DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of the Cotton Gin Sidney E

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of the Cotton Gin Sidney E The Journal of Cotton Science 24:34–43 (2020) 34 http://journal.cotton.org, © The Cotton Foundation 2020 ENGINEERING AND GINNING Development of the Cotton Gin Sidney E. Hughs, Gregory A. Holt, Carlos B. Armijo*,Derek P. Whitelock, and Thomas D. Valco ABSTRACT THE BEGINNINGS OF GINNING Cotton fiber was first used in 6000 B.C. The inning, in its simplest context, refers to the two New World cotton species that are most of Gprocess of separating cotton fibers from the today’s production include G. hirsutum (Upland) seeds. The first cultivation of cotton and use of cotton and G. barbadense (Extra Long Staple [ELS]). fiber are lost in the mists of time. The first cotton The first cotton gin existed by the th5 century producer had to remove the fiber from the seed to A.D (single-roller gin). The next development utilize the fiber (Hughs and Holt, 2015). Although was the churka gin (double-roller gin) which it is possible to remove the fiber from the seed with ginned cotton five times faster than the single- the thumb and forefinger, it is a slow and laborious roller gin. The churka gin was widely used in process and probably quickly led to the invention North America by 1750 and ginned both Upland of the first cotton gin (Lakwete, 2003). The term and Sea Island (ELS) cotton. The spike-tooth “gin” might be a contraction of the word “engine” cotton gin was developed by Eli Whitney in and is applied to any mechanical device that applies 1794. Hodgen Holmes developed a continuous force to remove cotton fiber (lint) from cottonseed flow gin with toothed saw blades in 1796. These (Vandergriff, 1997). were a different concept than the double-roller The development of the cotton gin was dependent gins. Holmes’ saw gin dominated the industry on the domestication and development of the cotton for Upland cotton (and still does), whereas plant and the utilization of its fiber. Archaeological double-roller gin use continued for Sea Island artifacts proving the use of cotton fiber date from the cotton. In 1840, Fones McCarthy developed a Neolithic period (approximately 6000 B.C.) and were reciprocating-knife roller gin. The saw gin had found in what is now known as Pakistan (Giband et a significantly higher ginning capacity than the al., 2010). Other ancient textiles have also been found McCarthy gin, so it was used with Upland cot- in Mexico, Peru, and the Indus Valley that today lies ton and the McCarthy roller gin was used with in Pakistan and northern India. Of the more than 50 Sea Island cotton to preserve the long-staple species of the genus Gossypium, there are four spe- cotton’s quality. Sea Island production ceased cies that produce spinnable fibers of interest to the in 1923 because of the boll weevil, but Pima textile industry. Two species are from the Old World, (ELS) cotton had developed by this time in the G. arboreum L. and G. herbaceum L., and two species Southwest, so roller gin use continued. In 1963, a are from the New World, G. hirsutum L. and G. bar- rotary-knife roller gin was developed that ginned badense L. It is these four species that are commonly at five times the rate of a reciprocating-knife gin. referred to when speaking of the world’s cotton indus- A high-speed roller gin was developed in 2005 try. The varieties developed from the two Old World with a ginning capacity, on a per-width basis, species and the G. hirsutum New World species have comparable to modern-day saw gins. fuzzy seed coats when the useable fibers are removed (ginned) and are commercially known as short-staple, green seed, or Upland cottons (Lakwete, 2003). The G. barbadense extra-long staple (ELS) varieties have S.E. Hughs, C.B. Armijo*, and D.P. Whitelock, USDA-ARS, a naked or black seed after useable fibers are ginned Southwestern Cotton Ginning Research Laboratory, P.O. Box and are commercially known as Pima or American- 578, Mesilla Park, NM 88047; G.A. Holt, USDA-ARS, Cotton Egyptian cottons. (Sea Island cottons are also from Production & Processing Research Unit, 1604 E. FM 1294, the G. barbadense species but are not widely grown Lubbock, TX 79403; and T.D. Valco, USDA-ARS Jamie commercially.) A characteristic of Upland cotton is Whitten Delta States Research Center, Cotton Ginning Research Unit, 111 Experiment Station Road , Stoneville, MS 38776. that the strength of fiber attachment to the seed is *Corresponding author: [email protected] significantly greater than that of Pima cotton (Lyengar, HUGHS ET AL.: DEVELOPMENT OF THE COTTON GIN 35 1954). This strength of attachment difference between Pima and Upland varieties has had a dramatic impact on the development of the cotton gin. The first cotton gin existed by at least the fifth century A.D. and likely existed long before that but would be difficult to identify by archeologists as a gin due to its construction (Lakwete, 2003). This first gin existed in both the Old and the New worlds and was known as a single-roller gin. It consisted of two sepa- rate parts: a small roller approximately 30-cm (12-in) long and no more than 1.6 cm (0.625 in) in diameter (to keep from crushing seeds), and a separate flat base approximately 13-cm (5-in) wide and 20- to 25-cm Figure 1. Churka gin and operator (Anonymous, copyright (8–10-in) long. The roller was made from some type unknown). of metal or hard wood and the base was a flat stone or The first recorded beginnings of modern cot- piece of wood. The ginner grasped both ends of the ton production in the New World began with the roller and rolled it over seed cotton lying on the base Spanish experimental planting of cotton in Florida to pinch the seed apart from the lint much like a baker in 1556 and the settling of the Virginia Colony in using a rolling pin to roll out dough. Skill, as well as North America by the British in 1607. The Virginia strength, was required to continually remove the seed colonists probably received cottonseed from the from the fiber without crushing the seed (Bennett, British East India Company (probably the Old World 1960; Hughs and Holt, 2015). This type of cotton gin species Gossypium arboretum or G. herbaceum) be- has persisted to the modern day for certain traditional fore departing for the voyage to America (Lakwete, and ceremonial uses. (The authors watched a woman 2003; May and Lege, 1999; Smith et al., 1999). in Mali, West Africa, in 2007 use a single-roller gin Cotton production slowly spread from Virginia to to gin a fuzzy-seeded variety of cotton.) other colonies and was grown mainly for domestic The next type of gin developed is generally called consumption until approximately 1770. At this time the churka gin. It is not known when this gin was first American colonists started exporting larger amounts developed but it has existed for centuries in various of ginned Upland cotton fiber to Great Britain. It was forms in China, India, Southeast Asia, and the Middle thought, until recently, that all Upland cotton ginned East (Bennett, 1960; Lakwete, 2003). This gin in its prior to Eli Whitney patenting a cotton gin in 1794 various forms consisted of two small-diameter rollers was ginned by hand but such was not the case. Along that rotated simultaneously in opposite directions and with the cottonseed brought from the British East is called a double-roller gin (Fig. 1). The rollers were India Company, the colonists probably brought some roughly 30-cm (12-in) long, made of some combina- form of the churka or double-roller gin to separate tion of wood or metal, and powered by either one the cotton fiber from the seed (Lakwete, 2003). or two hand cranks. The two rollers were wedged The early history of ginning machines in the together by the ginner into a vertical frame and were American colonies is not clear, but there is enough counter rotated. As the rollers turned, they pulled the documented evidence to indicate that churka-type cotton fibers between them while pinching the seed double-roller gins were used on the North American off the fiber tuft. The seed could not pass through the mainland by 1750 and probably before (Lakwete, tightly wedged rotating rollers and so dropped away 2003). Variations and improvements of the churka as the fiber passed between the two rollers. This action that were either human, water, or animal powered effectively separated the fiber from the seed (Hughs were the types of gins that were used in North Amer- and Holt, 2015). The churka gin had an average fiber ica up until and beyond the date of Eli Whitney filing turnout of 2.3 kg (5 lb) of fiber per day, which was his patent for a new ginning principle in the U.S. five times that of the single-roller gin (Lakwete, 2003). in 1794. The cotton ginned prior to approximately This double-roller gin was harder to make than the 1786 on these double-roller gins were fuzzy-seeded single-roller gin but due to its higher ginning rate was Upland varieties and not the black-seeded Sea Is- probably the dominate method of ginning cotton in land cotton. Sea Island cotton was first planted on medieval cotton production. St. Simons Island off the coast of Georgia in 1785, JOURNAL OF COTTON SCIENCE, Volume 24, Issue 1, 2020 36 long after Upland cotton production was established ity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How the Death of 'King Cotton' Led to Increased British Interest in India
    ENGL1101 Student: John Mays Instructor: Nathan Camp “Maharaj Cotton” How the Death of “King Cotton” Led to Increased British Interests in India In the 1830s, the Southeastern states were developing as a new economic power. The new growth was due to one crop — cotton. By 1860, nearly sixty percent of the total United States export was cotton. This cash crop pushed the young nation onto the world economic stage. In 1861, the nascent Confederacy was totally dependent on this “King” of the economy, and it played a major role in the Confederacy's downfall. As the American War Between the States dragged on and the Union blockade on Confederate ports remained in place, cotton exports decreased from a mighty river to a trickle. British textile mills, dependent on this supply, ground to a halt, and an alternative source of cotton had to be found. The eyes of a desperate Britain fell on India, and as “King Cotton” destroyed one country, it gave birth to another. Though the sphere of influence of cotton during the War Between the States is normally restricted to the United States, the deficit of southern cotton caused an increased British interest in the governing and development of India as a cotton producer. Prior to the invention of the cotton gin in 1794, large-scale production of long-staple cotton in the South was largely impractical. Long-staple cottons are known and named for their long fibers and high quality, and these varieties were desired by textile mills in Britain because they could be made into high-quality cloth.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenge Bowl 2020
    Notice: study guide will be updated after the December general election. Sponsored by the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Challenge Bowl 2020 High School Study Guide Sponsored by the Challenge Bowl 2020 Muscogee (Creek) Nation Table of Contents A Struggle To Survive ................................................................................................................................ 3-4 1. Muscogee History ......................................................................................................... 5-30 2. Muscogee Forced Removal ........................................................................................... 31-50 3. Muscogee Customs & Traditions .................................................................................. 51-62 4. Branches of Government .............................................................................................. 63-76 5. Muscogee Royalty ........................................................................................................ 77-79 6. Muscogee (Creek) Nation Seal ...................................................................................... 80-81 7. Belvin Hill Scholarship .................................................................................................. 82-83 8. Wilbur Chebon Gouge Honors Team ............................................................................. 84-85 9. Chronicles of Oklahoma ............................................................................................... 86-97 10. Legends & Stories ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • King Charles to King Cotton South Carolina 1670-1860
    King Charles to King Cotton South Carolina 1670-1860 Explore where it happened… King Charles to King Cotton is an educational field program hosted by three historic museum properties located within Charleston, SC. Designed for South Carolina Public Schools Grades 3rd & 8th Have questions? Call (843)724-8491 or visit www.HistoricCharleston.org Table of Contents Program Overview……………………………………….………………..…......2 Museums & Program Standards……….…………………………………..…….3 Scheduling, Rates, & Logistics………………….……………………………....6 Area Map (Arrival/Departure/Parking)……….................…………………………..….8 Program Overview Dear Educators, King Charles to King Cotton: South Carolina 1670-1860 is a South Carolina 3rd and 8th Grade program designed by educators affiliated with the following museum properties: The Powder Magazine - South Carolina’s Oldest Public Building, c. 1713 Historic Charleston Foundation’s Nathaniel Russell House Museum, c. 1808 Old Slave Mart Museum- Part of South Carolina’s Inter-State Slave Trade, c. 1856 The purpose of King Charles to King Cotton is to immerse students in South Carolina history by visiting three authentic properties located in historic Charleston. Program content includes the political, economic, and social transformations that shaped South Carolina between 1670 and 1860. Students will gain historic perspectives by walking in the footsteps of those who lived through the state’s Colonial, Revolutionary, and Antebellum periods. Participating museums are interconnected as a tangible timeline revealing South Carolina’s evolving political and economic history. Students will review how the institution of slavery served as a foundation for South Carolina throughout these transformative years. Thank you for considering this program for your students. We are confident that after experiencing King Charles to King Cotton, you will agree this field experience is the perfect method to either preview or reinforce what is being learned in your classroom.
    [Show full text]
  • A Standard 73K
    The Story of Cotton History of Cotton The Importance of Cotton No one knows exactly how old cotton is. Scientists Today, the world uses more cotton than any other searching caves in Mexico found bits of cotton fiber, and cotton is a leading cash crop in the U.S. bolls and pieces of cotton cloth that proved to At the farm level alone, the production of be at least 7,000 years old. They also each year’s crop involves the pur- found that the cotton itself was much chase of more than $5.3 billion like that grown in America today. worth of supplies and services. This In the Indus River Valley in Pakistan, cot- stimulates business activities for ton was being grown, spun and factories and enterprises through- woven into cloth 3,000 years BC. out the country. Processing and At about the same time, natives handling of cotton after it leaves of Egypt’s Nile valley were mak- the farm generates even more ing and wearing cotton clothing. business activity. Annual business revenue stimulated by cotton in the Arab merchants brought cotton cloth U.S. economy exceeds $120 bil- to Europe about 800 A.D. When lion, making cotton America’s Columbus discovered America in number one value-added crop. 1492, he found cotton growing in the Bahama Islands. By 1500, cotton Cotton is a part of our daily lives from was known generally throughout the the time we dry our faces on a soft world. cotton towel in the morning until we slide between fresh cotton sheets at Cotton seed are believed to have night.
    [Show full text]
  • Causes and Technologies of the Industrial Revolution
    FCPS World II SOL Standards: WHII 9a Causes and Technologies of the Industrial Revolution You Mean Most People Used to Live on Farms? Farms to Factories Starting in the middle of the 18th century, technology and lifestyles in many parts of the world changed dramatically. Factories were built, technology developed, populations increased and many people moved from farms to cities to work in a new economy. We call these changes the Industrial Revolution. This began in England but spread to the rest of Western Europe and the United States. Causes of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in England for several reasons. First, there was a large supply of natural resources. Coal and other fossil fuels were used to Spread of Industrialization in Europe create power for factories. Iron ore was used to build Source: http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/File:OTL_Europe_Industrial_Revolution_Map.png factory equipment and manufactured goods. Another key reason was the British enclosure movement. In England rich landowners bought the farms of poor peasants and separated them with fences. This increased food production but decreased the need for labor on the farms. More people could move to cities and work in factories. During the Industrial Revolution, new technologies and inventions transformed society in many ways. -The spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves. It helped turn cotton and wool into thread, speeding the production of textiles. -The steam engine was invented by James Watt. It used burning coal to turn water into steam and generate electricity. This electricity was used to power factories. -Englishman Edward Jenner invented a smallpox vaccine, saving people from this terrible disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Forgotten Spot Holds History of South, Start of Slavery and Cotton Gin by Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Adapted by Newsela Staff on 02.29.16 Word Count 919
    Forgotten spot holds history of South, start of slavery and cotton gin By Atlanta Journal-Constitution, adapted by Newsela staff on 02.29.16 Word Count 919 A model of a 19th-century cotton gin is on display at the Eli Whitney Museum in Hamden, Connecticut. Photo: Wikipedia SAVANNAH, Ga. — No museum graces the most important site in Southern history. No visitors center welcomes tourists to Mulberry Grove, an overgrown and forgotten plantation along the Savannah River. There is a historic marker a mile away, but few passers-by stop to investigate. Nonetheless, extraordinary events took place at Mulberry Grove. It was here that slavery was first introduced to Georgia, and that Eli Whitney built a cotton gin that radically changed the course of U.S. history. By greatly speeding up the harvesting of cotton, Whitney's machine made cotton cultivation far more extensive and profitable, which in turn led to an increased demand for slave labor. The cotton gin "breathed life into this institution of slavery" said Todd Groce, the president of the Georgia Historical Society. It "triggered the massive migration of slaves, and set the North and the South on a course to the Civil War.” Some Want Plantation Memorial Groce and others want to see the old plantation recognized and memorialized. They say it should perhaps be turned into a living history center where the world could learn of the supremely important events that happened there. Memorializing the South’s tortured past is never easy, though. The cotton gin, after all, singlehandedly led to the importation of hundreds of thousands of slaves and spread America’s “darkest stain” across the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Cotton Gin Saw Developments
    Cotton Gin Saw Developments Gino J. Mangialardi, Jr. Published by and The National Cotton W. Stanley Anthony Ginners Association Memphis, TN Mangialardi and Anthony I COTTON SAW GIN STAND DEVELOPMENTS Gino.J. Mangialardi, .Jr. And W. Stanley Anthony' ABSTRACT This paper reviews and compiles most ofthe significant developments and research conducted on saw gin stands for cotton gins since about 1958. It describes the design and operation of various types and models ofsaw gin stands, and gives an appraisal ofgin stand designs and settings that may be most useful at current cotton gins. The compiled information and recommendations should prove useful to ginners, scientists planningfuture ginning studies, and engineer's selecting gin stand designs and types for commercial gins. INTRODUCTION Two primary types of cotton are typically grown in the United States-- Gossypium Barbadense (extra-long staple) and Gossypium Hirsutum (Upland, long or short staple). These cottons are comprised of fibers attached to seeds. Before cotton fibers can be used to manufacture textile goods, they must be separated from the seed (ginned). The first metbod of ginning cotton was undoubtedly by tbe buman fingers. This perbaps migbt be termed "pincb ginning." A second metbod to follow was probably the arcbaic foot-roller on a stone. Several types of tbe primitive small, band-operated cburka gins were used, probably first in India (Bennett, circa 1959; Mayfield and Anthony, 1994). The cburka method of ginning was a roller-type gin with small diameter picking rollers that pulled fiber from the seed witbout crushing tbe seed (Figure I). A hand cburka gin would probably produce about five pounds of fiber in a long day, compared to about one pound for band ginning.
    [Show full text]
  • Started the Civil War the Cotton Gin Was a Simple Mechanism by Today's Standards, but Its Influence Divided and Then United a Nation
    ASME is reviewing this article to reflect current historical scholarship on the subject. Please check back soon for an update. Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/memagazineselect/article-pdf/131/09/54/6631445/me-2009-sep5.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 A Turn o/the Crank Started the Civil War The cotton gin was a simple mechanism by today's standards, but its influence divided and then united a nation. By Robert O. Woods s engineers, we are in the business term has become almost a single word ,in every English of taking something that exists vocabulary. ("Gin" is a corruption of "engine," itself a only in the mind, making. it tan­ term for any machine.) It is significant that one rarely gible, and put~ing it out into the sees an illustration of this legendary machine, although real world. This usually involves a we hear of it often enough. Knowing as much as we depth of understanding and a high do about its reputation and being conditioned to expect degree of ingenuity. a revelation, what a present-day engineer sees when he But there have been cases in actually looks into the hardware is an anticlimax. which the mere fact of an engi­ Historical significance is obviously not proportional to neer's having been on the scene at the right time pro­ mechanical complexity. Only after comparing the econ­ duced an effect totally out of proportion to what may omy of the American South before and after the intro­ have been a negligible amount of real engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cotton Gin and Its Connection to the Civil War Lesson and Materials
    TEACHING AMERICAN HISTORY PROJECT – 2009-2012 The Cotton Gin and its connection to the Civil War From Melissa Szych Grade: 8 Length of class period: Two 45 minute class periods (or a 90 minute block) Inquiry: How and why did the invention of the Cotton Gin come about? What were the pros and cons to this invention? What was its involvement in promoting the Civil War? Objectives: While integrating Social Studies and Science, students will learn about the invention of the Cotton Gin; how it was invented, who invented it, its significance in American industry and its involvement in the Civil War. Using letters, photos and background information, students will investigate the important information about the Cotton Gin and develop their own conclusion as to whether or not the Cotton Gin was a positive invention for the future of America or a negative one. Students will gain a better understanding of how to use primary source documents and experience how they bring history to life; as well as understand the difference between a primary and a secondary source. Materials: Background information on the invention of the Cotton Gin; cotton growth of the south along with its affects on slavery; and on Eli Whitney Eli Whitney’s letter to his father describing his invention of the Cotton Gin Information on the development of the Cotton Gin, as well as a primary source diagram of the Cotton Gin Activities: • Students will be divided into groups of 3 or 4 and each group will be given all of the materials listed above (all materials are attached) • Working silently, for about 15-20 minutes, students will read the materials, highlight and take notes on important facts they find or on questions they may encounter while reading.
    [Show full text]
  • The Southern Times
    T H E SOUTHERN TIMES EIi Whitney had always understood Now, Eli Whitney's gins could supply depended ~ on slave labor. More machines. When he was just 12 Samuel Slater with all the cleaned and more slaves were bought. years old, he made his own violin. cotton Samuel's mills could spin. Soon, Within ten years, the price of a slave When he was a teenager, he cotton was no longer a luxury. Instead, doubled! Slavery became began to sell nails that he made with machines doing most of the work, entrenched in the south. with a machine he had invented. its price dropped, and it became a common cloth. Eli Builds 10,000 Guns A Problem With Cotton Eli Whitney could have stayed angry When Eli first showed Mrs. Greene his In 1792, when he was about 27 when others stole his gin invention. cotton gin, they invited many people to years old, Eli Whitney went south Instead, he decided to invent to teach. Instead, he ended up come and see the new invention. They realized their mistake when the gin was something else. He heard the inventing. He was living on a government needed guns made. Eli easily copied, and some people went Georgia plantation owned by Mrs. had never made a gun. Still, he away and made their own. Someone Catherine Greene, the widow of the wrote a letter to the government. In even broke in and stole Eli's gin one Patriot General Nathaniel Greene. the letter, Eli said, "I have a number night. As/a result, Eli made very little While living there, Eli spoke with of workmen & apprentices,… I Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Globalization of Cotton As a Result of the American Civil War
    SEEDS OF DESTRUCTION: THE GLOBALIZATION OF COTTON AS A RESULT OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR by RICKY-DALE CALHOUN B.I.S., Murray State University, 2002 M.A., Murray State University, 2005 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2012 Abstract Cotton was the most important commodity in the economy of the industrialized Western world in the mid-nineteenth century, as vital then as petroleum is today. It was widely believed that a prolonged interruption of the cotton supply would lead not merely to a severe economic depression, but possibly to the collapse of Western Civilization. Three quarters of the world’s cotton supply came from the Southern states of the United States. When the American Civil War erupted and cotton supplies were cut off, the British Cotton Supply Association was faced with the difficult task of establishing cotton cultivation in other locations. In order for the effort to succeed, the British had to obtain and distribute millions of pounds of American cotton seeds. The United States government, the Illinois Central Railroad, and a number of organizations and individuals cooperated to obtain the necessary seeds that the British had to have. American farm equipment manufacturers assisted by designing, making, and distributing portable cotton gins and other implements needed by cotton growers overseas. U.S. consuls overseas sometimes assisted the Cotton Supply Association with seed and equipment distribution. This dissertation is about the implementation of the grand economic strategies of the United States and Great Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Cotton Ginners Handbook W.S
    ^%SH Av. s United States Department of Agriculture Cotton Ginners Agricultural Research Service Handbook Agricultural Handbook Number 503 December 1994 c^ •t>c: en„JO en: 2Sm cnC >2 1 A .LÎBRAR T3 en "■-" ¡ir"!) _j -c Cotton Ginners Handbook W.S. Anthony and William D. Mayfield, Managing Editors AJBSTRâCT Anthony, W.S., and William D. Mayfield, eds. 1994. Cotton Ginners Hand- book, rev. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Handbook 503, 348 pp. he principal function of the cotton gin is to separate lint from seed, but the gin must also be equipped to remove foreign matter, mois- ture, and other contaminants that significantly reduce the value of the ginned lint. Gins must produce a quality of lint that brings the grower maximum value while meeting the demands of the spinner and consumer. Operating gin machinery in accordance with the recommended speeds, adjustments, maintenance, and throughput rates will produce the highest possible fiber quality. A standardized sequence that includes dryers to obtain the proper moisture level as well as machines to remove the foreign matter is recommended for processing cotton at the gin. This publication addresses the key ginning issues concerned with facilities, machinery, cleaning, ginning, drying, packaging, and waste collection and disposal as well as ancillary issues concerned with pollution, management, economics, energy, insurance, safety, cotton classification, and textile machinery. Kejnvords: Ginning, machinery, cleaning, packaging, pollution, textile, management, economics, moisture, heating, cotton, drying, safety, insur- ance, cotton classification, saw ginning, and roller ginning. Trade names are used in this publication solely for the purpose of providing specific information.
    [Show full text]