DOCSLIB.ORG

Czech and Higher Order Grammar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Czech and Higher Order Grammar CZECH CLITICS IN HIGHER ORDER GRAMMAR DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jiri Hana, Mgr., RNDr. ***** The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Carl Pollard, Adviser Professor Brian Joseph Adviser Professor Detmar Meurers Graduate program in Linguistics Professor Michael White c Copyright by Jiri Hana 2007 ABSTRACT This thesis has three interrelated goals: The main goal is an analysis of Czech clitics, units of grammar on the borderline between morphology and syntax with rather peculiar ordering properties both relative to the whole clause and to each other. We examine the actual set of clitics, their rather rigid ordering properties, and finally the properties of so-called clitic climbing. The analysis evaluates previous research, but it also provides new insights, especially in the position of the clitic cluster and in the constraints on clitic climbing. We show that many of the constraints regarding position of the clitic cluster suggested in previous research do not hold. We also argue that cases when clitics do not follow the first constituent are in fact not exceptions in clitic placement but instead unusual frontings. The second goal is the development of a framework within Higher Order Grammar (HOG) supporting a transparent and modular treatment of word order. Unlike previous versions of HOG, we work with signs (containing phonological, syntactic and potentially other information) as actual objects of the grammar. Apart from that, we build on the simplicity and elegance of the pre-formal part of the linearization framework within Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Finally, the third objective is to test the result of the second goal by applying it on the results of the first goal. ii To my grandfather Frantiˇsek Andrl´ık iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The thesis did not emerge in vacuum and I would like to thank: My advisor, Carl Pollard, for endless hours of discussions, for his willingness to explore my ideas even when he disagreed with the premisses, for those simple questions which showed in an instant that I did not have a clue what I was talking about. Brian Joseph, Detmar Meurers and Mike White for serving on my committee, for their insights, com- ments, flexibility and suggestions. To Daniel Collins for serving as the Grad School representative, for reading the thesis in a very short time given to him by the Grad School and for his comments and suggestions. Petr Sgall, for introducing me to linguistics, for feedback on early versions of the clitic analysis and for all the discussions about Czech syntax. Alexander Rosen, for extensive feedback on the analysis Czech clitic, for all his examples, whether they supported or undermined my conclusions. Andrea Sims and Richard Janda for comments on previous versions of the analysis of clitics. Many other people who helped me with various linguistic and technical problems, most notably Mary Beckman, Mike Daniels, Markus Dickinson, Jakub Dotlaˇcil, Eva Hajiˇcov´a, Pavel Kosek, Denisa Lenertov´a, Marcela Mich´alkov´a, Jarmila Panevov´a, Petr Savick´y, Shari Speer, Jana Sindlerov´a,ˇ Ludmila Uhl´ıˇrov´a, Radoslav Veˇcerka, L´ıda Veselovsk´a, S´arkaˇ Zik´anov´a. Peter Culicover, who showed me that it is really possible to work effectively. I should have recalled more often his advice that it is easier to get lost in a long sentence than in a short one. Chris Brew, for his why questions. Anna for feedback, for being a friend and a colleague. iv I would not have survived sane if it weren’t for our pub evenings with George, Detmar, Luiz and Martin. I will really miss the heated discussions about free trade, wars, airlines or just about anything else. I would also like to thank Saˇsa for similar support in Prague. Finally, I would like to thank to Hanka, Filip and Mat´ysek for too many things to list them here, but especially for their patience . v VITA 1998 ............................................... .Mgr, Computer Science, Charles University, Prague 2001 ............................................... .RNDr, Computer Science, Charles University, Prague 1998–2001 .......................................... Researcher, Charles University, Prague 2001–2006 .......................................... Fulbright Fellow 2001–2002 .......................................... University Fellow, The Ohio State University 2002–2006 .......................................... Graduate Research and Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 2006–2007 .......................................... Presidential Fellow, The Ohio State University vi PUBLICATIONS Research Publications Hana, J., A. Feldman, L. Amaral, and C. Brew (2006). Tagging Portuguese with a Spanish Tagger Using Cognates. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Cross-language Knowledge Induction, 11th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL-2006), Trento, Italy. Feldman, A., J. Hana, and C. Brew (2006). A cross-language approach to rapid creation of new morpho-syntactically annotated resources. In Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2006). Genoa, Italy. Feldman, A., J. Hana, and C. Brew (2006). Experiments in Morphological Annotation Trans- fer. In A. Gelbukh (Ed.), Proceedings of Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing (CICLing), Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag. Hana, J. (2004). Czech clitics in Higher Order Grammar. In A. D. Sims and M. Whiting (Eds.), Proceedings of the First Graduate Colloquium on Slavic Linguistics, November 8, 2003, at the Ohio State University; Working Papers in Slavic Studies, Volume 3. Columbus, Ohio: Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures. Significantly revised in 2005; backdated to 2004. Hana, J. and A. Feldman (2004). Portable Language Technology: The case of Czech and Russian. In Proceedings of the Midwest Computational Linguistics Colloquium, June 25-26, 2004, Bloomington, Indiana. vii Hana, J., A. Feldman, and C. Brew (2004). A Resource-light Approach to Russian Morphology: Tagging Russian using Czech resources. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) 2004, Barcelona, Spain. Pollard, C. and J. Hana (2003). Ambiguity, neutrality, and coordination in Higher Order Grammar. In G. Jaeger, P. Monachesi, G. Penn, and S. Wintner (Eds.), Proceedings of Formal Grammar, Wien, pp. 125–136. Kruijff, G.-J., E. Teich, J. Bateman, I. Kruijff-Korbayov´a, H. Skoumalov´a, S. Sharoff, L. Sokolova, T. Hartley, K. Staykova, and J. Hana (2000). A multilingual system for text generation in three Slavic languages. In Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), July 31 - August 4 2000, pp. 474–480. Universit¨at des Saarlandes, Saarbr¨ucken, Germany. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Linguistics viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................ ii Dedication .............................................. iii Acknowledgments .......................................... iv Vita .................................................. vi List of Tables ............................................. xii List of Figures ............................................ xiii Chapters: 1. Introduction ........................................... 1 1.1 Word Order, Clitics ................................... 1 1.2 Higher Order Grammar ................................. 3 1.3 Roadmap ......................................... 3 2. Higher Order Grammar .................................... 5 2.1 Basic properties ..................................... 6 2.2 Formalism of HOG informally ............................. 7 2.3 Signs ........................................... 10 2.4 Tectogrammar ...................................... 13 2.5 Phenogrammar ...................................... 17 2.6 Semantics ......................................... 20 ix 2.7 Lexicon .......................................... 23 2.8 Combining signs ..................................... 24 2.9 A complete toy grammar of English .......................... 28 2.10 Comparison with other approaches ........................... 30 3. Basics of Czech word order .................................. 37 3.1 Free word order ..................................... 38 3.2 Elements with restricted word order .......................... 40 3.3 Information structure and Information Packaging ................... 40 3.4 Fronting .......................................... 49 4. Czech Special Clitics ...................................... 62 4.1 Clitics in General .................................... 64 4.2 Basic Characteristics of Czech special clitics ..................... 66 4.3 The set of Czech clitics ................................. 74 4.4 Position of the main clitic cluster ............................ 95 4.5 Morpholexical ordering ................................. 114 4.6 Clitic Climbing ...................................... 122 5. Czech in HOG ......................................... 133 5.1 Simple Czech Tectogrammar .............................. 134 5.2 Combining signs II. ................................... 163 5.3 Inspiration from HPSG ................................. 170 5.4 Linearization in HOG .................................. 174 5.5 Czech word order in HOG ................................ 183 5.6 Clitics ........................................... 189 6. Conclusion
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thoughts on V. Mathesius' Conception of the Word-Order System in English Compared with That in Czech)
    JAN FIRBAS FEOM COMPARATIVE WORD-ORDER STUDIES (Thoughts on V. Mathesius' Conception of the Word-Order System in English Compared with that in Czech) The study of word-order was a life-long interest of Professor Vilem MATHESIUS (1882—1945), the founder of the Prague Linguistic School. At the beginning of his academic career, he took it up in a series of articles (Slvdie), pursuing it later in a number of further papers (see Soupis), the last of which appealed three years before his death. It presented a summary of his researches into the word order of English as compared with that of Czech. It is this last paper of Prof. M., entitled Ze srovndvacich sludii slovoslednych (From Comparative Word-Order Studies), that will be the starting point of the present discussion. (1) Endeavouring to continue in Prof. M.'s word-order studies, wc propose to examine the solutions and suggestions offered by it. We should like to do so in the light of our own researches as well as of those of others, and in this way to survey the field that has been covered by these researches since the publication of the paper almost a quarter of a century ago. We do not, however, intend to submit an exhaustive treatment of all the problems touched upon'by Prof. M. It is the general conception of his paper, not the details, that we shall be concerned with here. (2) Nor can we discuss the place Prof. M.'s word-order studies occupy in the development of linguistic research. (3) Let us only briefly remark that Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Basic Constituent Order in Old Tamil: Issues in Historical Linguistics with Special Reference to Tamil Epigraphic Texts (400-650 CE) Appasamy Murugaiyan
    Identifying Basic Constituent Order in Old Tamil: Issues in historical linguistics with Special Reference to Tamil Epigraphic texts (400-650 CE) Appasamy Murugaiyan To cite this version: Appasamy Murugaiyan. Identifying Basic Constituent Order in Old Tamil: Issues in historical lin- guistics with Special Reference to Tamil Epigraphic texts (400-650 CE) . 2015. hal-01189729 HAL Id: hal-01189729 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189729 Preprint submitted on 1 Sep 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Vol. 44 No. 2 June 2015, pp. 1-18. Identifying Basic Constituent Order in Old Tamil: Issues in historical linguistics with Special Reference to Tamil Epigraphic texts (400-650 CE) 1 Appasamy Murugaiyan Paris, France [email protected] Abstract Why and how languages change over time have been the major concerns of the historical linguistics. The Dravidian comparative linguistics in the last few decades has arrived at excellent results at different levels of language change: phonology, morphology and etymology. However the field of historical syntax remains to be explored in detail. Change or variation in word order type is one of the most important areas in the study of historical linguistics and language change.
    [Show full text]
  • Expression of Information Structure in West Slavic: Modeling the Impact of Prosodic and Word Order Factors
    EXPRESSION OF INFORMATION STRUCTURE IN WEST SLAVIC: MODELING THE IMPACT OF PROSODIC AND WORD ORDER FACTORS RADEK ŠIMÍK MARTA WIERZBA Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin University of Potsdam [Final draft, February 3, 2017] The received wisdom is that word order alternations in Slavic languages arise as a direct consequence of word order-related information structure constraints such as ‘place given expressions before new ones’. In this paper, we compare the word order hypothesis with a competing one, according to which word order alternations arise as a consequence of a prosodic constraint – ‘avoid stress on given expressions’. Based on novel experimental and modeling data, we conclude that the prosodic hypothesis is more adequate than the word order hypothesis. Yet, we also show that combining the strengths of both hypotheses provides the best fit for the data. Methodologically, our paper is based on gradient acceptability judgments and multiple regression, which allows us to evaluate whether violations of generalizations like ‘given precedes new’ or ‘given lacks stress’ lead to a consistent decrease in acceptability and to quantify the size of their respective effects. Focusing on the empirical adequacy of such generalizations rather than specific theoretical implementations also makes it possible to bridge the gap between different linguistic traditions, and to directly compare predictions emerging from formal and functional approaches.1 1. INTRODUCTION. This paper contributes to the long-standing discussion of how information structure is formally expressed. Our main research question is: To what extent do information structure-related word order alternations reflect an inherent connection between information structure and word order (the WORD ORDER HYPOTHESIS) and to what extent do they merely help to fulfill independent prosodic requirements (the PROSODIC HYPOTHESIS)? The word order hypothesis is incarnated in generalizations like ‘foci are sentence-final’, ‘topics are sentence-initial’, or ‘discourse given expressions precede new ones’.
    [Show full text]
  • Haplology of Reflexive Clitics in Czech
    Haplology of Reflexive Clitics in Czech Alexandr Rosen 1. Clitics in Czech As units exhibiting some properties of words and some properties of affixes, Slavic clitics (e.g. Franks & King, 2000) and clitics in general (e.g. Anderson, 1993; Zwicky, 1977) present a challenge to existing descriptive grammars and grammar formalisms. This is due mainly to their complex ordering properties, involving constraints of different types – phonological, morphological, syntactic, pragmatic and stylistic. Czech clitics are no exception – in many aspects they are similar to clitics in other languages (inventory, position, order, climbing) but their behavior may be surprising in a ‘free-word-order’ language, i.e. language with a (constituent) order determined by information structure rather than by syntactic functions. Our focus will be on special clitics (henceforth simply clitics), whose word-order position is determined by constraints different from those determining the position of non-clitic words.1 For space reasons and due to the focus of this paper we are not aiming at an exhaustive and precise coverage of all potential Czech clitics, but rather refer to previous work – Czech clitics have already attracted considerable attention (e.g. Fried, 1994; Avgustinova & Oliva, 1 On the other hand, the position of simple clitics is the same as the position of non-clitic words of the same class, while the only difference is phonological (Zwicky, 1977). - 97 - ALEXANDR ROSEN 1995; Toman, 1996; Rosen, 2001; Hana, 2007). They include short, mostly monosyllabic morphemes – auxiliaries, weak pronouns, short adverbs. Example (1) includes an auxiliary (jsem), a reflexive particle (se), a weak personal pronoun (mu ‘himD’), and a pronoun which can occur both in a clitical and non-clitical position (to ‘itA’).
    [Show full text]
  • Nominal Structures: All in Complex
    OMLM Vol. 2 Edited by Ludmila Veselovská and Markéta Janebová Nominal Structures: Nominal Nominal Structures: All in Complex DPs All in Complex DPs in Complex All OlomoUC MODERN LANGUAGE MONOGRAPHS Vol. 2 obalka_montaz_old.indd 2 7.5.2014 19:08:02 Nominal Structures: All in Complex DPs Edited by Ludmila Veselovská and Markéta Janebová Palacký University Olomouc 2014 monografie.indb 1 7.5.2014 9:31:04 OLOMOUC MODERN LANGUAGE MONOGRAPHS (OMLM) publishes themed monographs on linguistics, literature, and translation studies. Also in this series: OMLM, Vol. 1: Category and Categorial Changes (2014) monografie.indb 2 7.5.2014 9:31:04 OLOMOUC MODERN LANGUAGE MONOGRAPHS Vol. 2 Nominal Structures: All in Complex DPs Edited by Ludmila Veselovská and Markéta Janebová Palacký University Olomouc 2014 monografie.indb 3 7.5.2014 9:31:04 Reviewers: Petr Karlík (Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic) Jamal Ouhalla (University College Dublin, Ireland) Jeffrey Parrott (Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic) FIRST EDITION Arrangement copyright © Ludmila Veselovská, Markéta Janebová Preface copyright © Ludmila Veselovská Papers copyright © Bożena Cetnarowska, Manuela Gonzaga, Andrea Hudousková, Pavel Machač, Katarzyna Miechowicz-Mathiasen, Petra Mišmaš, Elena Rudnitskaya, Branimir Stanković, Ludmila Veselovská, Marcin Wągiel, Magdalena Zíková Copyright © Palacký University, Olomouc, 2014 ISBN 978-80-244-4088-0 (print) ISBN 978-80-244-4089-7 (electronic version; available at http://olinco.upol.cz/assets/olinco-2013-monograph.pdf) Registration number:
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Czech Special Clitics
    CHAPTER 4 CZECH SPECIAL CLITICS 4.1 Clitics in General .............................. 64 4.1.1 Placement and other basic properties of clitics .............. 65 4.2 Basic Characteristics of Czech special clitics .............. 66 4.2.1 Clitics and word order ............................ 67 4.2.2 Phonology – Enclitics? Proclitics? Either? Neither? ........... 68 4.2.3 Position .................................... 72 4.2.4 Multiple clitic clusters and climbing .................... 72 4.2.5 Diachronic aspects .............................. 73 4.3 The set of Czech clitics .......................... 74 4.3.1 Testing clitic-hood .............................. 74 4.3.2 Personal Pronouns .............................. 77 4.3.3 Reflexives ................................... 79 4.3.4 Auxiliaries .................................. 81 4.3.5 tu ‘here’ ................................... 89 4.3.6 Fringe clitics ................................. 90 4.3.7 li ‘whether’ .................................. 91 4.3.8 Summary of §4.3 ............................... 94 4.4 Position of the main clitic cluster .................... 95 4.4.1 Following a clausal constituent ....................... 95 4.4.2 Past participle ................................ 96 4.4.3 Following a partial clausal constituent ................... 98 4.4.4 Following several constituents ....................... 103 4.4.5 Analysis, Version 1 ............................. 107 62 4.4.6 After a Complementizer/Discourse particle ................ 107 4.4.7 Analysis, Version 2 ............................
    [Show full text]
  • Focusing on Differences Between the Grammar Structure of English and Czech in the Process of Teaching Czech Deaf & Hard-Of-Hearing University Students"
    ROUGH EDITED COPY PEN-INTERNATIONAL "FOCUSING ON DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE GRAMMAR STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH AND CZECH IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING CZECH DEAF & HARD-OF-HEARING UNIVERSITY STUDENTS" PRESENTED BY: MARIE DOLEZALOVA JUNE 23, 2008 2:00 PM ET ON-SITE CART PROVIDED BY: ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION SERVICES, LLC PO BOX 278 LOMBARD, IL 60148 800-335-0911 * * * * * This is being provided in a rough-draft format. Communication Access Realtime Translation (CART) is provided in order to facilitate communication accessibility and may not be a totally verbatim record of the proceedings * * * * >> Hello, thank you so much for coming today for the presentation of Marie Dolezalova. She is giving her presentation on the differences between the grammatical structure of English and Czech. I'm here to facilitate the workshop, and after she is done with her presentation, if you want, there is a paper hardcopy evaluation form, or you can fill something out online as well. Please enjoy the workshop. >> MARIE DOLEZALOVA: Okay. Hello. I am a teacher of English a faculty of philosophy at the University in Prague, the Czech Republic. I have been involved in teaching English to deaf and hard-of-hearing since October of last year. At this presentation I shall be looking at English sentence structure, and the way to teach it to deaf and hard-of-hearing students. First, I should compare written Czech and English sentence word orders which are very different. So my presentation might be pretty specific, or might look pretty specific, especially in the beginning. Nevertheless, in my presentation I would like to show that there can be a universal method of teaching the English structure regardless of language.
    [Show full text]
  • Jazykový Transfer Mezi Českým a Anglickým Jazykem (Mateřský a Cizí Jazyk)
    Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta pedagogická Katedra anglického jazyka Diplomová práce JAZYKOVÝ TRANSFER MEZI ČESKÝM A ANGLICKÝM JAZYKEM (MATEŘSKÝ A CIZÍ JAZYK) Jitka Tomášková Plzeň 2014 University of West Bohemia Faculty of Education Department of English Thesis LANGUGAGE TRANSFER BETWEEN CZECH AND ENGLISH (L1 AND L2) Jitka Tomášková Plzeň 2014 Tato stránka bude ve svázané práci Váš původní formulář Zadáni dipl. práce (k vyzvednutí u sekretářky KAN) Prohlašuji, že jsem práci vypracoval/a samostatně s použitím uvedené literatury a zdrojů informací. V Plzni dne 15.dubna 2014 ……………………………. Jitka Tomášková ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank to my supervisor Mgr. Gabriela Klečková, Ph.D. for her useful help, suggestions, time, and a lot of patience during the whole process of my thesis. ABSTRACT Tomášková, Jitka. The University of West Bohemia. April, 2014. Language transfer between Czech and English (L1 and L2). Supervisor: Mgr. Gabriela Klečková, Ph.D. This thesis deals with the phenomenon of language transfer between a native language (Czech in the case of this thesis) and a second language (English). In the Theoretical Background Chapter, information about the types of language transfer is provided, further it introduces the typology of both languages and factors influencing occurrence of language transfer. Then it focuses on language transfer from the linguistic point of view. The research part investigates the occurrence of language transfer among adult students of a language school. The research is realized by the means of a questionnaire. Later on, the results of the research are presented by the means of figures and summaries of responses. Finally, the implications of language transfer for teaching are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Formalization of Word-Order Shifts by Restarting Automata∗
    ITAT 2013 Proceedings, CEUR Workshop Proceedings Vol. 1003, pp. 2–9 http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1003, Series ISSN 1613-0073, c 2013 M. Lopatková, M. Plátek Formalization of Word-Order Shifts by Restarting Automata∗ Markéta Lopatková and Martin Plátek Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Malostranské nám. 25, 118 00 Prague, Czech Republic [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: The phenomenon of word order freedom plays a number of word order shifts within the analysis by re- an important role in syntactic analysis of many natural lan- duction. This interplay was exemplified on a sample of guages. This paper introduces a notion of a word order Czech sentences with clitics and non-projectivities (long shift, an operation reflecting the degree of word order free- distance dependencies, see esp. [10, 4]). This approach is dom of natural languages. The word order shift is an op- based upon the method of analysis reduction – a stepwise eration based upon word order changes preserving syntac- simplification of a sentence preserving its correctness. The tic correctness, individual word forms, their morphologi- analysis by reduction had been applied in a relatively free cal characteristics, and their surface dependency relations manner with no constraints on the projectivity of its indi- in a course of a stepwise simplification of a sentence, a so vidual steps. Our investigation focused on a set of syntac- called analysis by reduction. tically analyzed Czech sentences from the Prague Depen- The paper provides linguistic motivation for this opera- dency Treebank (PDT) [2]. The experiment on treebank tion and concentrates on a formal description of the whole data showed that with only basic constraints on the analy- mechanism through a special class of automata, so called sis by reduction, see [6], the minimal number of necessary restarting automata with the shift operation enhanced with shifts for any sentence from the test set did not exceed one.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected American English Phonemes," by Eugene J. Briee and Colonel
    DOCUMENT RESOME ED 192 616 FL 011 869 AUTHOR Fisiak, Jacek, Ed. TITLE Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics, Volume Eleven. The Polish-English Contrastive Project, INSTITUTION Adam Mickiewicz Univ. in Poznan (Poland). PUP CATS BO NOTE 147p. AVAILABLE FROM Center for Applied Linguistics, 3520 ProspectSt., NW, Washington, DC 20007 ($5_00) EDES PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Contrastive Linguistics: English; Finnish:Negative Forms (Language) :Nouns: Phonemes; Phonology: *Polish: Pragmatics; Syntax; Thai: Transformational Generative Grammar; verbs ABSTRACT This volume contains ten articles anda book review. Josef Vachek talks about "Vilem Mathesiusas Forerunner of Contrastive Linguistic Studies." In "ContrastiveGenerative Grammar and the Psycholinguistic Fallacy," AndrewChesterman discusses methods for accounting for simplification inforeign language learning. Michael Post compares "English 'the -the'Constructions and Their Polish Equivalents," saying that despite differentsurface structures, they have identical semantic structnres.A contrastive analysis of "The Generic Noun Phrase in English andPolish" is done by Janina-Smolska and Jan Rusiecki. OssiIhalainen's "Some Remarks on Word Order and Definiteness in Finnish and English"discusses passive syntax. Also included are: "Similarities and Differencesbetween Notional Passive Sentences in English and Polish,"by ireneusz Bobrowski: "Non-Typical Cases of PluralNouns in English and Polish," by Barbara Dancygier: "Lexical Cohesion in TextAnalysis," by Aleksander Szwedek: "At Investigation of Thai Interferencein Selected American English Phonemes," by Eugene J. Brieeand Colonel Slnuan Chiachanpong: and "Some Remarks about thePragmatics of Negation in Polish and English," by Maria Kavinska. Thereview is "Phonology and Resonants: Some Remarkson Biedrzycki,s *Fonologica Angielskieh i polskich rezonantowp," by Edmund Gusshaan.(PJB) ******* *** ** **** **** * ** *** * **** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best tha can be made * from the original document.
    [Show full text]
  • Czech Style Guide
    Czech Style Guide Contents Czech Style Guide ........................................................................................................................... 1 Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 2 What's New? .................................................................................................................................... 4 New Topics ................................................................................................................................... 4 Updated Topics ............................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 5 About This Style Guide ................................................................................................................ 5 Scope of This Document .............................................................................................................. 5 Style Guide Conventions .............................................................................................................. 5 Sample Text ................................................................................................................................. 6 Recommended Reference Material ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Czech and Higher Order Grammar
    CZECH CLITICS IN HIGHER ORDER GRAMMAR DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jiri Hana, Mgr., RNDr. ***** The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Carl Pollard, Adviser Professor Brian Joseph Adviser Professor Detmar Meurers Graduate program in Linguistics Professor Michael White c Copyright by Jiri Hana 2007 ABSTRACT This thesis has three interrelated goals: The main goal is an analysis of Czech clitics, units of grammar on the borderline between morphology and syntax with rather peculiar ordering properties both relative to the whole clause and to each other. We examine the actual set of clitics, their rather rigid ordering properties, and finally the properties of so-called clitic climbing. The analysis evaluates previous research, but it also provides new insights, especially in the position of the clitic cluster and in the constraints on clitic climbing. We show that many of the constraints regarding position of the clitic cluster suggested in previous research do not hold. We also argue that cases when clitics do not follow the first constituent are in fact not exceptions in clitic placement but instead unusual frontings. The second goal is the development of a framework within Higher Order Grammar (HOG) supporting a transparent and modular treatment of word order. Unlike previous versions of HOG, we work with signs (containing phonological, syntactic and potentially other information) as actual objects of the grammar. Apart from that, we build on the simplicity and elegance of the pre-formal part of the linearization framework within Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar.
    [Show full text]