DOCSLIB.ORG

A Foreign Experience: Violence, Crime and Xenophobia During South Africa's Transition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Foreign Experience: Violence, Crime and Xenophobia During South Africa's Transition A Foreign Experience: Violence, crime and xenophobia during South Africa's transition by Bronwyn Harris Violence and Transition Series, Vol. 5, August 2001. Bronwyn Harris is a former Project Manager at the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. Acknowledgments Thank you to all who participated in this research project for sharing your stories and experiences. Thank you also to the following people: Brandon Hamber and Piers Pigou for their supervision of the project. Craig Higson-Smith, Barbara English of Wordsmiths, and Brandon Hamber for editing the report. To the refugee facilitators for translating and transcribing the interviews, particularly Venancio Simoa, Mohammed Guillied, Aime Ndyisaba, Venancio Simoa and Sileshi Tegegne. CSVR staff, particularly Marivic Garcia, Frances Spencer, Mary Robertson, Graeme Simpson, Carnita Ernest, Lauren Segal, Sasha Gear, Nokuthula Skhosana, Tebogo Mafokoane, Goodwill Ditlhage, Bea Abrahams, Helen Hajiyiannis, and the Research Committee for all of their support, advice and assistance throughout this project. David McDonald and Anne Mitchell of the South African Migration Project for running a keyword search on the SAMP media data-base. Derek Hook, Wardie Leppan of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) for his ongoing support of the Violence and Transition Project. A number of people have generously shared their knowledge about the 'foreigner field'. These include: Uli Albrecht, Florencia Belvedere, Abeda Bhamjee, Deborah Ho, Nicola Johnstone, Jonathan Klaaren, Ann Kirkman, Jody Kollapen, Zonke Majodina, Jennifer Parsley, Sally-Ann Peberdy, Jaya Ramji, Andrew Rens, Pumla Rulashe, Sally Sealy, Bertus Swanevelder, Joyce Tlou, AnaisTuepkar, Jacob van Garderen and Nicola Woodin. This booklet was funded by International Development Research Centre (IDRC). The Violence and Transition Series is a product of an extensive research project conducted by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR) into the nature and extent of violence during South Africa’s transition from apartheid rule to democracy. This series comprises a set of self-contained, but interrelated reports, which explore violence across the period 1980 to 2000 within key social loci and areas, including: • Revenge Violence and Vigilantism; • Foreigners (immigrants and refugees); • Hostels and Hostel Residents; • Ex-combatants; • State Security Forces (police and military), and • Taxi violence. While each report grapples with the dynamics of violence and transition in relation to its particular constituency all are underpinned by the broad objectives of the series, namely: • To analyse the causes, extent and forms of violence in South Africa across a timeframe that starts before the political transition and moves through the period characterised by political transformation and reconciliation to the present; • To assess the legacy of a violent past and the impact of formal democratisation and transition on the contemporary nature of violence by researching continuities and changes in its form and targets; • To investigate the role of perpetrators and victims of violence across this timeframe; • To evaluate reconciliation strategies and institutions, such as the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, established to ameliorate future violence in South Africa; • To develop a macro-theory for understanding violence in countries moving from authoritarian to democratic rule, i.e. 'countries in transition', and • To contribute to local and international debates about reconciliation and justice for perpetrators and victims of gross violations of human rights. Through these objectives, the Violence and Transition Series aims to inform and benefit policy analysts, government officials and departments, non-governmental and civic organisations, and researchers working in the fields of: • Violence prevention; • Transitional criminal justice; • Victim empowerment; • Truth commissions; • Reconciliation; • Human rights, and • Crime prevention. As a country emerging from a past characterised by violence and repression South Africa faces new challenges with the slow maturation of democracy. Violence today is complex, dynamic and creative in form shaped by both apartheid and the mechanisms of transition itself. In order to understand - and prevent - violence during transition in South Africa and abroad an ongoing action-research agenda is required. Through this series the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation offers an initial and exploratory, yet detailed, contribution to this process. The Violence and Transition Series is funded by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Work on the project focusing on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was supported by the Embassy of Ireland, the Charles Stewart-Mott Foundation and the Scottish Catholic International Aid Fund (SCIAF). Series Editors Brandon Hamber Piers Pigou Bronwyn Harris Contents: • Executive Summary • Foreigners in South Africa • Refugees • Migrants • Immigrants • An historical overview of cross-border movement • South African legislation and the alien (1913-1999) • Violence and Abuse: law enforcement • The South African Police Service (SAPS) • The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) • The Department of Home Affairs (DHA) • Lindela repatriation centre • The repatriation process: trains & trucks • Farm labour practices • South Africa's general climate of xenophobia • The Media • Political Statements • Public violence and vigilantism • Resistance to xenophobia • Regional location and occupation • International experiences of xenophobia • Explaining xenophobia • The origins of xenophobia • Representations of African foreigners • South Africa's violent culture • Analysis and findings • Research framework • Results • Background and violence • Push factors: reasons for leaving • Pull factors: reasons for coming • Journey • Experiences in South Africa • Institutional exploitation of foreigners • Economic exploration, crime and violence in SA • Xenophobia as a cause of violence • Internal conflict and violence between foreigners • Political Conflict • Crime and violence • Xenophobia between foreigners • Explanations for reception • Racism • Ongoing apartheid • Role of government • South Africa's culture of violence • Conclusion • Notes • References • Appendix A Executive Summary This report examines the involvement of foreigners in violence during South Africa's period of transition. It grapples with the legal, political and social implications of foreigners in a changing social order. In so doing, the report examines a plethora of complex issues, including: the foreign experience of crime and violence in a context of increasing xenophobia; post-apartheid discourses about immigrants and refugees; and the transmigration of violence across national borders. The major findings of this report stem from interviews and focus groups conducted with more than 100 foreign respondents. These findings are supplemented and informed by an extensive literature review and secondary-data analysis. Literature review and secondary-data analysis The literature review and secondary-data analysis set the foundations for the primary research of this project. They highlight a number of key issues, including the following details: • There are various legislated categories of foreigners living in South Africa, including refugees, asylum seekers, migrants and immigrants. Approximately 52 000 asylum seekers and 16 000 refugees live in South Africa (May 2001 figures). Contrary to popular public perception, refugees are entitled to a range of socio- economic rights, including the rights to work and study. Asylum seekers, however, are not permitted these working/studying rights, at least for the first 180 days of their application, under Section 22 of the Refugee Act (1998). This is problematic because there is currently an enormous asylum-processing backlog, which thus prohibits genuine asylum seekers from earning a living for at least 6 months. This problem is compounded by the lack of state and civil assistance for asylum seekers/refugees who find themselves living, unsupported, in an urban context. • During the early 1990s, a series of amnesties were granted to certain Mozambicans, miners and SADC-members entitling them to attain South African citizenship. However, application levels were unexpectedly low, partly due to ignorance, as well as South Africa's climate of hostility, crime and violence. Of those who did apply for amnesty, a strong motivation for seeking South African citizenship was to reduce the constant harassment that goes with being foreign in South Africa. • Whether documented or undocumented, foreigners are frequently treated as a homogeneous category of 'illegal aliens'. Xenophobic discourse prevails around this category and forms the basis for hostility, conflict and violence between South African citizens and (predominantly black) foreigners. • Racism is a key feature of South Africa's immigration legislation and practice, both historically and, despite the country's transition to democracy and equality, currently. For example, the discriminatory and exploitative 'two gates policy', which differentiated between black migrants and white immigrants during the apartheid era, effectively remains legislated in contemporary immigration policy. Beyond the legislation, racism impacts on xenophobic practices, with black African foreigners bearing the brunt of xenophobic discrimination, both at the hands of the public and at an
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Zapiro : Tooning the Odds
    12 Zapiro : Tooning The Odds Jonathan Shapiro, or Zapiro, is the editorial cartoonist for The Sowetan, the Mail & Guardian and the Sunday Times, and his work is a richly inventive daily commentary on the rocky evolution of South African democracy. Zapiro’s platforms in the the country’s two largest mass-market English-language newspapers, along with one of the most influential weeklies, give him influential access to a large share of the national reading public. He occupies this potent cultural stage with a dual voice: one that combines a persistent satirical assault on the seats of national and global power with an unambiguous commitment to the fundamentally optimistic “nation-building” narrative within South African political culture. Jeremy Cronin asserts that Zapiro "is developing a national lexicon, a visual, verbal and moral vocabulary that enables us to talk to each other, about each other."2 It might also be said that the lexicon he develops allows him to write a persistent dialogue between two intersecting tones within his own journalistic voice; that his cartoons collectively dramatise the tension between national cohesion and tangible progress on the one hand, and on the other hand the recurring danger of damage to the mutable and vulnerable social contract that underpins South African democracy. This chapter will outline Zapiro’s political and creative development, before identifying his major formal devices and discussing his treatment of some persistent themes in cartoons produced over the last two years. Lines of attack: Zapiro’s early work Zapiro’s current political outlook germinated during the State of Emergency years in the mid- eighties: he returned from military service with a fervent opposition to the apartheid state, became an organiser for the End Conscription Campaign, and turned his pen to struggle pamphlets.
    [Show full text]
  • Blurred Lines
    BLURRED LINES: HOW SOUTH AFRICA’S INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM HAS CHANGED WITH A NEW DEMOCRACY AND EVOLVING COMMUNICATION TOOLS Zoe Schaver The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Media and Journalism Advised by: __________________________ Chris Roush __________________________ Paul O’Connor __________________________ Jock Lauterer BLURRED LINES 1 ABSTRACT South Africa’s developing democracy, along with globalization and advances in technology, have created a confusing and chaotic environment for the country’s journalists. This research paper provides an overview of the history of the South African press, particularly the “alternative” press, since the early 1900s until 1994, when democracy came to South Africa. Through an in-depth analysis of the African National Congress’s relationship with the press, the commercialization of the press and new developments in technology and news accessibility over the past two decades, the paper goes on to argue that while journalists have been distracted by heated debates within the media and the government about press freedom, and while South African media companies have aggressively cut costs and focused on urban areas, the South African press has lost touch with ordinary South Africans — especially historically disadvantaged South Africans, who are still struggling and who most need representation in news coverage. BLURRED LINES 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I: Introduction A. Background and Purpose B. Research Questions and Methodology C. Definitions Chapter II: Review of Literature A. History of the Alternative Press in South Africa B. Censorship of the Alternative Press under Apartheid Chapter III: Media-State Relations Post-1994 Chapter IV: Profits, the Press, and the Public Chapter V: Discussion and Conclusion BLURRED LINES 3 CHAPTER I: Introduction A.
    [Show full text]
  • “Focusing on the Future” Congress Outlines the Challenges
    RECORD OF THE KWANALU CONGRESS HELD ON THURSDAY, 12 SEPTEMBER 2013 AT THE ROYAL SHOW, PIETERMARITZBURG CONGRESS THEME “Focusing on the Future” Congress outlines the challenges and opportunities of current day activities and the role of the agricultural sector in KwaZulu-Natal 1. Registration 2. Welcome The Chairman, Brian Aitken, called the meeting to order and welcomed the guests, amongst others, John Black, an Honorary Life Vice-President of Kwanalu, Robin Barnsley and his wife Sharon, Cyril Xaba, Per Bjorvig, Andries Geyser, Edgar Dhlomo, Students from Weston and Cedara Colleges, SAPS members, various Department officials, sponsors and the press. Apologies had been recorded on the attendance register. He explained that after a review by the Board and Manco, the day’s proceedings would run a little differently as in the past. There would be a longer tea break followed by the Guest Speakers and lunch would move to after the conclusion of Congress. 3. Scripture reading and prayer Andy Buchan opened Congress with a scripture reading and a prayer. He read from Romans 5, 3-5. He said we all went through trials and tribulations but we hold onto hope. We can put our hope in the Lord who never changes. He opened the Congress with a prayer. 4. Motions The Chairman requested Congress to stand for a moment’s silence in remembrance of the three members of Kwanalu, Jannie Boshoff, Jannie Kemp and Theuns van Rensburg who had tragically perished in a light aeroplane crash returning home after last year’s Congress and all those who had lost loved ones as well as those who had been victims of crime since the 2012 Congress.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr Abu Baker ‘Hurley’ Asvat
    Dr Abu Baker ‘Hurley’ Asvat This article was published on South African History Online South African History online (SAHO) is a non-partisan people’s history institution. It was established in June 2000 as a non-profit Section 21 organisation, to address the biased way in which South Africa’s history and heritage, as well as the history and heritage of Africa is represented in educational and cultural institutions. Abstract The article is a biography of Dr Abu Baker ‘Hurley’ Asvat, better known as the people’s doctor, from his childhood in Vrededorp to his medical study and political activism as part of a Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)-aligned students group. More importantly the article brings to light the significant role the peoples’ doctor played in non-racial cricket and his emergence as a vital figure in Sowto’s life and politics. Key words: Dr Abu Baker ‘Hurley’ Asvat, Azania People’s Organization, Black Consciousness (BC), medical activism, non-racialism The ‘People’s Doctor’ ‘He struggled to liberate society from oppression. He gave his life so that others may have a better life. He was a true patriot as a man of unity in the struggle against apartheid. His sacrifices were not in vain as his principles, beliefs and action touched many communities and helped to restore the dignity of destitute people’ (Prayer for Dr. Asvat, 2010). Childhood and Schooling On 23 February 1943, Abu Baker Asvat was born in Vrededorp(Fietas), South Africa.He spent his youth in Fietas, playing football and cricket on the playing grounds near his house.
    [Show full text]
  • National Assembly Written Reply
    MINISTRY PUBLIC WORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA Department of Public Works l Central Government Offices l 256 Madiba Street l Pretoria l Contact: +27 (0)12 406 1627 l Fax: +27 (0)12 323 7573 Private Bag X9155 l CAPE TOWN, 8001 l RSA 4th Floor Parliament Building l 120 Plain Street l CAPE TOWN l Tel: +27 21 402 2219 Fax: +27 21 462 4592 www.publicworks.gov.za NATIONAL ASSEMBLY WRITTEN REPLY QUESTION NUMBER: 1294 [NO. NW1487E] INTERNAL QUESTION PAPER NO.: 13 of 2021 DATE OF PUBLICATION: 14 MAY 2021 DATE OF REPLY: 22 JUNE 2021 1294 Mrs M B Hicklin (DA) asked the Minister of Public Works and Infrastructure: (1) With reference to the 107-hectare Bryntirion Estate that her department owns (details furnished), what are the (a) names and (b) positions of the persons living in the 27 houses on the property that is owned by her department; (2) in view of the security guards and maintenance people living on the estate in outbuildings reporting that most of the fittings in the houses have been stolen and sold for scrap, on what date was the last inspection conducted by her department; (3) whether any oversight visit can be undertaken to ascertain or establish (a) the state of the houses and (b) who inhabits the Estate; if not, why not; if so, what are the relevant details; (4) (a) what budget has been set aside for the maintenance of the specified property and (b) under which portfolio does the property fall? NW1487E _______________________________________________________________________________ NATIONAL ASSEMBLY QUESTION NO.
    [Show full text]
  • The Land Question in South Africa
    TITLE AND ENTITLEMENT: THE LAND QUESTION IN SOUTH AFRICA TWENTY-EIGHTH ISSUE OCtoBER 2013 QUARTERLY roundtable THE HELEN SUZMAN FOUNDATION SERIES helen.suzman.foundation promoting liberal constitutional democracy Vision Promoting liberal constitutional democracy in South Africa. Mission To create a platform for public debate and dialogue – through publications, roundtable discussions, conferences, and by developing a research profile through an internship programme – with the aim of enhancing public service delivery in all its constituent parts. The work of the Helen Suzman Foundation will be driven by the principles and values that informed Helen Suzman’s public life. These are: • reasoned discourse; • fairness and equity; • the protection of human rights; • the promotion of rule of law. The Foundation is not aligned to any political party and will actively work with a range of people and organisations to have a constructive influence on the country’s emerging democracy. “I stand for simple justice, equal opportunity and human rights; the indispensable elements in a democratic society – and well worth fighting for.” — Helen Suzman Hosted with the support of the Open Society Foundation For South Africa roundtable Contact Details Tel +27 11 482 2872 Fax +27 11 482 7897 Email [email protected] Website www.hsf.org.za Postal address Postnet Suite 130, Private Bag X2600, Houghton, 2041, South Africa Physical address 2 Sherborne Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg helen.suzman.foundation promoting liberal constitutional democracy Contents 2 PROFILES
    [Show full text]
  • The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project STEVE McDONALD Interviewed by: Dan Whitman Initial Interview Date: August 17, 2011 Copyright 2018 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Education MA, South African Policy Studies, University of London 1975 Joined Foreign Service 1975 Washington, DC 1975 Desk Officer for Portuguese African Colonies Pretoria, South Africa 1976-1979 Political Officer -- Black Affairs Retired from the Foreign Service 1980 Professor at Drury College in Missouri 1980-1982 Consultant, Ford Foundation’s Study 1980-1982 “South Africa: Time Running Out” Head of U.S. South Africa Leadership Exchange Program 1982-1987 Managed South Africa Policy Forum at the Aspen Institute 1987-1992 Worked for African American Institute 1992-2002 Consultant for the Wilson Center 2002-2008 Consulting Director at Wilson Center 2009-2013 INTERVIEW Q: Here we go. This is Dan Whitman interviewing Steve McDonald at the Wilson Center in downtown Washington. It is August 17. Steve McDonald, you are about to correct me the head of the Africa section… McDONALD: Well the head of the Africa program and the project on leadership and building state capacity at the Woodrow Wilson international center for scholars. 1 Q: That is easy for you to say. Thank you for getting that on the record, and it will be in the transcript. In the Wilson Center many would say the prime research center on the East Coast. McDONALD: I think it is true. It is a think tank a research and academic body that has approximately 150 fellows annually from all over the world looking at policy issues.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Cabinet
    Response May 30th 2019 The New Cabinet President Cyril Ramaphosa’s cabinet contains quite a number of bold and unexpected appointments, and he has certainly shifted the balance in favour of female and younger politicians. At the same time, a large number of mediocre ministers have survived, or been moved sideways, while some of the most experienced ones have been discarded. It is significant that the head of the ANC Women’s League, Bathabile Dlamini, has been left out – the fact that her powerful position within the party was not enough to keep her in cabinet may be indicative of the President’s growing strength. She joins another Zuma loyalist, Nomvula Mokonyane, on the sidelines, but other strong Zuma supporters have survived. Lindiwe Zulu, for example, achieved nothing of note in five years as Minister of Small Business Development, but has now been given the crucial portfolio of social development; and Nathi Mthethwa has been given sports in addition to arts and culture. The inclusion of Patricia de Lille was unforeseen, and it will be fascinating to see how, as one of the more outspokenly critical opposition figures, she works within the framework of shared cabinet responsibility. Ms de Lille has shown herself willing to change parties on a regular basis and this appointment may presage her absorbtion into the ANC. On the other hand, it may also signal an intention to experiment with a more inclusive model of government, reminiscent of the ‘government of national unity’ that Nelson Mandela favoured. During her time as Mayor of Cape Town Ms de Lille emphasised issues of spatial planning and land-use, and this may have prompted Mr Ramaphosa to entrust her with management of the Department of Public Works’ massive land and property holdings.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Asymmetry in International Politics: Us-South Africa Relations: 1994-2008
    ASSESSING ASYMMETRY IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: US-SOUTH AFRICA RELATIONS: 1994-2008 by SCOTT THOMAS FIRSING submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject INTERNATIONAL POLITICS at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR T HOEANE CO-SUPERVISOR: MS J K VAN WYK NOVEMBER 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables…………………………………………………………………………..9 List of Acronyms………………………………………………………………………………......10 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THIS THESIS 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..13 2. Literature review……………………………………………………………………………......14 3. Purpose and objectives……………………………………………………………………….....16 4. Approaches and methodology…………………………………………………………………..16 5. Scope and limitations of the thesis……………………………………………………………...18 6. Contribution of study…………………………………………………………………………....20 7. Research questions and structure of study….……………………………………………...........21 CHAPTER TWO: OVERVIEW OF ASYMMETRY THEORY 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………...26 2. Asymmetry theory.........................................................................................................................26 3. Strong versus the weak…………………………………………………………………………..29 4. Inattention and overattention…………………………………………………………………….31 5. Deference, autonomy and misperception……………………………………………………......33 6. Managing the asymmetric relationship…………………………………………………………37 6.1 Routinization…………………………………………………………………………………...37 6.2 Diplomatic ritual……………………………………………………………………………….38 6.3 Neutralization………………………………………………………………………………......39
    [Show full text]
  • Enter the Title of the Paper
    Policing and Human Rights Eliminating Discrimination, Xenophobia, Intolerance and the Abuse of Power from Police Work Benjamin Bowling Coretta Phillips Alexandra Campbell Maria Docking Identities, Conflict and Cohesion United Nations Programme Paper Number 4 Research Institute May 2004 for Social Development This United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Programme Paper was written for the 2001 UNRISD International Conference on Racism and Public Policy. This conference was carried out with the support of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). UNRISD also thanks the governments of Den- mark, Finland, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom for their core funding. Copyright © UNRISD. Short extracts from this publication may be reproduced unaltered without authorization on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to UNRISD, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNRISD welcomes such applications. The designations employed in UNRISD publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNRISD con- cerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for opinions expressed rests solely with the author(s), and publication does not constitute endorse- ment
    [Show full text]
  • Disability and Social Change: an Insider Perspective 291 Siyabulela K and Madeleine Duncan
    disability and ac.za social ress. p w.hsrc change Free download from ww ac.za ress. p w.hsrc Free download from ww disability and social ac.za ress. p change w.hsrc a south african agenda Free download from ww edited by brian watermeyer, leslie swartz, theresa lorenzo, marguerite schneider and mark priestley Compiled within the Child, Youth, Family and Social Development Research Programme of the Human Sciences Research Council ac.za Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa ress. www.hsrcpress.ac.za p © 2006 Human Sciences Research Council w.hsrc First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 0-7969-2137-7 Typeset by Simon van Gend Free download from ww Cover design by Farm Design Print management by comPress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver PO Box 30370, Tokai, Cape Town, 7966, South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477 Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 email: [email protected] www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) 3 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2E 8LU, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 email: [email protected] www.eurospanonline.com Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Order Department, 814 North Franklin Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741 All other enquiries: +1 (312) 337 0747 Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 email: [email protected] www.ipgbook.com Contents List of tables and figures viii Foreword ix Acknowledgements x Acronyms and abbreviations xi 1 Introduction and overview 1 ac.za Brian Watermeyer and Leslie Swartz ress.
    [Show full text]
  • Young Women and South Africa's Liberation Struggles After 1976. Rachel E. Johnson
    MAKING HISTORY, GENDERING YOUTH: Young Women and South Africa's Liberation Struggles after 1976. Rachel E. Johnson Thesissubmitted for the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) Departmentof History, University of Sheffield April 2010 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................4 6 SUMMARY ............................................................................................. ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................9 Nationalism I. History and ...................................................................................12 II. Silence 15 ........................................................................................................... How to history CHAPTER ONE: write a of youth? ......................... 19 Youth 20 I. Theorising .............................................................................................. Youth in SouthAfrica II. The Historiographyof ..............................................26 Archive 48 III. A Living .......................................................................................... CHAPTER TWO: The meanings of June 16th and the in South African histories gendering of youth ...................................54 56 I. The Nature of Newspapers .................................................................................. 1977-1986 II. June 16than episode within the struggle
    [Show full text]