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(Genre Hoya Fleur Porcelaine), Loganiacées, Gentianacées

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(Genre Hoya Fleur Porcelaine), Loganiacées, Gentianacées COURS N°12 MERCREDI LE 10 JANVIER 2017 Descriptions de plantes ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 rameau prélevé sur un arbre. Il y a une moelle, une écorce. Sur certains rameaux longs il y a des feuilles en écailles. Les rameaux sont alternes. On peut compter les anneaux des rameaux (interruption de l’hiver marqué par un petit nœud). Les feuilles en aiguilles présentent une petite pointe au bout et 2 bandes blanches (lignes stomatales). Au bout des rameaux, il y a des cônes femelles de l’année dernière qui sont ouverts et qui ont libérés leurs graines. Il y a des cônes mâles et des cônes femelles de cette année. Sequoia sempervirens de la famille des Cupressacées. Pousse aux USA et au Canada, côté ouest. Ne s’éloigne pas de 50 km de la mer. Les plus grands se trouvent sur l’île de Vancouver et les plus petits près de Monterrey. L’arbre est raisonnablement rustique chez nous. Peut atteindre 110 m de haut dans son pays d’origine. ! ! ! ! ! ! 2 plante herbacée qui présente une racine principale un peu charnue, horizontale avec des racines secondaires beaucoup plus grêles. De cette racine part une rosette de feuilles alternes disposées en une hélice très contractée. Ces feuilles sont simples, entières, pétiolées, le pétiole étant un peu canaliculé. Le limbe est longuement décurrent sur le pétiole. La forme des feuilles est elliptique, le bord est crénelé sur la partie distale (plus des " de la feuille), la nervation est pennée, puis la secondaire réticulée. La face supérieure est plus foncée que la face inférieure. Une hampe florale porte un capitule. Les bractées du capitule sont vertes et sur un seul rang. La hampe porte quelques poils. Les bractées sont presque hispides. Les fleurs ligulées blanches sont sur 2 à 3 rangs et les fleurs tubulées jaunes ont 5 pétales, un ovaire infère, 5 étamines soudées et un stigmate bifide (quand elles sont ouvertes). Bellis perennis de la famille des Astéracées. C’est une hémicryptophyte. Zones tempérées. Dans le sud de la France on trouve Bellis sylvestris et Bellis annua. ! ! ! ! ! ! 3 rameau prélevé sur un arbuste (serre froide). Le rameau est relativement frêle. Il y a une écorce et une moelle. Les feuilles sont sur des rameaux courts. Le rameau présente des stipules qui piquent, fixées sur la base foliaire (épines). Certains rameaux longs portent aussi des feuilles. Les feuilles sont composées, bipennées, paripennées, comptant de 6 à 10 folioles. Il y a des hampes florales avec des glomérules. La fleur a une flopée d’étamines et un carpelle. Acacia farnesiana de la famille des Fabacées, sous-famille des Mimosoïdées. Cette espèce est australienne, mais elle pousse sous tous les tropiques. En 2017, un original l’a nommée Vachellia. Ce nom avait déjà été donné en 1806. Rappelons que, ce que le commun des mortels appellera un acacia sera un robinier pour un botaniste, un mimosa sera un acacia pour ce même botaniste et une sensitive sera un mimosa pour le spécialiste. COURS ORDRE DES GENTIANALES Famille des Apocynacées (+ Asclépiadacées) Genre Calotropis ! ! ! Calotropis procera Appelé en Afrique un roustonnier à cause de ses 2 fruits ridés. ! ! ! Calotropis gigantea On fait des fleurs, des colliers de bienvenue à Bangkok (le haut de la fleur). Asie du sud-est. Genre Dischidia ! ! ! ! ! Dischidia major syn. Dischidia rafflesiana Asie du sud-est. C’est une liane. La feuille est en forme d’urne qui sert de réserve d’eau avec une racine qui y pénètre pour pomper l’eau. Genre Hoya Compte plus de 200 espèces d’Asie du sud-est jusqu’en Polynésie. ! ! Hoya carnosa La fleur de porcelaine, 5 pétales, 5 cornets, 5 points bruns pour les insectes. ! Hoya globulosa (unresolved d’après the Plant List) Genre Stephanotis Veut dire oreille en couronne. ! Stephanotis floribunda syn. de Marsdenia floribunda A Madagascar, c’est une liane qui sert à faire des bouquets. Genre Araujia ! ! ! Araujia sericifera Pousse au Pérou. Pollinisé par des papillons de nuit. On l’appelle la liane cruelle, car les petits insectes restent accrochés aux pollinies et meurent. Genre Dregea ! ! Dregea sinensis Le nom japonais de la plante est wattakaka. C’est aussi une liane de Chine et du Japon. Genre Stapelia Une 100aine d’espèces. ! ! Stapelia hirsuta Plante crassulescente d’Afrique du Sud. La fleur attire les mouches, mais comme c’est une plante malhonnête, elle n’offre pas de nectar. Pousse au Jardin Botanique. Genre Caralluma ! Genre Ceropegia La tête de serpent. Famille des Loganiacées 500 espèces tropicales, connues pour leur toxicité. Genre Spigelia Spigelia anthelmia Genre Strychnos 190 espèces. ! ! ! Strychnos nux-vomica Asie du sud-est. Le fruit contient des graines qui contiennent de la strychnine et de la brucine. Le fruit fait vomir et les graines tuent. Strychnos innocua Ses fruits seraient comestibles. Famille des Gentianacées 70 genres, 900 espèces, 5 genres et 41 espèces en France, 4 genres et 12 espèces en Alsace. Genre Fagraea Anciennement une Loganiacée. ! ! Fagraea berteroana (Fagraea schlechteri synonyme) Genre Gentiana Les gentianes sont des herbacées, vivaces, à feuilles opposées, qui contiennent du gentianose qui sert à parfumer les alcools. ! Gentiana lutea Gentiane jaune, 1 m de haut. Photographié près du dent de Crolles. ! ! Gentiana punctata Pousse dans les Alpes, les fleurs sont jaunes avec des points pourpres. Les 2 espèces, Gentiana lutea et Gentiana punctata s’hybrident. ! Boutons rouges. Hybride entre Gentiana punctata et Gentiana purpurea. ! Gentiana purpurea ! Gentiana ciliata Maintenant appelé Gentianopsis ciliata. Gentiane bleue des zones sèches et calcaires. Collines calcaires sous-vosgiennes. ! Gentiana cruciata Assez répandue dans les zones sèches et calcaires. ! ! Gentiana utriculosa Photographiée ici en 1964, dans le ried d’Ohnenheim. Disparue d’Alsace. ! Gentiana asclepiadea 1 m de haut. Plante rare en France, Alpes orientales, photographiée en Autriche. ! ! Gentiana verna Pousse dans les Alpes. ! Gentiana nivalis ! Gentiana bavarica De Bavière. ! ! ! Gentiana acaulis La belle gentiane. La fleur est aussi grande que le reste de la plante. Pousse en altitude (petites feuilles, car beaucoup de soleil, mais la taille de la fleur doit rester assez grande pour l’insecte pollinisateur. Sur sol acide. Dans la corolle il y a une ligne de points verts. Gentiana clusii Pousse sur sol calcaire. ! Gentiana pneumonanthe Grande gentiane très jolie. Forêt du Rhin, réputée autrefois pour soigner les poumons. Genre Gentianella Ce genre se distingue du genre Gentiana par la barbe sur la gorge de la corolle. ! ! Gentianella campestris Vaguement violacée, gorge barbue. Existe en blanc. Genre Centaurium ! ! Centaurium erythraea La petite centaurée, appelée autrefois Erythrae centaurium. Fleurit en été. En allemand, Tausendgüldenkraut. Genre Blackstonia 4 espèces en France, 1 en Alsace. ! Blackstonia perfoliata 2 feuilles opposées, perfoliées, soudées entre elles. Genre Swertia 80 espèces, 1 seule en France. ! Swertia perennis Genre Eustoma ! ! Eustoma grandiflorum syn. Eustoma russellianum Vendu sous le nom de Lisianthus. Genre Exacum ! Exacum affine Légèrement zygomorphe. Afrique, pourtour de l’océan Indien. Famille des Gelsémiacées 3 espèces. Lianes ultra toxiques, utilisées en homéopathie. .
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