OPG’s Deep Geologic Repository for Low and Intermediate Level Waste
CNSC Briefing Meeting - Introduction
Mark Jensen Manager Geoscience L&ILW Deep Geologic Repository 8 December 2008 managing nuclear waste safely and responsibly Presentation Overview
• DGR Geoscientific Program Background
• DGR Facilities Engineering - Overview/Update
• DGR Geosynthesis (Phase 1) - Regional Geology - Regional Hydrogeochemistry - Regional Geomechanics - Hydrogeologic Modelling
• DGR Site Charaterisation Activities - Phase 1 Program (2006-2008) - Phase 2 Program (2008-2010)
• Questions
Nuclear Waste Management Deep Geologic Repository Concept
Surface Infrastructure
Key Features • Depth of 680 m in low permeability limestone • Capped by 200 m of shale Typical Emplacement Room
3 Nuclear Waste Management DGR Geoscience Program - At a Glance
Site Characterisation Lead Contractor - Intera Engineering Limited Team - Geoscience services (12)/Universities (7)/Site Logistics (1) Schedule Phase I - Summer 2008 (DGR 1-2 Vertical) Phase IIa - Spring 2009 (DGR 3-4 Vertical) Phase IIb - Summer 2010 (DGR 5-6 Inclined)
Geosynthesis Lead Contractor - Gartner Lee Limited Team - Specialist/Universities (4)/Peer Review Schedule Phase I - Geosynthesis (Fall 2008) - DGR 1/2 Phase IIab - Geosynthesis (Summer 2010) - DGR 3/4/5/6
Geoscience Review Group Andreas Gautschi (Nagra; Geosynthesis) Jacques Delay (Andra; Site Characterisation) Derek Martin (UofA; Geomechanics) Joe Pearson (Specialist; Geochemistry)
4 Nuclear Waste Management Geosynthesis Work Program – Phase 1
Geosynthesis Phase I Documents (7) • Phase 1 Geosynthesis • Phase 1 Regional Geology • Phase 1 Regional Hydrogeochemistry • Phase 1 Regional Geomechanics • Phase 1 Hydrogeologic Modelling • Long-term Climate Change • Long-term Cavern Stability
• Purpose - an interim assessment • State of geoscience knowledge reviews • Regional ‘informed’ by site-specific study • Integrated regional understanding • Multiple lines of reasoning approach • External peer review • Completed under Project Quality Plan
Nuclear Waste Management DGR Site Charaterisation – Bruce site
Field Studies • Deep borehole drilling/instrumentation (4 sites) • coring/logging/preservation • opportunistic groundwater sampling • borehole geophysics • in-situ hydraulic straddle packer testing • long-term borehole monitoring – instrumentation • 2-Dimensional seismic reflection survey • Shallow bedrock wells US-series (3 installed) • Micro-seismic monitoring borehole seismometer network
Laboratory Studies • Groundwater/pore fluid chemistry characterisation • Effective/pore water diffusion coefficients • Core Petrophysics • Hydrocarbon characterisation • Geomechanical properties
Nuclear Waste Management OPG’s Deep Geologic Repository for Low and Intermediate Level Waste CNSC Briefing Meeting
Frank King Director, Repository Development & Safety 8 December 2008 managing nuclear waste safely and responsibly Presentation Outline
Topics: DGR Project Site • Design Changes & Status • Description of L&ILW • Location & Depth • Layout & Design • Construction • Operation • Path Forward
Nuclear Waste Management OPG’s Nuclear Waste – LLW
• Includes contaminated clothing, rags, plastic, mops, tools, paper, etc. • Low activity • 5,000-6,000 m3 generated per year • Compaction/incineration • 2,000-3,000 m3 stored per year • Currently 60,000 m 3 in storage
3 Nuclear Waste Management OPG’s Nuclear Waste – ILW
• Includes contaminated resins, filters, reactor core components, etc. • Higher activity, longer lived • 200 m3 generated per year • Currently 8,500 m3 in storage
4 Nuclear Waste Management OPG’s Western Waste Management Facility
5 Nuclear Waste Management Deep Geologic Repository Concept
Surface Infrastructure
Key Features • Depth of 680 m in low permeability limestone • Capped by 200 m of shale Typical Emplacement Room
6 Nuclear Waste Management DGR Surface Layout
7 Nuclear Waste Management DGR Underground Layout
● Minimizes excavation per m3 of waste
● Centralized & compact infrastructure
● “Dirty air” fully contained in metal
ducts
8 Nuclear Waste Management DGR Ring Tunnel
l
e
n
a
P
h t r
o
N
e
6.5m Main Shaft l
b
i 4.5m Vent Shaft s Mobile Equipment s o Maintenance Shop P Refuge Station
East Panel - ILW
Waste Package Staging Area
Lunch Room
South Panel - LLW
Waste Rock Dump
9 Nuclear Waste Management Typical LLW Emplacement Room
Permanent Ventilation Ducts
LLW Packages
Resin Liner Shields
10 Nuclear Waste Management Typical ILW Emplacement Room
Permanent Ventilation Ducts
Resin Liner Shields
11 Nuclear Waste Management DGR Construction - Shaft Sinking
● Two sinking hoists equipped with “Galloways” ● 50,000 m3 of excavation
over ~2-yr period by specialized contractor
Nickel Rim Project, Sudbury
12 Nuclear Waste Management DGR Construction – Tunnels & Rooms
● Two-year construction period
● Concurrent excavation by two roadheaders
● Waste rock removal by vent shaft
13 Nuclear Waste Management DGR Waste Package Handling
● Mainly diesel-powered forklifts ● Some specialized handling equipment for “T-H-E Liners”
Germany’s Konrad
WIPP – 40 Tonne Hoist
Sweden’s SFR
WIPP – Heavy Load Forklift
14 Nuclear Waste Management DGR Shaft Seal System
Concrete Cap
Aquifer Isolation Seal
Asphalt Water-stop
Asphalt Shaft Station Monolith DGR
[R3] Case 15 Nuclear Waste Management DGR Project Schedule
16 Nuclear Waste Management DGR Geosynthesis Overview
Presentation to: CNSC Briefing Meeting December 8, 2008 Agenda
1. Overview of the geosynthesis approach 2. Geosynthesis component studies 3. Geosynthesis tenets 4. Geosynthesis report structure 5. Geosynthesis conclusions and main findings
1 Geosynthesis Approach
Geosynthesis: What is it?
A geoscientific explanation of the overall understanding of site characteristics, attributes and evolution (past and future) as they
relate to demonstrating long-term DGR performance and safety.
2 Objectives of Geosynthesis Program
i) to assess and reaffirm the geoscientific suitability for the proposed DGR concept; ii) to yield information to support development of a site- specific repository design/siting; iii) to provide evidence on a geoscientific basis for repository safety at timeframes of 1,000,000 years; iv) to provide a scientifically sound basis for a repository Safety Assessment; and v) to contribute to the development of an integrated repository Safety Case.
3 Phase 1 Geosynthesis Component Studies
a) Phase 1 Geosynthesis – Bob Leech & Mark Jensen b) Phase 1 Regional Geology – Rob Frizzell c) Phase 1 Regional Geomechanics – Steve Usher & Tom Lam d) Phase 1 Long-term Cavern Stability – Branco Damjanac e) Phase 1 Regional Hydrogeochemistry - Monique Hobbs f) Phase 1 Hydrogeologic Modelling – Jon Sykes g) Phase 1 Long-Term Climate Change – Richard Peltier
Collaboration and integration through workshops and meetings
4 Geosynthesis Geographic Scope
5 Geosynthesis Tenets a) Predictability: horizontally layered, relatively undeformed sedimentary shale and limestone formations of large lateral extent b) Multiple Natural Barriers: multiple low permeability bedrock formations enclose and overlie the DGR c) Contaminant Transport is Diffusion Dominated: deep groundwater regime is ancient showing no evidence of glacial perturbation or cross-formational flow d) Seismically Quiet: comparable to stable Canadian Shield setting e) Natural Resource Potential is Low: commercially viable oil and gas reserves are not present f) Shallow Groundwater Resources are Isolated g) Geomechanically Stable: selected DGR limestone formation will provide stable, virtually dry openings
6 Conceptual Geosphere Model
7 Geosynthesis Report Structure
Phase 1 Geosynthesis
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Project Scope
3.0 Regional Geology
4.0 Regional Geomechanics
5.0 Regional Hydrogeochemistry
6.0 Hydrogeologic Modelling
7.0 Main Findings and Conclusions
8 Conclusions and Main Findings
Predictable: horizontally layered, relatively undeformed sedimentary shale and limestone formations of large lateral extent:
Reconstruction of the regional bedrock stratigraphy using over 300 historical oil and gas well records within a 35,000 km2 Regional Study Area (RSA) surrounding the Bruce site defines a sedimentary sequence with a near
horizontally layered relatively undeformed predictable layer cake geometry
Coring of Phase 1 deep boreholes DGR-1 and DGR-2 confirms that the Bruce site is underlain by 34 bedrock formations comprised of layered carbonate/shale/evaporite/sandstone units with a total thickness of about 840 m above the Precambrian crystalline basement. This stratigraphy is consistent with the RSA stratigraphic model
It is confirmed that there is over 200 m of low permeability formations dominated by shale overlying the Cobourg Formation that is proposed to host the DGR
9 Conclusions and Main Findings
Multiple Natural Barriers: multiple low permeability bedrock formations enclose and overlie the DGR
The DGR repository horizon is under- and overlain by multiple low permeability bedrock formations of Silurian and Ordovician age.
Within the deep groundwater regime there is over 200 m of low permeability shale directly overlying limestone of the host Cobourg Formation and 150 m of low permeability carbonates below The intermediate groundwater regime comprised of Silurian age sediments contains laterally extensive low permeability, carbonate, shale and anhydrite layers Observed vertical hydraulic head gradients indicate that transmissive vertical or sub-vertical faulting does not exist in the deep or
intermediate groundwater regimes Evidence based on rock core retrieved during drilling and in situ borehole testing has provided no evidence for the existence of hydrothermal dolomitized faults
10 Conclusions and Main Findings
Contaminant Transport is Diffusion Dominated: deep groundwater regime is ancient showing no evidence of glacial perturbation or cross-formational flow
Hydraulic straddle packer testing of deep boreholes DGR1 and DGR2 indicate low formation permeabilities that are consistent with a diffusion dominant regime
Numerical modelling of the regional and local scale groundwater system predicts very low vertical formation permeabilities necessary to maintain observed hydraulic gradients; a factor of 10 to 100 lower than horizontal
permeabilities Solute transport modelling indicates that at the repository level mean life expectancies of about 8 Ma can be expected The regional hydrogeochemistry and isotopic studies indicate that pore waters within the intermediate and deep groundwater domains have
resided in the sediments from at least the Mesozoic (~200 Ma)
11 Conclusions and Main Findings
Seismically Quiet: comparable to stable Canadian Shield setting
The Bruce site is located within the tectonically stable interior of the North American continent, characterized by low rates of seismicity. In particular, the Bruce region experiences sparse seismic activity, with no apparent concentrations of activity that might delineate regional seismogenic features or active faults
The seismicity record shows that there has not been an event exceeding M5 in the RSA in 180 years of record
12 Conclusions and Main Findings
Natural Resource Potential is Low: commercially viable oil and gas reserves are not present
The results of petroleum well drilling, the coring and testing of the deep boreholes on Bruce Site coupled with knowledge of the geologic setting strongly suggest that viable commercial oil and gas reserves within 40 km of the Bruce site do not exist
Commercially viable base metal deposits have not been identified in the study area
There are no commercially viable aggregate resources at the Bruce site
13 Conclusions and Main Findings
Shallow Groundwater Resources are Isolated
Groundwater resources in the vicinity of Bruce site are obtained from shallow overburden or bedrock wells extending to depths of
approximately 100 m Regionally, the hydrogeochemistry of the Michigan Basin defines two distinct groundwater regimes: i) a shallow bedrock system at depths
above 200 m; and ii) a deep saline system characterised by elevated TDS (>200 g/L) and discrete isotopic signatures The hydrostratigraphy of the Bruce site provides multiple low permeability, thick, horizontally layered bedrock formations that act as
aquitards or aquicludes Observed vertical hydraulic heads and gradients in the Ordovician and
Silurian sediments strongly suggest that vertical connectivity across bedrock aquitards/aquicludes does not exist
14 Conclusions and Main Findings
Geomechanically Stable: selected DGR limestone formation will provide stable, virtually dry openings Construction experience with underground openings in the Cobourg Formation indicates that excavated openings could be dry and stable
The low permeability of the Cobourg Formation determined through field testing and numerical groundwater analyses, strongly suggest that the
DGR openings will be virtually dry Numerical simulation of repository openings in the Cobourg Formation that considered internal (i.e., gas pressure) and external perturbations (i.e., glaciations; seismicity) during a 100 ka timeframe provide quantitative evidence that the unsupported excavations do not sustain major collapse. None of the scenarios modelled created potential pathways to the biosphere
Geomechanical testing on site specific core samples of the Cobourg Formation limestone indicates a mean Uniaxial Compressive Strength
of ≈109 MPa. Whereas the mean strength determined from the regional
rock strength database is about 72 MPa.
15 Closing
The following speakers will provide more detail to support the Geosynthesis conclusions
16 OPG’s Deep Geologic Repository for Low and Intermediate Level Waste
CNSC Briefing Meeting – Phase I Regional Geology
Robin Frizzell Senior Geoscientist 8 December 2008
managing nuclear waste safely and responsibly Regional Geology Objectives
• Present an understanding of the deep sedimentary formations surrounding the DGR • Establishing the current geologic knowledge as it relates to: – Structural geology and tectonics – Sedimentology and basin history – Stratigraphy – Burial/thermal history and diagenesis – Petroleum geology and other economic resources – Quaternary geology • Provide meaningful context to the site-specific investigations and provide a framework for extrapolation of site conditions beyond the DGR site
2 Nuclear Waste Management Methodology
• Regional Geology report was compiled from: • published literature and mapping (Geology, Topography, Bathymetry, Isopach etc.) • government reports and databases (OGS, GSC, MNR, OPI, MSGS) • consulting reports • “grey” literature (field trip guides, annual reports, etc.) • A regional Three Dimensional Geological Framework (3DGF) was developed for the Regional Study Area (RSA), an area of approximately 35,000 km2 surrounding the DGR
The 3DGF encompasses the Regional Hydrogeologic Modelling domain, providing the geometric framework for numerical simulations of groundwater migration and mass transport
3 Nuclear Waste Management Results - Geological Setting
• Paleozoic rocks in southern Ontario RSA Boundary unconformably overlie the Precambrian crystalline basement • Strata dip gently to the SW towards Michigan • DGR Site is located in the Devonian outcrop/subcrop belt
4 Nuclear Waste Management Geological Setting
5 Nuclear Waste Management Geological Setting
Michigan Basin Geological Cross-Section mASL
Note: DGR-2 is offset from section 50x Vertical Exaggeration
6 Nuclear Waste Management Seismic Data – Past 180 years Structural Geology
Bruce Megablock
Paleozoic Faults (Carter 1996, 2006) Niagara Megablock
after Boyce and Morris 2002, Wallach et.al., 1998, Carter 1996, 2006, and Easton and Carter 1995
7 Nuclear Waste Management Sanford et.al., 1985 Structural Geology
• Basins and arches are tectonic features
controlled by orogenic TERTIARY and epeirogenic forces • Fracture/Joint orientations result from compaction and horizontal stresses • Taconian and Acadian orogenies largely controlled sedimentation relevant to this study • Diagenetic events are closely linked to tectonics, the mechanism for fluid Sanford et.al., 1985 migration 8 Nuclear Waste Management Stratigraphy
• Paleozoic stratigraphy is generally flat lying and continuous • Stratigraphy, including lithologies, are generally predictable over tens of kilometres • The stratigraphy resulted from deposition over broad carbonate and clastic shelf and ramp paleo- environments
Modified from Carter and Armstrong, 2006 9 Nuclear Waste Management Sedimentology
Middle Ordovician Analogue (Carbonate Ramp) • The predictability of geology is derived from core, outcrop and an
understanding of facies models n India ma O Arabian Sea
NASA Earth Observatory Upper Ordovician Analogue (Clastic Shelf)
B a C j a a
li fo Gulf of rn ia California
NASA Earth Observatory
Jones and Desrochers, 1992
10 Nuclear Waste Management Diagensis
• Dolomitization – The conditions that led to dolomitization e.g., basinal groundwater flow, burial compaction derived flow, and tectonically driven fracture controlled hydrothermal dolomitization no longer exist within the Michigan Basin • Late Stage Cements and MVT Mineralization – These post dolomitization diagenetic phases are volumetrically minor with timing constrained to Late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic fracture flow • Salt Dissolution – Dissolution is interpreted to have occurred during late Silurian to late Paleozoic • Clay Alteration – Related to movement of brines along Precambrian-Cambrian boundary with timing constrained to Paleozoic tectonic events • Hydrocarbon Generation and Migration – The generation and migration of oil and gas from thermally mature sediments of the Michigan Basin is likely related to maximum burial conditions and tectonically driven flow occurring in the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic
11 Nuclear Waste Management Petroleum Geology
Oil and Gas • The majority of oil Pools of Ontario and gas pools are by Age located in SW Ontario and Lake Erie • No oil and gas pools within 40 km of DGR site (27 exploration wells) • 12 active and abandoned petroleum pools in the RSA
OGSRL, 2006
12 Nuclear Waste Management Petroleum Geology
• Probability of encountering commercial hydrocarbon resources beneath the DGR Site is considered low due to: – Absence of key Devonian reservoir facies and seal mechanisms – Site is located in a Silurian inter-reef zone – Ordovician hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs are typically associated with large fault systems (DGR drilling did not encounter HTD) – Cambrian resources have not been identified on the Michigan Basin side of the arch
13 Nuclear Waste Management modified from Davies and Smith 2006 3D Geological Framework
• Itasca Consulting Canada • Gocad™ Software • Well Data from OGSRL, OGS/MNR, MSGS • Published mapping • The 3DGF is a “hybrid” geological model reflecting expert knowledge of the stratigraphy
NOAA Digital Elevation and Bathymetry
14 Nuclear Waste Management 3D Geological Framework
3D Geological
ain Framework om D del Map View Mo cal logi eo drog Hy
15 Nuclear Waste Management 3D Geological Framework
Late Devonian
310 mASL Middle Devonian
Early Devonian
-370 mASL Upper Silurian
Middle Silurian
Lower Silurian
Late Ordovician
Middle Ordovician -1770 mASL Late Cambrian
Precambrian Georgian Bay Niagara Escarpment
40x Vertical Niagaran Exaggeration Pinnacle Reef Belt
Salina A-1
DGR Ring Layout
16 Nuclear Waste Management DGR Site Geology Niagaran
DGR-1,2 (Intera, 2008)
17 Nuclear Waste Management Summary
• In southern Ontario the Paleozoic stratigraphy is near horizontally layered, laterally continuous and predictable over distances of ten’s of kilometres. • The Regional Study Area can be characterized as one of the more structurally simple parts of southern Ontario. There are no known active faults within the Paleozoic sequence, a conclusion supported by the low level of seismicity in the study area. • The geology encountered in cored deep Bruce site boreholes is consistent with the regional 3DGF model. • Diagenetic events that have altered the deep Paleozoic rocks occurred during the Paleozoic or early Mesozoic. • An evaluation of existing literature coupled with Bruce site drilling results indicates a low potential for commercial natural resources.
18 Nuclear Waste Management DGR Regional Geomechanics Overview
Presentation to: CNSC Briefing Meeting December 8, 2008
Steven Usher,P.Eng.,P.Geo., Tom Lam,P.Eng. Purpose of Geomechanical Review
30 •To present a regional understanding of the 25 20 geomechanical properties of the deep 15 10
5 sedimentary formations that would host Number of Samples 0
0 0 0 0 50 60 70 80 90 0 0 0 <10 10 and enclose the Deep Geological 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 10 1 -12 -13 -14 10-220-330-44 5 6 7 8 0- 0- 9 0 10 20 30 1 1 1 1 140-150 Repository. Unconfined Compressive Strength (MPa)
1 Scope
•Presence and orientation of joints and discontinuities in bedrock
30
25
20
15
10
5
•Intact rock properties Number of Samples 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <10 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 1 3 -10 -150 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0-1 0 9 2 100-1110-1201 130-14014 Unconfined Compressive Strength (MPa) •Rock mass properties
•In situ stress regime
•Seismicity of the region
2 Methodology
•Review of scientific literature, published and unpublished data, consulting reports. •Liaison with the study teams of the other disciplines, particularly with the Regional Geology Study •Consultation with experts in the fields of structural geology, seismology, and engineering. •Peer review by outside experts
3 Geologic Setting
Bruce Megablock Michigan Basin: - Seismic Stability -Predictable Stress Field -Known Rock Properties
Cobourg Limestone: - High Strength - Low Deformability - Field Experience
4 Major Joint Directions: Ordovician
Based on structural grain Neotectonic: Jurassic Due to of Precambrian current Stress Breakup of Appalachian Basement Regime Atlantic Ocean Orogeny
5 Andjelkovic et al. (1996, 1997, 1998) Summary of Surficial Joints in Southern Ontario
Precambrian Mississippian
Ordovician Silurian Pennsylvanian
Devonian
Pennsylvanian
6 Summary of Shallow Joint Discontinuities 1
•Most joint observations at surface, where joints and bedding planes are enhanced by weathering •Assessment, while shallow, will assist in understanding the orientation issues that might face cavern design •Joints appear to be dominantly vertical in sedimentary rock except when governed by proximity to the uneven Precambrian rocks •Bedding planes should be closed at depths
7 Summary of Shallow Joint Discontinuities 2
•Vertical jointing patterns are locally consistent and typical orientations are seen regionally. ENE
•SE and ENE sets are most repeatable ESE across the study area NN SE E SSE N S •Possibility of subtle rotation with depth •Vertical lengths of joints at surface are in the order of metres •Spacing of vertical joints at surface is in the order of metres, with the longer ones spaced further apart.
8 Geomechanical Rock Properties
• 29 Sites in Ontario Uniaxial Compressive Strength Elasticity Modulus Poissson’s Ratio Tensile Strengths Shear Strength Strength Anisotropy Time Dependency -Creep - Swelling Slake Durability Long-term Strength Degradation
9 Cobourg Limestone Uniaxial Compressive Strength
72 Mpa
Uniaxial Compressive Strength (MPa)
10 Cobourg Formation - Elastic Modulus
31.5 GPa
11 Geomechanical Properties
72 31.5 0.3
12 Bruce Site DGR-2 - Measured UCS Results
72 MPa (94 Tests)
110 MPa (15 tests)
Uniaxial Compressive Strength (MPa)
13 Historical Experience: Southern Ontario Tunnels
Existing underground structures
• Darlington
• Wesleyville
• Niagara Falls In Ordovician Rocks Stable Dry Openings
Darlington Intake below Lake Ontario
14 In situ Stress Measurements
• Measured at 20 sites
• Measured by overcoring in shallow settings, plus underground at Norton Mine, Ohio (700 m)
• Measured by hydrofracturing in deeper settings
• Overthrust regime in Bruce Study area requires careful interpretation of hydrofracturing measurements depending upon v relationships with h
15 Regional Stress Magnitude with Depth
•Vertical stress gradient is about 26 MPa/1000 m
After Lam et. al., 2007 16 In Situ Stress Ratios
Depth Range 650 to 715 m
Type Hydrofracturing Overcoring
1.7 to 2.5 1.6 to 1.9 H /v 1.0 to 1.2 1.0 to 1.3 h/ v 1.5 to 2.1 1.3 to 1.9 H /h
For the DGR horizon at 680 m depth:
H = 38 MPa, h = 18 MPa
17 Observational Information
Pop-ups - Historic surface features
Quarry Buckles - Recent induced features
Borehole Breakout - Drilling induced stress release in boreholes
Core Disking - Release of confining pressures in core
18 Maximum Horizontal Stress Direction
Matches current stress regime created by continued spreading of the Atlantic Ocean
ENE
19 Seismicity Results
• 180 years of seismic observations
• Magnitudes measured since 1920
• Few events recorded in Bruce Megablock
• Maximum recorded magnitude of M4.3 with a focal depth of 11 km, in the Precambrian
• The NBCC classifies this area as a Low Hazard Seismicity Area
• No clustering of events within 50 km of the site
20 Depth of Epicentre
9 km
11 km Site
6 to 9.5 km 5 km
21 Depth of Epicentre
• Based on 76 events
• Average depth was 7 km
• Paleozoic cover is less than 1 km at the Bruce site
• No seismic events >M5 recorded in past 180 years.
• Maximum recorded magnitude of M4.3, 11 km under Georgian Bay
• Bruce site is located at the southeast edge of the stable cratonic region of North America and exhibits a seismicity rate that is comparable
22 Long Term Cavern Stability
ITASCA used the UDEC and FLAC numerical codes Examined opening behaviour under several scenarios, up to 100,000 years - Long term degradation (base case) - Gas pressure generation - Seismic loading - Glacial loading
23 Long-term Cavern Stability: Base Case
• Relaxation Zone extends up to 4 – 6 m
• Unraveling (breakout) up to 2.5 m in the crown
• Reach equilibrium after 15,000 yrs
24 Long-term Cavern Stability: Gas Pressure Build up
Gas generation curves - Three cases - 100,000 years
Case 2: 13 MPa -Shows loss of cohesion - propagation < 16 m away horizontally
25 Long-term Cavern Stability: Seismic Events
Two types of events were considered
- Generated from the preliminary Seismic Hazard Assessment Near Field – M5.5 at 15 km (Atkinson, 2007)
Far Field – M7.0 at 50 km
26 Long-term Cavern Stability: Seismic Events
Seismic loading applied immediately after excavation M5.5 M7 - Reveals no significant damage of opening
Seismic loading applied 100,000 years after excavation -Maximum breakout of 5.5 m from crown -Appears to be no damage to intact rock or M5.5 M7 undisturbed rock mass as a result of shaking
27 Long Term Cavern Stability: Glacial Loading
At Peak Load
Start of Glaciation
Glacial Loading over next 100,000 years (Peltier, 2008) End of Glaciation
28 Long-term Cavern Stability: Glacial Loading
(Itasca 2008) • Total stress of about 30 MPa of vertical ice pressure imposed on DGR
• Analysis indicates that pillars between caverns remain stable but glacial loading causes fracturing throughout pillar width
Start of Glaciation At Peak Load End of Glaciation
29 Conclusions
•Regional joint data identify the presence of systematic joint sets that are regionally consistent. These joint sets likely occur at depth but are expected to be closed •The strength and geomechanical properties determined on a regional basis are favourable in the limestone of the Cobourg Formation. Comparison of reported regional and Phase I Bruce site uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) data indicate that beneath Bruce the Cobourg formation is significantly stronger than the regional mean.
•Previous underground excavations at Darlington, Wesleyville, Niagara Falls and other locations in southern Ontario were carried out at shallower depth in Ordovician rock. These cases demonstrate that stable and dry openings can be created in Ordovician argillaceous limestone and shale. •The magnitude of compressive in situ stresses are generally predictable with depth using regional information. The current maximum horizontal in situ stress in the region is oriented in an ENE direction.
30 Conclusions
•The analysis of the regional in-situ stress data allows an estimate of the approximate range of stress ratios at repository depth beneath the Bruce site. At the Repository
horizon at about 680 m depth: H = 38 MPa, h = 18 MPa
•As the Bruce site is at the edge of the stable cratonic region of North America, the likelihood of a large seismic event in the region is very low with a seismicity rate comparable to that of the shield region
•Earthquakes in the region are sparse based on 180 years of historic observation and seismic monitoring. No seismic events >M5 have been recorded during this period and epicentres occur at depth within the Precambrian basement
31 QuestionsQuestions?
32 OPG’s Deep Geologic Repository for Low and Intermediate Level Waste CNSC Briefing Meeting – Phase I Regional Hydrogeochemistry
Monique Hobbs Senior Scientist 8 December 2008 managing nuclear waste safely and responsibly Objectives
• Develop an understanding of the geochemical stability of groundwaters within the sedimentary sequence – Origin and evolution of waters – Constraints on timing of emplacement
• Provide a regional context for interpretation of data from site characterization activities
2 Nuclear Waste Management Compilation and Evaluation of Database
• Hydrogeochemical groundwater database – Groundwater samples collected during 25 years of research from producing oil and gas wells, multilevel piezometers and Westbay systems – Collected from depths ranging from near surface to almost 4 km in bedrock formations (Cambrian to Devonian) • Quality of samples assessed; suspect samples omitted • Total of 202 groundwater samples • most extensive dataset available for deep groundwater system
3 Nuclear Waste Management Regional Geochemical Database
• Master variables: EC, TDS, pH (where available) • Cations: Ca, Na, Mg, K, Sr • Anions: Cl, Br, SO4 , HCO3, F
• Stable isotopes: 18 2 87 86 O, H, / Sr, 37Cl • Tritium (3H)
Sampling locations for waters included in the regional database
4 Nuclear Waste Management Waters in the Sedimentary Sequence
• Groundwaters – water which can flow under the influence of hydraulic gradients (waters in database)
• Porewaters - water within the connected pore space of low permeability rocks in which flow under the influence of hydraulic gradients is inhibited
• Fluid inclusions - waters enclosed in secondary or diagenetic minerals (e.g., fracture infillings); information available from literature
5 Nuclear Waste Management Ordovician Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
Fluid inclusions in Porewaters in low- diagenetic minerals permeability limestone
Hydrocarbons and water in dolomitized zones having higher permeability and porosity (HTD trap)
6 Nuclear Waste Management Geochemistry of Waters at a Regional Scale
• Hydrogeochemical system consists of two layers
Shallow Intermediate to System Deep System Depth <200 m >200 m
Water types Na-Cl, Ca-SO4, Na-Ca-Cl or Ca-Na-Cl Na-Ca-Mg-Cl, Ca-Na-Cl TDS (mg/L) 480 to 49,000 200,000 to 400,000 Stable isotopic Mixing of Typical of sedimentary compositions present-day basin brines - enriched (18O, 2H) meteoric waters in heavy isotopes or cold-climate relative to recent waters meteoric or glacial waters Redox conditions Not examined Reducing based
presence of CH4 gas
7 Nuclear Waste Management Cold-Climate/Glacial Melt-water Recharge
Long et al., 1988; Kolak et al., 1999
Aravena et al., 1995
McIntoshMcIntosh & Walter, & Walter, 2006 2006
Dollar et al., 1991 Cloutier, 1994
Husain, 1996; Husain et al., 2004 Desaulniers et al., 1981 (2 sites to east on Lake Erie not shown) Page 8
Page 8 8 Nuclear Waste Management Evolution: Evaporation of Seawater
9 Nuclear Waste Management Waters with TDS >100,000 mg/L (Brines)
40 Seawater Evaporation to 10x Seawater Evaporation to 45x (estimated) 4x Devonian Sandstone 20 Devonian Shale Devonian Carbonate Silurian Carbonate 0 Silurian F Salt Silurian A2 Salt 10x Silurian Sandstone Ordovician Carbonate -20 Ordovician Sandstone Cambrian Sandstone Precambrian - Granite
H ‰ SMOW -40 GMWL 2 A2 SALT -60 F SALT 45x
-80 -12.0 -8.0 -4.0 0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 18O ‰ SMOW
10 Nuclear Waste Management Water-Rock Interactions
100000
10000
1000
Devonian Sandstone Devonian Shale 100 Devonian Carbonate
Ca (mg/L) Silurian F Salt Silurian A2 Salt Silurian Carbonate Silurian Sandstone 100000 10 Ordovician Carbonate Ordovician Sandstone Cambrian Sandstone Precambrian 10000 Seawater Evaporation 1 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000 Br (mg/L)
100 Devonian Sandstone Devonian Shale Devonian Carbonate Silurian F Salt Mg (mg/L) 10 Silurian A2 Salt Silurian Carbonate Silurian Sandstone Ordovician Carbonate 1 Ordovician Sandstone Cambrian Sandstone Precambrian Seawater Evaporation 0.1 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Br (mg/L)
11 Nuclear Waste Management Dolomitization
• Applied mass balance approach of Wilson and Long (1993a)
• In majority of groundwaters, excess Ca can be attributed primarily to dolomitization reactions
• Similarity exists between the salinity and composition of deep groundwaters and fluid inclusions
2500 Ordovician Carbonate Ordovician Carbonate - predicted Ordovician Sandstone 2000 Ordovician Sandstones - predicted 2+ 1500 2CaCO3(s) + Mg
2+ 1000 CaMg(CO3)2(s) + Ca Ca (mmol/L)
500
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Br (mmol/L)
12 Nuclear Waste Management Origin of Intermediate to Deep Waters
Working hypotheses:
Waters evolved from evaporated seawater and were emplaced during sedimentation and/or compaction during the Paleozoic; or
Waters are hydrothermal fluids that migrated into stratigraphic, structural or diagenetic traps during the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic
13 Nuclear Waste Management Constraints of Timing of Emplacement
• MVT Pb-Zn deposits in Middle Silurian (hydrothermal) Strongest Associations • Hydrocarbons (& associated brines) • Dolomitization – hydrothermal – Saddle dolomite, late-stage calcite cement • Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic – hydrothermal dolomitization, MVT deposits, migration of hydrocarbons & brines • Requirement for tectonic driving forces constrains timing to greater than ≈ 250 Ma during orogenic events
14 Nuclear Waste Management Transferability to Regional Study Area
• Similarities observed in chemical and isotopic compositions of groundwaters sampled in Ordovician formations 100’s of kilometres apart
• On the basis of a similar diagenetic history, similar compositions are expected for deep porewaters and groundwaters within the Regional Study Area
• Comparison of regional and site-specific data required to demonstrate transferability
15 Nuclear Waste Management Evolution – Regional & Site-Specific Data
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000 Devonian Shale Devonian Carbonate Silurian F Salt Silurian A2 Salt Silurian Carbonate Silurian Sandstone Ordovician Carbonate Ordovician Sandstone Cl (mmol/L) 2000 Cambrian Sandstone Precambrian Seawater Evaporation Devonian Leachates 1000 Silurian Leachates Ordovician Leachates Cambrian Leachates Cambrian Groundwater
0 0 1020304050607080 Br (mmol/L)
16 Nuclear Waste Management Summary
• Shallow system (<200 m) shows evidence for mixing with present-day meteoric waters or glacial waters • Waters in the intermediate to deep system (>200 m) – Ancient and evolved from seawater by evaporation past halite saturation
– Groundwaters likely diagenetic in origin
– Presence of CH4 suggests that redox conditions are reducing
• Timing of emplacement of diagenetic fluids constrained to greater than 250 Ma (Alleghenian or earlier) tectonic events • Initial comparison of regional with interim site-specific data suggests transferability
17 Nuclear Waste Management Ken Raven Ken Raven Bruce Site Bruce Site December 8, 2008 December 8, 2008 CNSC Meeting, Ottawa CNSC Meeting, Ottawa Intera Engineering Ltd. Intera Engineering Ltd. Deep Geologic Repository Deep Geologic Repository
Phase 1 & 2 Program Update Phase 1 & 2 Program Update
Geoscientific Site Characterization: Geoscientific Site Characterization: Presentation Outline Presentation Outline
Status of Phase 1 DGR site characterization work Status of Phase 2A DGR site characterization work Major observations and draft site characterization findings to date Draft results of site characterization work to date Status of Phase 1 Descriptive Geosphere Site Model Phase 2B activities and plans for 2009 Status of Phase 1 DGR site characterization work Status of Phase 2A DGR site characterization work Major observations and draft site characterization findings to date Draft results of site characterization work to date Status of Phase 1 Descriptive Geosphere Site Model Phase 2B activities and plans for 2009 2), initial 2), initial - - D seismic D seismic - - 4) to triangulate 4) to triangulate 4) to triangulate 4) to triangulate - - 1 and DGR 1 and DGR - - 3 and DGR 3 and DGR - - vertical structure, laboratory vertical structure, laboratory - -
Scope of GSCP Scope of GSCP year, iterative investigative program to collect the data year, iterative investigative program to collect the data - -
DGR, deep stratigraphy, K & head, expanded laboratory testing program and groundwater monitoring testing and groundwater monitoring. Multi Phase 1 focused on several initiation tasks, 2 testing of two additional on drilling and 2A focuses Phase deep vertical boreholes (DGR testing of inclined boreholes on drilling and 2B focuses Phase to investigate possible sub required to meet GSCP objectives survey, establishment of local seismograph network & and testing shallow bedrock monitoring wells, drilling, coring of two deep vertical boreholes (DGR exploratory laboratorygroundwater testing program, and monitoring DGR, deep stratigraphy, K & head, expanded laboratory testing program and groundwater monitoring testing and groundwater monitoring. Multi Phase 1 focused on several initiation tasks, 2 testing of two additional on drilling and 2A focuses Phase deep vertical boreholes (DGR testing of inclined boreholes on drilling and 2B focuses Phase to investigate possible sub required to meet GSCP objectives survey, establishment of local seismograph network & and testing shallow bedrock monitoring wells, drilling, coring of two deep vertical boreholes (DGR exploratory laboratorygroundwater testing program, and monitoring Bruce Site Descriptive Geosphere Model Bruce Site Descriptive Geosphere Model DGR and US Boreholes Monitoring Wells d - -complete d d d -complete –complete –complete -completed –completed rounds of sampling completed – ongoing - 2
Re-establish shallow bedrock monitoring wells (US-series wells) Monitoring of shallow bedrock monitoring wells (US-series wells) Expand seismic (earthquake) monitoring network 2-D seismic reflection survey field testing (DGR-1 & 2) Borehole drilling, core logging and completed Opportunistic groundwater sampling for geochemical/isotope testing Borehole geophysical and FEC logging Straddle-packer hydraulic testing Status of Main Phase 1 Work Elements – up to date and – up – delayed until delayed – – ongoing – –completed –underway –underway i-level groundwater monitoring –completed
Main Phase 1 Work Elements – cont’d Installation of long-term mult wells (DGR-1 & 2) Pressure monitoring of DGR-1 and DGR-2 Groundwater sampling of DGR-1 and DGR-2 pressures stabilize Laboratory core testing for mineralogy/petrography, porewater permeability, porosity, fluid characterization, diffusion, saturations, geomechanical properties Preparation of Descriptive Geosphere Site Model Report and supporting Technical Reports Preparation for Phase 2 work and test plans. underway g d d d ete pl – completed –complete –com – 40% complete – – completed – completed –completed
Status of Phase 2A Work Elements Core DGR-3 & DGR-4 (5 5/8” hole) from bottom of surface Core DGR-3 & DGR-4 (5 5/8” casing (30 mBGS) to Cambrian Fm at 860 mBGS sampling DGR-3 & DGR-4 drill fluid tracing and DGR-3 & DGR-4 core photography and logging –complete Core distribution 2:1 for DGR-3:DGR-4, data from Silurian Fms Core K by brine pulse testing vs gas DGR-3 and DGR-4 opportunistic groundwater sampling of Salina A2 and Guelph DGR-3 & DGR-4 flow testing and opportunistic groundwater sampling of Cambrian DGR-3 & DGR-4 Borehole geophysical logging testin Straddle-packer hydraulic testing DGR-3 and DGR-4 MP casing installations –following r
r elow elow f f 40 m in 40 m in 2 2 - - knesses have been consistent knesses have been consistent enston and Cobourg shales appea hanical properties appear hanical properties appear ation consistently found at ~1 ation consistently found ation consistently found at ~1 ation consistently found ones and shale are tight) ones and shale are tight)
Observations/Findings Observations/Findings
Main DGR Site Characterization Main DGR Site Characterization
Bass Islands dolostone Salina F Member shale (Salina A2, Guelph, Cambrian) Bedrock geology and formation thic Formation hydraulic and geomec shales limited and Collingwood Disking of core in Blue Mountain intact samples for lab testing. No evidence o ability to collect RQD with sparsely to Formations below Salina G Unit of excellent very sparsely spaced fractures circul Zone of lost drilling fluid Limited opportunities for groundwater sampling during drilling b with predictions from Texaco No. 6 well expectations (Queenston and Cobourg shales appea with consistent borehole breakouts in Ordovician shales DGR competent, Silurian dolost Bass Islands dolostone Zone of lost drilling fluid circul Zone of lost drilling fluid Salina F Member shale (Salina A2, Guelph, Cambrian) Bedrock geology and formation thic Formation hydraulic and geomec shales limited and Collingwood Disking of core in Blue Mountain intact samples for lab testing. No evidence o ability to collect RQD with sparsely to Formations below Salina G Unit of excellent very sparsely spaced fractures Limited opportunities for groundwater sampling during drilling b with predictions from Texaco No. 6 well consistent with expectations (Que borehole breakouts in Ordovician shales DGR competent, Silurian dolost cian cian an in an in but but - -
d d ’ ’
cont cont pressured (~ 10,900 pressured (~ 10,900
– -
– - infilling mineral within Ordovi infilling mineral within Ordovi gillaceous limestones are under environmental head) environmental head)
Main Site Characterization Main Site Characterization mAGS mAGS Observation/Findings Observation/Findings
argillaceous limestones pressured by upwards of 200 m freshwater head. The Ordovician shales and ar equilibration in Ordovician shales (weeks) is faster th Pressure Cambrian sandstone is permeable and over detected during drilling, No significant oil or gas occurrences Porewater extraction from the low porosity and permeability Ordovician shales and limestones remains a challenge Halite not apparent as secondary argillaceous limestones (months), suggesting relative Ks. some gas pressure zones evident (A0 Salina Unit, mid Georgian Bay). kPa, ~140 argillaceous limestones Halite not apparent as secondary The Ordovician shales and argillaceous limestones are under pressured by upwards of 200 m freshwater head. Pressure equilibration in Ordovician shales (weeks) is faster th Pressure Cambrian sandstone is permeable and over detected during drilling, No significant oil or gas occurrences Porewater extraction from the low porosity and permeability Ordovician shales and limestones remains a challenge argillaceous limestones (months), suggesting relative Ks. some gas pressure zones evident (A0 Salina Unit, mid Georgian Bay). kPa, ~140 level monitoring casings level monitoring casings - - packer hydraulic testing 55 multi packer hydraulic testing 55 multi - - - -
Draft Results of Site Characterization Draft Results of Site Characterization
2D Seismic survey sampling logging and DGR deep core drilling, during drilling Groundwater sampling Borehole geophysical logging Borehole straddle Installation of MP Results of pressure monitoring deep boreholes Laboratory core testing programs (geochemical, hydrogeochemical, geomechanical, petrophysical) 2D Seismic survey sampling logging and DGR deep core drilling, during drilling Groundwater sampling Borehole geophysical logging Borehole straddle Installation of MP Results of pressure monitoring deep boreholes Laboratory core testing programs (geochemical, hydrogeochemical, geomechanical, petrophysical) D Seismic Survey D Seismic Survey - - 2 2 2 Drilling 2 Drilling - -
1 & DGR 1 & DGR - -
DGR DGR 1 & 2 Drilling and Stratigraphy 1 & 2 Drilling and Stratigraphy - -
DGR DGR 1 & 2 Core Logging, Photography Preservation 1 & 2 Core Logging, Photography Preservation - -
DGR DGR Intact Queenston Shale 76mm Intact Queenston Shale 76mm - -
3 Coring 3 Coring - -
DGR DGR 3 Opportunistic Groundwater Sampling 3 Opportunistic Groundwater Sampling - -
DGR DGR 3 Opportunistic Groundwater Sampling 3 Opportunistic Groundwater Sampling - -
DGR DGR 1 Borehole Geophysical & FEC Logging 1 Borehole Geophysical & FEC Logging - -
DGR DGR Ordovician Shale Fms Ordovician Shale Fms
2 Acoustic Televiewer Images and Core Photos of 2 Acoustic Televiewer Images and Core Photos of - -
DGR DGR 4 4 - - 0.2 0.1 5.1 0.2 20.8 72.6 97.6 26.5 397.3 Thick. Thick. DGR DGR n 4 n 4 ’ ’ - - 0.1 DGR Elevt -265.2 -229.9 -265.2 -337.7 -478.9 -587.4 -596.9 -657.4 DGR Elevt 3 3 - - 0.2 0.2 0.1 4.5 21.7 74.4 96.6 27.0 398.5 Thick. Thick. DGR DGR
4 4 - - n 3 n 3 ’ ’ - - -13.3 DGR Elevt -603.1 -663.7 -269.7 -235.5 -269.7 -344.1 -485.7 -593.6 DGR Elevt
3 & DGR 3 & DGR 1 1
- - - - 0.2 0.1 5.1 0.2 20.5 70.3 98.5 27.0 396.0 Thick. Thick. DGR DGR - - n n ’ ’ 1/ 1/ - - 3.7 Elevt Elevt -593.0 -652.8 -261.9 -225.3 -261.9 -332.2 -473.7 -583.0 DGR DGR 2 2 DGR1/2, DGR DGR1/2, DGR DGR1/2, Ash Marker Bed Formation Top Elevations (mASL) and Thicknesses (m) and Thicknesses (m) Formation Top Elevations (mASL) and Thicknesses (m) Formation Top Elevations (mASL) Formation Formation Marker Bed G Unit Gull River Marker Bed Shadow Lake Siltstone All Ordovician Fms Cabot Head Shale Queenston Shale Shale Georgian Bay Cobourg Limestone Coboconk SW SW 4 4 ° ° - -
W/1.1 W/1.1 ° °
: N30 : N30
3 & DGR 3 & DGR - -
G Unit Massive Dolostone, G Unit Massive Dolostone,
– – 1, DGR 1, DGR - -
DGR DGR Strike/Dip Formation Strike/Dip Formation
DGR Marker Bed DGR Marker Bed SW SW 4 4 ° ° - -
W/0.6 W/0.6 ° °
N20 N20
3 & DGR 3 & DGR - - Coboconk Ash Layer, Coboconk Ash Layer,
– –
2, DGR 2, DGR - -
DGR DGR Strike/Dip: Formation Strike/Dip: Formation
DGR Marker Bed DGR Marker Bed SW SW ° °
W/0.6 W/0.6 ° °
: N20 : N20
Top of Gull River Fm Top of Gull River Fm
– –
Formation Strike/Dip Formation Strike/Dip Formation
DGR Marker Bed DGR Marker Bed Borehole Hydraulic Testing – & DGR-2 DGR-1 Borehole Hydraulic Testing – & DGR-4 DGR-3 Borehole Hydraulic Testing – Test Data DGR-4 Summary of Straddle-Packer K & Head Data, DGR-3 Summary of Lab Porosity Data, DGR-1 & DGR-2 Summary of Compressibility & Specific Storage Data C C 13 13 , , 2 2 , Cl, Br, , Cl, Br, 3 3 C) C) , pCO , pCO I) I) 13 13 4 4 , HCO 129 129 , HCO 4 4 Sr, Sr, Cl, Cl, 36 36 87/86 87/86 C, C, H, H, 2 2 14 14 O, O, 18 18 He) He) 4 4 He/ He/ 3 3 Gases (Rn, Ar, Ne, He, CH Gases (Rn, Ar, Ne, He, CH , Master variables and major ions (pH, Radioisotopes ( , Trace elements and environmental Drill water tracers (Na Fluorescein, Master variables and major ions (pH, Radioisotopes ( Trace elements and environmental Drill water tracers (Na Fluorescein, 2 2 – – – – – – – – – –
Characterization Characterization C of CO C of CO 13 13 , , 4 4
Porewater & Groundwater Porewater & Groundwater H of CH H of CH 2 2
& tritium, EC) Group A Parameters Eh, EC, TDS, density, Na, Ca, Mg, K, Sr, Si, SO Group B Parameters isotopes (ICP metals, Gd, Cs, Rb, Group C Parameters Group D Parameters Group E Parameters I, DOC, DIC) & tritium, EC) Group A Parameters Eh, EC, TDS, density, Na, Ca, Mg, K, Sr, Si, SO Group B Parameters isotopes (ICP metals, Gd, Cs, Rb, Group C Parameters Group D Parameters Group E Parameters I, DOC, DIC) Major Ion Profiles – and US Boreholes DGR Environmental Isotope Profile – & US Boreholes DGR Summary of Uniaxial Compressive Strength Data, DGR-1 & DGR-2 Swelling Potential – DGR-2 Term Monitoring Casings Term Monitoring Casings - - Westbay MP55 Systems: DGR-2
Installation of Long Installation of Long DGR-2 DGR-1
MP55 Casing Wellhead Completions MP55 Casing Wellhead Completions MOSDAX Pressure Data – DGR-2 MOSDAX Pressure Data – DGR-2 Summary of Head and Pressure Data in DGR-1 & DGR-2 75NB17HR 75NB41HR 75NB89HR 75NB161HR 75NB233HR distance (m) distance Transport Rate 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 C/Co
UNB Laboratory Testing of Rock Diffusion Properties UNB Laboratory Testing of Rock Diffusion Properties Summary of Effective Diffusion Coefficients, DGR-2 e e ck mass classification ratings, etc) e flow and radionuclide transport –Draft Complet –Draft –Draft Complet –Draft ths, elastic parameters, swell and creep –Draft Complet –Draft Supports Repository Engineering design and Safety Assessment Safety design and Engineering Supports Repository and properties Information necessary to define pathways and migration rates for radionuclide releases from DGR design Repository Engineering Assessment and Supports Safety properties, abrasiveness, joints, ro 3-D spatial distribution of geologic formations and structures Forms framework for hydrogeologic and geomechanical models 3-D distribution of groundwater (e.g., in-situ parameters 3-D distribution of important geomechanical stresses, rock streng
Descriptive Geosphere Site Model
- - Geologic Site Model - Hydrogeologic Site Model Geomechanical Site Model - - - - Descriptive Hydrostratigraphic Model Descriptive Hydrostratigraphic Model Stratigraphic Model Stratigraphic Model - -
Descriptive Mechano Descriptive Mechano 5 and 5 and - - from horizontal) from horizontal) o o 6 to be completed fall 6 to be completed fall - - 5 to start December 08 5 to start December 08 - - P55 monitoring casings to await P55 monitoring casings to await 5 and DGR 5 and DGR - - 6 to be inclined (60 65 6 to intersect two interpreted seismic 6 to be inclined (60 65 6 to intersect two interpreted seismic - - Phase 2B Activities Phase 2B Activities - - holes) holes) ” ” 5 and DGR 5 and DGR 6 (5 5/8 5 and DGR 5 and DGR 6 (5 5/8 ------
core holes Selected two drilling locations and targets for DGR DGR DGR Drilling of upper 200 m DGR Oriented core logging, field and lab testing, borehole geophysics and straddle packer testing in each hole Decisions on installation of M Drilling and logging of DGR DGR results of borehole drilling and testing 2009. features core holes Decisions on installation of M Selected two drilling locations and targets for DGR DGR DGR Drilling of upper 200 m DGR Oriented core logging, field and lab testing, borehole geophysics and straddle packer testing in each hole Drilling and logging of DGR DGR results of borehole drilling and testing 2009. features Thank you Thank you