Theora fragilis 21. A. sp. 34. Pseudarcopagia victoriae 22. Scruparia ambigua 35. Homalina deltoidalis 23. Membranipora membranacea 36. H. mariae 24. M. perfragilis 37. Hiatella australis 25. M. papulifera 38. Gastrochaena tasmanica 26. Conopeum reticulum 39. Pholas australasiae 27. Spiralaria denticulta 40. Myadora brevis 28. Bugularia dissimilis 41. Cleidothearus albidus 29. Pyrulella pyrula 42. Offadesma angasi 30. Hiantopora ferox 43. Laternula creccina 31. Arachnopusia monoceros 32. Caleschara denticulata Cephalopoda 33. Steganoporella magnilabris 1. Amplisepia apama 34. Thairopora cincta 2. Euprymna tamanica 35. T. mamillaris 3. Idiosepius notoides 36. T. sp. 4. Nototodarus sloanii gouldii 37. Cellaria punctata 5. Sepiotcuthis australis 38. C. hirsuta 6. Loligo sp. 39. C. tenuirostris 7. Octopus australis 40. Didymozoum simplex 8. O. flindersi 41. Beania crotali 9. O. pallidus 42. B. magellanica 10. O. supersiliosus 43. B. spinigera 11. Hapalochlaena maculosa 44. Dimetopia spicata 12. Argonauta nodosa 45. Cornucopina grandis 46. C. tuba Brachiopoda 47. Bugula dentata 1. Megerlena lamarckiana 48. B. neritina 49. B. sp. Bryozoa 50. Scrupocellaria cyclostoma 1. Elzerina blainvillii 51. S. diadema 2. Bowerbankia sp. 52. S. ornithorhyncus 3. Amathia australis 53. S. scrupea

4. A . biseriata 54. S. scruposa

5. A . inarmata 55. Amastigia rudis

6. A . tortuosa 56. Bugulopsis cuspidata 7. A. sp. 57. Caberea darwinii 8. Crista acropora 58. C. glabra 9. C. edwardsiana 59. C. grandis 10. C. tenuis 60. C. sp. 11. C. geniculata 61. Cauda arachnoides 12. C. sp. 62. C. tenuis 13. Berenicea sarniensis 63. Menipea crystallina 14. Stomatopora geminata 64. M. sp. 15. Idmidronea australis 65. Celleporella hyalina 16. Hornera foliacea 66. Euthyroides episcopalis 17. H. sp. 67. Schizoporella biturrita 18. Lichenopora sp. 68. S. sp. 19. Aetea anguina 69. Microporella ciliata

20. A . sica 70. Fenestrulina malusii BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 137

71. F. sp. 5. A . incommoda 72. Mucropetraliella ellerii 6. A . loveni 73. M. serrata 74. M. watersi ASTEROIDEA

75. Mucropetraliella sp. 1. Tosia australis 76. Parasmittina trispinosa 2. T. magnified 77. P. macphersonae 3. Pentagonaster duebeni 78. Smittina sp. 4. Nectria macrobrachia 79. Margaretta hirsuta 5. N. ocellata 80. Retepora avicularis 6. N. multispina 81. Retepora sp. 7. vernicina 82. Rhynchozoon tubulosum 8. Austrofromia polypora 83. Schizoretepora tessellata 9. Patiriella calcar 84. Triphyllozoon monilifera 10. P. gunni 85. Adeona grisea 10A P. brevispina 86. A. sp. 11. Paranepanthia grandis 87. Adeonella cellulosa 12. Nepanthia hadracantha

88. A . gracilis 13. Plectaster decanus 89. Adeonellopsis mucronata 14. Coscinasterias calamaria 90. A. sp. 15. Allostichaster polyplax 91. Celleporaria foliata 16. Uniophora granifera 92. c. verrucosa Ophiuroidea 93. c. albirostris 94. c. mamillata 1. Ophiomyxa australis 95. c. prolifera 2. Ophiacantha alternata 96. c. sp. 3. Ophiactes resiliens 97. Celleporina costazii 4. Amphipholus squamata 98. Vittaticella elegans 5. Amphiura constricta

99. V. buskii 6. A . poelica

100. V. perforata 7. A . elandiformis 101. V. sp. 8. A. (Ophiopeltis) parviscutata 102. Costaticella hastata 9. Ophiocentrus pilosus 103. Scuticella lorica 10. Ophiothrix caesipitosa 104. S. margaritacea 11. O. sp. 105. S. plagiostoma 12. Ophiocoma canaliculata 106. S. ventricosa 13. Ophionereis schayeri 107. Cornuticella cornuta 14. Ophiarachnella ramsayi 108. Pterocella alata 15. Ophiura kinbergi 109. Claviporella aurita ECHINOIDEA 110. C. geminata Goniocidaris tubaria f. impressa 111. Calpdium ponderosum 1. erythrogramma 112. Calwellia bicornis 2. Heliocidaris 113. C. gracilis 3. Amblypneustes ovum 3A. Pachycentrotus australiae echinodermata 4. Echinocardium cordatum Crinoidea HOLOTHUROIDEA 1. Comanthus trichoptera Stichopus mollis 2. Aporometra wilsoni 1. 2. Pentacta australis 3. Euantedon paucicirra 3. Steroderma sp. 4. Antenoid sp. 138 J. HOPE BLACK

Stations 4. Staurothyone inconspicua Benthic 5. Thyone nigra Area 2 (201) Cucumella mutans 6. Depth. 3-5 fm 7. Paracaudina australis Substrate. Dark grey to blackish clay 8. Leptosynapta dolabrifera Annelida. Polychaeta 21, 28 Trochdota allani 9. Mollusca. Bivalvia 29 Pleurogona 15 Ascidiacea. Remarks: This station E. of the shipping Enterogona channel is situated on the clay of the Yarra has the barrenness expected of a 1. Aplidium phortax R. mouth and 2. Synoicum papilliferum scoured channel. 3. S. arenaceum Area 3 (202) Ritterella asymmetrica 4. Depth. 2-5 fm 5. Clavelina baudinensis Substrate. Sand Podoclavella cylindrica 6. Algae. Rhodophyta 134 7. Polycitor gigantus Crustacea. Isopoda 12, Brachyura 6-7, 13. 8. Sycozoa tenuicaulis Mollusca. Gastropoda 80, 96. Bavalvia 9-10, cerebrijormis 9. S. 19-20, 22-23, 29. 10. Distaplia viridis 11. D. stylifera Area 3 (203) 12. Cystodites dellechiajei Depth. 2 5 fm 13. Ciona intestinalis Substrate. Ironstone reef outcropping from 14. Corella eumyota sand. The reef was covered with coral al- 15. Perophora hutchisoni most to the exclusion of other growth. 16. Ascidia sydneiensis Coelenterata. Scleractinea 1 17. /I. gemmata Crustacea. Isopoda 12, Brachyura 4, 16 18. Ascidiella aspersa Mollusca. Gastropoda 68, 98. Bivalvia 13, 20, 22-23 Pleurogona Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15.

1. Botryllus gracilis Area 5 (51) stewartensis 2. B. Depth. 4 fm Botrylloides magnicoecus 3. Substrate. Sand viride 4. Symplegma Algae. Phaeophyta 73 Amphicarpa diptycha 5. Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 13, 16, 21-22, 25 6. Polyandrocarpa lapidosa Mollusca. Bivalvia 13 australis 1 . Oculinaria Bryozoa. 72, 76 9. Polycarpa pedunculata Echinodermata. Asteroidea 10A, Holothuroi- Styela etheridgii 10. dea 1 11. 5. plicata Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. 12. Asterocarpa cerea 13. Pyura irregularis Area 5 (52) 3-3-5 14. P. pachydermatina Depth. fm 15. P. praeputialis Substrate. Sand 51 16. P. /wsa Algae. Phaeophyta 24, 80, Bivalvia 9, 17. Microsmus spiniferus Mollusca. Gastropoda 32, 18. M. australis 11A, 13 19. Herdmania momus Bryozoa. 72, 76 Holothuroidea, 20. Molgula sabulosa Echinodermata. Asteroidea 15, 21. M. /anis 2. m

BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 139

Area 5 (53) Remarks: Area 5 (51-58) is a uniform Depth. 2 5 fm habitat with a sand bottom through which out- Substrate. Sand, with some broken shaley reef crops broken basalt reef. The sand has a limited Algae. Phaeophyta 51 fauna with Mytilus planulatus and Ostrea Annelida Polychaeta. 1, 20, 44 angasi dominant, and Pecten alba in the deeper Mollusca. Amphineura 12, 18, Gastropoda 15, water. 32, 34, Opisthobranchia 10, Bivalvia 9, 13, Area 5 (165) 31 Depth. 6 fm Bryozoa. 72, 76 Substrate. Silty sand Echinodermata. Asteroidea 7. Algae. Rhodophyta 122 Area 5 (54) Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 26 Depth. 2-2 5 fm Mollusca. Bivalvia 9 Substrate. Sand and broken reef Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 11, 18. Algae. Rhodophyta 83, 102 Area 5 (166) Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 10, 17 Depth. 6 fm Crustacea. Isopoda 15, 17 Substrate. Silty sand Mollusca. Amphineura 12, 18, Gastropoda 28, Algae. Chlorophyta 6, 14, Phaeophyta 32 32, 34, Bivalvia 9, 13, 38 Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 13, 22, 26 Bryozoa. 72, 76. Mollusca. Gastropoda 80, Bivalvia 9, 11 A, 13 Area 5 (55) Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1 Depth. 2 5 f Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 11, 13, 15, 18. Substrate. Broken reef and sand Area 5 (167) Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13 Depth. 7 fm Bryozoa. 72, 76. Substrate. Silty sand Area 5 (56) Phanerogams. 1 Depth. 3 5 f Algae. Rhodophyta 121 Substrate. Reef Crustacea. Brachyura 7 Algae. Chlorophyta 14, 16, Rhodophyta 120- Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13, 24 121 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15, 18. Coelenterata. Scleractinia 1 Area 5 (168) Annelida. Polychaeta 26 Depth. 1-5 fm Mollusca, Gastropoda 15, Bivalvia 9, 13, 23 Substrate. Sand and some shale

Bryozoa. 72, 76. Phanerogams. 1 Area 5 (57) Algae. Chlorophyta 14 Depth. 2 fm Crustacea. Isopoda 5, Brachyura 7, 13, 16, 26 Gastropoda Bivalvia 9-10, 13, 23 Substrate. Sand Mollusca. 92, Asteroidea 1-2 Algae. Chlorophyta 14, 16 Echinodermata. Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15, 18. Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13, 26 Bryozoa. 54, 68-69, 72, 74, 76, 79, 90-91 Area 5 (169) Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17, Pleurogona 10, 18. Algae. Chlorophyta 14 Annelida. Polychaeta. 1, 3, 6, 20, 34, 44, 47 Area 5 (58) Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 26 in Bivalvia 9 Depth. 2 fm Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 10, 13, Opisthobranchia 4 Substrate. Shelly sand Echinodermata. Echinoidea 3. Algae. Rhodophyta 102 Coelenterata. Actinaria 3 Remarks: The series of stations Area 5 Caulerpa Crustacea. Brachyura 19, 26 (165-9) are typical of the beds of Mollusca. Gastropoda 96, Bivalvia 9, 13, 26 the NW. section of the bay. Stations 167-168 isolated patches of Zostera. Bryozoa. 72, 76. are on small 140 J. HOPE BLACK

Area 6 (63) Algae. Cholorophyta 1, 18, 20A, Phaeophyta Depth. 6-6 5 fm 71, Rhodophyta 83, 86, 105, 118, 120, Substrate. Silty sand 135-136, 148, 152 Algae. Rhodophyta 139 Annelida. Polychaeta 44, 47

Crustacea. Brachyura 6 Crustacea. Isopoda 1, Brachyura 5, 7, 13, 29 Mollusca. Gastropoda 98, Bivalvia 9, 11 A, 13 Mollusca. Gastropoda 12, 37-38, 70, 92, 95, Echinodermata. Holothuroidca 1 97, Bivalvia 9, 13, 23, 26, 34 Ascidiacca. Pleurogona 17, on Pecten alba. Echinodermata. Asteroidea 9, Ophiuroidea 4 Ascidiacea. Pleuogona 18. Area 6 (64) 2, Depth. 6 fm Remarks: This station was the wreck of the Substrate. Silty sand Albert William Barge and because of the shal- Algae. Rhodophyta 136 low water a number of species was found in Crustacea. Brachyura 6, 26 the lower culittoral and sub-littoral. Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11 A, 13, Opisthobran- Area 6 (136) chiata 4 Depth. 2 2 fm Echinodermata. Holothuroidca 1 Substrate. Silty sand Ascidiacca. Pleurogona 17. Crustacea. Brachyura 7. Area 6 (65) Area 6 (137) Depth. 5 fm Depth. 2-5 fm Substrate. Sand with reef outcropping Substrate. Coarse sand with outcropping reef Coelenterata. Actinaria 3 Algae. Chlorophyta 8, Rhodophyta 125, 144, Annelida. Polychacta 34 167

Crustacea. Isopoda 13, 17, Brachyura 6 Annelida. Polychaeta 1 Mollusca. Amphincura 20, Gastropoda 15, 51, Crustacea. Brachyura 13, 21, 25

66, Opisthobranchiata 4, Bivalvia 3, 9 Mollusca. Amphineura 12, 20, Gastropoda 1, Bryozoa. 91-92, 94-95 32, 34, 38, 65, 66, 80, 89, 98, Bivalvia 3, 9, Echinodermata. Asteroidea 4, 7, Echinoidea 10, 13 2, 4, Holothuroidca 2 Bryozoa. 70, 75 Ascidiacca. Pleurogona 9-10. Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, 7, 14, 15, Ophiuroidea 2, 4, Echinoidea 2, Holothuroi- Area 6 (66) dea 2 Depth. 5 fm Ascidiacea. Enterogona 5, 17, Pleurogona 4, Substrate. Silty sand. 17-18. Algae. Chlorophyta 8 Crustacea. Brachyura 4-5, 7, 13, 22 Remarks: This is the area surrounding the Mollusca. Gastropoda 51, 66, Bivalvia 9 wreckage of the Kakariki. Ascidiacca. Enterogona 17. Area 6 (199) Depth. 8-5 fm Area 6 (67) Substrate. Silty clay. Depth. 5 fm Substrate. Silty sand Remarks: Visibility was poor and the bot- Algae. Chlorophyta 8, Phacophyta 51, Rhodo- tom appeared to be barren. phyta 136 Area 6 (200) Crustacea. Brachyura 4-5, 25 Depth. 8 fm Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13, Opisthobranchiata 4 Substrate. Silty clay Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8. Annelida. Polychaeta 35. Area 6 (118) Area 7 (123) Depth. 5-1 fm Depth. 3 5 fm Substrate. Sandy silt with outcropping reef Substrate. Sand Phanerogams. 1 Coelenterata. Actinaria 11 m

BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 141

Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 14, 44, 50 Area 9 (62) Crustacea. Brachyura 13, 16, 22-23, 25 Depth. 2 f fm Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13 Substrate. Medium to coarse sand and shell Bryozoa. 53-54 fragments Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, Ophiuroidea 5, Phanerogams. 3 Echinoidea 4, Holothuroidea 1, 6 Algae. Chlorophyta 8, 12, 14, 16 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8, 17, Pleurogona 9, 18. Mollusca. Gastropoda 97, Bivalvia 9, 15 Remarks: There were numbers of stones Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8, Pleurogona 9. up to 10 X 5 cm which served as an attachment for mussels and ascidians. Area 9 (84) Depth. Sublittoral Area 7 (204) Substrate. Sand Depth. 2 5 fm Phanerogam. 1 Substrate. Sand with reef outcropping Coelenterata. Actinaria 3-4 Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 34 Annelida. Polychaeta 19 Crustacea. Isopoda 12, Brachyura 13 Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 15, 30 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9-10. Mollusca. Gastropoda 95, Bivalvia 9-10, 23, 25, 28, 30, 35, 43 Area 7 (205) Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 20. Depth 2-5 fm Substrate. Sand with reef outcropping Remarks: The species (particularly the mol- Algae. Rhodophyta, 132 luscs) recorded at this station, are typical of Crustacea. Isopoda 12, Brachyura 6 shallow very sheltered water fauna of the bay. Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 18. Area 9 (178) Remark: Stations 204-5 are both situated on a reef off Point Ormond. Depth. 1 5 fm Substrate. Fine sand with skeletal matter Area 7 (206) Algae. Chlorophyta 8, 12, 16, 18, Rhodophyta Depth. 4 fm 102, 120, 122, 154 Substrate. Sand with some pebbles Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 11, 20, 32, 35, 47, 50 Crustacea. Isopoda 12, Brachyura 7 Crustacea. Brachyura 4, 7, 13, 16, 25 Mollusca. Gastropoda 15, 32, 34, 65, 80, 92, Mollusca. Gastropoda 32, 34, 56, 79, Bivalvia 96. Bivalvia 9, 18-19, 22, 25, 29. 9-10, 25, Opisthobranchia 4 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 15 Area 7 (207) Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. Depth 2 5 fm Substrate. Sand Area 9 (179) Annelida. Polychaeta 14, 35, 44 Depth. 3-5 fm Crustacea. Isopoda 12, Brachyura 13 Substrate. Coarse sand with shells and pebbles Mollusca. Bivalvia 11A Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 28 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7. Mollusca. Gastropoda 32, 34, 56, 79, Bivalvia 9-10, 23, 25. Area 7 (208) Depth. 5 5 f Remarks: In Table A (Mem. Nat. Mus. Substrate. Sand 27) this position is recorded as Area 19 but

Annelida. Polychaeta 47 in Chart 2 it is shown in the extreme SE. corner Crustacea. Isopoda 12, Brachyura 4, 7, 13, 26 of Area 9. This is of little importance as both Mollusca. Gastropoda 96, Bivalvia 9-10, 19, 22, positions fall in the extensive Caulerpa beds Opisthobranchia 4 of the NW. coast of Port Phillip Bay (Chart 3, Echinodermata. Echinoidea 4, Holothuroidea 1. Mem. 27). m

142 J. HOPE BLACK

Area 9 (180) Area 10 (103) Depth. 3 fm Depth. 2-25 fm Substrate. Sand Subtrate. Clayey sand Crustacea. Brachyura 4, 7, 13, 16, 25 Algae. Chlorophyta 6, Phaeophyta 52, Rhodo- Mollusca. Gastropoda 32, 34, Bivalvia 56, 79, phyta 105, 122, 152, 167 9-10, 25 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 1, 8, 10, 21, 25 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 13, 15. Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 52 Area 10 (11) Crustacea. Isopoda 2, 17, Brachyura 13, 29 Depth. 8 5 fm Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13 Substrate. Silty sand Bryozoa. 2, 25, 48, 64-65, 90-91 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 3 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, 9, 15-16, Echi- Mollusca. Gatsropoda 15, 58, 80, 88, Bivalvia noidea 2, Holothuroidea 1. 3, 9, 11A, 13, 15

Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, Holothuroidea 2 Area 10 (104) Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 11, 15. Depth. 2 5 f Area 10 (12) Substrate. Sand-clay-silt Depth. 7 fm Algae. Rhodophyta 105, 122 Substrate. Silty sand Annelida. 1 Crustacea. Isopoda Coelenterata. Corallimorparia 1 2, 17 Mollusca. Mollusca. Bivalvia 3, 11 A, 13, 21 Bivalvia 9, 13 Bryozoa. Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8, 11, Pleurogona 10, 2, 25, 48, 64-65, 72, 91.

15 - Area 10 (13) Area 10 (105) Depth. 6 5 fm Depth. 2 5 fm Substrate. Silty sand Substrate. Sand-silt-clay Annelida. Polychaeta 44, 47 Algae. Chlorophyta 8, Rhodophyta 122 Crustacea. Brachyura 3, 7, 22, 25 Annelida. Polychaeta 1 Mollusca. Gastropoda 32, Bivalvia 9-10, 11A Crustacea. Isopoda 2, 17 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 10, 15. Bryozoa. 2, 25, 48, 64-65, 90-91. Area 10 (14) Area Depth. 7 5 fm 10 (106) Substrate. Silty sand Depth. Phanerogams. 3 Substrate. Sand-silt-clay Annelida. Polychaeta 44, 47 Algae. Rhodophyta 122 Crustacea. Brachyura 3, 16, 21, 25 Annelida. Polychaeta 1 Mollusca. Gastropoda 28, 32, 56, 58, 65, Crustacea. Isopoda 2, 17 Bivalvia 9-10, 11 A, 12 Mollusca. Gastropoda, 92, 95, Bivalvia 9, 22-

Echinodermata. Echinoidea 4, Holothuroidea 1 23, 27, 29, 35. Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 10, 15. Remarks: Stations 103-6 are situated in the Area 10 (15) vicinity of Point Cook Pier and together illus- Depth. 4 fm trate the community of the area. Substrate. Sand Area 10 (193) Phanerogam. 1 Depth. 6 fm Algae. Chlorophyta 8, 14, 16, Phaetophyta 57, Substrate. Junction Rhodophyta 122, 157 of sand and silty sand Bryozoa. 6-7 Annelida. Polychaeta 47 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2, Holothuroidea Crustacea. Brachyura 3, 25 1. Mollusca. Gastropoda 28, 32, 34, 58, Bivalvia Remarks. This station is in the transition 9, 13 zone from the Caulerpa to the more barren Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15, 20. silty sand with its restricted fauna. .

BHNTHIC COMMUNITIES 143

Area 10 (194) Crustacea. Isopoda 1 1 Depth. 8 fm Ascidiacea. Plcurogona 15. Substrate. Silty sand Area 11 (195) Echinodermata, Echinoidca 4, Holothuroidea 1 Depth. 10 5 fm Remarks. This dredge haul, like 193, crossed Substrate. Silty clay the transition zone. Annelida. Polychacta 1

Area 1 1 (125) Crustacea. Brachyura 4. Depth. 8 5 fm Aria II (212) Substrate. Silty sand Depth. 8 fm Crustacea. Brachyura 13 Substrate. Sandy silt Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, II A, 13, 15, 21 Annelida. Polychacta 14, 21, 36, 44, 47, 50, 53 Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1-2, 6 Bryozoa. 6, 53-54, 77 Ascidiacea. 15 Ascidiacea. Plcurogona 10. Remarks: This station has a fauna typical Area 12 (110) of the communities living on the silty sand at Depth. 8 5 fm depths from 7-10 fm. The dominant marker Substrate. Sand-silt-clay species are Mytilus planulatus, Pecten alba, Algae. Rhodophyta 156 Ostrea angasi, Strichopus mollis and I'yiira Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 3, 6 praeput talis. Mollusca. Bivalvia 9 Area 11 (190) Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1-2. Depth. 5 5 fm Substrate. Sand and shell fragments Area 12 (III) Depth. 9 Algae. Chlorophyta 12, 16, 18, Rhodophyta fm 122 Substrate. Sand-silt-clay Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 3, 6 Annelida. Polychacta 1, 32, 34, 50

Mollusca. Bivalvia 1,9, 1 1A Crustacea. Isopoda 1 1, Brachyura 7-8, 13, 16, 21-22, 25 Echinodermata. Echinoidca 4, Holothuroidea 1-2, 9 Mollusca. Gastropoda 15, 32, 34, 58, 65, Opis- Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8, 18, Plcurogona 10. thobranchia 4, Bivalvia 8, 10, 13, 15, 19 Bryozoa. 69 Remarks: Stations 110-11 have the same Echinodermata. Echinoidca 4 fauna which is a mixture derived from the Ascidiacea. Plcurogona 18. bivabriz-Stichopus sand community and the deeper water annelid cchinoderm fauna of the Remarks: This station is on the transition silty clays to the south. zone between the Caulerpa dominated sand fauna and the hoJothurian-Pywra fauna of the Area 12 (112) silty sand. Depth. 9 fm Area 11 (191) Substrate. Silty clay Depth. 5 5 fm Coelenterata. Hydroida 3, 6, Actinaria I

Substrate. Sand Annelida. Polychacta I Algae. Rhodophyta 101, 122 Mollusca. Bivaliva 1,9, 11A Crustacea. Brachyura 16, 25 Echinodermata. Echioidea 4, Holothuroidea Echinodermata. Astcroidca 15, Ophiuroidea 5, 1-2, 9 13 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 18. Ascidiacea. Plcurogona 15. Area 12 (113) Area 11 (192) Depth. lOfm Depth. 5 fm Substrate. Silty clay Substrate. Silty sand Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 3, 6

Algae. Chlorophyta 12, 16, 18 Annelida. Polychacta I 144 J. HOPE BLACK

Mollusca. Opisthobranchia 4, Bivalvia I, 9 Algae. Phaetophyta 42, 51, Rhodophyta 135 Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1-2, 9 Coelenterata. Octocorallia 10 Ascidiacea. Enterogona IX. Annelida. Polychaeta I, 26, 35, 40 Crustacea. Brachyura Area P (114) 4, 7, 13 Mollusca. Amphineura 2, Gasteropoda 15, 32, Depth 10 fin 88-89, 92, 98, Opisthobranchia Substrate. Silly clay ^ 65, 80, " " 4 9 Hiv;ilvi: ' 9 10 llA l3 15 8 21 - ' > ^ ' Annelida. Polychaeta I f ', Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1-2, hchinoidea 4, Mollusca. Bivalvia 2, 9, 21. Holothuroidea 1, 6.

Aui'A 12 ( 196) Depth. II in, Area 13 (93) Depth. 1m Substrate. Silty clay 2 Substrate. Sand Crustacea. Brachyura X, 13 Mollusca. Opisthobranchia 11-12 Algae. Phacophyta 46, Rhodophyta 101, 135, l52 Bryozoa. 6, 48-49, 53-54 Coelenterata. Actinaria 6 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 5, Echinoidea 4, Polychaeta Holothuroidea 8-9. Annelida. 44 Crustacea. Isopoda 12, 17 AREA 12 (198) Mollusca. Amphineura 9, 12, 17, 20, Gastro- Depth. 9 fin pot | a [ 3,s, 49, Bivalvia ( i5 ( 32, 80, 88-89, Substrate. Clayey silt o ||/\ ]3 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 5 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, 14, Echinoidea 4. Ascidiacea. Enterogona IX, Pleuroeona 19. Arha 13 (94) REMARKS: I his station is close to the dump- neoth 2 I'm ing buoy ami the silly clay that station has of Substrate Sand spread it. from Annelida. Polychaeta 44

AREA 12 (21 I ) Crustacea. Brachyura 4-5, 13, 22, 25 Depth. II I'm Mollusca. Amphineura 9, 12, 17, 20, Gastro- Substrate. Silly clay poda 4, 35, 66, Bivalvia 9, 13, 19

Annelida. Polychaeta 21 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1. Echinodermata. Echinoidea 4, Holothuroidea 9. . .o iiyn\ ( Area 13 (X2) Depth. 6-6 I'm Depth. 4 I'm Substrate. Silty clay Substrate. Sand Annelida. Polychaeta 36 Coelenterata. Octocorallia 10 Crustacea. Brachyura 13.

Crustacea. Isopoda 1 Brachyura 6, 13,25-26 2, Aria 13 C101 Mollusca. Bivalvia ", 13 Depth. 9 I'm Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1 Substrate. Silty clay AREA L3 (83) Annelida. Polychaeta 21, 36, 44, 53

Depth. 6-3 I'm Mollusca. Bivalvia 1, 9, 13, 42 Substrate. Sand Bryo/oa 6 Coelenterata. Octocorallia 10 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, Echinoidea 4, Crustacea. Brachyura 6-7, 13, 25 Holothuroidea 9. Mollusca. Gastropoda 32, <>K, Bivalvia 65, Area 14 (41 11A, 26 21, Depth. 4 I'm rehinodennata. rclunoidca 4. Mibstiate.t..k.i.... . Keeld ,r ARBA 13 (92) Algae. Phaeophyta 51, Rhodophyta 102, 1(H), Depth. 4 I'm 141, 157. 167

Substrate. Sand Coelenterata. Scleractinia 1 BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 145

Annelida. Echiuroidea 3 Area 14 (175) Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 22, 25 Depth. 2 5 I'm Mollusca. Bivalvia 13 9, Substrate. Sand and reef Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. Annelida. Polychacta 2, 20. 31. 42-43 Crustacea. Bracyluira 8 Area 14 (5) Mollusca. Amphineura 19, Gastropoda 1, 15, Depth. 3 3 fm 34, 38, 80, Bivalvia 9, 9-1 IA, 13-14, 19, Substrate. Reef 21, 41 Algae. Chlorophyta 16, Rhodopliyta 141 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 18.

Coelenterata. Scleractinia 1 Eehinodermata. Asteroidea 10. Area 16 (142) Depth. 2 5 fm Area 14 (8) Subtrate. Silty sand Depth. 3 5 I'm Phanerogams I Substrate. Sand with reel' outcropping Algae. Chlorophyta 12, 14, Phacophyta 57, Annelida. Polychacta 1, 34, 44 Rhodopliyta 101, 105, 154 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13 Annelida. Polychacta 44, 47 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. Crustacea. Isopoda 17, Brachyura 7, 22, 25

Mollusca. Gasteropoda 34, Bivalvia 9-10, I IA, Area 14 (95) 13 Depth. 16 fm Eehinodermata. Asteroidea 14. Substrate. Sand Algae. Chlorophyta 2, 22, Phacophyta 64, Rho- Area 16 (143)

dopliyta 1 67 Depth. 3 3 fm

Annelida. 1, 7, 47, 60 Substrate. Silty sand and shell

Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 16, 21, 23, 26 Phanerogams, l Mollusca. Amphineura 9, 12, 17, 20, Gastro- Algae. Chlorophyta 22, Phacophyta 57, Rho- poda 15, 22, Bivalvia 9 dopliyta 101, 105, 154

Eehinodermata. Asteroidea I, L4, Echinoidea 2. Crustacea. Isopoda 17, Brachyura 13 Mollusca. Amphineura 17, Gastropoda 22, 32-

Area 14 ( 1 16) 34, 56, Bivalvia 9-10, 13, 25 Depth. 3 I'm Eehinodermata. Echionidea 2. Substrate. Sand and reel' Aria 16 (282) Algae. Chlorophyta 8, II. Depth. 5 fm Area 14 (117) Substrate. Silly clay Annelida. Polychacta 44 Depth. 2 I'm Crustacea. Brachyura 25 Substrate. Sand and reef Mollusca. Bivalvia 10, 15, 19, Algae. Chlorophyta 8, 14, Rhodopliyta 105, Gastropoda 98, 139 Opisthobranchia 4

Asteroidea I lolothuioidea I Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 2 Eehinodermata. 2, Ascdiacea. Pleurogona 15. Mollusca. Gastropoda 32, 34, 66, Bivalvia 9, 13, 41 Area 16 (283) Eehinodermata. Ophiuroidea 5 Depth. 2 25 I'm Ascidicacca. Pleurogona 15, 18. Substrate. Clayey sand Remarks: The reef had a large population of Annelida. Polychacta II, 37, 39 but it has not been possible to have Crustacea. Brachyura 4, 25 the collection worked in time for publi- Mollusca. Gastropoda 60, Bivalvia 9, 23, 25, 29 cation in this volume. Eehinodermata. Asteroidea 2, 1 lolothuioidea 1. 14fv J. HOPE BLACK

Area 17 (170) Echinodermata. Asteroidca 1? Echinoidea 23, Depth. 5 5 fm Holothuroidea 1? Substrate. Silty sand Aseidiacea. Pleurogona 20. Algae. Chlorophyta 12, 14, Rhodophyta 105, Area 18 (61) 120, 132, 139, 142, 144, 148, 157 Depth. 3 5 fm Annelida. Polyehaeta I, 26, 27, 44, 47 Substrate. Fine to medium sand Crustacea. Brachyura 13, 25, 29 Algae. Rhodophyta 122, 151 Mollusea. Amphincura 12, Gastropoda 17, 98, Coelcntcrata. Actinaria 6

Bivalvia 9-1 1 A, 13 Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 16 Aseidiacea. Pleurogona 11. Mollusea. Opisthobranchia 12, Bivalvia 9, 11 A, Area 17 (171) 15, 35

Depth. 4 5 I'm Aseidiacea. Entcrogona I, Pleurogona 3. Substrate. Sandy silt Area 18 (182) Algae. Chlorophyta I, 12, 14, Rhodophyta 105, Depth. 4 fm 120, 132, 139, 142, 144, 148, 157 Substrate. Sand and shell fragments. Annelida. Polyehaeta 26, 47

Mollusea. Bivalvia 9, 1 1A Area 18 (183)

Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1. Depth. 3 3 fm Substrate. Sand with skeletal fragments Area 17 (172) Mollusea. Bivalvia 13. Depth. 3 I'm Area 18 (186) Substrate. Sandy silt and reef Depth. 4 fm Algae. Chlorophyta 1,14, Rhodophyta 132 Aimellda. Polyehaeta 26 Substrate. Fine sand Phanerogams. Crustacea. Brachyura 22 3 Porifcra. Tethya corticalisl Mollusea. Gastropoda 1, Bivalvia 13 Echinodermata. Echinoidea 4 Bryozoa 26. Remarks: This station is on the edge of the Area 17 (173) Caulerpa community as indicated by the Halo- Depth. 2 I'm phila ovalis and the specimens of silty sand Substrate. Sand fauna. Algae. Chlorophyta I, 14, 16, Rhodophyta 132 Crustaeea. Brachyura 7, 16 Area 18 (187) Mollusea. Gastropda 15, 34, 96, Bivalvia 9, Depth. 6 3 fm 13, 23. Substrate. Sand Algae. Chlorophyta 12, 14? Area 18 (59) Mollusea. Bivalvia 10, 11A, 13 Depth. 6 fm Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1 Substrate. Fine sand Aseidiacea. 13? Algae. Chlorophyta 8, 14 Mollusea. Gastropoda 15, 32, 34-35, Bivalvia Remarks: The Caulerpa is scattered at this 10-1 1A, 13, 41 station which is on the transition from sand to silty sand. Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 5, Holothuroidea

1 Area 18 (188) Aseidiaeea. Pleurogona 9-10, 13. Depth. 6 6 fm Substrate. Sand Area 18 (60) Mollusea. Bivalvia 1 1A. Depth. 5 I'm. Substrate. Fine to medium sand Area 18 (189) Algae. Rhodophyta 122, 151 Depth. 6 75 fm Crustaeea. Brachyura 16 Substrate. Fine sand Mollusea. Bivalvia 3, 10-1 1A, 41 Mollusea. Bivalvia 11 A, 13. m

BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 147

Remarks: This station falls within the Crustacea. Brachyura 25 Caulerpa community and the dominant species Mollusca. Gastropoda 80, 96, Bivalvia 11 A, 19 were recorded though not collected. Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 5, Echinodermata, Area 18 (307) Echinoidea 4. Depth. 6 fm Remarks: This is on the transition from the inshore Caulerpa silty Substrate. Silty sand with some pebbles to the central clay. Phanerogams. 3 Area 19 (305) Algae. Chlorophyta 12, 14, Rhodophyta 122 Depth. 9 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 47, 52 Substrate. Silty sand Crustacea. Brachyura 14, 25 Algae. Chlorophyta 8 Mollusca. Bivalvia 11A, 13, 15, 21, Opistho- Crustacea. Brachyura 8, 13 branchia 4 Mollusca. Gastropoda 80, 96, Bivalvia 9-10, Echinodermata. Echinoidea 4. 11A, 19 Area 18 (308) Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 2 Depth. 6 fm Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17, Pleurogona 10. Substrate. Silty sand Algae. Rhodophyta 122 Area 19 (306) 8-3 Annelida. Polychaeta 52 Depth. fm Substrate. Crustacea. Brachyura 4, 8, 13-14, 22 Algae. Chlorophyta 8 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11 A, 13, Opisthobranchia 4 Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 36, 39, 44, 47, 50 Mollusca. Gastropoda 80, 96, Bivalvia 9-10, Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2, Holothuroidea 11A, 13 1, 8. Echinodermata. Asteroidea Holothuroidea Area 19 (179) 2, 1, Depth 3-3 fm 8 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8. Substrate. Coarse shelly sand and small pebbles Crustacea. Brachyura 4, 7 Area 20 (124) Mollusca. Bivalvia 9-10, 23, Opisthobranchia 4 Depth. 12 fm Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 13, 15. Substrate. Silty clay Remarks: The specimens collected are very Annelida. Polychaeta 50 similar to Area 9 (178) and both of them are Crustacea. Brachyura 8 probably influenced by the Werribee River. Mollusca. Bivalvia 9-10, 11 A, 15, 19, 33 Area 19 (181) Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, Echinoidea 4. Depth. 3 5 f Area 20 (309) Substrate. Coarse shelly sand Depth. 1 1 Algae. Chlorophyta 12, 14 fm Substrate. Silty clay Crustacea. Brachyura 4, 7 Mollusca. Gastropoda 32, 34, 56, 79, 96, Annelida. Polychaeta 36 Bivalvia 9-10, 25, Opisthobranchia 4 Crustacea. Brachyura 14 Mollusca. Bivalvia Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 13, 17. 21 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, Echinoidea Remarks: This station is also in the Caulerpa 4, Holothuroidea 8 community and is a continuation of the line Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8. from the Werribee River. Area 19 (304) Area 21 (115) Depth. 7 fm Depth. 11 fm Substrate. Silty sand Substrate. Silty clay Algae. Chlorophyta 14, 16 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 6 Coelenterata. Corallimorpharia 1 Crustacea. Bracyura 13 148 J. HOPE BLACK

Mollusca. Gastropoda 94, Bivalvia 9, 13, 21 Algae. Phaeophyta 51

Bryozoa. 54 Annelida. Polychaeta 1 , Echiuroidea 3 Echinodcrmata. Ophiuroidea 7, Echinoidea 4, Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13, 15 Holothuroidea 8-9 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 16 Ascidiacca. Entcrogona 17. Ascidacea. Enterogona 8, 17.

Area 21 (176) Area 23 (9) Depth. 12 fm Depth. 5-25 fm Substrate. Silty clay Substrate. Sand Algae. Rhodophyta 132 Algae. Rhodophyta 89, 102, 109, 157, 167 Annelida. Polychaeta 36 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13. Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11 A, 13, 21 Area 23 (68) Echinodcrmata. Astcroidea 2, Echinoidea 4 Depth. 8-5 fm Ascidiacca. Entcrogona 17, Pleurogona 15 on Substrate. Clayey sand Pecten alba. Crustacea. Brachyura 13 Area 22 (119) Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11A Depth. 115 fm Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 4, 7, Holothuroid- Substrate. Silty sand dea 2 Annelida. Polychaeta 36 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 11, Pleurogona 12. Crustacea. Brachyura 4, 7, 23, 25 Area 23 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9-10, 11A, 40 (69) Depth. 8 fm Echinodcrmata. Asteroidca 2, Echinoidea 4, Substrate. Silty clay Holothuroidea 2, 8 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11A Ascidiacca. Entcrogona 10, 17-18, Pleurogona Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17, Pleurogona 12. 12.

Area 23 (1) Area 23 (70) Depth. 4 75 fm Depth. 9 fm Substrate. Sand Substrate. Silty clay Mollusca. Cephalopoda 7 Crustacea. Brachyura 13 Ascidiacca. Pleurogona 15. Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11A Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17-18, Pleurogona 12, Area 23 (2) 17-18. Depth. 4 75 fm Area 23 (71) Substrate. Silty sand Depth. 11 fm Algae. Phaeophyta 47, 57 Substrate. Silty clay Crustacea. Brachyura 13 Crustacea. Brachyura 13 Mollusca. Opisthobranchia 4, Bivalvia 15 Mollusca. Bivalvia 1 Echinodcrmata. Echinoidea 4. Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 5 Area 23 (3) Ascidiacea. Enterogona 18. Depth. 4 25 fm Area 24 (122) Substrate. Sand Depth. Algae. Chlorophyta 8, Phaeophyta 51, Rhodo- Substrate. Sand phyta 88, 102, 109, 141, 157, 167 Coclenerata. Actinaria 3 Coelenterata. Actinaria 6 Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 24, 37, 47, 53, Echiu- Mollusca. Bivalvia 3. roidea 3 Area 23 (7) Mollusca. Gatsropoda 35, 80, Bivalvia 9, 13, 19 Depth. 4 75 fm Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1 Substrate. Sand Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15, 18. m

BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 149

Area 25 (128) Phanerogams 1, 3 Depth. 5 fm Algae. Phaeophyta 41 Substrate. Silty clay Annelida. Polychaeta 21, 58 Annelida. Polychaeta 34, 37, 39, 41, 44 Crustacea. Brachyura 11, 25 Mollusca. Opisthobranchia 4, Bivalvia 9-10, Mollusca. Bivalvia 10 on Halophila 13, 11A, 15 Cephalopoda 11 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 15, Holothuroidea 1 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 10, Holothuroidea Ascidiacea. Enterogonia 17, Pleurogona 15. 1,5-6. Area 25 (129) Area 26 (301) 2-5 Depth. 1-5 fm Depth. fm Substrate. Clayey sand Substrate. Clayey sand Algae. Chlorophyta Coelenterata. Actinaria 12 12, Phaeophyta 41, 45, Rhodophyta 151 Annelida. Polychaeta 11, 35 Crustacea. Brachyura 21-22, Crustacea. Brachyura 25, 30 1, 13, 25 Mollusca. Bivalvia Mollusca. Bivalvia 11 A, 39 10, 13, 24 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 14, Echinoidea Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1 2, Holothuroidea 5-6. Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 9. Area 27 Remarks: Pholas australasiae is known to (41) Depth. 1 5 occur in the off-shore platforms along the W. fm Substrate. Silty sand with reef outcropping side of the bay, but it was only at this site that Algae. Chlorophyta 12, 16, 22, Phaeophyta it was collected in quantity on the survey. 57A, Rhodophyta 102, 110, 122, 133, 167 Area 25 (299) Porifera. Several species of sponges Depth. 5 fm Coelenterata. Actinaria 6 Substrate. Clay Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 13, 16, 19, 21, 25 Algae. 12 Mollusca, Amphineura 17, Gastropoda 1, 22, Crustacea. Brachyura 23, 25 26-27, 32, 34, 38, 52-53, 56, 88-89, 90, Bivalvia 15 Mollusca. 10, Bivalvia 2, 9-10, 13, 23, 25-26, 34 Bryozoa. 6 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, 7, 9-10, 14-15, Ophiuroidea 8 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 1, Echinoidea 2-3, Holothu- Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17. roidea 1-2, 5-6 Area 26 (126) Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17, Pleurogona 11. Depth. 3 5 f Area 27 (47) Substrate. Silty clay Depth. 3 fm Phanerogams 1 Substrate. Silty clay Phaeophyta 45 Algae. Chlorophyta 12, Algae. Chlorophyta 6A, 12 47 Annelida. Polychaeta 39, 44, Porifera. Two species of sponges Brachyura 25 Crustacea. Annelida. Polychaeta 1 Gastropoda Bivalvia 2, 10, 33 Mollusca. 56, Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11 A, 13 9-10, Ophiu- Echinodermata. Asteroidea 14, Echinodermata. Asteroidea 10, 14. roidea 8-9, Holothuroidea 1, 8 Area 27 (48) Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8, 17, Pleurogona 9, Depth. 3 fm 15. Substrate. Silty clay barren Remarks: This area is comparatively Porifera. Two species of sponges with Stichopus mollis and Ascidia gemmata the Annelida. Polychaeta 41 dominant species. Mollussca. Opisthobranchia 4, 11, Bivalvia 9, Area 26 (300) 11A Depth. 3 fm Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 9 Substrate. Clayey sand Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 10. m

150 J. HOPE BLACK

Area 27 49 Area 27 (302) Depth. 6 fin < ) Depth. 4 fm Substrate. Silty clay Substrate. Silty clay Porifera. One cream sponge Annelida. Polychaeta 41 Crustacea. Cirripedia 1, Brachyura 14 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 23 Mollusca. Gastropoda 96, Bivalvia 9, 13, 15 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 8, Holothuroidea Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1. 5, 8 Area 27 (50) Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 9. Depth. 5 fm Substrate. Silty clay Area 28 (140) Porifera. Yellow and blue sponge Depth. 3 fm

Crustacea. Cirripedia 1, Brachyura 14 Substrate. Silty sand Mollusca. Gastropoda 96, Bivalvia 9, 15 Phanerogams. 1 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 10. Algae 57A, Rhodophyta 102, 105, 154, 158 Porifera, Several species of sponges Area 27 (138) Annelida. Polychaeta 44 Depth. 2 5 fm Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 25 Substrate. Silty sand Mollusca. Gastropoda 79, 98, Bivalvia 9-10, 13 Algae. Chlorophyta 12, 14, 22, Phaeophyta Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1 57A, Rhodophyta 102, 105, 154 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 9, 11, 15. Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 34, 44 Crustacea. Isopoda 17, Brachyura 7, 19 Area 28 (141) Mollusca. Gastropoda 71, Opisthobranchia 10, Depth. 3 5 f Bivalvia 9, 13. Substrate. Silty sand Remarks: The dominant animal was Mytilus Phanerogams. 3 planulatus. Algae. Phaeophyta 57A, Rhodophyta 102, 105, Area 27 (139) 154 Depth. 1-5 fm Crustacea. Brachyura 13, 21, 26 in Mytilus Substrate. Silty sand with reef outcropping 2 ft. Mollusca. Gastropoda 34, Bivalvia 9, 13, 41 above the sand Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 1, Echinoidea 2, Phanerogams 1, 3 Holothuroidea 1 Algae. Chlorophyta 12, Phaeophyta 57A, Ascdiacea. Pleurogona 17. Rhodophyta 102, 105, 154 Porifera. Abundant on reef Area 28 (285) Depth. Annelida. Polychaeta 37, 47 3 fm Substrate. Silty sand. Crustacea. Isopoda 17, Brachyura 7 Algae. Chlorophyta 17 Mollusca. Gastropoda 71, Bivalvia 9, 13, 19 Annelida. Polychaeta 4 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 16, Echinoidea 2, Crustacea. Cirripedia 1, Isopoda Brachyura Holothuroidea 1. 11, 25 Area 27 (284) Mollusca. Amphineura 9, 17, Gastropoda 15, Depth. 1 25 fm 32, 34, 79, Bivalvia 2, 10, 13, 25 Substrate. Silty sand with basalt pebbles Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1, 6, 8 Algae. Chlorophyta 14, 16, Rhodophyta 120, Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17, Pleurogona 13, 18. 159 Annelida. Polychaeta 44, 59 Area 28 (286) Crustacea. Brachyura 4, 7 Depth. 5 fm Mollusca. Gastropoda 15, 22, 32, 34, 52, 65, Substrate. Silty clay Bivalvia 9, 23 Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 11, 21, 31, 37, 39, 41, Echinodermata. Asteroidea 10, 15, Ophiuroidea 44,49 2 Crustacea. Brachyura 22 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 20. Mollusca. Bivalvia 15. m

BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 151 Area 28 (316) Algae. Chlorophyta 9 Depth. 6 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 21 Substrate. Silty sand Mollusca. Gastropoda 98, Bivalvia 9-10, 11A Annelida. Polychaeta 14 Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1. Mollusca. Gastropoda 38, 80. Area 30 (130) Area 28 (315) Depth. 6 fm Depth. 5 fm Substrate. Sand-clay-silt Substrate. Silty sand Algae. Phaeophyta 51 Phanerogams. 3 Porifera. Two species Algae. Chlorophyta 12 Coelentarata. Hydrozoa 6-7, 27, Octocorallia 3 Crustacea. Brachyura 25 Annelida. Polychaeta 26, 82, Echiuroidea 3 Mollusca. Bivalvia 11 A, 13 Crustacea. Isopoda 17, 26 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2, Holothuroidea 1 Mollusca. Gastropoda 11, 15, 22, 32, 34, 38, Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17. 49, 79, 98, Bivalvia 9, 11 A, 13, 15, 26, Area 29 (107) 38, 41 Depth. 2 5 f Bryozoa 26, 82, 91 Substrate. Sand Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, 10A, 14, Echi- noidea 2 Algae. Chlorophyta 12, Rhodophyta 151, 152 Ascidiacea. Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 18, Actinaria 12 Pleurogona 18. Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 14, 44 Area 30 (135) Crustacea. Brachyura 13 Depth. 2 fm Mollusca. Gasteropoda 97, Bivalvia 9, 13 Substrate. Sand with outcropping reef Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1 Algae. Chlorophyta 1, Phaeophyta 46? 57A? Ascidiacea. Pleurogona. Porifera. Abundant sponges on reef Mollusca. Remarks: This station is on and around Gastropoda 1, 3, 34, 38, 49, 79, Portarlington Pier. Cephalopoda 11, Bivalvia 9, 15 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, Echinoidea 2, Area 29 (174) Holothuroidea 1 Depth. 6 25 fm Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 18. Substrate. Sandy silt Algae. Rhodophyta 133 Area 30 (278) Depth. 8 fm Mollusca. Gastropoda 98, Bivalvia 9, 11A, 21 Substrate. Bryozoa. 26, 92 Silty sand Porifera. Red finger sponge Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1 Crustacea. Isopoda 23, 24, Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17, Pleurogona 13, 15. Brachyura 7, 13, 21, 25 Remarks: The fauna was very sparse, and Mollusca. Gastropoda 91, Bivalvia 1, 10, 11A the only algae Ceramium sp. was attached to 13 Pecten alba. Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2, Holothuroidea 1 Area 29 (287) Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17? Pleourogona 13, Depth. 5-5 fm 15. Substrate. Sand-silt-clay Area 30 (279) Algae. Chlorophyta 17 Depth. 7 fm Crustacea. Brachyura 13 Substrate. Sand-clay-silt Mollusca. Bivalvia 10, 11A, 15 Porifera. Red finger sponge Echinodermata. Echinoidea Holothuroidea 1 4, Crustacea. Brachyura 21 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15, 18. Mollusca. Gastropoda 92, Bivalvia 1, 10, 11 A, Area 29 (317) 13 Depth. 4 50 fm Echinodermata. Astroidea 2, Holothuroidea 1 Substrate. Silty sand Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17? Pleurogona 13, 15. 152 J. HOPE BLACK

Area 30 (280) Area 31 (133) Depth 8 fm Depth. 9 5 fm Substrate. Sandy gravel Substrate. Silty clay Algae. Phacophyta 46, Rhodophyta 103, 124, Annelida. Polychaeta 34? 36?, 39? 135, 156, 158, 159 Crustacea. Brachyura 21 Porifera. Large number including Tethya sp. Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 15

Coelenterata. Actinaria 7 Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1, 5? Crustacea. Ispoda 17 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 11. Mollusca. Amphineura 9, 12, Gastropoda 22, Area 31 (134) 25, 38, 52-53, 64, 88, 90, Bivalvia 13 Depth. 9 5 fm Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1-2, Echinoidea 2, Substrate. Silty clay Holothuroidea 1. Crustacea. Brachyura 21 Area 31 (10) Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 15 Depth. 5-25 fm Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2? Holothuroidea Substrate. Silty sand with broken rock 1,5 Algae. Phacophyta 68 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 11. Porifera. Very common Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 6, 27, Actinaria 7, Area 31 (273) Octocorallia 2 Depth. 8 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 1-2, 20, 26, 41, 43-44, Substrate. Silty clay 50, 54 Porifera. Red branching sponge Crustacea. Brachyura 3, 4, 7 Mollusca. Opisthobranchia 4, 9, Bivalvia 1,

Mollusca. Amphineura 20, Gastropoda 1, 3, 10, 11A, 13, Cephalopoda 9 11, 15, 32, 34, 49, Bivalvia 9-10, 11A, 13, Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2, Holothuroidea 1 41, Cephalopoda 9 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 13, 15. Echinodermata. Crinoidea 6, Asteroidea 1, 10, Area 31 (275) 14, 15, Ophiuroidea 5, Echinoidea 2-3, Holo- Depth. 3 fm thuroidea 1 Substrate. Sand with broken shell and pebbles Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 11, 15-16, 19. Annelida. Polychaeta 36? Remarks: This station is situated at the Crustacea. Brachyura 7 Prince George Light. The specimen was col- Mollusca. Bivalvia 10, 21 lected from the rocks at the base and the sur- Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. rounding silty sand. The piles of the light were completely encrusted with Mytilus planulatus, Area 31 (276) while the sea-floor under the piles was carpeted Depth. 8 fm witih smaller specimens. Substrate. Silt-sand-clay Annelida. Polychaeta 34, 36, 39 Area 31 (131) Mollusca. Gastropoda 65, Bivalvia 9-10, 11A, Depth. 8 fm 13 Substrate. Sand-clay-silt Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2. Annelida. Polychaeta 47, 53, 56 Crustacea. Brachyura 21 Area 31 (310) Mollusca. Gastropoda 22, Bivalvia 8, 19. Depth. 3 5-5-5 fm Area 31 (132) Substrate. Sand and reef Depth. 8 5 fm Algae. Chlorophyta 16? Phaeophyta 68 Substrate. Silty clay Coelenterata. Octocorallia 10

Crustacea. Isopoda 17, 26, Brachyura 21 Annelida. Polychaeta 1 Mollusca. Gastropoda 1, 98, Opisthobranchia 4, Crustacea. Brachyura 13 Bivalvia 9-10, 11A Mollusca. Bivalvia 10, 13 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 11, 18. Ascidiacea. Enterogona 18? BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 153

Area 32 (277) Area 35 (73) Depth. 13 fm Depth. 9 fm Substrate. Junction of silty clay and clay Substrate. Clayey sand Annelida. Polychaeta 34, 36, 38 Crustacea. Brachyura 25-26 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13, 21 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 4, 7, Echinoidea Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1 4, Holothuroidea 8, 9 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8, Pleurogona 16. Ascidiacea. Enterogona 18, Pleurogona 10. Area 35 (121) Remarks: This station has a typical central Depth. 11 fm mud basin fauna. Substrate. Silty clay Annelida. Echiuroidea 3 Area 33 (177) Crustacea. Brachyura 13, 22 Depth. 12 fm Mollusca. Bivalvia 13 Substrate. Silty clay Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2 Coelenterata. Actinaria 11 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 18, Pleurogona 17-18. Anneldia. Polychaeta 34, 44, 56? Crustacea. Brachyura 7-8 Area 36 (74) Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11 A, 13 Depth. 8 fm Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, Echinoidea 4, Substrate. Silty sand Holothuroidea 9 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11A Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8, 17-18, Pleurogona Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. 18. Remarks: This was a very barren station with scattered clumps of Mytilus planulatus Area 34 (120) approximately 50 cm apart. Depth. 11 fm Substrate. Silty clay Area 36 (75) Porifera. Large yellow sponge Depth. 8 fm Mollusca. Gastropoda 34, Bivalvia 9-10, 11 A, Substrate. Sand 13 Porifera. Some sponges Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2, Echinoidea 4, Annelida. Polychaeta 40, 44 Holothuroidea 2 Crustacea. Brachyura 7-8 Ascidiacea. Enterogonia 17, Pleurogona 15, 17. Mollusca. Bivalvia 9 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, Holothuroidea 2, Area 35 (71) 6 Depth. 11 fm Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8, Pleurogona 13?, 15? Substrate. Silty clay Annelida. Polychaeta 1 Area 36 (76) Crustacea. Brachyura 7-8 Depth. 5 fm Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11A Substrate. Sand Bryozoa. 53-54, 69, 96 Porifera. Some sponges Echinodermata. Echinoidea 4 Annelida. Polychaeta 40, Echiuroidea 3 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17? Crustacea. Cirripedia 3, Brachyura 8 Mollusca. Amphineura 16A, Gastropoda 96, Area 35 (72) Bivalvia 9, 13, 16, 19 Depth. 9 fm Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. Substrate. Silty clay Area 36 Annelida. Polychaeta 1?, 44 (77) Crustacea. Brachyura 7-8 Depth. 4 fm Mollusca. Gastropoda 96, Bivalvia 9, 11A, 13 Substrate. Sand Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7 Porifera. A few sponges Polychaeta Ascidiacea. Enterogona 18. Annelida. 40, 44 A

154 J. HOPE BLACK

Crustacea. Cirripedia 3, Brachyura 8, 13, 22 Mollusca. Opisthobranchia 1, 6, 15, Bivalvia Mollusca. Amphineura 9, Gastropoda 15, 32, 10, 15, 35, Cephalopoda 2 35, Bivalvia 9, 13, 15, 19 Bryozoa. 6 Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 2, 6. Echinodermata. Asteroidea 10, Holothuroidea 1 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 18. Area 36 (78) Depth. 4 fm Area 37 (298) Substrate. Sand Depth. 4-5 fm Mollusca. Bivalvia 9 Substrate. Clay Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 8 (single speci- Mollusca. Bivalvia 13, Cephalopoda 2 men) Bryozoa 6. Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. Area 38 (127) Remarks: The single specimen of Lepto- Depth. 5 fm synapta dolabrifera was out of its usual Substrate. Silty clay environment and had probably arrived by Algae. Chlorophyta 1? mischance. Annelida. Polychaeta 44 Area 37 (4) Mollusca. Opisthobranchia 4, Bivalvia 9-10, Depth. 2 fm 11A, 33 Substrate. Silty clay and some reef Echinodermata. Asteroidea 9, 14, Holothuroi- Algae. Chlorophyta 12, Phaeophyta 5 7A, Rho- dea 1 dophyta 141, 154 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 13, Pleurogona 9, 15. Porifera. Several species of sponges Area 38 (311) Annelida. Polychaeta 11, 35, 39 Depth. 4 fm Crustacea. Isopoda 17, Brachyura 13, 21, 25, Substrate. Clay 30 Algae. Chlorophyta 12 Mollusca. Amphineura 15, Gastropoda 15, 32, Annelida. Polychaeta 35, 41 34, 97-98, Opisthobranchia 1, Bivalvia 2, Mollusca. Bivalvia 10 in Caulerpa 9-10, 15, 23, 26, 35, Cephalopoda 10 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 9 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, 7, 9, 10A, Echi- Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8. noidea 2 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 13, 18, Pleurogona 11, Area 39 (42) 20. Depth. 1-25 fm Remarks: This station on Thompson's Reef, Substrate. Sand Stingaree Bay, Geelong, has the typical shel- Phanerogams. 1 tered reef and silty clay fauna. Algae. Phaeophyta 57 Mollusca. Gastropoda Area 37 (296) 22, 38, 52, 56, 80, 101, Depth. 2 fm Bivalvia 2, 8, 10, 33 Echinodermata. Substrate. Clay Asteroidea 1, Echinoidea 3, Algae. Chlorophyta 12 Holothuroidea 1 Annelida. Polychaeta 35 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 9. Crustacea. Brachyura 25 Area 39 (43) Mollusca. Gastropoda 97, Opisthobranchia 1, Depth. 2-50 fm 4, 6, 15, Bivalvia 35, Cephalopoda 2 Substrate. Silty sand Ascidiacea. Enterogona 18. Phanerogams. 1 Area 37 (297) Algae. Phaeophyta 57A

Depth. 1 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 15 Substrate. Clay Crustacea. Brachyura 7-8, 21, 22, 25

Phanerogams. 1, 3 Mollusca. Gasteropoda 22, Bivalvia 10 Algae. Chlorophyta 12 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 10 Annelida. Polychaeta 35 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 11, 15. A

BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 155

Area 39 (44) Area 39 (314) Depth. 3 50 fm Depth. 4-50 fm Substrate. Silty sand Substrate. Silty clay

Phanerogams. 1 Algae. Chlorophyta 12? Algae. Chlorophyta 12, Phacophyta 57 Annelida. Polychaeta 10, 39 Mollusca. Gastropda 56, 102, Bivalvia 10. Crustacea. Isopoda 7, 17, Brachyura 25 Mollusca. Opisthobranchia 4, Bivalvia II A, 15 Area 39 (45) Echinodermata. Echinoidea 4, Holothuroidea 1 Depth. 3 50 fm Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17, Pleurogona 15. Substrate. Silty sand Area 40 (101) Phanerogams. 1, 3 Depth. 1 fm Algae. Phacophyta, 57A Substrate. Sand Porifera. Some yellow sponges Phanerogams. 1 Crustacea. Brachyura 16, 25 Algae. Chlorophyta 1, 16, Phaeophyta 57A Mollusca. Gastropoda 80, Bivalvia 9-10, 11 A, Porifera. A wide variety 13 Annelida. Polychaeta 20 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 9. Crustacea. Brachyura 11, 16, 22, 25, 29 Area 39 (46) Mollusca. Gastropoda 22, 32, 34, 38, 51-52, 97-98, Opisthobranchia Depth. 3 fm 53, 56, 88, 10, 15, 33 Substrate. Silty clay Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, 10, 14-15, Ophiu- Phanerogams. 1, 3 roidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea 1 Algae. Phaeophyta 57A 5, 4, Ascideacea. Pleurogona 15, 18. Porifera. Four species of sponges

Crustacea. Cirripeda 1, Isopoda 17, 23, Brach- Area 40 (102) yura 25 Depth. 5 fm Mollusca. Bivalvia 9-10, 11 A, 13 Substrate. Silty sand Echinodermata. Echinoidea 4, Holothuroidea 1 Crustacea. Brachyura 16 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 18? Mollusca. Bivalvia 15 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 10, Holothuroidea 1 Area 39 (312) Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8, Pleurogona 18. Depth. 4 fm Remarks: Station 101 was situated in and Substrate. Silty clay-clay around the Clifton Springs jetty where the Annelida. Polychaeta 41 Zostera was dense. A dredge run was made Crustacea. Isopoda 7, 17 for this station on a course due N. on a con- Mollusca. Bivalvia 10 tiuous bed of Zostera until a depth of 3 5 fm Echinodermata. Asteroidea 14, Ophiuroidea was reached. After this depth the Zostera oc- 8-9, Holothuroidea 8-9 curred in broken patches with sand between the Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. clumps. These clumps continued to 4-75 fm Area 39 (313) where Halophilus ovalis replaced the Zostera. 102 is at the end of the dredge run. Depth. 1-5 fm Station Substrate. Sand passing into silty sand as dredge Area 42 (38) moved N. of shore Depth. Intertidal and sub-littoral to 1 fm Phanerogams. 1 Substrate. Sand Algae. Chlorophyta 12, Phaeophyta 45, 57A, Algae. Phacophyta 66, Rhodophyta 91, 102 Rhodophyta 154 Coelenterata. Actinaria 3, 6, 9 Crustacea. Isopoda 7, 17 Annelida. Polychaeta 18, 20, 43 Mollusca. Gastropoda 22, 34, 38, 52-53, 86, Crustacea. Isopoda 16, Brachyura 4, 15, 24 97, 99, Bivalvia 2 Mollusca. Amphineura. 5, 14-15, 17, Gastro- Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. poda 3, 5, 8, 12, 30-31, 39, 67, 76, 80, 95, 156 J. HOPE BLACK

98, 108, 110, Opisthobranchia 4, 10, 14 Algae. Phaeophyta 55, 57A, 73, Rhodophyta Bryozoa. 72 102-103, 124, 159, 164 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, 10, 15-16, Echi- Annelida. Polychaeta 31, 44 noidea 2, Holothuroidea 1, 6 Mollusca. Bivalvia 13, 23 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 14, 18. Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15, 18. Remarks: This station was worked from the Area 42 (281) shore by intertidal collecting and by divers Depth. 2 fm working from the shore to 1 fm. The area Substrate. Sand and reef traversed was from Indented Head southward Phanerogams. 1 for two miles. Algae. Phaeophyta 57A, 64, Rhodophyta 91, Area 42 (108) 102, 107, 154 Depth. 2 fm Porifera. Some sponges Substrate. Sand Coelenterata. Scleractinia 1? Annelida. Algae. Phaeophyta 69-70, Rhodophyta 136, Polychaeta 44, 53 150, 155-156, 158 Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 21 23 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 8 Mollusca. Amphineura 17, 20, Gastropoda 3, Annelida. Polychaeta 21 22, 25, 38, Bivalvia 10 Crustacea. Brachyura 11, 13-14, 16, 25-26 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2, 10A, 16, Echi- noidea Mollusca. Gastropoda 5, 17, 32, 34, 49, 56, 2 75-76, 80, 88, 97, Bivalvia 9-10, 13, 23 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 19. Echinodermata. Asteoridea 14-15, Ophiuroidea Area 42 (288) 5 Depth. 2 fm Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 14-15, 18. Substrate. Sand and rock pebbles Remarks: This station is at St Leonards Phanerogams. 1 Pier. Crustacea. Brachyura 4, 25 Mollusca. Gastropoda 92, Bivalvia 13, 23 Area 42 (109) Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. Depth. 2 5 fm Area 42 (289) Substrate. Sand and broken shell Depth. 2 fm Algae. Rhodophyta 125, 150, 152, 156, 158- Substrate. Sand 159, 164 Annelida. Polychaeta 21, 29, 34 Annelida. Polychaeta 22, 25, 35, 39 Crustacea. Brachyura 4 Crustacea. Brachyura 7-8, 13-14, 16, 25 Mollusca. Opisthobranchia 4, Gastropoda Mollusca. Gastropoda 78, Bivalvia 9-10, 13 70, Bivalvia 23 Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1. Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 9. Area 42 (264) Area 43 (251) Depth. 4 fm Depth. 10 5 fm Substrate. Sand Substrate. Sand-clay-silt Phanerogams. 1 Annelida. Polychaeta 53? Algae. Chlorophyta. Crustacea. Brachyura 6 Remarks: This dredge haul was almost bar- Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, 15, Echinoidea ren in contrast to the next station (265) which 4 had a varied flora. These two stations are in Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17. Coles Channel. Area 43 (263) Area 42 (265) Depth. 9 fm Depth. 3-5 fm Substrate. Silty clay Substrate. Sand Phanerogams. 1 , 4 Phanerogams. 1, 3 Annelida. Polychaeta 36 BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 157

Crustacea. Brachyura 8 Area 47 (28) Mollusca. Bivalvia 1, 11A, 42-43 Depth. 8-25 fm Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, Echinoidea 4. Substrate. Silty sand Area 43 (274) Mollusca. Bivalvia 11A Depth. 6 fm Echinodermata. Echinoidea 4 Substrate. Silty sand Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. Porifera. Orange branching sponge Annelida. Polychaeta 41, 53 Area 47 (29) Mollusca. Bivalvia 11A, 13, 15, 43 Depth. 5 fm Echinodermata. Echinoidea 4, Holothuroidea 1 Substrate. Coarse sand Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8? Pleurogona 19? 17, Algae. Chlorophyta 4, Rhodophyta 139 Remarks: This station situated at the meet- Coelenterata. Actinaria 7

ing point of several communities contains ele- Crustacea. Cirripedia 1, Brachyura 22 ments of fauna derived from the surrounding Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11A, 13, Cephalopoda 10 communities and does not belong to any one Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8, Pleurogona 15, 18. type. Area 43 (303) Area 47 (30) Depth. 3-5 fm Depth. 3 fm Substrate. Sand with shell and pebbles Substrate. Sand Phanerogams. 1 Algae. Chlorophyta 4, 16, Phaeophyta 68, Algae. Phaeophyta 32, 169 Rhodophyta 135, 167 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 6, 24, 28, Actinaria 12 Porifera. Yellow sponge Crustacea. Brachyura 4, 14 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13, 26 Mollusca. Gastropoda 82, 88, 96, Bivalvia Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 5 9-10, 11A Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 13. Bryozoa. 91 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 14 Area 47 (31) Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8. Depth. 3 fm Area 44 (262) Substrate. Sand Depth. 13 fm Algae. Chlorophyta 4, 16 Substrate. Clay Mollusca. Bivalvia 11 A. Annelida. Polychaeta 53 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, Echinoidea 4, Area 47 (258) Holothuroidea 8-9. Depth. 8-5 fm Area 45 (261) Substrate. Clay Depth. 13 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 53 Substrate. Clay Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, Echinoidea 4, Annelida. Polychaeta 53 Holothuroidea 8-9. Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, Echinoidea 4, Area 47 (259) Holothuroidea 8-9. Area 46 (260) Depth. 10-5 fm Clay Depth. 11 fm Substrate. Polychaeta 36 Substrate. Clay Annelida. A, 15 Annelida. Polychaeta 53 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, Echinoidea Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, Echinoidea 4, 4, 8-9. Holothuroidea 8-9. Holothuroidea

Remarks: Stations 260-2 are typical of the Remarks : This station is on the junction of sparse annelid fauna of the clay several faunal communities and contains rep- basin. resentatives of each of them. 158 J. HOPE BLACK

Area 48 (32) Mollusca. Gastropoda 32, 34, 96, Bivalvia 15, Depth. 2-5 fin 23 Substrate. Sand Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1?

Algae. Chlorophyta 1, 20A Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15, 18. Mollusca. Amphineura 7, Gastropoda 53, 93, Bivalvia 13, 22, 27. Area 50 (229) Depth. 2-5 fm Area 48 (33) Substrate. Sand Depth. 2 fm Phanerogams. 3-4 Substrate. Sand 1, Algae. Phaeophyta 41, Rhodophyta 74, 80, 97 Mollusca. Bivalvia 27. Mollusca. Bivalvia 10 Remarks: A very barren area between two Bryozoa. 34 similar faunas 32 and 34. Echinodermata. Asteroidea 10. Area 48 (34) Area 50 (230) Depth. 1 5 fm Substrate. Sand Depth. 3 fm

Algae. Chlorophyta 1 Substrate. Sand Porifera. Some sponges Phanerogam. 1 Mollusca. Amphineura 6, Gastropoda 12, 23, Algae. Chlorophyta 8-9, 16, Phaeophyta 42, Bivalvia 9 57A, 65, 67, Rhodophyta 143 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 9, 14, Echinoida 4. Mollusca. Amphineura 13, Opisthobranchia 7, Gastropoda 25, 28, 32, 34, 39, 58, 65, 88, Area 48 (257) 96, Bivalvia 4, 9-10, 23 Depth. 4 fm Echinodermata. Asteroidea 10A. Substrate. Coarse sand Algae. Chlorophyta 8 Area 50 (231) Annelida. Echiuroidea 3? Depth. 2 fm Mollusca. Bivalvia 10 Substrate. Sand and pebbles Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. Algae. Chlorophyta 8-9, Phaeophyta 42, 57A,

Remarks : This station is off Frankston Pier. 65, 67, Rhodophyta 143 Mollusca. Gastropoda 28, 34, 39, 58, Area 49 (236) 65, 88, 9-10. Depth. 0-5 fm Bivalvia Substrate. Clayey sand Area 50 (232) Phanerogam. 1 Depth. 2 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 35, 38, 44, 47 Substrate. Sand. Crustacea. Isopoda 2, Brachyura 5 Mollusca. Gastropoda 30, 47-48, 51-52, 55, 65. Remarks: This station on the edge of the William Sand was barren. Area 49 (237) Depth. 5 fm Area 50 (233) Substrate. Clayey sand Depth. 2 fm Phanerogam. 1 Substrate. Sand Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 35-36, 44 Phanerogams. 1 Crustacea. Brachyura 25. Porifera. On oysters Area 50 (228) Annelida. Polychaeta 44? Depth. 3-5 fm Crustacea. Isopoda 11, 14, 23, Brachyura 7, Substrate. Sand 11, 13 Algae. Chlorophyta 2, 9?, 10, Phaeophyta 58, Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13 Rhodophyta 153, 158 Echinodermata. Crinoidea 3, Ophiuroidea 2, 10 Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 14, 16, 25 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15, 18. BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 159

Area 50 (238) Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 14, 16 Depth. 1 fm Mollusca. Gastropoda 78. Substrate. Clayey sand Remarks: The sand is ridged and moving. Phanerogam. 1 The ridges are approximately 2 5 cm high and Algae. Chlorophyta 16, 24, Rhodophyta 92 with 10 cm between crests. Crustacea. Brachyura 7 Area 52 Mollusca. Gastropoda 22, 34, 38, 54, 80, (252) Depth. 13 Bivalvia 23. fm Substrate. Clay Area 50 (266) Annelida. Polychaeta, 50, 53 Depth. 2-5 fm Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, Echinoidea 4, Substrate. Sand Holothuroidea 8-9 Phanerogams. 4 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17, Pleurogona 14. Algae, Phaeophyta 57A, Rhodophyta 154, 164 Area 53 (253) Mollusca. Bivalvia 15 Depth. 12 fm Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 20 on Cymodocea Substrate. Clay stems. Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 28 Annelida. Polychaeta 36, 41, 50, 53 Area 50 (267) Crustacea. Brachyura 8 Depth. 2-5 fm Mollusca. Bivalvia 13, 15 Substrate. Sand and reef Bryozoa. 22, 53 Phanerogams. 1, 3 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7. Echinodermata. Crinoidea 1. Area 54 (254) Area 51 (250) Depth. 10 fm Depth. 3 5 fm Substrate. Sand-silt-clay Substrate. Coarse sand Annelida. Polychaeta 44? Phanerogam. 1 Mollusca. Bivalvia 21 Algae. Rhodophyta 158, 164, 169 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, 14, Echinoi- Porifera. Some sponges dea 4, Holothuroidea 8-9. Brachyura 16, 22 Crustacea. Isopoda 14, 7, Area 55 (22) 9-10, Mollusca. Gastropoda 25, 63, Bivalvia Depth. 4-5 fm 14,25 Substrate. Sand Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 2, 15, 18. Algae. Chlorophyta 22, Rhodophyta 141, 157 Porifera. A number of sponges Area 51 (270) Crustacea. Cirripedia 1 90 Algae. Rhodophyta Mollusca. Gastropoda 49, 79, Bivalvia 9, 13 35 Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 11, 24, Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 12 Isopoda 14 Crustacea. Ascidiacea. Enterogona 18, Pleurogona 15. Mollusca. Bivalvia 9 Area 55 (35) Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1, 9 Depth. 3 5 fm Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 20 Substrate. Sand Remarks: This station in Symonds Channel Algae. Phaeophyta 42, 47, 51, 61, Rhodo- a very large population of Mytilus planu- had phytae 90, 155 latus, most larger than 18 mm. Coelenterata. Actinaria 5, Octocorallia 2 Area 51 (271) Annelida. Echiuroidea 3 Crustacea. Isopoda 1, Brachyura 7, 13, 20 Depth. 6 fm Mollusca. Gastropoda 68, 93, 98, Bivalvia 18, Substrate. Sand Cephalopoda 7 Algae. Rhodophyta 90 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 1. Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 22, 28 160 J. HOPE BLACK

Area 55 (39) Area 55 (148) Depth. 2 fm Depth. 3-5 fm Substrate. Sand Substrate. Sand Algae. Chlorophyta 1-2, Phaeophyta 32, 71, Algae. Chlorophyta 23, Phaecophyta 47, 64, Rhodophyta 154 132 Annelida. Polychaeta 12, 40, Echuroidea 1-2 Coelenterata. Scleractinea 1 Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 13, 16, 29 Annelida. 1, 13, 18, 20, 25-27, 61

Mollusca. Amphineura 4, 8, 12, Gastropoda 1, Crustacea. Cirripedia 2 15, 56, Opisthobranchia 2, 10, Bivalvia 2, Mollusca. Gastropoda 38, Bivalvia 3, 12, 41 9-10, 13, 23, 25, 34 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, Echinoidea 4, Bryozoa. 54, 95, 96 Holothuroidea 1-2, 6

Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, 14-16, Echinoi- Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 10. dea 2, Holothuroidea 6 Area 55 (149) Ascidiacea. Enterogona 7. Depth. 2-5 fm Substrate. Sand Area 55 (144) Algae. Phaeophyta 43, 47 Depth. 10 fm Crustacea. Brachyura 8, 13, 21 Substrate. Sand-clay-silt Mollusca. Gastropoda 4, Bivalvia 3, 9 Coelenterata. Octocorallia 3 Bryozoa. 33, 41, 53 Annelida. Polychaeta 44, Sipunculoidea 3 Area 55 (255) Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11A Depth. 6 fm Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 8 Substrate. Sand Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. Annelida. Polychaeta 53 Crustacea. Brachyura 7-8 Area 58 (145) Mollusca. Bivalvia 11A Depth. 8 75 fm Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 8?, 9? Substrate. Sand-clay-silt Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8?, 17, Pleurogona Annelida. Polychaeta 44? 4?, 15. Mollusca. Bivalvia 13 Area 56 (256) Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 5, Holothuroidea Depth. 4 fm 8-9 Substrate. Sand Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. Annelida. Polychaeta 35-36, 53 Crustacea. Brachyura Area 55 (146) 4, 13 Mollusca. Bivalvia 10, 11 A, 13, 15 Depth. 8 fm Ascidiacea. Enterogona 8?, 17?, Pleurogona 15. Substrate. Sandy silt Annelida. Polychaeta 36 Area 56 (295)

Mollusca. Bivalvia 1, 11 A, 13 Depth. 3 fm Echinodermata. Echinoidea 4 Substrate. Sand and dune limestone reef Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. Algae. Chlorophyta 2, 11, 13, Phaeophyta 28, 31, 56, Rhotophyta 82-83, 96, 99, 111, 131, Area 55 (147) 168 Depth. 5 5 fm Mollusca. Gastropoda 1, 23, 37, 49, 82, Bi- Substrate. Sandy silt valvia 9, 37, Opisthobranchia 15 Crustacea. Isopoda 12, 18, 26, Brachyura 25 Bryozoa. 60, 63, 85, 87, 90, 96 Mollusca. Amphineura 2, 20, Gastropoda 11, Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 2 15, 19, 32, 65, 80, Bivalvia 13, 15, 37-38, Ascidiacea. Enterogona 1, 12, Pleurogona 7, Cephalopoda 11 14.

Brachiopoda. 1 Remarks: This station outside the Heads is Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2, Ophiuroidea 8. off Barwon Heads. m

BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 161

Area 57 (294) Area 58 (91) Depth. 10 fm Depth. 6 fm Substrate. Sand and reef Substrate. Sand

Algae. Rhodophyta 100 Phanerogam. 1 Annelida. Polychaeta 16 Annelida. Polychaeta 23, 57. Bryozoa. 13, 27, 45, 54, 68, 81, 83-84, 92, Area 58 (150-4) 96, 107 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 10 Depth. 3-6-5 fm Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 19. Substrate. Sand and reef Algae. Chlorophyta 9-10, Area 58 (80) 2, 12, 14, 18-19, Phaeophyta 54-55, Depth. 2 5 f 41, 58, 62, 69, Rhodo- phyta Substrate. Sand and reef 76, 81, 84, 94, 104, 113-114, 119, 147, 160, 163 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 4, 6, 14, Actinaria Crustacea. Isopoda 16, 21, Brachyura 10, 12 2, 7, 12, 14 Annelida. Polychaeta 51 Mollusca. Gastropoda 1-2 Crustacea. Isopoda 14, 20, 26, Brachyura 7, 21 Bryozoa. 8, 14-15, 20, 22, 34, 45, 55, 62, Mollusca. Gastropoda 29, 37 66, 68, 79-80, 90, 98-99, 103-104, 109 Bryozoa. 23, 84. Echinodermata. Crinoidea 4, Asteroidea 6, 10, Area 58 (81) Ophiuroidea 2, 4, 5, 10, Echinoidea 2, Holo- Depth. 2 fm thuroidea 4 Substrate. Sand Ascidiacea. Enterogona 9. Phanerogam. 3? Crustacea. Brachyura 7 Remarks: These four stations in Lonsdale Bight show that this area is very uniform with Mollusca. Gastropoda 1, 13, 37 Bryozoa. 101 a large algal and bryozoal population. The Echinodermata. Asteroidea 10A. majority of species collected occurred at the four stations but in addition each station had Area 58 (88) a few species peculiar to it, and these are listed Depth. 7 fm below. Substrate. Sand Area 58 (150) Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 15-16, 19 Depth. 3 fm Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 10, 20 Phanerogams. 1, 4 Mollusca. Gastropoda 22-23, 25, 58, 65, 86, Algae. Phaeophyta 65 88-89, 96, 101, Opisthobranchia 11, Bi- Crustacea. Isopoda 6, 11-12, 26 valvia 8, 37 Mollusca. Gastropoda 3. Bryozoa. 1, 12, 19, 32, 50, 56, 61, 63, 65, 67, 70, 89, 96, 102, 110, 112. Area 58 (151) Depth. 3-5 fm Area 58 (89) Phanerogams. 4 Depth. Intertidal collecting Algae. Phaeophyta 67 Substrate. Sand Crustacea. Isopoda 6, 11-12, 26 Phanerogam. 1 Mollusca. Gatsropoda 23, 40, 76, 89, 91, 98, Crustacea. Brachyura 5, 15, 19, 30 100 Mollusca. Gastropoda 51, 57, 92-93, 95, Bi- Echinodermata. Crinoidea 2, 6 valvia 6, 24, 35-36 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 14, 19. Bryozoa. 47, 80. Area 58 (90) Area 58 (152) Depth. 6 fm Depth. 3-5 fm Substrate. Sand Phanerogams. 4 Isopoda 6, 11-12, 26 Phanerogam. 1 Crustacea. 98. Coelenterata. Actinaria 8, Scleractinia 1. Mollusca. Gatsropoda 162 J. HOPE BLACK

Area 58 (153) Coelenterata. Actinaria 6 Depth. 6 5 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 20, 26 Algae. Phaeophyta 65 Crustacea. Isopoda 11, 23, 26, Brachyura 3 Mollusca. Gastropoda 3, 7, 14, 25, 29, 31, Area 58 (154) 36-39, 49, 62 on 98, 76, 82, 93, 98, 104, Depth. 5 fm. 108, Bivalvia 5, 9, 37 Remarks: This flora and fauna was con- Bryozoa. 24, 33, 42-43, 84 fined to the combined station list. Ascidiacea. Enterogona 1-2, 16, Pleurogona 5.

Area 58 (223) Area 59 (24) Depth. 2 fm Depth. 15 fm Substrate. Sand Substrate. Sand and piles of pier Phanerogams. 4 Porifera. Abundant sponges Algae. Phaeophyta 51-52 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 5, 17, Actinaria 12 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 20, 28-29, 30 Annelida. Polychaeta 31, 33, 44, 47, 51, 60, Bryozoa. 38. Sipunculoidea 1

Mollusca. Gastropoda 1, 3, 82, 108, Bivalvia 12 Area 58 (290) Bryozoa. 60, 84, 86, 91-92, 95 Depth. 7 fm 10, 26, 47, 51, Crinoidea Asteroidea 1, 5-6, Substrate. Sand Echinodermata. 5, 10A, 15-16, Ophiuroidea 1, 5, 10, 12-14, Phanerogam. 1 Echinoidea Coelenterata. Scleractinia 4 2 Pleurogona Crustacea. Brachyura 12 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 1, 2, 16, Mollusca. Gatsropoda 6 5, 9, 14, 15, 19. Bryozoa. 8-9, 22, 38, 45-46, 53, 56, 80, 84-85, Remarks: This station was at Portsea Pier, 88, 95-97, 102 the piles, and the surrounding sand. Echinodermata. Crinoidea 5, Ophiruoidea 3 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 4. Area 59 (25) Depth. 2-5 fm Remarks: This station is on the dune lime- Substrate. Sand stone platform on the ocean side of Point Phanerogam. 1 Nepean. Coelenterata. Actinaria 7, 12 Area 58 (293) Crustacea. Isopoda 26, Brachyura 7 Depth. 6 fm Mollusca. Gastropoda 22, 32, 34, 38, 62, 89, Substrate. Sand with dune limestone reef 98, Bivalvia 11A Algae. Chlorophyta 11, Phaeophyta 47, 56, Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, Holothuroidea 6. Rhodophyta 78, 93, 130, 166 Area 59 (36) Coelentrata. Actinaria 15, Octocorallia 4-5 Depth. 2-6 fm Crustacea. Brachyura 1 Substrate. Sand and artificial reef Mollusca. Amphineura 1, 10 Algae. Chlorophyta 10, 15, 17, 19-21, Phaeo- Bryozoa. 35, 73, 108 28-29, 46-50, 57A, Echinodermata. Echinoidea 3A phyta 31, 41, 56, 61, Rhodophyta 78-79, 87, 93-96, 101, Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 19. 73, 82, 106, 127-128, 136, 138, 168 Area 59 (23) Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 1, 8, 10, 23-24, 26, Depth. 2 5 fm 30-32, Actinaria 13, Octocorallia 1, 5-9, Substrate. Sand and dune limestone reef Scleractinia 34 Algae. Chlorophyta 1, 8, 15, Phateophyta 46, Annelida. Polychaeta 17, 20, 23, 25-26, 31, 57A, 62, 65-66, 73, Rhodophyta 82, 138, 44, 48, 51 140, 168-169 Crustacea. Isopoda 6, 16, 26, Brachyura 4, 7, Porifera. Red sponge 10, 17, 19-21 BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 163

Mollusca. Amphineura 10, 20, Gastropoda 1, Annelida. Polychaeta 47 3-5, 10, 13, 21-22, 34, 37, 59, 60, 67, Mollusca. Gastropoda 32, 38, 71, 82, Opis- 71-72, 74, 76, 82, 89, 96-97, 101, 105- thobranchia Rostangia arbuta in sponge, Bi- 107, 110, Opisthobranchia 13, Bivalvia 10, valvia 9, 11A-12 15, 20, 37, 41 Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 9 Bryozoa. 1, 4, 8, 11-12, 14, 16-17, 19, 21-23, Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15? 26, 28-29, 30, 33, 36-40, 44-45, 52-54, Remarks: The large number of sponges 56-59, 63, 67, 76, 80, 83-85, 91, 95-96, were the habitat for numerous amphipods and 98-100, 102, 104-106, 111-113 isopods. Echinodermata. Crinoidea 1, 4-5, Asteroidea 3, Area 59 (214) 14-15, Ophiuroidea 1-2, 4-5, 10, Echinoidea Depth. 6 fm 1,4 Substrate. Sand

Ascidiacea. Enterogona 5-6, 9, Pleurogona 5, Phanerogams. 1, 4 14-15, 19. Algae. Chlorophyta 8? Rhodophyta 75, 108,

Remarks: This station is the artificial reef 116, 159 of the Popes Eye Annulus and its surround. Annelida. 1 Crustacea. Isopoda 15, 17, Brachyura 11, 25 Area 59 (79) Mollusca. Bivalvia 10, Cephalopoda 2 Depth. 2 fm Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 5, 10, Holo- Substrate. Sand thuroidea 2. Chlorophyta 20-21, Phaeophyta Algae. 8, 15, Area 59 (224) 57A, 59, 65, 69, 71, Rho- 42, 44, 46, 51, Depth. 9 fm dophyta 82, 85, 94, 96, 107-108, 112, 140, Substrate. Sand 169 149, 159, Algae. Phaeophyta 73, Rhodophyta 94, 158, Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 17, 24, Actinaria 2 8, 159, 161 Annelida. Polychaeta 23 Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 11, 16 Isopoda 10, Brachyura 12 Crustacea. Mollusca. Bivalvia 10. Mollusca. Gastropoda 1, 77, 82, Bivalvia 9 Remarks: A comparatively barren station. Bryozoa. 12, 98 Ophiuroidea 10 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, Area 59 (225) 15. Ascidiacea. Enterogona Depth. 8 75 fm Remarks: This station is the Quarantine Substrate. Sand with pebbles Jetty, . Algae. Chlorophyta 8, 19, Phaeophyta 57A Bryozoa. 3, 64, 99. Area 59 (87) Depth. 7 5 fm Area 59 (226) Substrate. Sand Depth. 8 fm Phaeophyta 42, 68, Rhodophyta 99, Algae. Substrate. Sand 102, 117, 125, 128, 161 Phanerogam. 1 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 9, 11, 17-18 Algae. Chlorophyta 19, Phaeophyta 42. 48, Annelida. Polychaeta 51 57A, 60, 73, Rhodophyta 80, 88, 94, 102, Crustacea. Isopoda 12, Brachyura 12 137, 142, 158 101, 108 Bryozoa. 7, 56, 81, Mollusca. Bivalvia 10. Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 10. Area 59 (227) Area 59 (213) Depth. 8 fm Depth. 8 fm Substrate. Coarse sand Substrate. Dune limestone with only 2-5 cm of Crustacea. Brachyura 14. sand and a large area of bare rock Algae. Phaeophyta 57A Remarks: The ripple-marked and scoured Porifera. Abundant sponges sand was barren except for the crab. 164 J. HOPE BLACK

Area 59 (234) Porifera. Various sponges Depth. 8 fm Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 4, 6, Actinaria 12, Substrate. Sand Octocorallia 5-6

Phanerogam. 1 Annelida. Polychaeta 7, 34 Algae. Chlorophyta 8, 16, Phaeophyta 28, 31, Crustacea. Isopoda 6, 21, 23-24, 26, Brachyura Rhodophyta 85, 126, 145-146 19,21 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 10. Mollusca. Gastropoda 1, 12, 62 on 1, 65, 67- 68, 95, 97-98, 110, Opisthobranchia 4, 10, Area 60 (85) Bivalvia 9-10, 23 Depth. 6 fm 3, 13, Echinodermata. Crinoidea Asteroidea Substrate. Sand 1, 6, 1, 14, Ophiuroidea 4-5, Echinoidea 3, Holo- Algae. Chlorophyta 1,19, Phaeophyta 61, Rho- thuroidea 2-4 dophyta 91, 94, 129, 146, 155, 158, 162 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 10, 19. Crustacea. Brachyura 17 7, Mollusca. Bivalvia 11 A. Area 61 (239) Area 60 (86) Depth. 4 fm Depth. 11 fm Substrate. Sand Substrate. Completely barren scouring sand. Phanerogam. 1 Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 44 Area 60 (215) Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 13, 21 Depth. 6 fm Mollusca. Amphineura 11, Gastropoda 1, Bi- Substrate. Almost barren sand with rock frag- valvia 9 ments Bryozoa. 47, 65, 94 Bryozoa. 5 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 10 Area 60 (235) Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 19. Depth. 8 fm Substrate. Sand Remarks: This station like (37) is located Phanerogam. 1 on S. Channel Fort. Algae. Rhodophyta 91, 120 Area 61 (240) Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 11 Depth. 2 fm Mollusca. Bivalvia 9 (dead) Substrate. A bare sand floor 21. Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 6, Mollusca. Gastropoda 96, Bivalvia 1, 19. Area 60 (268) Area 61 (241) Depth. 15 fm Depth. 7-5 fm Substrate. Sand with shell Substrate. Silty sand Phanerogam. 1 Annelida. Polychaeta 36, 53? Algae. Phaeophyta 25-27 Crustacea. Isopoda 17, Brachyura 8 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 3 Mollusca. Bivalvia 43 Mollusca. Bivalvia 10 Bryozoa. 7 Bryozoa. 17. Echinodermata. Crinoidea 3, Ophiuroidea 7, Remarks: On sandbank W. of Mud Island. Holothuroidea 9. Area 60 (269) Area 61 (242) Depth. 1-5 fm Depth. 11 fm Substrate. Fine shell sand Substrate. Silty sand Algae. Rhodophyta 140. Algae. Chlorophyta 12 Area 61 (37) Annelida. Polychaeta 21, 37, 45 Depth. 4 fm Crustacea. Isopoda 17, Brachyura 7, 13 Substrate. Sand and artificial rock platform Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11 A, 13 Algae. Chlorophyta 22, Phaeophyta 51, 64, Bryozoa. 5, 19 Rhodophyta 82, 169 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17?, Pleurogona 15. m

BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 165 Area 62 (96) Area 63 (17) Depth. 6 fm Depth. 3-5 fm Substrate. Sand Substrate. Sand Crustacea. Isopoda 12, Brachyura 7-8, 21-22 Chlorophyta. 1 Mollusca. Gastropoda 15, 36, 80, 96, 106, Algae. Phaeophyta 31, Rhodophyta 139, 155, Bivalvia 9, 11 A, 13 159 Bryozoa. 93 Crustacea. Cirripedia 1 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 5-6, 15. Mollusca. Gastropoda 80, 96, Bivalvia 9 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15, 17. Area 62 (98) Depth. 6 fm Area 63 (18) Substrate. Sand Depth. 3 fm Mollusca. Bivalvia 11A. Substrate. Sand

Algae. Chlorophyta 8, Phaeophyta 3 , Rhodo- Area 62 1 (99) phyta 139, 155, 159 Depth. 6 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 56? Substrate. Coarse sand and shell Crustacea. Isopoda 11-12 Porifera. Branching sponge Mollusca. Gastropoda 80, 96, Bivalvia 9 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 22 Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1. Mollusca. Gastropoda 15, Bivalvia 11A Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1 Area 63 (19) Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 18. Depth. 2-5 fm Substrate. Sand Area 62 (243) Algae. Phaeophyta 31, Rhodophyta 139, 155, Depth. 11 fm 159

Substrate. Silty sand Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 15 Algae. Phaeophyta 51? Mollusca. Gastropoda 80, 96, Bivalvia 9, 13 Annelida. Polychaeta 53? Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 18? Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 13 Area Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11A, 13, 21 63 (20) Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17, Pleurogona 15, Depth. 2 5 f Substrate. Sand Area 62 (244) Algae. Phaeophyta 63, Rhodophyta 139 Depth. 9-5 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 20 Substrate. Silty sand grading to clay Crustacea. Brachyura 13, 22 Annelida. Polychaeta 36, 53 Mollusca. Gastropoda 80, 96. Crustacea. Brachyura 8, 13 Mollusca. Gastropoda 80 Area 63 (21) 2-5 Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, Echinoidea 4, Depth. fm Holothuroidea 8-9. Substrate. Sand Algae. Phaeophyta 31, 73, Rhodophyta 139, Area 63 (16) 155, 159 Depth. 4 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 44 Substrate. Sand Crustacea. Brachyura 8, 16 Algae. Rhodophyta 139 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 6 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 17? Annelida. Polychaeta 1 Remarks: Stations 17-21 on the N. shore Crustacea. Isopoda 1 of Safety Bay are a series of close inshore Mollusca. Gastropoda 80, 96, Bivalvia 9 stations, together giving a picture of the com- Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. munity inhabiting the locality. m

166 J. HOPE BLACK

Area 63 (159) Substrate. Silty sand grading to clay Depth. 10 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 36, 53? Substrate. Clay Mollusca. Bivalvia 11A, 13, 15 Annelida. Polychaeta 53? Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 7, Echinoidea 4, Crustacea. Brachyura 13, 26 in Mytilus planu- Holothuroidea 8-9 latus Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 11A, 13 Area 63 (247) Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2, Echinoidea 4, Holothuroidea 2 Depth. 7 fm Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 10, 17 attached to Substrate. Fine sand Pecten alba Mollusca. Bivalvia 11 A, 13 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. Remarks: This station is on the edge of the clay and has a mingling of the silty sand and Area 63 (248) clay faunas. Depth. 4-5 fm Area 63 (160) Substrate. Coarse sand Depth. 5 fm Annelida. Echiuroidea 3? Substrate. Sand-clay-silt Mollusca. Bivalvia 11A Crustacea. Brachyura 13?, 26 on Mytilus planu- Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. latus Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13 Area 63 (249) Echinodermata. Asteroidea 14 Depth. 4 5 f Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15, 17. Substrate. Sand Algae. Rhodophyta 122, 156 Area 63 (161) Porifera. Several sponges Depth. 4 fm Annelida. Echiuroidea 3? Substrate. Coarse sand Mollusca. Bivalvia 11A Annelida. Polychaeta 1 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 17. Crustacea. Brachyura 26 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13 Area 64 (163) Echinodermata. Asteroidea 14 Depth. 2 fm Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15, 17. Substrate. Reef and sand Area 63 (162) Algae. Phaeophyta Depth. 2 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 44, 53 Substrate. Sand Crustacea. Brachyura 7 Annelida. Polychaeta 1 Mollusca. Amphineura 12, Gastropoda 1, 19, Crustacea. Brachyura 8, 26 34, 77, 80, 93, Bivalvia 1, 3, 9, 13, 24, 31-32 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9, 13 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 16 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15, 17. Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17, Pleurogona 15, 17. Area 63 (245) Remarks: This station and the following 164 Depth. 9 fm are on the granite reefs at the base of Martha Substrate. Silty sand Cliff. Annelida. Polychaeta 21 Area 64 (164) Crustacea. Brachyura 13, 25 Depth. 1 5 f Mollusca. Bivalvia 11 A, 13 Substrate. Reef and sand Ascidiacea. Enterogona 17, Pleurogona 13, 15. Algae. Phaeophyta 51?, 61 Remarks: A scallop ground. Porifera. Sponges abundant Area 63 (246) Coelenterata. Scleractinia 1? Depth. 8 5 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 25 Substrate. Sand Crustacea. Brachyura 22 .

BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 167

Mollusca. Gastropoda 2, 8-9, 37, 65, 77-78, Annelida. Polychaeta 15, 25, 47, 51, 53 98, Opisthobranchia 4, Bivalvia 3, 9, 12-13, Crustacea. Brachyura 7 20, 31, 41, Cephalopoda 9, 11 Mollusca. Bivalvia 11A Echinodermeta. Asteroidea 1, 14, Ophiurodiea Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 17. 5, Echinoidea 2, Holothuroidea 1, 6. Area 68 (155) Area 66 (291) Depth. 5-5 fm Depth. 10 fm Substrate. Sand Substrate. Sand Phanerogam. 1 Porifera. Phanerogams. 1, 4 Two red branching sponges Annelida. Algae. Chlorophyta 10, Phaeophyta 57, Rhodo- Polychaeta 20 Crustacea. phyta 76, 79, 81-82, 94, 98, 100, 108, 123, Isopoda 12, Brachyura 4, 7-8, 21, 25 128, 130, 146A, 165 Mollusca. Gastropoda 25, 32, 34, 56, 88, Bivalvia Crustacea. Isopoda 4, 6, 18 13, 26 Bryozoa. 8-9, 31, 45, 53, 56, 70-71, 96 Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1, Holothuroidea 1. Ascidiacea. Enterogona 9, Pleurogona 19. Area 68 (156) Depth. 7-5 fm Area 66 (292) Substrate. Sand Depth. 10 fm Porifera. Several sponges Substrate. Sand and dune limestone reef Annelida. Polychaeta 44? Algae. Phaeophyta 51 Mollusca. Bivalvia 10, 11A, Cephalopoda 3 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 31 28, Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1 Annelida. Polychaeta 8, 23, 50, 55 Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 13? Crustacea. Isopoda 6, 18, Brachyura 19-20 Area 68 Mollusca. Amphineura 10, 20, Gastropoda 6, (157) Depth. 6 24, 73, 103 fm Substrate. Sand Bryozoa. 9, 53, 56, 70-71, 75, 96 Porifera. Some sponges Echinodermata. Asteroidea 3-4, 8, 12-13, Ophiuroidea 10 Crustacea. Brachyura 4 Mollusca. Gastropoda 98, 104, Bivalvia 9-10 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 9, Pleurogona 19. Asteroidea 1 Remarks: The reefs on this open coast have Echinodermata. Holothuroidea 1. abundant sponges which harbour several spe- cies, including the small brittle star. Area 68 (158) Depth. 8 fm Area 67 (216) Substrate. Fine sand Depth. 4 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 53 Substrate. Sand Crustacea. Isopoda 11-12, 17, Brachyura 13 Phanerogam. 1? Mollusca. Gastropoda 96, Bivalvia 13, 15. Algae. Chlorophyta 16? Area 68 (218) Porifera. A few sponges Depth. 5 fm Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 35 Substrate. Sand with shell Crustacea. Brachyura 7, 11, 25 Algae. Rhodophyta 122 Mollusca. Bivalvia 9-10, 13, 23 Porifera. Some sponges Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 5 Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 6, 28 Ascidiacea. Enterogona 7, 17, Pleurogona 6, Echinodermata. Asteroidea 1 15, 19. Area 67 (217) Area 68 (219) Depth. 3-5 fm Depth. 6-75 fm Substrate. Fine sand with shell Substrate. Fine sand Phanerogam. 1? Porifera. Some sponges m A

168 J. HOPE BLACK

Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 6, 28 Discussion Mollusca. Gastropoda 98, Bivalvia 11A Echinodermata. Echinoidea 4?, Holothuroidea Biological Communities

1? Port Phillip is a broad shallow bay with a narrow opening to the ocean on the S. ex- Area 68 (220) tremity. This opening, between the low dune Depth. 7 5 f limestone cliffs of and Point Substrate. Fine sand with many dead shells Nepean, is only 2 miles (3-2 km) wide with Crustacea. Brachyura 3, 13-14 a dredged depth on the limestone bar of 50 ft Echinodermata. Ophiuroidea 9, Echinoidea 4, (15 m). Each side of the bar the depth in- Holothuroidea 1. creases rapidly, and a scour hole has a depth of approximately 280 feet (Keble 1946). Spot Area 69 (97) diving and dredging in the entrance channel Depth. 6 5 fm indicates that the bottom is barren sand, pro- Substrate. Sand bably due to the scour by the strong currents Annelida. Polychaeta 1, 14 and daily rip tides. This in contrast with the Mollusca. Gastropoda 15, Bivalvia 11A, 13, 21. rich flora and fauna of the underwater lime- stone platforms that run out from the bases of Area 69 (100) the two points for about 5 mile (0-8 km) Depth. 3 fm both within and outside the heads at depths of Substrate. Sand 2-3 fm.

Porifera. Brown sponges abundant Port Phillip is a drowned river system (Keble Crustacea. Brachyura 14, 22 1946, Bowler 1966) and the contours of the Mollusca. Bivalvia 11 former valley are reproduced in the bathy- Ascidiacea. Plcurogona 15?, 17. metric contours, but the overall impression is of an irregular saucer with gently sloping sides Area 69 (221) and a flat central area of 13 fm. The slopes are Depth. 4 fm more gentle towards the N. so that the deepest

Substrate. Sand area is slightly S. of the central E-W. line, and Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 31, 31 A, Octocorallia there is a long shallow W. extension to form 1 Corio Bay. Annelida. Polychaeta 30 The biological communities fall into two Crustacea. Isopoda 17, Brachyura 7, 14, 21, parts governed by substrate. The major portion 25 of the bay has sediments ranging from gravels Mollusca. Gastropoda 63 on Fulvia, Bivalvia to clays and comprising approximately 90 per 11A, 15 cent of the area. The other 10 per cent consists Bryozoa. 65, 87 of reefs, usually in shallow water, of a variety Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2, Echinoidea 2 of rock types. These reefs are the seaward Ascidiacea. Enterogona 3. extensions of the rock forming the adjacent shoreline. Area 69 (222) The fauna associated with these two sub- Depth. 5 fm strate types can be divided into two sections Substrate. Sand (Petersen 1913): 1. The infauna comprising Porifera. Some sponges all living on and in the sedimentary sea Coelenterata. Hydrozoa 3, 31, 31A floor, and 2. The epifauna animals living Annelida. Polychaeta 5, 9, 24, 26 upon a firm surface of rock, shell or vegetation. Crustacea. Isopoda 17, Brachyura 21-22 A third group (not considered to any extent)

Mollusca. Bivalvia 10, 11A, 15 is the pelagic animals which are of course Echinodermata. Asteroidea 2 intimately related and often dependent upon Ascidiacea. Pleurogona 15. the benthic community. —

BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 169

The limited facilities both of manpower and Corio Bay where the clays and silty clays ex- equipment it made impossible to make quanti- tend to the shoreline. The fauna of this sub- tative collections, and the abundance of species strate is not uniform, but different communities has been based on the reports of the divers and occur with the changing grain size and position the processing of the collected material. The in relation to the Heads, which area is com- author is fully aware of the limitations of this paratively barren. The sand of Areas 24 and method, but hopes that observations and de- 36 has a sparse fauna consisting mostly of the ductions are accurate enough to give a picture bivalves Mytilus planulatus, Ostrea angasi, of the ecological communities present and their Chioneryx candioides and Phacosoma coerulea, approximate limits, so as to form a foundation the ascidian Pyura praeputialis, the crab Noto- for further detailed work. mithrax minor, as well a large Bonellia sp. As the sediments comprise the greater pro- which it was impossible to collect complete. portion of the bay, it is proposed to deal with It was found in large numbers at some stations, them first. The communities are governed by and although the divers made repeated efforts depth, substrate and degree of shelter, or per- to collect whole specimens, they never suc- haps more correctly the degree of flushing ceeded in obtaining more than the long cream afforded by the daily tidal movement. Thus and chocolate proboscis. they appear to zone the sides of the saucer in On the NW. shore, including Areas 5, 9-10 a series of parallel bands almost comparable and portions of 6, 7, 11, 16-19 inclusive, and with the intertidal zones of a rock platform. on portions of 28-29, 40 on the S. shore of The central basin situated within the 10 fm Corio Bay, as well as Areas 48, 55 between line has a substrate of fine sediments which are Frankston and Mornington, there are extensive silty clays in the N. half and in Corio Bay, while beds of the green alga Caulerpa brownii and the S. sector has a clay substrate. The com- C. remotijolia. The dominant species of the munity is an echinoderm-annelid one, the dom- epifauna associated with the Caulerpa is the inant being Echinocardum corda- bivalve Electroma georgiana, but it is also tum, Amphiura elandijormis , Trochodota allani found in association with Zostera and other and Leptosynapta dolabrifera. In the N. silty algae which afford it a suitable attachment. clays the dominant annelid is Chaetopterus The fauna of the Caulerpa beds is large and variopedatus, but in the S. clays Myxicola in- varied as can be seen from the station lists. fundibulum, Ostraea angasi and Pecten alba Zostera beds occur on sand in Capell Sound also occur spasmodically, the latter a migrant and on the E. shores of the Bellarine Peninsula from the silty sand and sand. The silty sand as well as on the silty and clayey sands substrate forms a narrow band surrounding of Swan Bay and Corio Bay. These beds are often fringed these clay sediments except in the SW. where on their seaward side by Cymodocea antarctica there is a sharp division between the clay and and Halophila ovalis, which line the deeper sand at the 10 fm line. channels. The Zostera provides shelter and a The silty sand band is wide in the NW. sector stable substrate for a large number of animals and it also extends into Corio Bay. The dom- inant animals are Amphrites rubra, Pecten alba, that are not adapted to the greater movement the sand. Associated Stichopus mollis and Pyura praeputialis, with of pure with the Zostera the following species often present Ostraea are a number of animals including Amphitrites angasi, Tosia magnifica and Pentacta australis. rubra, Carcinus maenus and Katelysia rhyti- In the NW. there are extensive Mytilus planu- phora. latus beds, and associated with them an orange The very well sheltered Swan Bay has a branching sponge and the bryozoan Amalthia fauna typical of such conditions, of which tortuosa. the Tellinid bivalve Homalina is indicative. From the shore to approximately 6 fm the In the bay the mollusc is the closely allied substrate is sand of varying grain size, except species Macoma deltoidalis, and the associated for Swan Bay, and the W. and N. shores of fauna includes the annelids Hormoihoe spinosa, 170 J. HOPE BLACK

Curiformia tentaculata, Chaetopterus vario- 3. Tertiary ironstone of the Miocene clays pedalis and Amphitrites rubra, as well as the and sandstones of the N. and E. shores. On crabs Philyra laevis and Litochiera bispinosa. these ironstone reefs the star coral Plesiastrea The substrates which occur in Corio Bay urvillei occurs in some cases almost to the ex- indicate faunas similar to those within 7-13 fm clusion of other species. It is recorded as a in the main bay. However, the shallower water dominant species at Area 3 (203), 5 (56), 14 (5 fm maximum) produces a larger and more (4-5), 55 (148), and 58 (90). varied population. In the deep water with a 4. The granites of Martha Point extend clay substrate Echinocardium cordatum and seawards and form off-shore reefs—Areas 63 Leptosynapta dolabrifera occur, but the ophiu- (163) and 64 (164). roid is Amphiura constricta. On the N. shore, The flora and fauna, though very large and which has substrates of clayey sand (Area 26) varied, are typical of similar temperate regions, and silty sand (Area 27), the bivalve Anadara and can be paralleled by populations in both trapezia occurs from the sub-littoral to 5 fm. the N. and S. hemisphere. In spite of over a Associated with it is a comparatively rich fauna century of intensive habitation of its shores by —Areas 26 (126), 27 (41). man, the greater part of the bay had been little Reefs are formed by outcrops of the main altered at the time of this survey. Hobson Bay rock types occurring round the bay, and are has definitely suffered as shown by the molluscs as follows: and bryozoans recorded previously and on the 1. The dune limestone of the Heads region. present survey (Macpherson 1966, Vigeland These platforms are very rich in both species 1971). and numbers of specimens of flora and fauna. The greatest single change that the bay has suffered Being S. of the Nepean Bay bar, they have the in recent years has been the intensive scallop fishing benefit of the daily flushing by the tide. Brace- of the early 1960s. The extent of the alteration bridge Wilson collected this region and made has not yet been fully assessed, but spot extensive collections of all the major groups some dredging by the author has shown that of algae and animals. This was repeated by the the Caulerpa community has been spread present survey as shown by stations Area 58 to the W. of its previous limits. This is probably (150-4) and many of those of Area 59. due to the dredges moving the skeletal material of the W. sands on to the silty The Popes Eye Annulus Area 59 (36) is sand and so providing a firm included here although it is a man-made struc- substrate. ture of basalt blocks. References 2. The Oligocene basalt (Gill 1961) of the Gill, E. D., 1961. Eustasy and the Yarra NW. shore from Delta. Proc. Corio Bay to Williamstown R. Soc. Vict. 74: 125-133. dips under the bay floor and outcrops as com- Keble, R. A., 1944. The sunklands of Port Phillip and Bass Strait. Mem. nam. paratively soft reefs. These carry a typical rich Mus. Vict. 14: 69- 122. reef population and an infauna of burrowing Knox, G. A., 1969. The natural history of Canter- annelids and molluscs such as Pholas australa- bury. . 620 pp. Morton, J., and Miller, M., 1968. The New Zea- siae. At Area 25 (129) the basalt is overlain land seashore. Auckland. 638 pp. by a thin layer of clayey sand through which Petersen, C. G. J., 1913. Valuation of the sea 2. Rep. Danish biol. Stat. the Pholas projects its siphons to the surface. 21: 1-44. Thorson, G., 1957. Bottom communities. Treatise Other stations on this type of reef are Area on marine ecology and paleoecology (Geo. Soc. 6 (137), 13 (93-94), 27 (41, 139) and 28 Amer. Mem. 67) 1 Ecology, pp. 461-534. (141). All other references are to this Memoir or the pre- vious one (No. 27) on this Survey.